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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Battery storage'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 23 August 2023

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1

Kerr, John C. H. "Polymer battery studies." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.236224.

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2

Rydberg, Lova. "RTDS modelling of battery energy storage system." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Elektricitetslära, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-155960.

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This thesis describes the development of a simplified model of a battery energy storage. The battery energy storage is part of the ABB energy storage system DynaPeaQ®. The model has been built to be run in RTDS, a real time digital simulator. Batteries can be represented by equivalent electric circuits, built up of e.g voltage sources and resistances. The magnitude of the components in an equivalent circuit varies with a number of parameters, e.g. state of charge of the battery and current flow through the battery. In order to get a model of how the resistive behaviour of the batteries is influenced by various parameters, a number of simulations have been run on a Matlab/Simulink model provided by the battery manufacturer. This model is implemented as a black box with certain inputs and outputs, and simulates the battery behaviour. From the simulation results a set of equations have been derived, which approximately give the battery resistance under different operational conditions. The equations have been integrated in the RTDS model, together with a number of controls to calculate e.g. state of charge of the batteries and battery temperature. Results from the RTDS model have been compared with results from the Simulink model. The results coincide reasonably well for the conditions tested. However, further testing is needed to ensure that the RTDS model produces results similar enough to the ones from the Simulink model, over the entire operational range.
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3

Kromlidis, S. "Battery energy storage for power quality improvement." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.556320.

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4

Maskey, Anuj. "Battery energy storage system control algorithm design." Thesis, Maskey, Anuj (2019) Battery energy storage system control algorithm design. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2019. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/52653/.

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Microgrid is based on smaller decentralised low voltage system with the use of modern power technology puts different types of Distributed Energy sources solar power, wind power, and energy storage devices together, improving the electrical supply reliability, reducing the feeder loss and ensures the stability of the voltage. The current trend of incorporating energy storage devices in the microgrid is aimed to mitigate the power imbalance and improve the electrical supply reliability. The thesis uses Kalbarri, Western Australia as a case study site with an aim to investigate the appropriate battery technology and formulate control algorithm for the microgrid. The thesis starts by examining the Australian electrical market including the: socio‐economic, political, and regulatory environment and presents the rationale of having an Energy Storage System in rural Australia. The thesis investigates the various available BESS battery technology options and suggests the most appropriate options for the BESS comprised Kalbarri microgrid model. The MATLAB/Simulink BESS control algorithm design model is presented with an aim to test voltage and frequency regulation under different load condition, including the process of seamless transition from the grid‐connected operation to a grid‐disconnected operation of the microgrid. The research presents a theoretical control model based on the Power Control theory and existing academic literature on the topic. The thesis examines the control algorithm design to regulate the frequency and voltage using the BESS system to connect to the main three phase AC grid. The overall site model includes a power conversion of two DC sources: BESS and PV system. The BESS control algorithm model comprises of a Power Conversion system that use three‐phase full bridge Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs) with LCL filter and a Power Control System based on Phased Lock Loop to synchronise with the grid frequency. The Power Control system uses a three‐phase sinusoidal abc frame conversion to a DC reference signal dq0 frame to incorporate PI controller with an aim that the intermittence of the renewable energy generation Wind and PV system can be maintained to a balanced state in the grid within a short frame of time. The BESS control algorithm model uses a Current Controlled Voltage Source Converter for its simple controller design, better performance during grid fault and the overall cost saving of the system. The thesis simulation utilized CCVSC for its tight regulation of the line current, mainly VSC protection against overcurrent and a high accuracy instantaneous current control. However, the author acknowledges the simulation result indicate an anomaly with voltage control while using CCVSC in the control algorithm model in power source transition test condition. Hence, as a part of future improvement with a focus on the overcurrent, the author concludes possible testing with the VCVSC based control algorithm model for rapid and continuous response for smooth dynamic control and automated P and Q power control in both steady‐state and dynamic system conditions. Finally, the impact on the microgrid is presented with an in‐depth analysis of the results, including the achievements, innovations, challenges and the suggestion for future improvement in the discussion section of the report.
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5

Börjesson, Philip, and Patrik Larsson. "Cost models for battery energy storage systems." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-245187.

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The aim of this study is to identify existing models for estimating costs of battery energy storage systems(BESS) for both behind the meter and in-front of the meter applications. The study will, from available literature, analyse and project future BESS cost development. The study presents mean values on the levelized cost of storage (LCOS) metric based on several existing cost estimations and market data on energy storage regarding three different battery technologies: lithium ion, lead-acid and vanadium flow. These values are intended to serve as benchmarks for BESS costs of today. The results show that for in-front of the meter applications, the LCOS for a lithium ion battery is 30 USDc/kWh and 34 USDc/kWh for a vanadium flow battery. For behind the meter applications, the LCOS for a lithium ion battery is 43 USD/kWh and 41 USD/kWh for a lead-acid battery. A sensitivity analysis is conducted on the LCOS in order to identify key factors to cost development of battery storage. The mean values and the results from the sensitivity analysis, combined with data on future cost development of battery storage, are then used to project a LCOS for year 2030. The results from the sensitivity analysis show that capex, cycles and discount rate have the biggest impact on the LCOS formula. The projection conducted in this study indicates that LCOS will decrease significantly by 2030. The results show that for in-front of the meter applications, the LCOS for a lithium ion battery will drop 60 % and 68 % for a vanadium flow battery. For behind the meter applications, the LCOS for a lithium ion battery will drop 60 % and 49 % for a lead-acid battery.
Denna studie syftar till att identifiera befintliga modeller för att estimera kostnader för batterilagringssystem för både små och storskaliga applikationer samt att från tillgänglig litteratur, analysera och estimera framtida kostnader för batterilagringsystem. Studien presenterar medelvärden på ”levelized cost of storage (LCOS)” baserat på befintliga kostnadsberäkningar och marknadsdata för tre olika batteriteknologier: litiumjon, bly och vanadin-flödesbatteri. Dessa medelvärden kan ses som riktmärken för kostnader av batterilagringssystem idag. Resultaten visar att LCOS för ett litiumjonbatteri är 30 USDc/kWh och att LCOS för ett vanadin-flödesbatteri i storskaliga applikationer är 34 USDc/kWh. För småskaliga applikationer visar resultaten att LCOS för ett litiumjonbatteri är 43 USD/kWh och 41 USD/kWh för ett blybatteri. Studien genomförde även en känslighetsanalys på LCOS för att identifiera vilka parametrar som har störst påverkan på LCOS. Medelvärdena och resultatet från känslighetsanalysen, kombinerat med marknadsdata om framtidens kostnadsutveckling för batterilagring, användes för att estimera LCOS för år 2030. Resultatet från känslighetsanalysen visar att capex, cykler och diskonteringsräntan har störst inverkan på LCOS-formeln. Estimeringen av LCOS för 2030 indikerar att kostnader för batterilagring kommer minska avsevärt. Resultatet visar att för storskaliga applikationer kommer LCOS för ett system med ett litiumjonbatteri minska med 60 % och 68 % för ett med vanadin-flödesbatteri. För småskaliga applikationer minskar LCOS för ett system med litiumjonbatteri med 60 % och 49 % för ett med blybatteri.
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6

Larsson, Patrik, and Philip Börjesson. "Cost models for battery energy storage systems." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-235914.

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The aim of this study is to identify existing models for estimating costs of battery energy storage systems (BESS) for both behind the meter and in-front of the meter applications. The study will, from available literature, analyse and project future BESS cost development. The study presents mean values on the levelized cost of storage (LCOS) metric based on several existing cost estimations and market data on energy storage regarding three different battery technologies: lithium ion, lead-acid and vanadium flow. These values are intended to serve as benchmarks for BESS costs of today. The results show that for in-front of the meter applications, the LCOS for a lithium ion battery is 30 USDc/kWh and 34 USDc/kWh for avanadium flow battery. For behind the meter applications, the LCOS for a lithium ion batteryis 43 USD/kWh and 41 USD/kWh for a lead-acid battery. A sensitivity analysis is conducted on the LCOS in order to identify key factors to cost development of battery storage. The mean values and the results from the sensitivity analysis, combined with data on future cost development of battery storage, are then used to project a LCOS for year 2030. The results from the sensitivity analysis show that capex, cycles and discount rate have the biggest impacton the LCOS formula. The projection conducted in this study indicates that LCOS will decreases ignificantly by 2030. The results show that for in-front of the meter applications, the LCOS for a lithium ion battery will drop 60 % and 68 % for a vanadium flow battery. For behind the meter applications, the LCOS for a lithium ion battery will drop 60 % and 49 % for a lead-acid battery.
Denna studie syftar till att identifiera befintliga modeller för att estimera kostnader för batterilagringssystem för både små och storskaliga applikationer samt att från tillgänglig litteratur, analysera och estimera framtida kostnader för batterilagringsystem. Studien presenterar medelvärden på ”levelized cost of storage (LCOS)” baserat på befintliga kostnadsberäkningar och marknadsdata för tre olika batteriteknologier: litiumjon, bly och vanadin-flödesbatteri. Dessa medelvärden kan ses som riktmärken för kostnader av batterilagringssystem idag. Resultaten visar att LCOS för ett litiumjonbatteri är 30 USDc/kWh och att LCOS för ett vanadin-flödesbatteri i storskaliga applikationer är 34 USDc/kWh. För småskaliga applikationer visar resultaten att LCOS för ett litiumjonbatteri är 43 USD/kWh och 41 USD/kWh för ett blybatteri. Studien genomförde även en känslighetsanalys på LCOS för att identifiera vilka parametrar som har störst påverkan på LCOS. Medelvärdena och resultatet från känslighetsanalysen, kombinerat med marknadsdata om framtidens kostnadsutveckling för batterilagring, användes för att estimera LCOS för år 2030. Resultatet från känslighetsanalysen visar att capex, cykler och diskonteringsräntan har störst inverkan påLCOS-formeln. Estimeringen av LCOS för 2030 indikerar att kostnader för batterilagring kommer minska avsevärt. Resultatet visar att för storskaliga applikationer kommer LCOS för ett system med ett litiumjonbatteri minska med 60 % och 68 % för ett med vanadinflödesbatteri. För småskaliga applikationer minskar LCOS för ett system med litiumjonbatteri med 60 % och 49 % för ett med blybatteri.
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7

Svensson, Henrik. "Pre-Study for a Battery Storage for a Kinetic Energy Storage System." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Elektricitetslära, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-249173.

