Dissertations / Theses: 'Battery Technologies'

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Schipper, Florian. "Biomass derived carbon for new energy storage technologies." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2014. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2014/7204/.

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The thesis deals with the production and evaluation of porous carbon materials for energy storage technologies, namely super capacitors and lithium sulfur batteries.
Die Doktorarbeit befasst sich mit der Produktion und Evaluierung poröser Kohlenstoffmaterialien für die Anwendung in Energiespeichertechnologien, namentlich Superkondensatoren und Lithiumschwefelbatterien.

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Chatzivasileiadi, Aikaterini. "The choice and architectural implications of battery storage technologies in residential buildings." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2016. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/94549/.

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This thesis investigated the implications of the integration of battery storage technologies on the architectural design of buildings, providing design considerations for architects and built environment practitioners. The study focused on the UK residential sector, considering ‘high energy’ battery applications in grid-connected systems, which provide the possibility of ‘island’ mode operation for a period of several hours up to several days. The implications were assessed in different scenarios in 2030, addressing business as usual, the implementation of energy efficiency and demand response measures, electric heating and electrification of transport. The research was split into three phases and was conducted through quantitative and qualitative methods. Phase 1 included the analysis of the energy storage side, which led to a classification of battery storage technologies and their characteristics into a database. The analysis in this phase was conducted through a systematic literature review, contact with battery manufacturers and other stakeholders, exploration of case studies, as well as interviews to battery stakeholders. Phase 2 included the modelling of the energy demand side, which explored the evolution of the peak demand and electricity consumption in various residential building scales in 2030. Phase 3 used the outputs from Phase 1 and Phase 2 to assess the applicability of nine battery technologies in different building scales, their spatial requirements, such as footprint, volume, mass, ventilation, location and their cost. The findings suggest that the implications for building design are of great importance regarding the applicability of battery technologies in different building scales and of minor importance as regards the footprint, volume and mass requirements. The study reveals the most suitable technologies for each residential scale and scenario in 2030 regarding their spatial requirements and cost.

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Fernandez, Ted (Ted A. ). "Technological and economic comparison of battery technologies for U.S.A electric grid stabilization applications." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/62676.

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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, 2010.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 109-110).
Energy storage can provide many benefits to the electric grid of the United States of America. With recent pushes to stabilize renewable energy and implement a Smart Grid, battery technology can play a pivotal role in the advancement of energy storage of the grid. While there are many types of batteries that have been brought to market in recent years, four commonly mentioned practical systems are sodium sulfur, flow batteries, long life lead acid, and lithium ion batteries. A new type of battery, the "liquid metal battery" boasts low cost and easy maintenance while also providing superior power and capacity. However, this technology is still in its developmental stage. This study implements a framework for analyzing these five technologies for implementation in real-life scenarios. Firstly, a technological comparison of battery types and application requirements is conducted in order to see which technology is best suited for different applications. Next, an in depth cost analysis is done for each technology, so they can be compared on a total cost of ownership (#/kWh cycled) basis. Lastly, each technology is evaluated for each application through a financial analysis. This analysis encompasses current estimates on market valuation and provides net present values of investments for each battery type and application.
by Ted Fernandez.
M.Eng.

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Salman, Omer, and Yanbin Chen. "Comparative Environmental Analysis of Conventional and Hybrid Wheel Loader Technologies : A Life Cycle Perspective." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-120004.

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Volvo Construction Equipment is investigating the potential of hybrid wheel loaders. To determine if this new hybrid wheel loader concept is preferable from an environmental point of view to the latest G- series Volvo wheel loader, a comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) has been performed on the Volvo L150G wheel loader and a hybrid wheel loader concept. The complete machines have been studied throughout their life cycle: raw material extraction, material processing, manufacturing processes, transportation, use phase, and end of life. In order to quantitatively assess the environmental impact of all lifecycle stages, five different environmental indicators have been used: global warming potential, abiotic resource depletion potential, acidification potential, eutrophication potential and ozone depletion potential. In addition, a sensitivity analysis and two weighting methods are used to interpret the results. The results show that a hybrid wheel loader concept reduces environmental impacts significantly compared to a conventional L150G, except the impact category ADP (element). Moreover, the use phase has by far the greatest impact within the life cycle, for most impact categories (90% of the total life cycle impact). A sensitivity analysis on use phase with impacts also showed the limitations for use in China.
Volvo Construction Equipment undersöker potentialen av hybrid hjullastare. För att avgöra om ett hybrid hjullastare koncept har fördelar ur miljösynpunkt jämfört med en G-serien Volvo hjullastare har en jämförande livscykelanalys (LCA) utförts på Volvo L150G hjullastare och ett hybrid hjullastarkoncept. De kompletta maskinerna har studerats under hela deras livscykel: utvinning av råmaterial, materialbearbetning, tillverkningsprocesser, transport, användningsfas och slutet av skrotningsfasen. För att kvantitativt kunna bedöma miljökonsekvenserna av alla livscykelnskeden har fem olika miljöindikatorer använts: global uppvärmningspotential, abiotiska resursutarmningspotential, försurningspotential, övergödningspotential och ozonnedbrytingspotential. En känslighetsanalys och två viktningsmetoder har tillämpats för att tolka resultaten. Resultaten visar att ett hybrid hjullastarkoncept minskar miljöpåverkan avsevärt jämfört med en konventionell L150G, förutom påverkan från kategorin resursutarmningspotential. Dessutom har användningsprocessen i särklass störst påverkan inom livscykeln för de flesta effekt kategorier (90% av den totala livscykelpåverkan). En känslighetsanalys på användningsprocessen och dess effekter visade också på begränsningar för användning i Kina.

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Komatsu, Hideyuki. "Elucidation of Reaction Mechanism for High Energy Cathode Materials in Lithium Ion Battery using Advanced Analysis Technologies." Kyoto University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/242753.

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Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(人間・環境学)
甲第21876号
人博第905号
新制||人||216(附属図書館)
2018||人博||905(吉田南総合図書館)
京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科相関環境学専攻
(主査)教授内本喜晴, 教授田部勢津久, 教授吉田鉄平
学位規則第4条第1項該当

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KARLSSON, INGRID, and JENNY LINDSTRÖM. "Lithium-ion Battery Recycling : From a Manufacturing Strategy Perspective." Thesis, KTH, Industriell Management, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-238097.

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The electrification of the transport sector in combination with an increased demand for storage solutions for renewable energy is contributing to a rapid growth of the battery market. Lithium-ion batteries have shown to be a promising technology for efficient energy storage the last two decades. A rapidly increasing battery production will however cause challenges within waste management and put pressure on current recycling infrastructures. Within research, insufficient attention has been given to how traditional manufacturing strategy is applied within recycling environments. The objective of this study was, therefore, to investigate if and how the unique characteristics of battery recycling affect its manufacturing strategy. A case study of the planning of a battery recycling unit was conducted in collaboration with Northvolt AB to detect challenges and unique characteristics for battery recycling. A framework within manufacturing strategy was applied on the contextual study to identify underlying factors to be considered when building a large scale recycling. Based on multiple interviews with industry expert’s, critical factors were identified and classified according to the literature framework. Our research concludes that the main categories within traditional manufacturing strategy are valid within a recycling environment. On an operational level, however, it was implied that the specific characteristics for recycling have to be considered when formulating a manufacturing strategy. To concretize, it is suggested that attention is given to uncertainties in inflow, of both timing and amount of discarded products. It is important to carefully consider the variety in battery chemistry fed into the recycling process and to design a flexible process, to be prepared for future disruption. Furthermore, managerial implications for battery producers are to facilitate recycling through three key aspects; simplifying the disassembly of battery systems, developing intelligent labelling systems and to push for industry standards.
Elektrifieringen av transportsektorn i kombination med en ökad efterfrågan av förnybar energi, bidrar till en snabb tillväxt av batterimarknaden. Litiumjonbatterier har under de senaste två decennierna visat sig vara en lovande teknologi för effektiv energilagring. En snabbt ökande batteriproduktion skapar dock utmaningar för nuvarande återvinningssystem. Otillräcklig forskning har givits till hur traditionell produktionsstrategi kan appliceras i återvinningsmiljöer. Därav var målet med denna studie att undersöka om och hur återvinningsmiljöns unika karaktär påverkar dess produktionsstrategi. En case studie av en planerad återvinningsanläggning genomfördes i samarbete med Northvolt AB, för att identifiera utmaningar och unika karaktärsdrag för batteriåtervinning. Ett litterärt ramverk inom produktionsstrategi applicerades på den kontextuella studien för att sammanställa och utvärdera underliggande faktorer som bör tas i beaktning för en storskalig återvinningsanläggning. Efter ett flertal intervjuer med experter kunde kritiska faktorer identifieras och klassificeras enligt det litterära ramverket. Studien visar att huvudkategorierna inom traditionell produktionsstrategi även gäller för återvinnig. På en operationell nivå konstateras det dock att den specifika karaktären för återvinning måste tas i beaktning när strategin utformas. För att konkretisera rekommenderas det att osäkerheter i inflöde, gällande fördröjning och mängder av kasserade batterier, hanteras i samarbete med externa aktörer som kan garantera en kontinuerlig leverans. Det är även viktigt att se över variationen av batterikemier som behandlas i återvinningsprocessen samt att designa en flexibel process som snabbt kan anpassas till framtida behov. Slutligen indikerar studien att batteriproducenter bör sträva efter att förenkla batteriåtervinning genom tre huvudpunkter; underlätta demontering av batterisystem, utveckla intelligent märkning och främja industristandarder.

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Matthias, Måns. "Battery Guard : Designing a Charging Station for E-bikes in Dutch Public Environments." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik, konst och samhälle, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-85992.