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This bachelor thesis investigates what kind of battery system that is suitable for an electric driveline equipped with a mechanical fly wheel, focusing on a battery with high specific energy capacity. Basic battery theory such as the principle of an electrochemical cell, limitations and C-rate is explained as well as the different major battery systems that are available. Primary and secondary cells are discussed, including the major secondary chemistries such as lead acid, nickel cadmium (NiCd), nickel metal hydride (NiMH) and lithium ion (Li-ion). The different types of Li-ion chemistries are investigated, explained and compared against each other as well as other battery technologies. The need for more complex protection circuitry for Li-ion batteries is included in the comparison. Request for quotations are made to battery system manufacturers and evaluated. The result of the research is that the Li-ion NMC energy cell is the best alternative, even if the cost per cell is the most expensive compared to other major technologies. Due to the budget, the LiFeMnPO4 chemistry is used in the realisation of the final system, which is scaled down with consideration to the power requirement.
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8

Murray-Jones, Peter J. "Aspects of the lead acid battery." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1992. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/27055.

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Two aspects of the lead acid battery have been researched in this work. The first investigates some of the complex questions concerning the nature, composition and chemistry of lead sulphate membranes using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), impedance spectroscopy (IS) and inorganic chemistry techniques. A review of the literature on lead sulphate and precipitate impregnated membranes together with their role in the lead acid battery is presented.
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9

Gonsalves, Valerie Clare. "Studies on the sodium-sulphur battery." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.236343.

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10

Protogeropoulos, Christos I. "Autonomous wind/solar power systems with battery storage." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.320875.

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11

Smith, Ian C. S. M. (Ian Charles) Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Benefits of battery-uItracapacitor hybrid energy storage systems." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/75685.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2012.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 85-88).
This thesis explores the benefits of battery and battery-ultracapacitor hybrid energy storage systems (ESSs) in pulsed-load applications. It investigates and quantifies the benefits of the hybrid ESS over its battery-only counterparts. The metric for quantifying the benefits is charge efficiency - the amount of energy delivered to the load per unit charge supplied by the battery. The efficiency gain is defined as the difference in charge efficiency between the hybrid and the battery-only ESS. A custom experimental apparatus is designed and built to supply the current control for charging and discharging the batteries, as well as the data acquisition for measuring energy and current output. Experiments are performed on both ESSs under four different pulsed load profiles: 1. 436 ms pulse period, 10% duty cycle, 8 A pulse amplitude 2. 436 ms pulse period, 25% duty cycle, 8 A pulse amplitude 3. 436 ms pulse period, 10% duty cycle, 16 A pulse amplitude 4. 436 ms pulse period, 25% duty cycle, 16 A pulse amplitude Circuit models are created to accurately represent the battery and ultracapacitors. These models are used in simulations of the same test cases from the physical experiments, and efficiency gains are compared. The circuit models differed from the experimentation by less than 1%. Both experimental and simulated data demonstrate significantly increased charge efficiencies of hybrid ESSs over battery-only ESSs, with demonstrated gains between 10% and 36%. These benefits were greatest for the 16 A, 10% duty cycle test case because it combined the highest pulse amplitude and the shortest duty cycle. It is concluded that high-amplitude, low duty cycle, and low period pulsedload profiles yield the highest efficiency gains.
by .Ian C. Smith
S.M.
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12

Gautam, Himanshu. "The Impact of Customer Battery Storage on the Smart Grids and how Power Tariffs can increase Battery Storages’ penetration percentage." Thesis, KTH, Elektroteknisk teori och konstruktion, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-217829.

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The batterystoragewillplayanimportantroleinfuturesmartdistributiongrids.Atthesame time,thereshouldbeavailabilityofvaryingtariffstructures,fromwhichcustomerscan chooseaccordingtotheirrequirement.Thisresearchthesisfocusesonthestudyofimpact ofbatterystorageinthedistributiongridandhowpowertariffscanhelpincreasethebattery storage’spenetrationpercentage.The researchisdonetoassesstheimpactofbothhomebatteriesandEVsonthedistributiongrid, andhowmuchcantheyincreaseordecreasethedemandintheregion.Alsoapartofthesis isdedicatedtocreatenewpowertariffstructuresforStockholmregionofEllevio,andthenelectricity billsoftheconsumersarecomparedwithexistingtariffsandnewsuggestedtariffs.ForthethesisaresidentialareaofStockholmRoyalSeaport/NorraDjurgårdenstadenischosen.Ellevio iselectricitydistributionresponsibleforthearea.HomebatteriesofPowervaultU.KandTeslaPowerwall2arechosenandforEV,TeslaModelSwith60KWhbatterysizeisselected.One ofthemostinterestingfindingsisthatagroupof480customerswithhomebatterycanbring thepowerdemandduringpeakhoursdownbyupto11%,butontheotherhanda50%penetration ofEVintheareacanincreasedemandatcertainhoursbymorethan250%.Oneofother findingwasthatifcustomersshifttheirchargingpatternofEVbycoupleofhourstheycan increasethedemandinthegrid,emphasizingontheroleofcustomersinfuturedistributionsystems.SuggestedPowertariffsshowanincreaseinmonetaryamountsavedbycustomerifthey optforhomebatteries.Themostamountsavedbythecustomerisincaseofthestrictestpower tariffsuggested,i.e.Powertariffwithcriticaltimecomponentandtimeofusecomponent.This thesiswillbecomeafoundationforfuturestudyofimpactofbatteriesonalargerregionand impactofbatteriesownedbyDSOinthegrid.Italsoopensnewpathwaystostudyvaryingretail contractsforthecustomersandhowcombinationofvaryingretailcontractandpowertariffs canresultinbetterdemandflexibility.
Batterilager kommerattspelaenviktigrolliframtidasmartaeldistributionsnät.Sam-tidigt bördetfinnasmöjlighettillvarierandeeltariffstrukturerförelkonsumenter.Dettaexamensarbete fokuserarpåstudieraveffektenavbatterilagringieldistributionsnätetochhureltarifferkanbidratillattökagenomslagetavbatterilager.Studierharävengjortsföratt bedömaeffektenpåeldistributionsnätetavhembatterierochelfordonmedstudieravhurefterfrågan påelinverkas.Specifiktföreslåsnyaeltarifferförettområdedärelräkningarförelkunder jämförsmedexisterandeochföreslagnanyaeltariffer.Arbetet harutförtsisamarbetemellanEllevio,denlokalaeldistributöreniStockholm,ochKTH. FallstudierharutförtsförbostadsområdetNorraDjurgårdsstaden.Vidarehartvåolikatyper avhembatteriervaltsförstudienvilkaärPowervaultrespektiveTeslaPowerwall2.Förstudie avelfordonharTeslaModelSvaltsmed60kWhbatteristorlek.Resultat frånfallstudiernavisarattengruppom480hushållskundermedhembatteri,kanminska totalaefterfråganpåelvidtopplastmedupptill11%.Resultatenvisarattom50%avpersonbilsparkenisammaområdevarelfordonskulleefterfråganavelvidtopplastökamed merän250%.Studiernavisarhurolikaladdningsmönsterförelbilarinverkarpåtotalabelastningen ielnätet.Därmedgesexempelpådencentralarollenelkonsumentenfåridetframtida eldistributionsnätet.Föreslagnaenergitarrifferförelvisarpåmöjlighetentillekonomiskvinst förelkonsumentervilkaanvänderhembatterier.Arbetet liggertillgrundförframtidastudieravinverkanavbatterieristörreområdenochbatteriersomägsaveldistributören.Ettannatområdeförframtidastudierärhurelkon-sumenternas efterfrågeflexibilitetkanökaserhållasgenomvarierandelösningarförelavtalochenergitariffer.
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13

Eriksson, Emma. "Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems with Battery and Hydrogen Storage." Thesis, Griffith University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/378157.

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As population numbers and people's standards of living increase, so does the global energy demand and carbon dioxide emissions and it is imperative that new sustainable and renewable energy sources are sought, as the world's natural resources are depleting. Electricity generation presents the biggest opportunity to lower CO2 emissions and in an emerging world where the demand for alternative renewable energy systems is growing it is expected that one of the technologies in conjunction with conventional storage which will play a key role in reducing emissions is hydrogen fuel cell technology with hydrogen storage. Many attempts have been made to realise optimisation algorithms of renewable energy system using multiple techniques in literature. These attempts have consisted of using mathematical models combined with rules and object oriented modelling in order to assist in the design of renewable applications. The integration methods described in previous papers up to date seems to offer mainly technical and/or economical optimisation parameters. None of the presented methods seems to be based on a unified model where multi objectives and/constraints are taken into account above technical and economic considerations. There are also few practical examples of analysis and optimisation of hybrid renewable energy systems in a complete optimisation model where the behaviour of renewable energy sources, battery banks, electrolysers, fuel cells and hydrogen storage tanks are reviewed throughout the simulation in detail. For a successful transition to a renewable energy economy, optimisation of renewable energy systems must evolve to take into account metrics additional to technical performance and cost. A Normalised Weighted Constrained Multi-Objective (NWCMO) meta-heuristic optimisation algorithm has been proposed in conjunction with optional constraints for achieving a compromise between mutually conflicting objectives in multiple simultaneous categories; technical, economic, environmental and socio-political objectives, to simulate and optimise a renewable energy system with balanced outcomes. The socio political objective is represented by a proposed socio acceptance matrix which outputs a weighted measured social acceptance indicator towards proposed renewable energy systems. The methodology was implemented using an adjusted Particle Swarm Optimisation algorithm and tested against data and other studies from the literature. In each case the original results could be reproduced, but the newly-implemented algorithm was further able to find a more optimal design solution under the same constraints. In addition, the influence of additional quantified socio-political inputs was explored. This thesis presents a review of issues for integration of hydrogen energy technology into energy systems, emphasising electricity generation using fuel cell hydrogen technology. Integration of energy storage, sizing methodologies, energy flow management and their associated optimization algorithms and software implementation are addressed. The model presented in this thesis offers a streamlined integration of design rules, optimization techniques and constraints merged into one planning system. The outcome is a model offering an end user the possibility to carry out a proper feasibility study prior to embarking on implementing a renewable system. An optimisation methodology based on four classes of objective (technical, economic, environmental, socio-political) is presented, benchmarked and tested against various hybrid renewable energy systems with conventional and hydrogen storage.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Environment and Sc
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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14

Leijonmarck, Simon. "Preparation and Characterization of Electrochemical Devices for Energy Storage and Debonding." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Tillämpad elektrokemi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-120199.