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The e-bike trend is getting bigger and bigger all around the world, in Europe the number of new e-bikes sold during 2019 exceeded 3,5 million accounting for 17% of all bike sales (CONEBI, 2020). In the Netherlands it is more than a trend, e-bikes are everywhere and since 2018 there are more new e-bikes sold in the Netherlands than new regular bikes (Bovag, 2020). However, e-bikes charging anywhere poses potential risk since the batteries used in e-bikes are mostly li-ion batteries (Recharge, 2018). Li-ion batteries can get unstable due to several reasons, most common is that this happens during charging (Dutch fire department, 2018). This can lead to thermal runaway, that in turn can lead to battery fires and explosions (Kong et al., 2018). This master thesis has been carried out in collaboration with Deelfiets Nederland, a Dutch e-bike rental company, to develop a charging station that can provide safe charging of e-bike batteries in public spaces. The aim of this project is to investigate what guidelines, user needs, and prerequisites apply to the design of such a station. Through user research and literature studies the goal is to build a deeper understanding of the area of public e-bike charging while also making a product concept as ready for production as possible. From user research as well as an extensive literature review, innovation opportunities and problems were found that together formed design criteria. Several creative methods have been used throughout the project to generate a lot of ideas to satisfy these criteria. By conducting research on battery and charger sizes in combination with a lot of prototyping and letting users give feedback on the prototypes, a compact but still ergonomic way to store and charge batteries have been found. Since the target group consists of a lot of elderly people (65+) guidelines from ergonomic research have been followed to place boxes at heights where the elderly does not have to bend to reach the lowest box or reach over shoulder height to reach the top box. It was found that the best way of making a charging station safe for public spaces is making sure that fires do not happen in the first place. Before thermal runaway, li-ion batteries release gases (Cai et al., 2021). By charging batteries in metal boxes fitted with gas sensors thermal runaway should be able to be detected about seven minutes before it happens. By turning off the power to the battery when it is venting gases, thermal runaway could possibly be avoided (R. Bisschop, personal communication, Mars 22, 2021).
Elcykeltrenden växer sig större och större över hela världen, i Europa såldes det över 3,5 miljoner elcyklar under 2019, vilket motsvarar cirka 17% av alla cykelförsäljningar under samma period (CONEBI, 2020). I Nederländerna är trenden så stor att det sen 2018 säljs the mer nya elcyklar än nya vanliga cyklar i Nederländerna (Bovag, 2020). Det finns dock nackdelar med detta, elcyklar som laddas överallt kan utgöra potentiella risker eftersom nästan alla batterier i moderna elcyklar är litiumjonbatterier (Recharge, 2018). Litiumjonbatterier kan bli ostabila under vissa omständigheter, vanligast är att detta händer medan batterier laddas (Dutch fire department, 2018). Detta kan leda till termisk rusning, som i sin tur kan leda till batteribrand och explosioner (Kong et al., 2018). Det här examensarbetet har utförts i samarbete med Deelfiets Nederland, ett nederländskt företag som hyr ut elcyklar, för att utveckla en laddningsstation som kan erbjuda säker laddning för elcyklar på allmän plats. Målet med arbetet är att utforska vilka riktlinjer, behov och förutsättningar som bör tas i beaktning när en sådan station ska utvecklas. Genom användarstudier och litteraturstudier är målet att bilda en bättre uppfattning om området samt att göra ett existerande produktkoncept så nära färdigt för produktion som möjligt. Genom användarstudier och litteraturstudier har innovationsmöjligheter och problem uppmärksammats som tillsammans format designkriterier. En mängd kreativa metoder har sedan använts för att generera en stor mängd idéer som fokuserat på att lösa problemen som hittats. Statistik över både batteriers och laddares storlekar har samlats in för att i kombination med prototypande och användares feedback designa en kompakt men ändå ergonomisk låda som kan förvara och ladda batterier. Eftersom målgruppen (elcykelägare) innehåller en stor mängd äldre (65+) så har riktlinjer från ergonomistudier följts för att placera lådorna på höjder där äldre inte behöver böja sig för att nå den lägsta lådan och inte behöver sträcka sig över axelhöjd för att nå den översta lådan. Det visade sig genom arbetet att det bästa sättet att göra en laddningsstation för elcyklar säker för allmän plats var att se till att batterierna inte börjar brinna från första början. Innan termisk rusning utbryter så ventilerar litiumjonbatterier gaser (Cai et al., 2021). Genom att ladda batterierna i metallådor utrustade med gassensorer borde termisk rusning kunna upptäckas cirka sju minuter innan den utbryter. Om man då stänger av strömmen till batteriet skulle termisk rusning potentiellt kunna undvikas (R. Bisschop, personlig kommunikation, 22 mars, 2021).

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Vedin, Felix, and Camilla Sandström. "A comparison study of PV and battery technologies for EWB off-grid electrification projects in Sub-Saharan Africa." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-235497.

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Only 10 % of the rural population in Sub-Saharan Africa has access to electricity. At the same time the Sub-Saharan countries are close to the equator and get many sun hours a day, leading to a huge potential for solar energy. This report aims to compare different PV system components for use in Sub-Saharan Africa to facilitate EWB for their work in electrification projects in the areas. The PV system will be compared with the following factors: economic, adoptability, scalability, environmental impact and efficiency, weighed in that order. A case simulation was made for a village around Nairobi were 20 households would be supplied with solar power. Both Polycrystalline silicon cells and thin filmed CIGS were simulated were the Poly c-Si cell was both the cost-efficient and scalable choice. Poly c-Si cells was also concluded to be advantageous of the crystalline cells by the chosen factors. Pb-acid batteries are best suited for off grid PV systems in rural areas. Different types of Pb-acid batteries can be used depending on the area’s typology. Off grid solar powered microgrids could be the solutions for an increased socioeconomic wellbeing for communities in rural areas.
Endast 10% av lantbygdens befolkning i Subsahariska Afrika har tillgång till elektricitet. Samtidigt ligger de Subsahariska länderna nära ekvatorn och får många soltimmar per dygn, vilket leder till en stor potential för solenergi. Den här rapporten syftar till att jämföra olika solcellssystems komponenter för användning i östra Afrika för att främja Ingenjörer Utan Gränsers arbete inom elektrifierings projekt i området. Jämförelsen kommer utföras med följande faktorer, ekonomi, anpassningsförmåga, skalning, miljöpåverkan och effektivitet, viktat i den ordningen. En simulation gjordes för en by i området av Nairobi där 20 hushåll skulle få tillgång till solenergi. Både Poly kristallina celler och tunnfilm CIGS simulerades där Poly kristallina celler var både kostnadseffektivast samt det plats effektivaste valet. Polykristallina celler var även konkluderades vara det fördelaktiga valet av de kristallina cellerna utefter de valda faktorerna. Bly-syra batterier var bäst lämpade för själv stående solcellssystem på landsbygden. Olika typer av bly-syra batterier kan användas beroende på områdets typologi. Fristående solcellssystem kan vara en lösning till ett ökat socioekonomisk välmående för samhällen på landsbygden.

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Craig, Michael T. "Economic and Environmental Costs, Benefits, and Trade-offs of Low-carbon Technologies in the Electric Power Sector." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2017. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/1099.

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Motivated by the role of decarbonizing the electric power sector to mitigate climate change, I assess the economic and environmental merits of three key technologies for decarbonizing the electric power sector across four chapters in this thesis. These chapters explore how adding flexibility to power plants equipped with carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) affects system costs and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, how grid-scale electricity storage affects system CO2 emissions as a power system decarbonizes, and how distributed solar photovoltaic (distributed PV) electricity generation suppresses wholesale electricity prices. In each chapter, I address these questions through a combination of power system optimization, statistics, and techno-economic analysis, and tie my findings to policy implications. In Chapter 2, I compare the cost-effectiveness of “flexible” CCS retrofits to other compliance strategies with the U.S. Clean Power Plan (CPP) and a hypothetical stronger CPP. Relative to “normal” CCS, “flexible” CCS retrofits include solvent storage that allows the generator to temporarily eliminate the CCS parasitic load and increase the generator’s net efficiency, capacity, and ramp rate. Using a unit commitment and economic dispatch (UCED) model, I find that flexible CCS achieves more cost-effective emissions reductions than normal CCS under the CPP and stronger CPP, but that flexible CCS is less cost-effective than other compliance strategies under both reduction targets. In Chapter 3, I conduct a detailed comparison of how flexible versus normal CCS retrofits affect total system costs and CO2 emissions under a moderate and strong CO2 emission limit. Given that a key benefit of flexible CCS relative to normal CCS is increased reserve provision, I break total system costs into generation, reserve, and CCS capital costs. Using a UCED model, I find that flexible CCS retrofits reduce total system costs relative to normal CCS retrofits under both emission limits. Furthermore, 40-80% of these cost reductions come from reserve cost reductions. Accounting for costs and CO2 emissions, though, flexible CCS poses a trade-off to policymakers under the moderate emission limit, as flexible CCS increases system CO2 emissions relative to normal CCS. No such trade-off exists under the stronger emission limit, as flexible CCS reduces system CO2 emissions and costs relative to normal CCS. In Chapter 4, I quantify how storage affects operational CO2 emissions as a power system decarbonizes under a moderate and strong CO2 emission limit through 2045. In so doing, I aim to better understand how storage transitions from increasing CO2 emissions in historic U.S. systems to enabling deeply decarbonized systems. Additionally, under each target I compare how storage affects CO2 emissions when participating in only energy, only reserve, and energy and reserve markets. Using a capacity expansion (CE) model to forecast fleet changes through 2045 and a UCED model to quantify how storage affects system CO2 emissions, I find that storage quickly transitions from increasing to decreasing CO2 emissions under the moderate and strong emission limits. Whether storage provides only energy, only reserves, or energy and reserves drives large differences in the magnitude, but not the direction, of the effect of storage on CO2 emissions. In Chapter 5, I quantify a benefit of distributed photovoltaic (PV) generation often overlooked by value of solar studies, namely the market price response. By displacing high-cost marginal generators, distributed PV generation reduces wholesale electricity prices, which in turn reduces utilities’ energy procurement costs. Using 2013 through 2015 data from California including a database of all distributed PV systems in the three California investor owned utilities, we estimate historic hourly distributed PV generation in California, then link that generation to reduced wholesale electricity prices via linear regression. From 2013 through 2015, we find that distributed PV suppressed historic median hourly LMPs by up to $2.7-3.1/MWh, yielding avoided costs of up to $650-730 million. These avoided costs are smaller than but on the order of other avoided costs commonly included in value of solar studies, so merit inclusion in future studies to properly value distributed PV.

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Pagáčová, Lenka. "Baterie pro medicínské aplikace." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-377153.

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This master’s thesis deals with the influence of different carbon materials on the properties of Li-S accumulators. The theoretical part of the thesis describes primary and secondary electrochemical sources with a focus on medical applications. The second chapter deals individually with a lithium article. The main part of the thesis is the practical production of electrodes for Li-S accumulators using different types of carbon materials. The effects of these materials on the properties of accumulators are investigated to determine the most appropriate in terms of capacity and stability.

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Jansson, Samuel. "Evaluation of KPIs and Battery Usage of Li-ion BESS for FCR Application." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Elektricitetslära, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-394015.

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The main purpose of this thesis was to develop and evaluate Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) and battery usage associated with Lithium-ion Battery Energy Storage Systems (LiBESS) used as Frequency Containment Reserve (FCR). The investigation was based on three of Vattenfall´s LiBESS projects that use the same lithium-ion battery technology but vary in system rating and configuration. It was found that two of the most important KPIs are response time and energy efficiency. The response time describes how fast the system can respond to changes in grid frequency. Additionally, the energy efficiency describes how effectively the system can provide energy storage during service and it can be parametrized into the efficiency of the battery, converter and transformer. The results show that all the considered LiBESS can fulfill the response time requirements of 30 seconds for FCR provision. In the future stricter requirements for the response time in grid stabilization services will most likely be required. Nevertheless, the results showed that a well configured LiBESS can provide response times on the millisecond scale. The energy efficiency evaluation showed that the system energy efficiency decreased from 89% to 85% when the power increased from 50% to 100% of rated power. At 75% of rated power it was found that the converter had the lowest efficiency (92%) based on the analysis of the efficiency of all the system components. It was also found that the power consumed by auxiliary loads was nearly constant for the examined power rates and that it significantly reduced the energy efficiency. Lastly, the battery usage analysis showed that the battery often idles or operates at low power rates if the frequency dead-band of ±10 mHz is applied around the nominal value of 50 Hz. Moreover, the battery usage can be characterized by an average State of Charge of 50% and a maximum Depth of Discharge of 30% during both charge and discharge of the batteries.

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Carlsson, Ida, and Maria Pirrtiniemi. "Critical Factors to Consider in Purchasing for a Sustainable Inbound Supply Chain : A Perspective on Large Scale Lithium-ion Battery Manufacturing." Thesis, KTH, Industriell Management, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-219756.

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Together with electrification of the transportation sector and the introduction of renewable energy in the electricity grid, the demand for lithium-ion batteries is increasing. As a result of this emerging need, large-scale battery manufacturing is a promising and developing industry. Currently, there exist a challenge for lithium-ion battery manufacturers to ensure supply of the desired material and to guarantee operation in a sustainable manner. The material included in a battery cell possess unique characteristics, has high criticality, and experience limited availability, which has resulted in an un- certain business environment with high complexity. Hence, the aim of this thesis is to investigate how unique material characteristics affect the purchasing environment and can be considered to obtain a sustainable inbound supply chain for lithium-ion battery manufacturers. The study is based on the following research question; How can purchasing of critical direct material for lithium-ion battery manufacturers support a sustainable inbound supply chain?

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Milota, Martin. "Systém zabezpečení včelích úlů před nepovolenou manipulací." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-442373.

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This master thesis deals with the design of beehive security system against unauthorized manipulation. The system uses LoRaWAN wireless communication technology for data transmission. The device records the movement of the beehive using an accelerometer and then locates the beehive using a GPS module. The low-energy system works via a battery-powered ESP32 microcontroller and is located on a beehive. The battery is charged using a solar panel. The system can be modularly expanded with additional sensors to monitor the condition of the bees. The device has been tested in practice, where it has been confirmed that it meets the required properties for securing beehives.

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Daun, Kevin. "Impact of energy storage technologies in a distribution grid : An analysis of Key Performance Indicators relating to a local grid’s performance characteristics." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-55367.

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The energy system is undergoing a transformation on a never before witnessed scale. The changes are driven by global market forces and technological advancements, improving on a seemingly exponential scale. This in turn has led to the price of both renewables and the accompanying technology decrease over time, making the transition into renewables more economically viable. The drawback of variable renewable energy is that it is variable and dependent on the surrounding environment. Therefore, storing the energy during hours of production, to be used at a later stage when energy demand is higher is becoming ever more important and an attractive option. The purpose of this degree project is to, from a set of performance indicators, evaluate three different energy storage technologies and their respective impact on a distribution grid. The examined storage technologies are: Batteries, Capacitators and a H2 Fuel cell. A literature study was performed in order to find out how grid performance is evaluated, and how the different storage technologies operate. The obtained literature comes from scientific reports, and papers, found by utilizing Mälardalens University library-database. A model representing a Swedish grid with a connection point to the distribution side was created. The model is taken from previous credited work, and customized to fit the operational parameters of a Swedish grid. It was decided that the key indicators for evaluating the state of a grid was to look at the: voltage- and frequency variations, load factor, capacity factor and the overall system efficiency. The simulation is a discrete time simulation that utilizes parameters indicative of one full day of data. The results showed that, from a technological standpoint, the supercapacitor performed better in more categories than the Li-ion battery and H2 fuel cell. However, the Li-ion battery reduced the peaks of the frequency measurements which is a key metric when deciding on grid health. Also, there is the added benefit of the battery and fuel cell of having a longer operational time before the state of charge is depleted. This increases the flexibility of the technology and could therefore be more beneficial in other applications where power supply is more scarce.

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Ali, Haider Adel Ali, and Ziad Namir Abdeljawad. "THERMAL MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGIES OF LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES APPLIED FOR STATIONARY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS : Investigation on the thermal behavior of Lithium-ion batteries." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-48904.

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Batteries are promising sources of green and sustainable energy that have been widely used in various applications. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have an important role in the energy storage sector due to its high specific energy and energy density relative to other rechargeable batteries. The main challenges for keeping the LIBs to work under safe conditions, and at high performance are strongly related to the battery thermal management. In this study, a critical literature review is first carried out to present the technology development status of the battery thermal management system (BTMS) based on air and liquid cooling for the application of battery energy storage systems (BESS). It was found that more attention has paid to the BTMS for electrical vehicle (EV) applications than for stationary BESS. Even though the active forced air cooling is the most commonly used method for stationary BESS, limited technical information is available. Liquid cooling has widely been used in EV applications with different system configurations and cooling patterns; nevertheless, the application for BESS is hard to find in literature.To ensure and analyze the performance of air and liquid cooling system, a battery and thermal model developed to be used for modeling of BTMS. The models are based on the car company BMW EV battery pack, which using Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC) prismatic lithium-ion cell. Both air and liquid cooling have been studied to evaluate the thermal performance of LIBs under the two cooling systems.According to the result, the air and liquid cooling are capable of maintaining BESS under safe operation conditions, but with considering some limits. The air-cooling is more suitable for low surrounding temperature or at low charging/discharge rate (C-rate), while liquid cooling enables BESS to operate at higher C-rates and higher surrounding temperatures. However, the requirement on the maximum temperature difference within a cell will limits the application of liquid cooling in some discharge cases at high C-rate. Finally, this work suggests that specific attention should be paid to the pack design. The design of the BMW pack is compact, which makes the air-cooling performance less efficient because of the air circulation inside the pack is low and liquid cooling is more suitable for this type of compact battery pack.

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Lodi, Chiara, Antti Seitsonen, Elena Paffumi, Gennaro Michele De, Thomas Huld, and Stefano Malfettani. "Reducing CO2 emissions of conventional fuel cars by vehicle photovoltaic roofs." Elsevier, 2018. https://publish.fid-move.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A73237.

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The European Union has adopted a range of policies aiming at reducing greenhouse gas emissions from road transport, including setting binding targets for tailpipe CO2 emissions for new light-duty fleets. The legislative framework for implementing such targets allows taking into account the CO2 savings from innovative technologies that cannot be adequately quantified by the standard test cycle CO2 measurement. This paper presents a methodology to define the average productivity of vehicle-mounted photovoltaic roofs and to quantify the resulting CO2 benefits for conventional combustion engine-powered passenger cars in the European Union. The method relies on the analysis of a large dataset of vehicles activity data, i.e. urban driving patterns acquired with GPS systems, combined with an assessment of the shading effect from physical obstacles and indoor parking. The results show that on average the vehicle photovoltaic roof receives 58% of the available solar radiation in real-world conditions, making it possible to reduce CO2 emissions from passenger cars in a range from 1% to 3%, assuming a storage capacity of 20% of the 12 V battery dedicated to solar energy. This methodology can be applied to other vehicles types, such as light and heavy-duty, as well as to different powertrain configurations, such as hybrid and full electric.

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Asmar, Christian, and Rade Nikolic. "Barriers and Driving Forces that Affect Potential Adopters of BECs in Sweden : How the Transition to Battery Electric Cars can be Accelerated." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekonomi och organisation (Inst.), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-296511.