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Within the framework of this thesis, three innovative electrochemical devices have been studied. A part of the work is devoted to an already existing device, laminates which are debonded by the application of a voltage. This type of material can potentially be used in a wide range of applications, including adhesive joints in vehicles to both reduce the total weight and to simplify the disassembly after end-of-life, enabling an inexpensive recycling process. Although already a functioning device, the development and tailoring of this process was slowed by a lack of knowledge concerning the actual electrochemical processes responsible for the debonding. The laminate studied consisted of an epoxy adhesive, mixed with an ionic liquid, bonding two aluminium foils. The results showed that the electrochemical reaction taking place at the releasing anode interface caused a very large increase in potential during galvanostatic polarization. Scanning electron microscopy images showed reaction products growing out from the electrode surface into the adhesive. These reaction products were believed to cause the debonding through swelling of the anodic interface so rupturing the adhesive bond. The other part of the work in this thesis was aimed at innovative lithium ion (Li‑ion) battery concepts. Commercial Li-ion batteries are two-dimensional thin film constructions utilized in most often mechanically rigid products. Two routes were followed in this thesis. In the first, the aim was flexible batteries that could be used in applications such as bendable reading devices. For this purpose, nano-fibrillated cellulose was used as binder material to make flexible battery components. This was achieved through a water-based filtration process, creating flexible and strong papers. These paper-based battery components showed good mechanical properties as well as good rate capabilities during cycling. The drawback using this method was relatively low coulombic efficiencies believed to originate from side-reactions caused by water remnants in the cellulose structure. The second Li-ion battery route comprised an electrochemical process to coat carbon fibers, shown to perform well as negative electrode in Li-ion batteries, from a monomer solution. The resulting polymer coatings were ~500 nm thick and contained lithium ions. This process could be controlled by mainly salt content in the monomer solution and polarization time, yielding thin and apparently pin-hole free coatings. By utilizing the carbon fiber/polymer composite as integrated electrode and electrolyte, a variety of battery designs could possibly be created, such as three-dimensional batteries and structural batteries.

QC 20130403

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15

LONGONI, GIANLUCA. "Investigation of Sodium-ion Battery Materials." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/153278.

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La tecnologia delle batterie Sodio-ione ha negli ultimi tempi suscitato una crescente attenzione da parte della comunità scientifica mondiale grazie al fatto di poter rappresentare una valida alternativa alla tecnologia Litio-ione, più sostenibile dal punto di vista ambientale ed economico. Il lavoro di Dottorato è stato principalmente dedicato alla ricerca di materiali attivi per batterie Sodio ione. I materiali presi in considerazione, sia catodici che anodici, sono stati indagati ponendo particolare attenzione ai limiti e difficolta pratiche che gli stessi possono manifestare nei confronti dell'intercalazione di sodio. Tra questi sono stati considerati: i) la valutazione della diffusione di Na+ in una struttura host intercalante, ii) e prodotti, gli intermedi e la reversibilità di reazione di conversione di ossidi dei metalli di transizione, iii) gli effetti delle proprietà cristalline dei materiali sulle performance elettrochimiche e iv) le caratteristiche chimico-fisiche caratterizzanti la generale stabilità di un materiale funzionale per batterie. Durante il lavoro di tesi è stato perpetrato un continuo parallelismo tra le caratteristiche morfologiche e strutturali e le performance elettrochimiche, ottenendo infine una dettagliata visione di molteplici classi di materiali attivi per sodio-ione. Ciò ha reso necessario un approccio inter-disciplinare in cui ad avanzate tecniche analitiche di tipo elettrochimico, è stato affiancato un approccio più specificatamente ingegneristico dei materiali stessi, al fine di evidenziare le correlazione proprietà-struttura. Tra le classi di materiali attivi investigate un ruolo di primaria importanza è stato riservato a materiali ad intercalazione catodici e materiali a conversione basati su ossidi di metalli di transizione. I primi, tipicamente materiali con struttura cristallina lamellare di natura ossidica, o a base di fosfati e pirofosfati, promuovono l’intercalazione di sodio con cinetiche veloci e con molteplici geometrie e pattern assunti dai cationi intercalati. I materiali a conversione invece permettono di ottenere lo stoccaggio energetico tramite reazione chimiche spontanee che avvengono tra materiale attivo e lo ione sodio. Paragonati a materiali ad intercalazione, i materiali a conversione presentano molteplici problematiche, tra cui: i) la variazione di volume considerevole che accompagna la reazione di conversione che introduce stress meccanici considerevoli e porta alle tipiche frammentazioni d’elettrodo e ii) processi irreversibili che solitamente corredano la reazione di conversione. Un aspetto che rende tali materiali meritevoli di essere studiati è la loro capacità di stoccare elevate quantità di sodio rendendoli capaci di capacità specifiche teoriche straordinarie (> 800 mAh/g). Tutti questi aspetti sono stati affrontati e tenuti in profonda considerazione al fine di mettere a punto un materiali a conversione anodica nano-strutturato a base di Co3O4 che rappresentasse una valida soluzione al problema di perfezionamento delle batterie sodio-ione. Assieme a materiali anodici, è stato altresì condotto lo studio di materiali catodici caratterizzati da elevate performance ma bassi costi di sintesi. Lo studio preliminare del composito ad intercalazione Na2FeP2O7/MWCNT a condotto ad interessanti risultati legati ad estremamente veloci cinetiche di diffusione di sodio all’interno del network di canali del materiale e ad una generale stabilità durante la ciclazione. All’anatasio (TiO2) nano-crystallino sintetizzato ad-hoc è stata dedicata l’ultima parte del lavoro di ricerca. Tale lavoro ha permesso di confermare importanti correlazioni tra le caratteristiche cristalline superficiali dei nano-cristalli e i meccanismi di interazione con sodio attraverso meccanismi pseudocapacitivi; e significativi avanzamenti sono stati ottenuti nella definizione di tale meccanismo e nella messa a punto di un efficiente materiale anodico a basso costo.
Na-ion battery technology has recently aroused great interest among all the scientific community, as a valid and more environmentally friendly alternative to Li-ion batteries. The PhD research activity has been mostly devoted to the investigation of reliable active materials for sodium ion battery technology. All the investigated materials, either anode or cathode, have been investigated trying to highlight the major limits and difficulties connected to sodium intercalation and conversion reactions. Among these, some are: i)assessment of Na diffusion in an intercalating host structure, ii)products and reversibility of transition metal oxides conversion reactions, iii) effects of materials crystalline properties on electrochemical performances and iv) features influencing the overall stability of a functional material. In order to keep the most broad-based overview of the problem, it has been chosen to systematically start, for each species electrochemically investigated, from its synthesis and thorough chemical-physical characterization. Rather than a pure electrochemical analysis, a continuous parallelism between morphological features, structural characteristics and performances was encouraged, eventually obtaining a detailed overlook of different classes of active materials for sodium batteries. What has been screened all along the three year-long research period has been a comprehensive investigation of new generation electrochemically active materials for energy storage applications. This implied an inter-disciplinary work in which advanced electro-analytical techniques have been widely used to characterize inorganic compounds or ad-hoc synthesized composites keeping in mind precise structure-performance correlations. Among the investigated classes, a role of relevance has been reserved to intercalating cathode species and conversion anode materials. The former, typically layered transition metal oxides, phosphates and pyrophosphates, are capable of sodium cations insertion, with fast kinetics, between layers or inside channels generated from peculiar atoms arrangement. Conversion anode materials on the other hand, carries out the sodium storage via spontaneous chemical reactions with oxide-based material, such as Co3O4 or Fe2O3, a chalcogenide or a halide. Compared to intercalation materials, conversion ones are more challenging to deal with, due to the following difficulties: i)their not negligible volume change during conversion reaction and the correlated induced mechanical stresses leading to electrode fracturing and pulverization, ii)occurrence of irreversible and parasitic reactions and iii)material operating potentials is often too high (around 1.0 V vs. Na/Na+) and thus not suitable for being used as anode materials inside a sodium cell. A positive feature that makes these material worthy to be studied is the high sodium uptake they are able to bare, bestowing them high theoretical specific capacities (>800 mAh∙g-1). All these aspects have been tackled in designing a conversion anode that might constitute a valid solution toward a sodium secondary battery whole-cell assembly. Together with anode materials also a high-performing and low-cost cathode material has been investigated. The exploratory study of pyrophosphate-MWCNT composite intercalation material led to interesting results referred to fast kinetics and material reliability throughout the cycles. To TiO2 nanocrystals synthesis and crystalline appearance-electrochemical properties correlation has beeb dedicated an exhaustive analysis which allowed to achieve significative advancements in defining the sodium uptake mechanism for pseudo-capacitive oxide-based anode material for sodium-ion batteries.
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16

Qian, Hao. "A High-Efficiency Grid-Tie Battery Energy Storage System." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29008.

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Lithium-ion based battery energy storage system has become one of the most popular forms of energy storage system for its high charge and discharge efficiency and high energy density. This dissertation proposes a high-efficiency grid-tie lithium-ion battery based energy storage system, which consists of a LiFePO4 battery based energy storage and associated battery management system (BMS), a high-efficiency bidirectional ac-dc converter and the central control unit which controls the operation mode and grid interface of the energy storage system. The BMS estimates the state of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH) of each battery cell in the pack and applies active charge equalization to balance the charge of all the cells in the pack. The bidirectional ac-dc converter works as the interface between the battery pack and the ac grid, which needs to meet the requirements of bidirectional power flow capability and to ensure high power factor and low THD as well as to regulate the dc side power regulation. A highly efficient dual-buck converter based bidirectional ac-dc converter is proposed. The implemented converter efficiency peaks at 97.8% at 50-kHz switching frequency for both rectifier and inverter modes. To better utilize the dc bus voltage and eliminate the two dc bus bulk capacitors in the conventional dual-buck converter, a novel bidirectional ac-dc converter is proposed by replacing the capacitor leg of the dual-buck converter based single-phase bidirectional ac-dc converter with a half-bridge switch leg. Based on the single-phase bidirectional ac-dc converter topology, three novel three-phase bidirectional ac-dc converter topologies are proposed. In order to control the bidirectional power flow and at the same time stabilize the system in mode transition, an admittance compensator along with a quasi-proportional-resonant (QPR) controller is adopted to allow smooth startup and elimination of the steady-state error over the entire load range. The proposed QPR controller is designed and implemented with a digital controller. The entire system has been simulated in both PSIM and Simulink and verified with hardware experiments. Small transient currents are observed with the power transferred from rectifier mode to inverter mode at peak current point and also from inverter mode to rectifier mode at peak current point. The designed BMS monitors and reports all battery cells parameters in the pack and estimates the SOC of each battery cell by using the Coulomb counting plus an accurate open-circuit voltage model. The SOC information is then used to control the isolated bidirectional dc-dc converter based active cell balancing circuits to mitigate the mismatch among the series connected cells. Using the proposed SOC balancing technique, the entire battery storage system has demonstrated more capacity than the system without SOC balancing.
Ph. D.
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17

Wang, Chengrui. "Application of Nano-Functional Materials in Energy Storage System." Thesis, Griffith University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/392036.

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Energy problem has become one of the most important problems in today's world. With the depletion of fossil fuels and the change of climate, the research on the conversion and application of new clean energy has entered a critical stage. With the deepening of research, more and more technologies and products have been commercialized and changed our daily life, such as electric vehicles (EVs). EVs refer vehicles which are powered by electric energy (lithium ion batteries). Compared with traditional fuel cars, electric vehicles (EVs) have many advantages: (i) High energy efficiency: The energy conversion efficiency of the fuel engine is only about 10%-15%, while the efficiency of the battery engine can be as high as 80%-90%; (ii) Environmentally friendly: The emissions of petrol cars include solid particles, carbon oxides, nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxides, etc, while the batteries almost have no pollution emissions; (iii) Economy: The average cost of EVs is about 4.2AUD per 100km, while the cost of petrol vehicles is about 18.7AUD per 100km. According to these obvious advantages, many countries have already announced plans to increase the uptake the of electric vehicles. These applications demand an increased performance from the lithium-ion battery (LIB). Although this technology is quite mature after years of development, there are still many problems today. For cathode materials, the main problem is that the specific capacity is relatively low and not suited to high energy applications. For anode materials, although the specific capacity is quite good, the stability is a big problem. In addition, the safety and the high cost are also problems demanding prompt solutions. At the same time, the lithium mineral on earth is being exhausted, finding other alkaline metals, like sodium or potassium, to replace lithium is also a major direction of energy storage research. This thesis presents four research works during my doctoral study which are mainly about the electrode materials of four different battery systems. The purposes of these works are to improve the problems existing in the traditional materials through the way of composition design and morphology control. The first two chapters of my work are about the symmetric battery system. The symmetric batteries with an electrode material possessing dual cathodic and anodic properties have been regarded as an ideal battery configuration because of their distinctive advantages over the asymmetric batteries in terms of fabrication process, cost and safety concerns. However, the development of good performance in symmetric batteries is highly challenging due to the very limited availability of suitable symmetric electrode materials with such duplex properties of high reversible capacity. Chapter 2 introduces a triple-hollow-shell structured V2O5 (THS-V2O5) based high performance symmetric electrode material with a reversible capacity of >400mAh/g between 1.5V to 4.0V and >600mAh/g between 0.1V to 3.0V, respectively, when used as the cathode and anode. This single electrode based symmetric full lithium ion battery (LIB) constructed with THS-V2O5 exhibits a reversible capacity of about 290mAh/g between 2.0V to 4.0V, which is the best performance in symmetric energy storage systems reported to date. In Chapter 3, we report a novel NASICON-type K3V2(PO4)3 which was prepared and first employed for the symmetric KIBs. The reversible capacity of the full symmetric KIBs is about 90mAh/g between 0.01–3.0V at 25mA/g, corresponding to an initial coulombic efficiency of 91.7%. Additionally, a potential of about 2.3V was obtained in this work, which is the largest reported working potential and will benefit the output energy of this symmetric energy storage system. The other two chapters of my work are about anode materials of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). In Chapter 4, we reported a new yolk-shell structured high tap density composite made of a carbon-coated rigid SiO2 outer shell to confine multiple Si nanoparticles (NPs) (yolks) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with embedded Fe2O3 NPs. The achieved high tap density and superior conductivity can be attributed to the efficiently utilised inner void by multiple Si yolks, Fe2O3 NPs and CNTs Li+ storage materials, and the bridged spaces between the inner Si yolks and outer shell through a conductive CNTs. In Chapter 5, we present a controllable synthesis method of single to quadruple hollow NiO multi-shelled microspheres and studied the electrochemical properties. Furthermore, we made a modification on the basis of the triple-shelled structure, the hollow triple-shelled α-Fe2O3/NiFe2O4@NiO (TS-NFO) microspheres were simply synthesized by a secondary absorption method. Due to the effect of synergistically interactive, the TS-NFO microspheres exhibited an initial capacity of 2474mAh·g-1 and excellent reversible capacity of 869mAh·g-1, 2114mAh·g-1, 2061mAh·g-1 after 100, 500 and 800 cycles at 0.5A·g-1 in the electrochemistry property tests. The outstanding energy storage performance can be ascribed to the unique hollow hybrid metal oxides core@shelled structure, which can relieve the volume extension to a great extent and greatly improve the reversible specific capacity by the synergistically interactive effect. In summary, this thesis introduces four kinds of electrode materials, which are applied to two kinds of energy storage systems. All the research works were trying to improve the performance of the batteries by composition design and morphology control, which may provide new ideas for the study of functional electrode materials development for energy storage systems.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Environment and Sc
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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18

Ooi, Chia Ai. "Balancing control for grid-scale battery energy storage systems." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2016. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/93020/.

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Grid-scale battery energy storage systems (BESSs) are becoming increasingly attractive as the connection of a BESS has been shown to improve the dynamic behaviours of the power grid. A key problem with BESSs is the potential for poor utilisation of mismatched cells and reliability issues resulting from the use of a large number of cells in series. This thesis proposes a technique for state-of-charge balancing of many thousands of cells individually (i.e. not in packs) using a tightly integrated power electronic circuit coupled with a new control system design. Cells are organised in a hierarchical structure consisting of modules, sub-banks, banks and phases. The control strategy includes five levels of balancing: balancing of cells within a module, balancing of modules within a sub-bank, sub-banks within a bank, banks in a phase and balancing between phases. The system seeks to maximise the accessible state-of-charge range of each individual cell, thereby enhancing the overall capacity of the system. The system is validated in simulation for a 380 kWh BESS using 2835 lithium-ion cells where charge balancing is demonstrated for mismatched cells. A ‘peak sharing’ concept is implemented to manage voltage constraints so that alternative modules assume a portion of the load when certain modules are not capable of meeting the demand. An experimental validation has been performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the balancing control. This work is intended to address the challenges of eventual scaling towards a 100 MWh+ BESS, which may be composed of hundreds of thousands of individual cells.
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19

Howard, Matthew. "Lithium ion conductivity in hydrogen storage and battery materials." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2016. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6446/.

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In this thesis the role of lithium ion conductivity in lithium conducting garnets as potential solid state electrolytes for lithium ion batteries and lithium halide nitrides for solid state hydrogen storage materials is researched. The role of order and disorder on in the lithium sublattice of garnet type materials is investigated. Showing that ordering can cause a change in the unit cell symmetry resulting a tetragonal unit cell. Due to the ordering a drop in the Li ion conductivity is observed. Through a small amount of trivalent doping into the lithium sublattice it is possible to create disorder and hence a change in the unit cell to cubic and an enhancement in the conductivity. For the first time work conducted in this this shows evidence for possible H+/Li+ exchange occurring in air. This exchange was seen to have varying effects on the low temperature lithium ion conductivity. Highlighting the need to take care when preparing and measuring these materials. The structure of a antifluorite type lithium chloride nitride were resolved following inconclusive literature reports. It is shown for the first time that it is possible for these materials to hydrogenate these materials and they have potential as possible solid state hydrogen storage materials. The ionic conductivity of the lithium halide nitrides were measured and compared to that of lithium nitride. And their hydrogen storage properties were related to the ionic conductivity.
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20

Kojimoto, Nigel (Nigel C. ). "Pneumatic battery : a chemical alternative to pneumatic energy storage." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/74269.

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Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2012.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 51).
Pneumatic power is traditionally provided by compressed air contained in a pressurized vessel. This method of energy storage is analogous to an electrical capacitor. This study sought to create an alternative pneumatic device, the pneumatic battery, that would be analogous to an electrical battery. A pneumatic battery allows energy to be stored chemically in a Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) solution and released when the solution decomposes, producing oxygen gas. This decomposition is sped up with the aid of a platinum catalyst. A mechanical negative feedback system regulates the exposure of the catalyst, allowing the battery to generate a user specified pressure at its outlet. The prototype produced was observed to generate an outlet pressure of up to 470 kPa (68 psi) and is theoretically capable of generating up to 689 kPa (100 psi) with a volumetric energy density greater than that of conventional compressed air tanks.
by Nigel Kojimoto.
S.B.
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21

He, Yiou. "The assessment of battery-ultracapacitor hybrid energy storage systems." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/91088.

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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2014.
55
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 154-157).
Battery-ultracapacitors hybrid energy storage systems (ESS) could combine the high power density and high life cycle of ultracapacitors with the high energy density of batteries, which forms a promising energy storage system. In this thesis, an assessment of the benefits of the hybrid ESS relative to its battery-only counterpart in pulse-load applications is investigated for both Nickel-Metal Hydride (NiMH) batteries and Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries, and under different load profiles. Specifically, the hybrid ESS in this assessment is of the simplest type - paralleling the ultracapacitors across the batteries without any power electronics interface between them. To quantify this assessment, Discharge Capacity(0) is defined as the amount of energy one can draw out of an ESS per unit charge supplied by this ESS. The metric for quantifying the benefits is energy efficiency gain, defined as the percentage increase in the discharge capability of the hybrid ESS over its battery-only counterpart. The investigation proves that the hybrid system is more beneficial over the battery-only system in terms of how much energy it can output at a specific state-of-charge level. Among the test cases covered by this thesis, the increase in the output energy of Li-ion battery systems by incorporating ultracapacitors can reach to 17% and that of Ni-MH battery systems can reach to 33%. This thesis also shows that the benefits of paralleling ultracapactors across batteries depended upon the discharge profile of the load, the battery type and the capacitance. The benefits increase quadratically with the pulse amplitude, decreases linearly with the duty cycle and inverse with the pulse period. Moreover, capacitors with higher capacitance and lower ESR yield to larger benefits. And for batteries with a higher ESR, the ultracapacitors will show more benefits than for batteries with low ESR.
by Yiou He.
S.M.
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22

Rajasekaram, Nirushan, and Vera Costa. "Solar PV in multi-family houses with battery storage." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-178795.

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This thesis investigates the economic viability of a grid connected PV system integrated with battery storage in a multifamily home in Sweden. In addition, a fleet of electric cars is added to the system and its economic feasibility is analyzed. The analysis is further classified based on the roof area available for PV installation, wherein system 1 considers nearly the entire roof area of 908 m2 and system 2 is assumed to have less than half the roof area of 360 m2 for PV installation. To help with the assessment, five scenarios are created; where scenario one represents a baseline Swedish cooperative without PV, scenario two includes a PV system; scenario three incorporates battery storage; four considers an electric vehicle fleet embedded into the system and scenario five has a fleet of gasoline cars. These scenarios are applied to the two systems and their results compared. To address the question of this thesis both scenarios 2 and 3 are simulated in System Advisor Model (SAM) and scenario 4 is modeled in Matlab. The outputs are exported to Excel in order to obtain the Net Present Value (NPV), which is the economic indicator for this assessment. In none of the tested scenarios the NPVs’ are positive and the best result is observed in a PV system installed with battery storage in a roof area of 360 m2, which has a NPV of -82,000 SEK. A sensitivity analysis is done to assess the changes in NPV by varying the input parameters. It is concluded that battery storage is not yet economically viable in a Swedish multifamily house.
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23

Kopiez, Marius Lasse, and Låås Kristofer Eidner. "Strategic Battery Storage Integration into the Swedish Power Market." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-245035.