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The transport industry makes up a significant portion of the carbon dioxide emissions and theg reenhouse effect. Although the transition to electric cars is already happening, the transition is not happening fast enough to meet the EU targets. Because of this, our study has the aim to investigate how the transition to electric cars can be accelerated in Sweden. The study has the goal to identify driving forces and barriers to the adoption of electric cars. Our study starts with a literature review used to gather insight into the research area and construct the data collection, which is done using a survey and interviews. Based on the empirical data, identified aspects are presented. The data from the survey and interviews are combined to label each aspect as a driving force or barrier. Multiple driving forces for electric cars were identified. One of them was the driving experience. Another was the low operational cost, which the potential adopters expected to remain low in the future. It was also found that the potential adopters have good faith in the future development of the charging infrastructure. Lastly, the visibility of electric cars in information channels and media was found to be prominent. With these aspects already being considered relatively good for potential adopters in Sweden, the focus should instead be put on the barriers. However, multiple barriers of significance were found. Most of these stem from limited range, slow recharging, and insufficient infrastructure. It was found that the slow charging and low density of fast charging stations made electric cars impractical except for shorter distances. Also, these factors create range anxiety for the drivers. To solve these issues, the government should incentivize the expansion of the fast-charging network. The purchase cost and total cost of the electric car were also found to be barriers. This is mainly due to the cost of the battery, which is significant. One suggestion is to remove the VAT for electric cars, such economic incentives have proven efficient in other places globally and will also be efficient in Sweden.
Transportbranschen utgör en betydande del av koldioxidutsläppen och växthuseffekten. Även om övergången till elbilar redan sker, sker inte övergången tillräckligt snabbt för att uppfylla EU:s emissionsmål. På grund av detta syftar vår studie till att undersöka hur övergången till elbilar kan påskyndas i Sverige. Studien har som mål att identifiera drivkrafter och hinder för införandet av elbilar. Vår studie börjar med en litteraturöversikt som används för att samla inblick i forskningsområdet och konstruera datainsamlingen, vilket görs med hjälp av en enkät och intervjuer. Baserat på empiriska data presenteras identifierade aspekter. Uppgifterna från undersökningen och intervjuerna kombineras för att märka varje aspekt som en drivkraft eller barriär. Flera drivkrafter för elbilar identifierades. En av dem var körupplevelsen. En annan var de låga driftskostnaderna, som de potentiella användare antog skulle förbli låga i framtiden. Det konstaterades också att de potentiella användare har god tro på den framtida utvecklingen av laddningsinfrastrukturen. Slutligen visade sig elbilarnas synlighet i informationskanaler och media vara framträdande. Eftersom dessa aspekter redan betraktas som relativt bra för potentiella adopterare i Sverige, bör fokuset istället läggas på hindren. Emellertid hittades flera hinder av betydelse. De flesta av dessa härrör från begränsat räckvidd, långsam laddning och otillräcklig infrastruktur. Det visade sig att den långsamma laddningen och den låga densiteten hos snabbladdningsstationer gjorde elbilar opraktiska förutom vid kortare sträckor. Dessa faktorer skapar också räckviddsångest för förarna. För att lösa dessa frågor bör regeringen uppmuntra utbyggnaden av snabbladdningsnätverket. Elbilens inköpskostnad och totalkostnad visade sig också vara hinder. Detta beror främst på kostnaden för batteriet, vilket är betydande. Ett förslag är att ta bort mervärdesskatten för elbilar, sådana ekonomiska incitament har visat sig vara effektiva på andra globala lägen, vilket kommer också att vara effektiva i Sverige.

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Berg, Matilda, and Mathias Fyhr. "Elfordonsbrand i parkeringsgarage under mark : En studie om räddningstjänstens kunskap och riktlinjer." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-82806.

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Ökad miljömedvetenhet ökar anpassningen till ett klimatsmart samhälle där helt eller delvis elektriska bilar blivit populära. Med ökat antal elektriska bilar på vägarna tillkommer risker, som tidigare inte funnits, i form av litium-jonbatterier. Elfordon målas upp som en stor brandrisk men är det korrekt? Vid brand i ett parkeringsgarage under mark finns flera försvårande förutsättningar när räddningstjänsten ska utföra insats. Vid elfordonsbrand i parkeringsgarage under mark ökar komplexiteten ytterligare. På grund av begränsad forskning är osäkerheten fortfarande stor exempelvis om räddningstjänstens larmställ står emot toxisk brandrök, speciellt det farliga ämnet vätefluorid, som bildas vid elfordonsbrand. Räddningstjänsten saknar tydliga riktlinjer för elfordonsbrand i parkeringsgarage under mark vilket är ett problem som behöver belysas och utredas. Arbetet omfattar en litteraturstudie, enkätundersökning och intervjustudie. Medvetenheten om eventuella risker med elfordonsbrand i parkeringsgarage under mark är stor. Kunskapen hur riskerna ska hanteras vid insats är däremot bristfällig. Med högre befattning på räddningstjänsten och utbildningskrav höjs generellt kunskapsnivån. Oberoende om en person arbetar på räddningstjänstförbund, enskild kommuns räddningstjänst eller arbetsbefattning har individuellt intresse stor inverkan på personens kunskapsnivå kring elfordonsbrand. Resultatet av enkätundersökning och intervjustudie åskådliggjorde att riktlinjer för elfordonsbrand i parkeringsgarage under mark förekom i mindre utsträckning inom svensk räddningstjänst. Istället uppgav vissa räddningstjänster att allmänna riktlinjer för elfordonsbrand förekom och dessa kan appliceras på efterfrågat scenario. Slutsatsen av utfört arbete är att nationell riktlinje för elfordonsbrand behöver upprättas. Riktlinjen bör inte vara specificerad till elfordonsbrand i parkeringsgarage under mark utan allmänt skriven. Myndigheten för samhällsskydd och beredskap bör som styrande organ leda samverkan med svensk räddningstjänst för upprättandet av nationell riktlinje. Önskan med arbetets resultat är att belysa kunskapsbristen med förhoppning att berörda parter tar ansvar för att höja befintlig kunskapsnivå. Vidare att framtagandet av nationell riktlinje kring elfordonsbrand genomförs. För att möjliggöra detta behövs mer och ny forskning. På grund av arbetet omfattning fanns inte möjlighet att undersöka innehåll och utformning av eventuell framtida riktlinje. Vid fortsatt arbete är detta något som bör undersökas. Befintliga riktlinjer kring elfordonsbrand i parkeringsgarage under mark bör också studeras vidare.
With increased environmental awareness the adaption to a more sustainable society with electrical and part-electrical vehicles have become more popular. With an increasing number of electrical vehicles, new risks have appeared on the roads in the form of lithium-ion batteries. Electrical vehicles are considered a major risk, but is this assumption completely true? There are several aggravating conditions for the fire department in the event of underground parking garage fires. The involvement of an electrical vehicle will make the firefighting event more complex. Due to limited research there still is a great deal of uncertainties about the toxic fumes from fires in electrical vehicles. One example the performance of the fire fighters' clothing to resist the toxic gas hydrogen fluoride; many others exist. The lack of guidelines for the fire department regarding electrical vehicle fires in underground parking garages needs to be highlighted and investigated further. The methods used in the report include literature studies, surveys, and interviews. Awareness of the potential risks when electrical vehicles are burning in underground parking garages is satisfactory. On the other hand, the knowledge of how to manage these incidents is inadequate. The level of knowledge is generally higher when personnel on the fire department have a higher position with associated qualification requirements. It does not matter if a person works in a fire department in a union or if it’s driven by one county for the level of knowledge. Each individual's interest in the subject have influence over a person’s knowledge. The survey and interviews illustrated that specific guidelines regarding fire in electrical vehicles in underground parking garages have minimal occurrence in the Swedish Fire Department. Instead, some fire departments declared that general guidelines for fires in electrical vehicles exists. These general guidelines can therefore be adapted to address fires in electrical vehicles in underground parking garages. This study concludes that national guidelines need to be established. The guidelines should not be specific to electrical vehicle fires in underground parking garages. Instead they should be written in a general and broad representation to encompass electric vehicle fires. National guidelines should be developed by The Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency (MSB) in cooperation with the Swedish rescue services. The desire with this report is to highlight the perceived lack of knowledge amongst stakeholders and for those involved to take responsibility to improve the existing knowledge platform. Further, it is suggested that national guidelines to be considered and potentially developed for fires involving electrical vehicles. To accomplish this additional research is needed as well as a broader understanding of electric car components and the considerations for firefighting. The intention of this report was not to analyze the implementation of a national guideline regarding firefighting, building and parking design standards, fire mitigation efforts, etc. related to electric vehicles. As mentioned above, additional research for adapting a national study would be worthy for further consideration. Lastly, existing guidelines and standards should be further studied in order to modify and adopt to the changing landscape impacting electric vehicle use.

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Lif, William, and André Sehlin. "Riskmoment vid släckning av brand i litium-jonbatterier ombord på fartyg." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Sjöfartshögskolan (SJÖ), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-95169.

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Detta arbete söker att svara på vilka risker som måste beaktas vid bekämpningen av en brand i litium-jonbatterier ombord på fartyg. Antalet elbilar med denna typ av batterier ökar i popularitet och transporteras ofta via fartyg. För att få svar på vilka risker som då uppstår och hur de ska beaktas, har en serie semistrukturerade intervjuer genomförts med räddningstjänsten i olika län, samt forskare som har kunskap inom ämnet. Arbetet har visat på att det finns flera olika risker som kan uppkomma med ett litium-jonbatteri, brand och termisk rusning är några av riskerna som kan uppkomma. Vid dessa händelser släpps ett flertal farliga gaser ut där den mest kända är vätefluorid. Andra risker som uppkommer varierar mellan den höga värmen av 1150°C från branden, till det faktum att en sådan brand inte kan kvävas då den förser sig själv med syre vilket gör att den kan fortsätta brinna. Det finns inga tydliga regelverk eller riktlinjer för hur dessa bränder ska bekämpas på bästa sätt och detta kräver ytterligare forskning för att tydliggöra hur brand i litium-jonbatterier skall hanteras.
This study is searching for the answer of what hazards must be considered when fighting fires in lithium-ion batteries on board ships. The number of electric vehicles with this type of battery are increasing in popularity and are often transported through the shipping industry. To highlight the hazards and how to handle them, a couple of semi-structured interviews were conducted with firefighters and researchers with knowledge in the subject. The study has looked at the risks that arise when a lithium-ion battery has a thermal runaway, during which several dangerous gases are emitted where the most known is hydrogen fluoride. Other hazards that arise vary from high heat at points as high as 1150° C, to the fact that such fire cannot be suffocated as it is selfsufficient in oxygen. There are no clear regulations or guidelines on how to fight this kind of fire and further research is required to clarify how to handle these types of fires.