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Omställningen mot fler förnyelsebara energikällor inom det svenska elsystemet innebär en större del variabel elproduktion. Detta ställer krav på en hög flexibilitet såsom att flytta energi i tiden där energilagring har en hög nyttjandegrad eftersom att det kan användas både för producent samt förbrukare. En lovande energilagringsenhet med hög flexibilitet är litium-jon batterier. Mycket tyder på att batterier kommer ha en stor roll för elsystemet kommande år då priset minskat avsevärt och efterfrågan ökat exponentiellt de senaste åren. I takt med en ökande spridning av batterier uppstår ett behov av att utreda hur de kan komma att förändra elmarknaden. Idag används modeller för att prognostisera elpriser för framtiden men med saknad av batterier.  Denna studie har gjorts på uppdrag av SWECO vars syfte var att undersöka hur de ska implementera batterier i deras elmarknadsmodell. Det innefattade att undersöka olika användningsområden för batterier och utreda varje enskilt falls operativa strategi i form av effektflöde till och från elnätet. I denna studie har tre fall med hög potentiell marknadsspridning analyserats;  • Användning av batterier för energiarbitrage. • Solceller i kombination med batterier för ett hushåll. • Vindkraftverk i stor skala i kombination med batterier. Metodiken i studien bestod av att genom linjär programmering ta fram en optimal strategi för användning av batteriet i varje enskilt fall. Genom att maximera lönsamheten eller minimera kostnaderna för en dag kunde batteriets effektflöde till och från elnätet fås fram. Simuleringen innefattade verklig historisk data samt SWECOs egna prognos för svenska elpriser år 2040. Därefter gjordes en känslighetsanalys för varje enskilt fall där vitala parametrars påverkan på resultaten undersöktes. Slutligen kombinerades de olika fallens resultat och deras samspel analyserades för att förstå den gemensamma påverkan på elmarknaden.  Resultaten visar att batterier i genomsnitt kommer att genomgå en fullständig cykel per dag medan det högsta antalet på en dag var två cykler. Särskilda mönster och trender på daglig samt säsongsbetonad skala upptäcktes där det mest anmärkningsvärda var att i framtiden har effektflödet till och från batteriet flyttats i tiden. Vitala parametrar som påverkade batteriets optimala strategi innefattade verkningsgrad, effektkapacitet per timme samt tariffstruktur. Det framgick även att varje enskilt fall påverkar balansen mellan produktion och efterfrågan av el olika men att den gemensamma effekten innebär att toppar och dalar av elpriser kommer att jämnas ut. Vidare upptäcktes en svag korrelationen mellan effektflödena för de tre olika fallen i nutid men att den kommer att bli större i framtiden i takt med att en större del av elen produceras av förnyelsebara energikällor.  Sammanfattningsvis drogs slutsatsen att batterier som energilagringssystem har vitala parametrar som måste väljas med försiktighet samt att batterier inte kan integreras som en aggregerad enhet i en prissättningsmodell utan att varje enskilt fall måste hanteras separat.  För framtida studier inom området rekommenderas att utveckla optimeringsmetoden till att inkludera probabilistisk prognostisering samt att undersöka fler fall än de tre som hanterats i denna studie. Vidare skulle det vara intressant att undersöka batteriers optimala strategier på andra marknader än dagen före-marknaden. I fallet med solceller i kombination med batterier skulle modellen kunna utvecklas till att inkludera en funktion för att minska på säkringsavgiften för fastigheten genom att minska på den maximalt använda toppeffekten.
Battery storage is most certainly going to play a key role in a future Swedish power mix with high shares of renewable sources. To incorporate this new form of storage into comprehensive power market models it is vital to understand their operating strategy in different use cases today and in the future. Three of the most promising cases were investigated: energy arbitrage, wind battery, and residential PV-BESS.  The optimal operating strategies were determined using linear programming, real-world data for the past and SWECO’s projections for the year 2040. The results were interpreted for each case separately before they were finally consolidated to evaluate their interplay.  It was found that batteries are used to perform on average one full cycle per day and never more than two cycles per day. Characteristic patterns were found for each case on both a daily and seasonal resolution. By 2040 charging is going to be shifted from early morning to midday and discharging from midday to evening. The three cases were found not to exhibit common operating patterns as of today, but to develop more similar patterns in the future scenario. It was hence concluded that it will not be possible to include battery storage systems on a highly aggregated level in power market models. Instead, batteries will have to be integrated as separate units with regards to their respective operating sites and applications.   For future studies, it is recommended to extend the model to include probabilistic forecasts as well as the ability to offer different services in different markets.
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24

Moeini, Ali. "Application of battery energy storage in the Québec interconnection." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26903.

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Le Système Stockage de l'Énergie par Batterie ou Batterie de Stockage d’Énergie (BSE) offre de formidables atouts dans les domaines de la production, du transport, de la distribution et de la consommation d’énergie électrique. Cette technologie est notamment considérée par plusieurs opérateurs à travers le monde entier, comme un nouveau dispositif permettant d'injecter d’importantes quantités d’énergie renouvelable d’une part et d’autre part, en tant que composante essentielle aux grands réseaux électriques. De plus, d’énormes avantages peuvent être associés au déploiement de la technologie du BSE aussi bien dans les réseaux intelligents que pour la réduction de l’émission des gaz à effet de serre, la réduction des pertes marginales, l’alimentation de certains consommateurs en source d’énergie d’urgence, l’amélioration de la gestion de l’énergie, et l’accroissement de l’efficacité énergétique dans les réseaux. Cette présente thèse comprend trois étapes à savoir : l’Étape 1 - est relative à l’utilisation de la BSE en guise de réduction des pertes électriques ; l’Étape 2 - utilise la BSE comme élément de réserve tournante en vue de l’atténuation de la vulnérabilité du réseau ; et l’Étape 3 - introduit une nouvelle méthode d’amélioration des oscillations de fréquence par modulation de la puissance réactive, et l’utilisation de la BSE pour satisfaire la réserve primaire de fréquence. La première Étape, relative à l'utilisation de la BSE en vue de la réduction des pertes, est elle-même subdivisée en deux sous-étapes dont la première est consacrée à l’allocation optimale et le seconde, à l’utilisation optimale. Dans la première sous-étape, l’Algorithme génétique NSGA-II (Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II) a été programmé dans CASIR, le Super-Ordinateur de l’IREQ, en tant qu’algorithme évolutionniste multiobjectifs, permettant d’extraire un ensemble de solutions pour un dimensionnement optimal et un emplacement adéquat des multiple unités de BSE, tout en minimisant les pertes de puissance, et en considérant en même temps la capacité totale des puissances des unités de BSE installées comme des fonctions objectives. La première sous-étape donne une réponse satisfaisante à l’allocation et résout aussi la question de la programmation/scheduling dans l’interconnexion du Québec. Dans le but de réaliser l’objectif de la seconde sous-étape, un certain nombre de solutions ont été retenues et développées/implantées durant un intervalle de temps d’une année, tout en tenant compte des paramètres (heure, capacité, rendement/efficacité, facteur de puissance) associés aux cycles de charge et de décharge de la BSE, alors que la réduction des pertes marginales et l’efficacité énergétique constituent les principaux objectifs. Quant à la seconde Étape, un nouvel indice de vulnérabilité a été introduit, formalisé et étudié ; indice qui est bien adapté aux réseaux modernes équipés de BES. L’algorithme génétique NSGA-II est de nouveau exécuté (ré-exécuté) alors que la minimisation de l’indice de vulnérabilité proposé et l’efficacité énergétique représentent les principaux objectifs. Les résultats obtenus prouvent que l’utilisation de la BSE peut, dans certains cas, éviter des pannes majeures du réseau. La troisième Étape expose un nouveau concept d’ajout d’une inertie virtuelle aux réseaux électriques, par le procédé de modulation de la puissance réactive. Il a ensuite été présenté l’utilisation de la BSE en guise de réserve primaire de fréquence. Un modèle générique de BSE, associé à l’interconnexion du Québec, a enfin été proposé dans un environnement MATLAB. Les résultats de simulations confirment la possibilité de l’utilisation des puissances active et réactive du système de la BSE en vue de la régulation de fréquence.
The Battery Energy Storage (BES) offers significant potential benefits at generation, transmission, distribution, and consumption levels of power systems. More specifically, this technology is considered by various operators around the globe, as a component of incorporating high amounts of renewable energy and as a key tool for large-scale power networks. In addition, other highly valued benefits can be captured by deploying BES technologies in smart grid such as facilitating power management, reducing green house gas emissions, reducing marginal losses, providing emergency power source for some users, and increasing energy efficiency in networks. This thesis comprises three phases: phase 1) application of BES for loss reduction, phase 2) application of BES as spinning reserve for vulnerability mitigation, phase 3) introducing a new method for improving frequency oscillation using reactive power modulation and application of BES for primary frequency reserve. The phase 1, application of BES for loss reduction is divided itself in two steps: step one: optimal allocation and step two: optimal utilization. In step one, Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) has been coded on Centre de CAlcul Scientifique de l'IREQ (CASIR), the supercomputer of IREQ, as multi-objective evolutionary algorithm that extracts a set of optimal solution for optimal sizing and siting of multiple BESs while minimization of power losses and the total installed capacity of the BES units are simultaneous objective functions. For the sake of step two, a number of solutions are chosen and developed over one year taking into account the hour/rate/efficiency/power factor of the charge and discharge modes while marginal loss reduction or energy efficiency improvement are set as main goals. Phase 1 provides a complete answer for BES allocation and scheduling problem on Québec interconnection. Concerning the phase 2, a new vulnerability index has been introduced, formulated and studied which is suitable for modern power systems that comprise BESs. The NSGA-II is re-executed while minimization of proposed vulnerability index and total installed capacity are main goals. The results reveal that application of BES may prevent major blackouts in some cases. The phase 3 presents a novel idea for adding virtual inertia to power systems using reactive power modulations. The phase 3 also presents a primary study on application of BESs for primary frequency reserve. Generic battery model is introduced to simple Quebec interconnection model in MATLAB. Simulation results confirm the applicability of both active and reactive powers of BES architecture for frequency regulation.
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Kasetsuwan, Rit. "Eco battery exchange system /." Online version of thesis, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/11223.

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Ren, Xiaodi Ren. "Rechargeable Potassium-Oxygen Battery for Low-Cost High-Efficiency Energy Storage." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1468857236.