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Janáč, Josef. "Spínačová technologie v záložních zdrojích." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-218405.

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Subject of this master’s thesis is ideological proposal of the UPS able to protect electronic equipment against short-term disruptions of network supply voltage. The entire facility is proposed on the basis of modern switching technologies . Properties of critical parts of the proposal are simulated and debugged with help of PSpice circuit simulator software. In project is also included the necessary design documents. The project is completed by realization of functional facility, measurement of it’s basic properties and comparison with assumption results.

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Charles-Blin, Youn. "Technologie de protection active des électrodes par fluoration de surface." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTS068.

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Un changement de cap vers les technologies vertes est impulsé par les instances dirigeantes Européennes, désormais d’importants efforts sont engagés pour réduire notre empreinte carbone d’au moins 40% d’ici à 2030. Le développement de batteries sûres, présentant de meilleures densités d’énergie s’inscrit dans cette démarche. Ces technologies sont incontournables pour la croissance du secteur des transports électriques et des réseaux électriques intelligents. Pour répondre à la demande, de nouveaux matériaux doivent être développés et les matériaux existants doivent être améliorés pour atteindre de meilleures capacités de stockage et de plus hauts potentiels de travail. La recherche prospecte de nouveaux matériaux d’électrodes, de nouveaux électrolytes, mais aussi de nouvelles stratégies pour protéger les interfaces électrodes/électrolyte au cœur des batteries. En effet, dans les batteries secondaires, les interfaces électrodes/électrolyte jouent un rôle déterminant dans les performances électrochimiques et les durées de vie. Les électrolytes liquides organiques subissent des dégradations dans les fenêtres de potentiels appliqués conduisant à la formation d’une couche à la surface des électrodes négatives appelée « Solid Electrolyte Interphase » (SEI). La formation de cette interface amène une problématique à double tranchant : la SEI diminue l’efficacité coulombique et provoque des pertes de capacité irréversibles, mais elle permet également la passivation de l’électrode et prévient les mécanismes de vieillissements. Sachant cela, toute modification de la SEI se révèle délicate puisque l’équilibre entre les aspects positifs et négatifs peut être perdu. Par la chimisorption d’une fine couche fluorée à la surface des matériaux d’anode, nous sommes parvenus à améliorer le pouvoir passivant de la SEI à la surface de matériaux TiO2 et Li4Ti5O12 (LTO), conduisant à l’amélioration des comportements électrochimiques. Nous avons déterminé que de faibles quantités de fluor à la surface des matériaux actifs peuvent suffire à apporter de nombreuses améliorations. De plus, nous avons démontré que la fluoration est également bénéfique pour les matériaux d’électrodes positives tels que LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 (NCA). En effet, le matériau NCA souffre d’instabilités structurales en surface qui entrainent des dégradations des capacités. Des comportements électrochimiques améliorés ont été observés pour des électrodes NCA fluorées, la fluoration permettant une stabilisation de la structure de surface du NCA.Nous avons prospecté l’influence de la fluoration de surface des matériaux actifs aux interfaces avec l’électrolyte, au moyen d’une approche multiéchelle. La nature chimique de la couche fluorée en surface des matériaux d’électrodes positives et négatives a été décrite par XPS, tout comme la distribution spatiale 2D du fluor par les techniques AES et SAM. Les propriétés du cœur et de la sous-surface des LTO-F ont été caractérisées par le couplage de la DRX, du Raman et de la RMN 19F du solide, aucune modification structurelle induite par la fluoration n’a été observée. L’influence de la fluoration de surface sur les performances électrochimiques a été évaluée par le couplage de cyclages galvanostatiques et d’analyses XPS et AES effectuées sur des électrodes ayant cyclées. Les LTO-F montrent une nouvelle réactivité vis-à-vis de l’électrolyte, conduisant à la formation d’une SEI plus fine et plus stable. Enfin, la génération des gaz par les électrodes LTO fluorés a été caractérisée par la GC-MS. Nous avons démontré que la formation de CO2 est réduite par la fluoration de surface. Dans l’ensemble, la stratégie déployée dans cette étude, allant de la synthèse à une caractérisation multiéchelle rigoureuse, propose de nouvelles solutions pour améliorer à la fois la stabilité de la SEI en surface d’électrodes négatives et la stabilité structurale de surface de matériaux d’électrodes positives, pour des batteries Li-ion de plus haute performance
A shift toward greener technologies has been impulsed by the European authorities and tremendous efforts are now engaged to drastically reduce our carbon footprint, by at least for 40 percent by 2030. The development of safe batteries with higher energy density is part of this shift, since this technology is critical for the commercialization and for the rise of electrical mobility and smart energy grid deployment. To do so, new materials need to be developed or existing materials need to be improved to reach higher specific capacities and working electrochemical potentials. The research prospects new electrode materials, new electrolytes and new ways to protect the electrode/electrolyte interphase within the batteries. Indeed, in secondary batteries, the anode/electrolyte interphase plays a key role in the electrochemical performances and life span. Since the classically used liquid organic electrolytes are not stable in the totality of the working potential window of Li-ion batteries, they undergo degradation on cycling of the battery, hence a Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) is formed. This interphase passivates the negative electrodes from the electrolyte and prevents further aging processes, however as this passivation continues in cycling, it also lowers the coulombic efficiency and causes irreversible capacity loss. Knowing this, any modification of the SEI should be performed with parsimony as it could break the balance between the positive and negative aspect for the SEI. By synthetizing a chemisorbed thin fluorinated layer upon anode material, we managed to improve the passivating power of the SEI on TiO2 and Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) anodes, leading to enhanced electrochemical performance. We also determine that very low quantities of fluorine on the active electrode material surface leads to several beneficial effects. We demonstrated that the fluorination brings as well enhancement for positive electrode materials, such as LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 (NCA). Indeed, NCA and NMC suffer structural surface instability, leading to self-heating and loss of performance. Improved cyclability is observed for fluorinated NCA electrodes as the fluorination stabilizes the surface structure.Surface fluorination was carried by a process using XeF2, for the first time applied to electrode materials. We aimed to prospect the influence of the surface fluorination on different aspect of a Li-ion battery, from the active material to the electrolyte interphase, thanks to a multi-scale probing approach. The chemical nature of the surface layer on negative and positive electrode materials was described by the mean of the XPS, as well as the fluorine distribution on the surface with both AES and SAM. The bulk and sub-surface properties of fluorinated LTO (LTO-F) were also investigated by coupling XRD, Raman Spectroscopy and NMR 19F, showing no modifications of the crystallographic structure. The influence of the surface fluorination on the electrochemical performance was investigated by galvanostatic cycling and by coupling XPS and SAM on cycled electrodes. We paid a specific attention to the impact of the fluorination on the SEI thickness and stability in charge and discharge. Indeed, LTO-F exhibits a new reactivity toward the electrolyte, leading to a thinner and stabilized SEI. Finally, the gas generation of the LTO-F electrodes has been investigated by Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), as gassing is known to be a roadblock to the commercialization of LTO. We demonstrated that the CO2 outgassing is reduced by the surface fluorination. Overall, the strategy implemented in this work, from synthesis to thorough characterization, offer new solutions to improve both SEI formed on negative electrode material as well as surface structural stability of positive electrode material, leading to improved Li-ion batteries

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Marchal, Laureline. "Développement d'une nouvelle technologie Li-ion fonctionnant en solution aqueuse." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00728179.

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L'utilisation d'un électrolyte aqueux pour la technologie Li-ion devrait permettre des performances en termes de puissance et de coût tout en garantissant une sécurité de fonctionnement et un impact neutre vis-à-vis de l'environnement. Cette technologie utilise des composés d'insertion du lithium fonctionnant habituellement en milieu organique dont le choix doit être adapté à un électrolyte aqueux, présentant une fenêtre de stabilité électrochimique réduite. Le travail de thèse porte dans un premier temps sur la sélection des différents éléments constituant un accumulateur Li-ion aqueux: choix de l'électrolyte, des collecteurs de courant, des liants d'électrode et des matériaux d'électrode. Les performances électrochimiques en milieu aqueux de différents composés d'insertion du lithium ont été évaluées. Afin d'augmenter la fenêtre de stabilité électrochimique de l'électrolyte aqueux, la passivation des électrodes par réduction de sels de diazonium a été réalisée. L'influence de la nature des sels de diazonium et de l'épaisseur des films sur les performances électrochimiques des électrodes a été évaluée par diverses techniques, voltampérométrie et impédance électrochimique. Les résultats obtenus montrent l'impact positif des dépôts obtenus vis-à-vis de l'augmentation de la surtension de réduction de l'eau. Ces travaux ouvrent la voie à des perspectives prometteuses sur cette technologie Li-Ion aqueuse.

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Reynaud, Jean-François. "Recherches d'optimums d'énergie pour charge/décharge d'une batterie à technologie avancée dédiée à des applications photovoltaïques." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00559630.

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La présence d'une fonction de stockage avec des sources d'énergie intermittentes permet d'obtenir une meilleure adéquation entre la consommation et la production d'énergie. Aujourd'hui, le stockage d'énergie est le plus souvent réalisé avec des batteries conventionnelles, principalement au plomb-acide, pour des raisons de coût, de fiabilité et de disponibilité industrielle. Cependant, la durée de vie des éléments de stockage actuels, l'impact sur l'environnement et le rendement trop faible entrainent la recherche d'autres moyens de stockage ayant des durées de vie compatibles avec les applications et présentant des fonctions plus flexibles. La technologie lithium parait être aujourd'hui un bon compromis si elle est associée à une électronique de précision assurant diverses fonctions. Cette thèse porte sur l'optimisation de moyens de stockages lithium-ion utilisés dans les énergies renouvelables et le développement de l'électronique associée. La validation de ces travaux a été faite à travers des systèmes de conversion photovoltaïques. Le rendement de conversion de l'ensemble a particulièrement été étudié en tenant compte de différents profils de charge et de décharge, du vieillissement et des sécurités des batteries ainsi que des derniers développements technologiques de batterie. Pour valider les algorithmes de gestion et qualifier les chaînes de conversion, un banc de mesure spécifique a été développé.