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Chan, Siu-wo. "Design, control and application of battery-ultracapacitor hybrid systems." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B38816660.

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Bao, Jianli. "The rechargeable lithium/air battery and the application of mesoporous Fe₂O₃ in conventional lithium battery." Thesis, St Andrews, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/897.

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Xie, Jin. "Synthesis and characterization of inorganic nanostructured materials for advanced energy storage." Thesis, Boston College, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:104493.

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Thesis advisor: Dunwei Wang
The performance of advanced energy storage devices is intimately connected to the designs of electrodes. To enable significant developments in this research field, we need detailed information and knowledge about how the functions and performances of the electrodes depend on their chemical compositions, dimensions, morphologies, and surface properties. This thesis presents my successes in synthesizing and characterizing electrode materials for advanced electrochemical energy storage devices, with much attention given to understanding the operation and fading mechanism of battery electrodes, as well as methods to improve their performances and stabilities. This dissertation is presented within the framework of two energy storage technologies: lithium ion batteries and lithium oxygen batteries. The energy density of lithium ion batteries is determined by the density of electrode materials and their lithium storage capabilities. To improve the overall energy densities of lithium ion batteries, silicon has been proposed to replace lithium intercalation compounds in the battery anodes. However, with a ~400% volume expansion upon fully lithiation, silicon-based anodes face serious capacity degradation in battery operation. To overcome this challenge, heteronanostructure-based Si/TiSi2 were designed and synthesized as anode materials for lithium ion batteries with long cycling life. The performance and morphology relationship was also carefully studied through comparing one-dimensional and two-dimensional heteronanostructure-based silicon anodes. Lithium oxygen batteries, on the other hand, are devices based on lithium conversion chemistries and they offer higher energy densities compared to lithium ion batteries. However, existing carbon based electrodes in lithium oxygen batteries only allow for battery operation with limited capacity, poor stability and low round-trip efficiency. The degradation of electrolytes and carbon electrodes have been found to both contribute to the challenges. The understanding of the synergistic effect between electrolyte decomposition and electrode decomposition, nevertheless, is conspicuously lacking. To better understand the reaction chemistries in lithium oxygen batteries, I designed, synthesized, and studied heteronanostructure-based carbon-free inorganic electrodes, as well as carbon electrodes whose surfaces protected by metal oxide thin films. The new types of electrodes prove to be highly effective in minimizing parasitic reactions, reducing operation overpotentials and boosting battery lifetimes. The improved stability and well-defined electrode morphology also enabled detailed studies on the formation and decomposition of Li2O2. To summarize, this dissertation presented the synthesis and characterization of inorganic nanostructured materials for advanced energy storage. On a practical level, the new types of materials allow for the immediate advancement of the energy storage technology. On a fundamental level, it helped to better understand reaction chemistries and fading mechanisms of battery electrodes
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2015
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Chemistry
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Liu, Lollo. "Life Cycle Assessment of a Lithium-Ion Battery pack for Energy storage Systems : - the environmental impact of a grid-connected battery energy storage system." Thesis, Uppsala University, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-428627.

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This thesis assessed the life-cycle environmental impact of a lithium-ion battery pack intended for energy storage applications. A model of the battery pack was made in the life-cycle assessment-tool, openLCA. The environmental impact assessment was conducted with the life-cycle impact assessment methods recommended in the Batteries Product Environmental Footprint Category Rules adopted by the European Commission (2016). The findings in this study showed that the most important parameter in the cradle-to-grave assessment was the use-stage losses, which can be reduced by using electricity grids with high sharesof renewable energy or by increase the round-trip efficiency of the battery system. However, for the cradle-to-gate assessment, five impact categories were found to be relevant. These categories were: climate change, acidification, fossil resource use, resource use (minerals and metals) and particulate matter. Furthermore, within these impact categories, four materials contributed to more than 65 % of all impact. These key materials were; nickel, aluminium, cobalt and graphite. Therefore, a recommendation to battery manufacturers is to prioritise sourcing these four key materials from sustainable suppliers to reduce the overall cradle-to-gate environmental impact. Lastly, by integrating recycling of the battery pack in the end-of-life-stage, it was possibleto achieve a net reduction of 9-20 % of the cradle-to-grave climate change, acidification and fossil resource use compared to not including recycling. Therefore, the development of efficient and large-scale recycling will likely play a major role in reducing the environmental impact from lithium-ion batteries in the future.
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Stienecker, Adam W. "An ultracapacitor - battery energy storage system for hybhrid electric vehicles /." See Full Text at OhioLINK ETD Center (Requires Adobe Acrobat Reader for viewing), 2005. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=toledo1121976890.

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Dissertation (Ph.D.)--University of Toledo, 2005.
Typescript. "A dissertation [submitted] as partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Doctor of Philosophy degree in Engineering." Bibliography: leaves 61-63.
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Abdalla, Abdallah Hussin. "Iron-based rechargeable batteries for large-scale battery energy storage." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/19953/.

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It is a global challenge to develop green, sustainable power source for modern portable devices, and stationary power generation. Energy storage systems (ESS) can improve the stability and quality of the power grid. Moreover, ESS can be used for peak shaving, integration viable renewable sources to the electricity network. Several ESSs technologies are existing, electrical, thermal, mechanical, and electrochemical storage technologies. This thesis proposes the potential of iron-based electrode batteries such as Nickel-Iron (NiFe) batteries to be implemented for large-scale grid power. This proposal applies to other types of iron-based electrode rechargeable batteries. Iron-based electrode batteries such as Ni-Fe batteries are particularly attractive and compelling to utilise the energy generated from renewable resources. NiFe battery clearly stood out in view of their cost-effective, robust, and eco-friendly materials. Numerous problems have hindered their developments. Those limitations are poor discharge capability and charge efficiency. In fact, the performance of these batteries is drastically reduced by the parasitic evolution of hydrogen. The key is to develop electrode/electrolyte electroactive materials as additives to improve the performance of the battery. This approach has been successful in many rechargeable batteries. In this thesis, investigation of several electrode/electrolyte additives for advanced NiFe batteries is conducted. In this, an effort is made to improve the performance of the NiFe battery by including different electrode and electrolyte additives to suppress the hydrogen evolution (HER) despite the fact that the addition of various percentages of Bi2S3, FeS, K2S, CuSO4 or other sulfide elements to the electrode and electrolyte is a very effective method of suppressing the HER. In this study, paste-type and hot-pressed types electrode samples were used to produce the electrode samples. Galvanostatic charge/discharge cycling, and cyclic voltammetry were used to investigate the electrochemical properties of the electrode samples. The prepared and cycled electrode samples were characterised a variety of physical techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It has been found in this study that, the presence of iron sulfide in the electrode has a real incidence on increasing the reversibility and performance of the electrode samples than using copper alone. Therefore, this improves the overall performance of NiFe batteries; however, due to the fact that we have used commercial grade reactants and materials, this technology definitely has the potential to be further developed in the long run and could provide a cost-effective solution to large-scale energy storage.
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Stienecker, Adam W. "An Ultracapacitor - Battery Energy Storage System for Hybrid Electric Vehicles." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1121976890.

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Xiao, Neng. "Probing Potassium–Oxygen Battery Chemistry for Efficient Electrochemical Energy Storage." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu155507996336995.

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Geerdts, Philip Clifford. "Computer simulation of stand-alone photovoltaic systems with battery storage." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/22177.

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Bibliography: pages 58-59.
This report describes a computer program which has been developed to simulate accurately the performance of stand alone photovoltaic systems with battery storage on an hourly basis for one simulated year. The program incorporates models of the POA irradiance, the photovoltaic cell · temperature and the battery temperature to simulate the environmental conditions of the system. These require hourly weather data as input. Typical meteorological years, which constitute a suitable form of input weather data, have been generated for those weather stations in Southern Africa which contain sufficient data. The energy flows within the system are simulated using models of the following parameters: photovoltaic module current, regulator efficiency and voltage, battery current and voltage, inverter efficiency, load shed voltage and load current. These models incorporate versatility in the level of modelling complexity (determined typically by the availability of the data used to characterise the components). The various models are encapsulated in modular units to facilitate alteration and updating at a later stage. The program is designed to simulate photovoltaic systems without maximum power point trackers, necessitating the use of interactive curve solving to compute the system operating point at any time. A robust and comprehensive algorithm has been implemented to execute this function. Improved battery modelling has been effected using data and experience acquired from a parallel research project. The program facilitates, with the judicious selection of input weather data, the economical sizing of systems in that it incorporates loss of power probability analysis and offers a high level of modelling precision. The simulation performance of the program compared favourably with that of PVFORM. The system performance estimated by PVFORM was marginally better, which is expected because PVFORM assumes that the system operates with a maximum power point tracker. In the development of the program there has been a focus on creating an effective user interface. This is designed to simplify and speed up program operation, and to present output in a form which is useful and illustrative.
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Akeyo, Oluwaseun M. "ANALYSIS AND SIMULATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS INCORPORATING BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE." UKnowledge, 2017. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/ece_etds/107.

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Solar energy is an abundant renewable source, which is expected to play an increasing role in the grid's future infrastructure for distributed generation. The research described in the thesis focuses on the analysis of integrating multi-megawatt photovoltaics (PV) systems with battery energy storage into the existing grid and on the theory supporting the electrical operation of components and systems. The PV system is divided into several sections, each having its own DC-DC converter for maximum power point tracking and a two-level grid connected inverter with different control strategies. The functions of the battery are explored by connecting it to the system in order to prevent possible voltage fluctuations and as a buffer storage in order to eliminate the power mismatch between PV array generation and load demand. Computer models of the system are developed and implemented using the PSCADTM/EMTDCTM software.
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Singh, Yuvraj. "Wind-solar energy integration including battery storage at Murdoch University." Thesis, Singh, Yuvraj (2017) Wind-solar energy integration including battery storage at Murdoch University. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2017. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/40479/.

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This report demonstrates the process involved to identify the most economic renewable energy generation system for Murdoch University (MU). The most economic renewable energy generation system that would help in reducing the annual electricity consumption off the grid for MU. The analysis involved PV System, Wind System, Wind-PV System and Wind-PV System including the battery storage system. The analysis commenced with the assessment of the availability of solar and wind resource at the MU. Western Australia gets a significant amount of solar irradiance throughout the year and it was available to download from the website of Bureau of Meteorology. The wind speed data were obtained from the weather station located Murdoch University, which helped to determine the strength and intensity of wind speed. For the purpose of the analysis, solar irradiance data and wind speed data for the year 2015 was used for the specific reason, explained further in the report. Murdoch University electricity consumption in the year 2015 was 22.29 GWh with the maximum load of 5.78 MW. Mr Andrew Hanning, Energy Manager at MU helped to obtain the load consumption data of MU. Then analysis followed by the identification of the energy production potential of solar and wind using the photovoltaics and wind turbines. Microsoft Excel and Homer, a computer software model helped to calculate the energy production of photovoltaics and wind turbines. A 2.0 MW PV system was used for the analysis, as the study conducted by the previous student concluded it to be the maximum size that could be installed on the rooftop of MU. Wind system included two Enercon E-53 wind turbines each with 800kW rated capacity. The selection of the wind turbine for the purpose of the analysis was based on its maximum power output corresponding to the wind speed at MU. Enercon E-53 was tallest among other wind turbines analyzed to identify to the most suitable wind turbine for the proposed location at MU. Further, the analysis included the assessment of reduction in the electricity consumption from the grid, of the MU for the year 2015, by integrating different renewable energy generation system in the distributed network of MU. From different combinations of renewable energy systems used for the analysis, the combination of Wind-PV system produced the significant amount of reduction in the annual energy consumption from the grid. The annual electricity consumption of MU reduced from 22.29 GWh to 13.31 GWh. Analysis also included the assessment of reduction in the capacity and network demand charges affected by the decline in the annual electricity consumption of MU from the grid. The Wind-PV system produced annual savings of $743,144 on the cost of electricity consumed from the grid by MU and annual savings of $555,242 on the network demand and capacity charges.
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Jabal, Ameli Nasim. "Rooftop PV with battery storage for constant output power production." Thesis, Curtin University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/579.

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In this thesis, the application and control of battery storage (BS) system is introduced and developed to compensate for output power changes of rooftop PVs due to variations in the environmental conditions and household loads. A practical battery storage energy management strategy (BS-EMS) for operating small scale grid-connected rooftop PVs is implemented such that the net delivered output power to the grid is constant under various operating conditions.
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Syed, Moiz Masood. "Shared Solar Generation and Battery Storage Systems in Residential Microgrids." Thesis, Curtin University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/86206.

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This thesis presents investigation on performance analysis, technical benefits and challenges on deployment of shared energy microgrid in an Australian apartment precinct at WGV. Performance analysis was conducted to examine load profiles of apartment units and impact of renewable installation was analysed in terms of grid reliance reduction. The shared configurations implemented in three different apartment complexes and analysed dataset from these systems and buildings presents a significant contribution to the research.
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Rahman, Md Mustafizur. "Microgrid frequency control using multiple battery energy storage system (BESSs)." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2015. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/90856/1/MD%20Mustafizur_Rahman_Thesis.pdf.

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The work is a report of research on using multiple inverters of Battery Energy Storage Systems with angle droop controllers to share real power in an isolated micro grid system consisting of inertia based Distributed Generation units and variable load. The proposed angle droop control method helps to balance the supply and demand in the micro grid autonomous mode through charging and discharging of the Battery Energy Storage Systems while ensuring that the state of charge of the storage devices is within safe operating conditions. The proposed method is also studied for its effectiveness for frequency control. The proposed control system is verified and its performance validated with simulation software MATLAB/SIMULINK.
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Hung, Duong Quoc. "Smart integration of distributed renewable generation and battery energy storage." Thesis, The University of Queensland, 2014. https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:342027.

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Renewable energy (i.e., biomass, wind and solar) and Battery Energy Storage (BES) are emerging as sustainable solutions for electricity generation. In the last decade, the smart grid has been introduced to accommodate high penetration of such renewable resources and make the power grid more efficient, reliable and resilient. The smart grid is formulated as a combination of power systems, telecommunication communication and information technology. As an integral part of the smart grid, a smart integration approach is presented in this thesis. The main idea behind the smart integration is locating, sizing and operating renewable-based Distributed Generation (DG) resources and associated BES units in distribution networks strategically by considering various technical, economical and environmental issues. Hence, the aim of the thesis is to develop methodologies for strategic planning and operations of high renewable DG penetration along with an efficient usage of BES units. The first contribution of the thesis is to present three alternative analytical expressions to identify the location, size and power factor of a single DG unit with a goal of minimising power losses. These expressions are easily adapted to accommodate different types of renewable DG units for minimizing energy losses by considering the time-varying demand and different operating conditions of DG units. Both dispatchable and non-dispatchable renewable DG units are investigated in the study. Secondly, a methodology is also introduced in the thesis for the integration of multiple dispatchable biomass and nondispatchable wind units. The concept behind this methodology is that each nondispatchable wind unit is converted into a dispatchable source by adding a biomass unit with sufficient capacity to retain the energy loss at a minimum level. Thirdly, the thesis studies the determination of nondispatchable photovoltaic (PV) penetration into distribution systems while considering time-varying voltage-dependent load models and probabilistic generation. The system loads are classified as an industrial, commercial or residential type or a mix of them with different normalised daily patterns. The Beta probability density function model is used to describe the probabilistic nature of solar irradiance. An analytical expression is proposed to size a PV unit. This expression is based on the derivation of a multiobjective index (IMO) that is formulated as a combination of three indices, namely active power loss, reactive power loss and voltage deviation. The IMO is minimised in determining the optimal size and power factor of a PV unit. Fourthly, the thesis discusses the integration of PV and BES units considering optimal power dispatch. In this work, each nondispatchable PV unit is converted into a dispatchable source by adding a BES unit with sufficient capacity. An analytical expression is proposed to determine the optimal size and power factor of PV and BES units for reducing energy losses and enhancing voltage stability. A self-correction algorithm is then developed for sizing multiple PV and BES units. Finally, the thesis presents a comprehensive framework for DG planning. In this framework, analytical expressions are proposed to efficiently capture the optimal power factor of each DG unit with a standard size for minimising energy losses and enhancing voltage stability. The decision for the optimal location, size and number of DG units is obtained through a benefit-cost analysis over a given planning horizon. Here, the total benefit includes energy sales, loss reduction, network investment deferral and emission reduction, while the total cost is a sum of capital, operation and maintenance expenses. The study reveals that the time-varying demand and generation models play a significant role in renewable DG planning. Depending on the characteristics of demand and generation, a distribution system would accommodate up to an estimated 48% of the nondispatchable renewable DG penetration. A higher penetration level could be obtained for dispatchable DG technologies such as biomass and a hybrid of PV and BES units. More importantly, the study also indicates that optimal power factor operation could be one of the aspects to be considered in the strategy of smart renewable DG integration. A significant energy loss reduction and voltage stability enhancement can be achieved for all the proposed scenarios with DG operation at optimal power factor when compared to DG generation at unity power factor which follows the current standard IEEE 1547. Consequently, the thesis recommends an appropriate modification to the grid code to reflect the optimal or near optimal power factor operation of DG as well as BES units. In addition, it is shown that inclusion of energy loss reduction together with other benefits such as network investment deferral and emission reduction in the analysis would recover DG investments faster.
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SUN, C. "Electrical energy storage by electrochemical vanadium redox flow battery methods." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3424975.

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Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are electrochemical cells that are able to reversibly convert the chemical energy stored into the redox couples into electrical power. Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) exploit redox couples both based on vanadium species. To make VRFB technology commercially viable, technical and economic barriers including high capital cost and rapid capacity decay need to be addressed. The primary objective of this thesis is to achieve high performance VRFB with long durability, mainly by reducing the vanadium permeability through the membrane. Nowadays perfluorosulfonic acid membranes are widely used in VRFB, such as Nafion. Nafion has high chemical and mechanical stability, and it exhibits good proton conductivity. Nevertheless, the VRFB cell with Nafion membrane has fast capacity decay due to the high vanadium crossover. In an effort to overcome the limitations of Nafion, this thesis reports the synthesis and characterization of hybrid inorganic-organic proton-conducting membrane alternatives to classic perfluorinated ionomers. Two families of hybrid membranes were synthesized: 1) Nafion membrane doped with WO3 nanofiller, in order to reduce its vanadium crossover while maintaining the high proton conductivity; 2) synthesis of sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) membrane with optimized degree of sulfonation as an alternative low-cost membrane. Then further dope the SPEEK membrane with WO3 to reduce vanadium crossover. For all the hybrid membranes prepared by a solvent-casting procedure, the introduction of WO3 nanoparticles does not alter significantly the thermal degradation events of the polymer host and the hybrid membranes maintain the good thermal stability. MDSC reveals that in hybrid membranes the endothermic events are slightly shifted attributed to the formation of “dynamic crosslinks” between the WO3 nanoparticles and the polymer host, that stabilize the hybrid membrane. The hydrophilic domains of the polymer host are reduced in size as the content of WO3 is raised. The water uptake of hybrid membranes decreases with the increasing loading of WO3 nanofillers; as a consequence, the pathways of charge migration become more tortuous. While the higher charge migration tortuosity would correspond to a dramatically lower permeability to vanadium species. The tortuosity for protons is likely much less than that for vanadium, as the vanadium ions are only passing through the bulk water, while the protons are also delocalized at the polymer-nanofiller interfaces in the presence of interface water. The vanadium permeability of hybrid membranes decreases significantly and the ion selectivity is much improved in comparison with Nafion. The hybrid membranes with highest ion selectivity are chosen for VRFB single cell test. They exhibits a higher coulombic efficiency in comparison with the Nafion 212 reference. The reduced permeation of vanadium species is also revealed by the lower discharge capacity decay and longer self-discharge times for the hybrid membranes. Therefore, the new family of hybrid membranes may be promising candidates for application in VRFBs. The final chapter describes the study by Raman spectroscopy of the species present in the positive feed of a VRFB as a function of the state of charge (SOC). Changes in complexation due to presence of stable oxygenated coordination complexes of vanadium, also interacting strongly with HSO4- and SO42- ligands, are put in evidence. In particular, it is demonstrated that the positive feed includes additional species beyond VO2+ and VO2+, with a particular reference to dimers such as HV2O5- and H3V2O7-. Such species may be accounted to understand in detail the charge-discharge processes taking place at the electrodes of a VRFB. Indeed, on these bases, the processes are expected to involve a broad distribution of V(IV) and V(V) species, that may end up affecting significantly crucial macroscopic features of the overall VRFB.
Le batterie Redox a Flusso (RFB) sono celle elettrochimiche capaci di convertire reversibilmente l'energia chimica immagazzinata in coppie redox in energia elettrica. Le batterie a flusso al vanadio (VRFB) sfruttano coppie redox entrambe basate su specie di vanadio. Per far sì che la tecnologia VRFB sia commercialmente valida, occorre superare barriere tecniche ed economiche che includono elevati costi di capitale ed un rapido decadimento della capacità. L'obiettivo principale di questa tesi è di ottenere VRFB ad alte prestazioni e di lunga durata, principalmente riducendo la permeabilità del vanadio attraverso la membrana. Al giorno d'oggi nelle VRFB vengono utilizzate membrane a base di acido perfluorosolfonico, come il Nafion. Il Nafion ha un'elevata stabilità chimica e meccanica, e presenta una buona conducibilità protonica. La VRFB con membrana al Nafion hanno un rapido decadimento della capacità a causa dell'alto crossover del vanadio. Per superare i limiti del Nafion, questa tesi riporta la sintesi e la caratterizzazione di membrane ibride inorganico-organiche conduttrici di protoni alternative agli ionomeri perfluorurati. Due famiglie di membrane ibride sono state ottenute: 1) membrana di Nafion drogata con nanofiller WO3, per ridurre il crossover del vanadio mantenendo un’elevata conducibilità protonica; 2) sintesi di una membrana a base di poli(etere-etere-chetone) solfonato (SPEEK), con grado di solfonazione ottimizzato. Anche la membrana a base di SPEEK viene poi drogata con WO3 per ridurre il crossover del vanadio. Nelle membrane ibride preparate mediante una procedura di solvent-casting, l'introduzione di nanoparticelle di WO3 non altera in modo significativo gli eventi di degradazione termica della matrice polimerica, mantenendo così una buona stabilità termica. Misure MDSC rivelano che nelle membrane ibride gli eventi termici sono leggermente spostati a causa della formazione di "crosslink dinamici" tra le nanoparticelle di WO3 e la matrice polimerica, che stabilizzano la membrana. La dimensione dei domini idrofili e l’assorbimento d’acqua della mambrana si riducono all’aumentare del contenuto di WO3. Di conseguenza, i percorsi di migrazione di carica diventano più tortuosi. Questa maggiore tortuosità alla migrazione di carica corrisponde ad una permeabilità inferiore delle specie vanadio. Al contrario del vanadio, la tortuosità ha probabilmente un effetto inferiore per i protoni, poiché gli ioni di vanadio attraversano solo i domini massivi di acqua, mentre i protoni vengono scambiati anche alle interfacce polimero-nanofiller. Così, la permeabilità al vanadio delle membrane ibride diminuisce significativamente e la selettività degli ioni è molto migliorata rispetto al Nafion. Le migliori membrane ibride sono scelte per il test in cella VRFB. Esse esibiscono una maggiore efficienza coulombica rispetto al riferimento Nafion 212. La ridotta permeazione delle specie di vanadio è rivelata anche dal minore decadimento della capacità di scarica e dai tempi di autoscarica più lunghi per le membrane ibride. Pertanto, la nuova famiglia di membrane ibride è un promettente candidato per l'applicazione in VRFB. Il capitolo finale descrive lo studio, attraverso la spettroscopia Raman, delle specie presenti nella soluzione positiva (catolita) di una VRFB in funzione dello stato di carica (SOC). Gli equilibri dovuti alla presenza di complessi di coordinazione del vanadio, che interagiscono fortemente con i leganti HSO4- e SO42-, vengono evidenziati. In particolare, viene dimostrato come il catolita includa specie addizionali oltre a VO2+ e VO2+, quali HV2O5- e H3V2O7-. La presenza di tali specie deve essere considerata per comprendere in dettaglio i processi di scarica e carica che avvengono agli elettrodi di una VRFB. Infatti, su queste basi, ci si aspetta il coinvolgimento di un'ampia distribuzione di specie V(IV) e V(V), che potrebbero influenzare le caratteristiche macroscopiche significativamente cruciali di una VRFB.
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43