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Reynaud, Jean-François. "Recherches d'optimums d'énergies pour charge/décharge d'une batterie à technologie avancée dédiée à des applications photovoltaïques." Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1482/.

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La présence d'une fonction de stockage avec des sources d'énergie intermittentes permet d'obtenir une meilleure adéquation entre la consommation et la production d'énergie. Aujourd'hui, le stockage d'énergie est le plus souvent réalisé avec des batteries conventionnelles, principalement au plomb-acide, pour des raisons de coût, de fiabilité et de disponibilité industrielle. Cependant, la durée de vie des éléments de stockage actuels, l'impact sur l'environnement et le rendement trop faible entrainent la recherche d'autres moyens de stockage ayant des durées de vie compatibles avec les applications et présentant des fonctions plus flexibles. La technologie lithium parait être aujourd'hui un bon compromis si elle est associée à une électronique de précision assurant diverses fonctions. Cette thèse porte sur l'optimisation de moyens de stockages lithium-ion utilisés dans les énergies renouvelables et le développement de l'électronique associée. La validation de ces travaux a été faite à travers des systèmes de conversion photovoltaïques. Le rendement de conversion de l'ensemble a particulièrement été étudié en tenant compte de différents profils de charge et de décharge, du vieillissement et des sécurités des batteries ainsi que des derniers développements technologiques de batterie. Pour valider les algorithmes de gestion et qualifier les chaînes de conversion, un banc de mesure spécifique a été développé
The need of a storage function associated with intermittent power sources provides a better balance between consumption and energy production. Today, energy storage is most of the time done with conventional batteries like lead acid technology mainly for reasons of cost, reliability and commercial availability. However, the lifetime of actual storage elements, the environmental impact and the low efficiency causes the search for alternative storage facilities with lifetimes compatible with applications and functions more flexible. Lithium-ion technology today seems to be a good compromise if it is associated with an electronic precision performing various functions. This thesis focuses on optimizing lithium-ion technology used in renewable energy and the development of an associated electronics. The validation of this work has been done through photovoltaic conversion systems. The conversion efficiency of the assembly has been studied especially taking into account different charge and discharge profiles, aging and safety of batteries and the latest technological developments in battery. To validate management algorithms and qualify conversion chains, a specific test bench has been developed

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Možný, Radek. "Univerzální testovací zařízení pro ověření komunikačních parametrů technologie Narrowband IoT." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-400912.

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Technology Narrowband IoT is a representative LPWA (Low Power Wide Area) tech-nology that due to its promising features aims for demands of the Internet of Thingsapplications for autonomous data sending from sensors in areas of poor mobile coverage.For such applications, it is beneficial to firstly map properties of communication technol-ogy in areas of intended use and evaluate whether or not is this technology applicable.This Master thesis deals with the design of the hand-held measuring device for evaluationof Narrowband IoT properties. The output of this thesis is firstly comparison of LPWAtechnologies secondly, design of the mentioned device and verification of its functional-ity. And in last part description of measurement of transmission delay for delay-tolerantapplications. Transmission delay is a critical parameter for delay-tolerant applications.Such an application can be, for example, smart electrometers for which there is definedmaximal allowed transmission delay of 10 seconds and therefore it is desirable to evalu-ate whether or not is the deployment of the communication technology Narrowband IoTsuitable in the intended area for delay-tolerant or even for delay-intolerant applications.

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Badey, Quentin. "Étude des mécanismes et modélisation du vieillissement des batteries lithium-ion dans le cadre d’un usage automobile." Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA112052/document.

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Ce travail vise à modéliser le vieillissement des batteries lithium-ion soumises à des sollicitations de type véhicule (électrique ou hybride). Cette étude a notamment pour but d’optimiser le dimensionnement des packs batteries pour véhicule et les stratégies de gestion électrique. Une approche originale, de type fatigue mécanique, a été sélectionnée car potentiellement capable de modéliser des sollicitations complexes et variées. Cette approche a été développée pour une batterie lithium-ion spécifique graphite/NCA. Il apparaît qu’un simple cumul de dommage n’est pas entièrement pertinent et que deux contributions au vieillissement sont à l’œuvre : l’une en fonction de la charge échangée et l’autre en fonction du temps. De multiples essais de vieillissement ont été effectués et montrent l’influence très importante de la température, du courant et de l’état de charge sur chacune de ces contributions. Ces essais permettent de mettre en équation l’impact de chacun de ces paramètres sur la vitesse de dégradation. Il en découle un modèle informatique de prévision du vieillissement, capable de prendre en compte les périodes d’arrêt comme de roulage. Les résultats, sur des sollicitations peu à moyennement complexes, donnent une très faible erreur au niveau de la prévision. Des analyses post-mortem ont également été effectuées sur les batteries étudiées afin de comprendre les mécanismes en jeu. Plusieurs analyses (physico-chimiques et électrochimiques, par spectroscopie d’impédance) permettent de relier les principaux mécanismes de vieillissement à chacune des deux contributions : une altération de la structure cristalline du matériau actif d’électrode positive pour la contribution fatigue, la passivation du matériau actif d’électrode négative pour la contribution temporelle. Ces analyses apportent une vision plus complète du vieillissement et justifient les hypothèses effectuées lors de la mise en place du modèle. Elles permettent également d’envisager une généralisation du modèle à d’autres technologies de batteries lithium-ion. D’ailleurs, un essai de généralisation à une autre batterie commerciale a permis de vérifier la fiabilité et de détecter les limites de notre approche
This scientific piece of work aims at modeling the aging of lithium-ion batteries, depending on the vehicle stress (electric or hybrid type). More specifically, this study intends to optimise the design of battery packs for vehicle and power management strategies. A original mechanical fatigue approach has been selected as potentially able to model complex and varied demands. This approach was developed for a specific graphite / NCA lithium-ion battery. It appears that a simple damage accumulation is not entirely relevant, and that two contributions to aging are ongoing: one based on charge throughput and the other based on time. Multiple aging tests were performed and have shown the important influence of temperature, current power and state of charge for each contribution. They led to the establishment of equations linking each of these parameters to battery degradation rate. Thanks to these equations, a computer model for aging prevision has been built, able to take into account both cycling and calendar ageing. The model gives, for slightly to moderately complex solicitations, a very small predicting error. Postmortem analyses were also performed on the batteries to understand the mechanisms involved. Several analytical techniques (physicochemical and electrochemical, impedance spectroscopy) make possible to connect the main mechanisms of ageing to the contributions: an alteration of the crystalline structure of the positive electrode active material for the fatigue contribution, passivation of the negative electrode active material for the time contribution. These analyses provide a more complete view of aging and justify the hypothesis made during the implementation of the model. These electrochemical results allow us to consider a generalisation to other lithium-ion battery technologies. Indeed, an attempt to generalise the model to another commercial battery has made possible to check the reliability and to detect limits of this approach

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Meekhun, Dariga. "Réalisation d'un système de conversion et de gestion de l'énergie d'un système photovoltaïque pour l'alimentation des réseaux de capteurs sans fil autonomes pour application aéronautique." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ISAT0031/document.

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Le projet SACER vise à répondre aux demandes d’Airbus qui ont besoin de disposer de données décrivant le comportement d’un avion ou d’un satellite avant commercialisation ou lancement. Pour mieux répondre à cette demande, un réseau de capteurs sans fil remplacerait les équipements de test filaires existants. Le but est d’apporter des avantages tels qu’une réduction de poids, de coût et de connectique. Pour notre part, nous n’avons travaillé que sur l’application aéronautique.Pour alimenter les capteurs autonomes sans fil embarqués, dans le cadre de cette thèse, il faut concevoir une architecture de récupération d’énergie, un système de stockage de l’énergie ainsi que un circuit de gestion de ces énergies. La principale contrainte pour le système est qu’il doit pouvoir fonctionner de -50C à 100°C, tout en délivrant une puissance de sortie de 3 watts. De plus, l’épaisseur du système doit être inférieure à 3,2 mm.Pour notre travail, nous avons cherché, dans un premier temps, la meilleure solution possible sur le choix du type de cellules solaires. Le résultat sur les tests des cellules à différentes températures et irradiations dans les conditions de notre application est présenté. Dans un second temps, nous avons testé plusieurs types de systèmes de stockage d’énergie aux températures extrêmes. Enfin, la conception de l’architecture pour la gestion de l’énergie (vue d’ensemble des panneaux photovoltaïques, d’un circuit MPPT, des super condensateurs, et d’un régulateur) est présentée
Flight tests of a commercial aircraft consist in gathering data during flight to validate aircraft design. However they are very expensive for various reasons. One of them is that most of the sensors implemented to collect data are wired. As an example, for the sole system that monitors the vibrations onboard a large (more than 100 seats) aircraft, more than 100 sensors may be deployed. Such networks are complex to implement, mainly because of the required wiring. A wireless solution is therefore of great interest; however, such a cable-less implementation implies both wireless transmission of data together with energy autonomy.The purpose of this work is therefore to describe a design of a power generation system, focusing on photovoltaic, together with the associated management strategies for an autonomous wireless sensor network deployed for large aircraft in-flight tests. This work is a part of SACER project. The main requirements are related to the thickness of the system (less than 3,2mm in order not to disturb the aerodynamic air flow) and the output power (3 W per sensor node in order to power the sensor, data processing and transmission system). In addition, the system has to properly work at extremely high and low temperature (-50 to 100°C). Our system consists of three primary components to consider: Energy Harvesting system, Energy storage device and Energy management system.In this work, we firstly present the comparison of the performance of different photovoltaic technologies at different temperatures concerning their availability and achievable power density in aircraft applications. Secondly, we will investigate the possibility of using batteries and supercapacitor. Finally the power management system, composed by a photovoltaic panel, a power conditioning (MPPT function), supercapacitors and a DC/DC regulator, is presented

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Zia, Muhammad Fahad. "On energy management optimization for microgrids enriched with renewable energy sources Microgrids energy management systems: a critical review on methods, solutions, and prospects, in Applied Energy 222, July 2018 Optimal operational planning of scalable DC microgrid with demand response, islanding, and battery degradation cost considerations, in Applied Energy 237, March 2019 Energy management system for an islanded microgrid with convex relaxation, in IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 55, Nov.-Dec. 2019 Microgrid transactive energy: review, architectures, distributed ledger technologies, and market analysis, in IEEE Access, January 2020." Thesis, Brest, 2020. http://theses-scd.univ-brest.fr/2020/These-2020-SPI-Genie_electrique-ZIA_Muhammad_Fahad.pdf.

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Le réseau électrique actuel est confronté à plusieurs défis liés aux exigences environnementales, à l'augmentation de la demande mondiale d'électricité, aux contraintes de fiabilité élevées, à la nécessité d’une énergie décarbonisée et aux restrictions de planification. Afin d’évoluer vers un système d'énergie électrique respectueux de l’environnement et intelligent, les installations de production centralisées sont de nos jours transformées en de plus petites centrales de génération distribuées. Le concept de micro-réseau émerge ainsi. Le micro-réseau peut être considéré comme un système de distribution basse tension avec un ensemble de charges contrôlables et de ressources énergétiques distribuées, qui peuvent inclure de nombreuses sources d'énergie renouvelables et des systèmes de stockage d'énergie. La gestion d’énergie d'un grand nombre de ressources énergétiques distribuées est nécessaire au bon fonctionnement d'un micro-réseau afin d’en assurer la stabilité, la fiabilité et la disponibilité. Par conséquent,un système de gestion d'énergie est au coeur de l'exploitation des micro-réseaux afin d’en assurer un développement économique et durable. À cet égard, cette thèse se focalise sur la proposition de modèles d'optimisation de système de gestion de l'énergie pour une exploitation optimale des micro-réseaux. Une gestion d’énergie optimale requiert la prise en compte de plusieurs contraintes techniques, économiques et environnementales. De plus, ces travaux de recherche prennent en considération un modèle pratique du coût de dégradation des batteries Li-ion. Le problème de gestion d’énergie optimale se traduit ainsi par un problème d’optimisation sous contraintes. La fonction objective regroupe le coût d'exploitation des générateurs distribués, le coût des émissions de gaz à effet de serre des sources de production conventionnelles, l’obligation d’une utilisation maximale des sources d'énergie renouvelables, le coût de dégradation des batteries, les différentes incitations afin de modifier le profil de la demande et des pénalités en cas de délestage. Les contraintes quant à elles sont liées aux contraintes techniques des différents sous-systèmes du micro-réseau. Par ailleurs, un modèle conceptuel complet à sept couches est également développé afin de fournir des informations normalisées sur la mise en oeuvre d’une nouvelle économie de l’énergie
The current electric power system isfacing the challenges of environmental protection,increasing global electricity demand, high reliability requirement, cleanliness of energy, and planning restrictions. To evolve towards green and smart electric power system, centralized generating facilities are now being transformed into smaller and more distributed generations. As a consequence, the concept of microgrid emerges, where a microgrid can operate as a single controllable system and can be assumed as a cluster of loads and distributed energy resources, which may include many renewable energy sources and energy storage systems. The energy management of large numbers of distributed energy resources is needed for reliable operation of microgrid system. Therefore, energy management is the fundamental part of the microgrid operation for economical and sustainable development. In this regard, this thesis focuses on proposing energy management optimization models for optimal operation of microgrid system that include proposed practical Li-ion battery degradation cost model. These different energy management models include objective functions of operating cost of distributed generators, emission cost of conventional generation source, maximum utilization of renewable energy sources, battery degradation cost, demand response incentives, and load shedding penalization cost, with microgrid component and physical network constraints. A comprehensive conceptual seven layer model is also developed to provide standardized insights in implementing real transactive energy systems

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Redondo, Iglesias Eduardo. "Étude du vieillissement des batteries lithium-ion dans les applications "véhicule électrique" : combinaison des effets de vieillissement calendaire et de cyclage." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1203/document.

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L'étude du vieillissement des batteries est nécessaire car la dégradation de leurs caractéristiques détermine en grande partie le coût, les performances et l'impact environnemental des véhicules électrifiés, notamment des véhicules 100 % électriques. La méthodologie choisie pour cette thèse consiste en deux étapes bien différenciées, à savoir la caractérisation et la modélisation. Pour la première étape, on s'appuie sur des essais de vieillissement accéléré d'éléments de batterie. Malgré leur caractère accéléré, les campagnes d'essais de vieillissement sont très coûteuses en moyens humains comme matériels : une connaissance à priori des facteurs de vieillissement est nécessaire, soit par le moyen d'études bibliographiques, soit par la réalisation de précampagnes d'essais. Ces études préalables conduisent à la conception d'un plan d'expériences composé d'un certain nombre d'essais dont les résultats permettront de révéler comment les conditions d'utilisation influencent la dégradation des batteries. Dans la seconde étape, grâce à la connaissance apportée par l'étape de caractérisation, on procède à la modélisation du vieillissement. Celle-ci permet de mettre en évidence des lois de vieillissement qui sont généralisées pour prédire l'évolution des performances d'une batterie soumise à des conditions d'utilisation variables dans le temps. Le modèle de vieillissement qui en résulte peut être utilisé pour concevoir et utiliser d'une manière optimale les batteries des véhicules pour minimiser à la fois la consommation d'énergie et de ressources naturelles. En sachant que la dégradation d'une batterie se produit différemment selon si elle est au repos ou si elle est parcourue par un courant, une difficulté majeure est celle de déterminer comment se combinent les effets du vieillissement calendaire et de cyclage pour un véhicule électrique. Dans les applications "véhicules électriques", les batteries passent une part importante de leur temps au repos et les niveaux de courant pendant leur utilisation sont relativement faibles. Les résultats des essais de vieillissement accéléré réalisés dans cette thèse confirment le caractère non-linéaire de la combinaison des vieillissements calendaire et en cyclage lorsque les batteries suivent des profils d'utilisation similaires à l'application considérée. Le modèle de vieillissement qui est proposé dans le dernier chapitre se veut simple mais efficace. Ainsi il repose sur un faible nombre d'équations (2) et de paramètres (6) et il permet de simuler l'évolution de la capacité d'une cellule soumise à un vieillissement qui combine des périodes de cyclage et de repos. Les exemples d'application de ce modèle démontrent son utilité pour l'établissement de stratégies d'utilisation de batteries dans le but de prolonger leur durée de vie
Studying the ageing of batteries is necessary because the degradation of their features largely determines the cost, the performances and the environmental impact of electric vehicles, particularly of full electric vehicles. The chosen method in this thesis is divided in two distinct phases, namely characterisation and modelling. The first phase is based on accelerated ageing testing of battery cells. Despite being accelerated, ageing test campaigns are expensive in terms of workforce and equipments: an a priori knowledge of ageing factors is necessary, either by the means of bibliographic studies or by performing preliminary test campaigns. These initial studies lead to an experimental design setup including a certain number of ageing tests. The obtained results may reveal the influence of use conditions on the degradation of batteries. In the second phase, the battery ageing is modelled applying the knowledge acquired in the first phase. Here, the ageing laws are generalised to predict the performance degradation of a battery subjected to variable use conditions. The resulting ageing model can be used to optimally design and use the battery in a vehicle by minimising both energy and natural resources consumption. Given that battery degradation occurs in a different way if the battery is in rest condition or if a current flows through, a major challenge is to determine how calendar and cycling ageing effects combine together. In electric vehicle applications, batteries are not used (in rest condition) most of the time and current levels are relatively low when they are used. The results from accelerated ageing tests which have been carried out during this thesis confirm the non-linearity of the combination of calendar and cycling ageing when usage profiles are applied to the batteries. The usage profiles are similar to the considered application: the electric vehicle. In the last chapter of this manuscript a simple but effective ageing model is proposed. It lies in a low number of equations (2) and parameters (6) and enables to simulate the capacity fade of a battery cell subjected to ageing conditions combining cycling and rest periods. The application examples prove the usefulness of this model for the development of battery use strategies for the purpose of extending their lifespan

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Shakya, Nikesh Man. "Design and development of energy-efficient transmission for wireless IoT modules." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLL001/document.