McCulloch, William David. "Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage through Solar Redox Flow and Superoxide Batteries." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1524054086338847.

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44

Li, Jianwei. "Design and assessment of the superconducting magnetic energy storage and the battery hybrid energy storage system." Thesis, University of Bath, 2017. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.760945.

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45

Khanaki, Razieh. "Integration of non-isolated converters in battery storage systems: Topology development, evaluation and optimisation." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2021. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/208259/1/Razieh_Khanaki_Thesis.pdf.

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This thesis examines topological variations of non-isolated DC-DC converters and their implications on design parameters and configurations of battery-integrated-converter systems. Furthermore, the opportunity of increased reliability with battery-integrated-converter systems is discussed with examples for both DC-DC and DC-AC converter applications, by taking into account the module voltage, redundancy level, scheduled maintenance and converter topology factors. Moreover, the optimisation and other practical trade-offs associated with the selection of the voltage rating of battery power modules (BPMs) in a battery-integrated-converter-system from an efficiency perspective is investigated.
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46

Ltaief, Mohamed Ali Ben. "Development of a bipolar nickel-iron battery prototype for energy storage." University of Western Cape, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/8227.

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Philosophiae Doctor - PhD
Energy storage systems represent a viable option to integrate renewable energy sources into the grid network. Multiple energy storage technologies are available such as mechanical, electrical, thermal, and electrochemical storage technologies. Battery Energy Storage Systems are considered as an accepted solution for energy storage with advantages such as, sustained power delivery, geographical independence and, fast response capability. This thesis describes the development of rechargeable bipolar Nickel-Iron batteries as potential candidates for cost effective energy storage solutions. The first objective of this work was to design a bipolar electrode comprising an Iron (Fe)-based anode, a Nickel (Ni)-based cathode and a flexible bipolar plate and to optimise its production process in order to attain high performance in terms of capacity and efficiency. Research questions to be answered included;
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47

Yuan, Sandy (Sandy Roan-Jane). "Battery storage system sizing evaluation for utility distribution asset investment deferral." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/111527.

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Thesis: M.B.A., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, in conjunction with the Leaders for Global Operations Program at MIT, 2017.
Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, in conjunction with the Leaders for Global Operations Program at MIT, 2017.
"June 2017." Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 61-62).
A need exists for systematic evaluation methods of battery storage sizing as an electric utility asset investment. Atlantic Electric, like many US utilities, has begun to consider battery energy storage systems for multiple applications, and will likely continue to evaluate potential investments in energy storage in the future. This thesis develops and evaluates three sizing methodologies for battery energy storage systems for a reliability application at an electric distribution substation. The methods are applied to three substation locations using real historical load data to understand the required supplemental capacity provided by on-site battery storage energy systems in situations of peak demand coinciding with N-1 contingency. The study also includes analysis of business processes for asset planning and recommendations. The results of the analysis indicate that deterministic conservative sizing methods, when compared to a probabilistic historical risk-based method, yield battery size that is significantly larger. The most conservative battery size, which would cover the most extreme capacity needs, is approximately twice the size of the risk-based battery size, which would cover approximately 80% of capacity need events. Going forward, the methodologies from this thesis can be developed further for evaluating battery storage systems for reliability applications among diverse conditions and use cases. Furthermore, integrating multiple use cases and potential value streams for battery storage systems in utility operations will involve cross-functional and comprehensive processes for evaluation in the future.
by Sandy Yuan.
M.B.A.
S.M.
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48

Braff, William Allan. "Membraneless hydrogen bromine laminar flow battery for large-scale energy storage." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/87966.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2014.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 147-163).
Electrochemical energy storage systems have been considered for a range of potential large-scale energy storage applications. These applications vary widely, both in the order of magnitude of energy storage that is required and the rate at which energy must be charged and discharged. One such application aids the integration of renewable energy technologies onto the electrical grid by shifting the output from renewable energy resources to periods of high demand, relaxing transmission and distribution requirements and reducing the need for fossil fuel burning plants. Although the market need for such solutions is well known, existing technologies are still too expensive to compete with conventional combustion-based solutions. In this thesis, the hydrogen bromine laminar flow battery (HBLFB) is proposed and examined for its potential to provide low cost energy storage using the rapid reaction kinetics of hydrogen-bromine reaction pairs and a membrane-less laminar flow battery architecture. In this architecture, fluid reactants and electrolyte flow through a small channel at sufficiently low Reynolds number that laminar flow is maintained and the liquid electrolyte acts as a separator between the reactants. Experimental results from a proof of concept cell are presented, and compared with numerical and analytical modeling results to better understand discharging and recharging behavior. General theoretical principles for the design and optimization of laminar flow batteries are also developed. These results indicate that the HBLFB can efficiently store and discharge energy at very high power densities compared to existing battery technologies using low cost reactants and stack materials at room temperature and atmospheric pressure.
by William Allan Braff.
Ph. D.
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49

Boström, Christoffer. "Optimization of a Household Battery Storage : The Value of Load Shift." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Fasta tillståndets fysik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-298417.

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Sweden’s energy system is facing major changes in the near future in order to reducecarbon emissions and to switch to sustainable energy sources. PV systems havebecome a sensible alternative for homeowners that want to be a part of this changeand at the same time reduce the cost of their electricity bill. To further improve theutilization of their PV system and to handle the intermittent nature of solar power,battery storages have become an interesting system complement. This thesisinvestigates how batteries can provide smart services; load shift and peak price energyutilization to a household. This is done by developing an optimized battery algorithmmodel that can provide these smart services which is compared to a simple batteryalgorithm. The results show that the developed battery optimization model works asintended. It performs both load shift and peak price energy utilization. The economicanalysis shows that the most profitable PV system and battery configuration is a 20kW PV system with a 5 kWh battery. The system has an internal rate of return, IRR,of 2.3% which does not reach Vattenfall’s weighted average cost of capital, WACC, at7%. The results also show that the battery cost is an important factors for a system'sprofitability. A larger battery system is more expensive and the increased yield doesnot cover the increased cost. Further research is needed to implement the optimizedbattery as a functional application since the model has access to a perfect forecast andthus a method for forecasting PV production and load profile of the household arecrucial to get similar results.
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"Stacked-Value of Battery Storage: Effect of Battery Storage Penetration on Power Dispatch." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.57017.

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abstract: In this work, the stacked values of battery energy storage systems (BESSs) of various power and energy capacities are evaluated as they provide multiple services such as peak shaving, frequency regulation, and reserve support in an ‘Arizona-based test system’ - a simplified, representative model of Salt River Project’s (SRP) system developed using the resource stack information shared by SRP. This has been achieved by developing a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) based optimization model that captures the operation of BESS in the Arizona-based test system. The model formulation does not include any BESS cost as the objective is to estimate the net savings in total system operation cost after a BESS is deployed in the system. The optimization model has been formulated in such a way that the savings due to the provision of a single service, either peak shaving or frequency regulation or spinning reserve support, by the BESS, can be determined independently. The model also allows calculation of combined savings due to all the services rendered by the BESS. The results of this research suggest that the savings obtained with a BESS providing multiple services are significantly higher than the same capacity BESS delivering a single service in isolation. It is also observed that the marginal contribution of BESS reduces with increasing BESS energy capacity, a result consistent with the law of diminishing returns. Further, small changes in the simulation environment, such as factoring in generator forced outage rates or projection of future solar penetration, can lead to changes as high as 10% in the calculated stacked value.
Dissertation/Thesis
Masters Thesis Electrical Engineering 2020
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