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L'Internet des objets (IoT) devrait interconnecter plus de 50 milliards d’objet d'ici à 2020. Avec l'IoT, une variété d’objets de différentes industries seront interconnectés à travers Internet. Avec un accent sur la gestion et le stockage des ressources énergétique et l'eau. L'IoT permet d’enrichir les services fournis par les distributeurs d’énergie à travers les smart-grid au-delà de la distribution, de l'automatisation et du contrôle. Les systèmes de gestion pour la domotique et les bâtiments intelligents aideront les consommateurs à surveiller et à ajuster leur consommation. Les compteurs intelligents fournissent ainsi un ensemble d’information permettant aux fournisseurs d’énergie de mettre en place des services plus intelligents pour l'ensemble de la chaîne de production d'énergie. L'objectif principal de ce projet de recherche doctorale est de développer des modules de communication très basse consommation. La consommation énergétique étant la plus grande contrainte pour les applications de compteurs intelligents. Les objets connectés alimentés par batterie tels que les capteurs et compteurs de gaz et d'eau sont concernés directement par la consommation en énergie de leur module de communication. Aujourd'hui, la plupart des solutions sans fil embarquées conçues pour capteurs alimentés ne sont pas compatible avec la pile protocolaire IPv6 afin d’économiser la consommation énergétique. Élaborer des technologies sans fil de l'IoT pour atteindre les objectifs de consommation d'énergie va démocratiser l’utilisation de ces technologies et aider les solutions de l’IoT à trouver leur place sur le marché. Ce doctorat débutera par: 1) Un état de l'art permettant d'examiner les solutions actuelles développées pour les réseaux de capteurs et des protocoles conçus pour les appareils alimentés par batterie. 2) Dans un deuxième temps en examinant les solutions Itron pour IPv6 réseau maillé. 3) La troisième phase sera la proposition et la conception d'une solution à faible consommation pour les modules sans fil et l'internet des objets. 4) Et enfin l’expérimentation et la validation des solutions proposées sur des plateformes d’expérimentations
The Internet of Things (IoT) is expected to grow to 50 billion connected devices by 2020. Within the IoT, devices across a variety of industries will be interconnected through the Internet and peer-to-peer connections as well as closed networks like those used in the smart grid infrastructure. With the global focus on energy and water management and conservation, the IoT will extend the connected benefits of the smart grid beyond the distribution, automation and monitoring being done by utility providers. Management systems for in-home and in-building use will help consumers monitor their own usage and adjust behaviors. These systems will eventually regulate automatically by operating during off-peak energy hours and connect to sensors to monitor occupancy, lighting conditions, and more. But it all starts with a smarter and more connected grid. Smart metering provides a base around which utilities can build up smarter advanced services for the whole chain of energy generation, transmission and distribution. The main objective of this doctoral research project is to come up with the IoT communication modules with very low consumption characteristics. The energy consumption is the most challenging issue for smart home and smart metering applications. The battery powered devices such as sensors and gas and water meters are concerned directly with the consumption of their communication module. Today most of the embedded wireless solutions designed for sensors and battery powered devices do not embed IPv6 stack in the communication module to have a basic hardware with low consumption. Elaborating IoT wireless technologies to achieve the tough energy consumption objectives imposed to them will boost up the spread of these technologies and help IoT to find its place in the market fast. This PhD program will start with: First) a state of the art and reviewing the current solutions developed for sensor networks and protocols designed for battery powered devices. Second) it continues by reviewing Itron solutions for IPv6 meshed network. Third) Design of a low consumption solution for IoT wireless modules and) finally test and experimentation on platform

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Schlasza, Christian. "Analysis of aging mechanisms in Li-ion cells used for traction batteries of electric vehicles and development of appropriate diagnostic concepts for the quick evaluation of the battery condition." Thesis, Belfort-Montbéliard, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BELF0155.

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Dans cette thèse, les mécanismes de vieillissement des cellules Li-ion sont analysés sur un niveau théorique,assisté par une AMDEC (Analyse des modes de défaillance, de leurs effets et de leur criticité). L'accent est mis surla famille des cellules lithium fer phosphate (LFP) utilisées comme batteries de traction dans les applicationsvéhicules électriques.L'objectif de la partie xpérimentale de cette thèse est le développement d'un concept d'un outil de diagnostic pourla détermination rapide d'état de la batterie. Une expérience de vieillissement accélérée est réalisée avec un groupede cellules LFP de haute capacité (70Ah). Les cellules sont analysées en utilisant des méthodes de mesured'impédance dans les domaines temporel et fréquentiel. La pectroscopie d'Impédance Électrochimique (SIE, ouEIS en anglais) s'est trouvée être un bon outil pour révéler des informations intéressantes sur l'état de santé (Stateof-Health, SOH) de la batterie.Des modèles de batterie sont utilisés pour l'interprétation des résultats de mesure. En comparant différents modèlesdu circuit équivalent (ECMs), un modèle est choisi. Ce modèle est utilisé pour la détermination du SOC et étendupour la détermination du SOH. Un concept pour la détermination du SOH est développé, permettant uneapproximation de la capacité de la batterie dans une période de temps de moins de 30s, si les onditions de labatterie et d'environnement, comme la température et l'état de charge de la batterie, sont connus
In this thesis, the aging mechanisms withing Li-ion cells are analyzed on a theoretical level, supported by an FMEA(Failure ode and Effects Analysis). The focus lies on the group of lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cells used fortraction batteries in electric vehicles. Scope of the experimental part of the thesis is the development of a diagnosticconcept for the quick battery state determination. A group of high capacity LFP cells (70Ah) designed for tractionpurposes in electric vehicles is aged artificially and investigated afterwards by impedance measurements in the timeand frequency domain. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is found to reveal interesting information onthe battery's State-of-Health (SOH).For the interpretation of the measurement results, battery models are employed. Different equivalent circuit models(ECMs) are compared and an appropriate model is chosen, which is used for the SOC (State-of-Charge)determination and extended for the SOH (State-of-Health) determination. An SOH determination concept isdeveloped, which allows the approximation of the cell capacity in less than 30s, if the battery and environmentalconditions, such as the temperature and the cell's SOC, are known

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Osipian, Remy. "Etude dynamique d'un système de stockage par chaleur latente liquide-solide : application au véhicule électrique." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC052/document.

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Ce travail porte sur le développement d’un système de stockage de chaleur en vue d’assurer le confort thermique de l’habitacle d’un véhicule électrique. Ce dispositif, appelé batterie thermique, se présente comme un réservoir composé d’un lit fixe de matériaux à changement de phase (MCP). Ce type de matériau a la propriété d’emmagasiner de fortes quantités de chaleur (latente) sous de faibles volumes, permettant d’envisager un système très compact. A l’échelle du matériau, une investigation sur la cinétique des transferts thermiques au sein de plusieurs MCPs a été évaluée. Une expression phénoménologique décrivant l’évolution temporelle de la température d’un MCP en phase de solidification a été proposée. Elle permet d’estimer la durée de solidification du matériau en fonction de ses caractéristiques géométriques et thermiques. A l’échelle du système, un prototype de batterie thermique a été réalisé et la dynamique des transferts en phase de stockage et déstockage a été étudiée. Les durées de stockage et déstockage suivent des lois de puissance avec le débit imposé ; les pertes de charges s’avèrent insignifiantes. En parallèle, un modèle numérique simulant le comportement dynamique et thermique d’un lit fixe de particules de MCP a été développé et validé sur les données expérimentales. Il pourra être utilisé pour le dimensionnement du futur prototype et servira également d’outil pour optimiser les performances de la batterie en ajustant les paramètres de contrôle
This study focuses on the development of a heat storage system used to ensure passenger compartment thermal comfort in an electric vehicle. This device, called a thermal battery, is a packed bed latent heat tank filled with phase change materials (PCM). This type of material has the property of storing large amounts of latent heat in small volumes, allowing a very compact system. At the material scale, an investigation on heat transfer dynamics within several PCM was studied. A phenomenological expression which depicts the temporal evolution of the PCM temperature for a solidification phase was suggested. This allows the estimation of the material solidification duration in terms of geometric and thermal characteristics. At the system scale, a thermal battery prototype was set up and the thermal transfer dynamics during the charging and discharging phases were studied. The charging and discharging durations are fitted by power laws in terms of the flow rate; the pressure drops are insignificant. Simultaneously, a numerical model which simulates the dynamic and thermal behavior of a PCM particle fixed bed was developed and validated with the experimental data. It can be used for future prototype sizing and will also serve as a tool to optimize the performance of the battery by setting the control parameters

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Rizk, Rania. "Refroidissement passif de batteries lithium pour le stockage d'énergie." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMC228.

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Ce mémoire présente une étude sur le refroidissement passif de batteries lithium-ion. Il se compose de deux grandes parties. La première partie est une étude expérimentale et numérique du comportement thermique d’une batterie et la seconde partie est l’étude expérimentale d’un système passif pour le refroidissement de plusieurs batteries. Un banc d’essais expérimental a été conçu pour suivre l’évolution thermique des batteries soumises à différents courants de sollicitation. Les batteries prismatiques étudiées sont de type LFP et de capacité 60 Ah. Dans un premier temps, le comportement thermique d’une batterie soumise à des cycles de charge / décharge, est caractérisé expérimentalement. Nous montrons que la température n’est pas uniforme à la surface de la batterie et la zone la plus chaude est identifiée. Dans un second temps, un modèle numérique tridimensionnel a été développé pour prédire la température en tout point de la batterie. Ce modèle thermique permet de prédire notamment les températures à l’intérieur de la batterie, non mesurées expérimentalement et ceci, pour différents courants de sollicitation. Les données d’entrée du modèle sont issues des essais expérimentaux et de la littérature. Cette phase de caractérisation thermique de la batterie est essentielle pour la conception d’un système de refroidissement. Enfin, une étude expérimentale d’un système de refroidissement passif basé sur des caloducs et des plaques à ailettes est réalisée. Plusieurs configurations sont testées au fur et à mesure en apportant des améliorations aboutissant enfin à un système à dix caloducs munis de plaques à ailettes verticales au niveau du condenseur combinés à des plaques à ailettes placées sur les faces des batteries
This thesis deals with the passive cooling of lithium-ion batteries. It consists of two large parts. The first part is an experimental and numerical study of the thermal behaviour of a battery and the second part is the experimental study of a passive system for the cooling of several batteries. An experimental test bench was designed to monitor the thermal evolution of batteries subjected to different currents. The prismatic batteries studied are made of lithium-iron-phosphate and have a capacity of 60 Ah. In a first step, the thermal behaviour of a battery subjected to charge / discharge cycles is experimentally characterized. We show that the temperature is not uniform at the surface of the battery and the hottest area is identified. In a second step, a three-dimensional numerical model was developed to predict the temperature at any point of the battery. This thermal model makes it possible to predict in particular the temperatures inside the battery, not measured experimentally and this, for different currents. The model input data are from experimental trials and literature. This phase of thermal characterization of the battery is essential for the design of a cooling system. Finally, an experimental study of a passive cooling system based on heat pipes and finned plates is carried out. Several configurations are tested progressively with improvements leading finally to a system with ten heat pipes with vertical finned plates at the condenser combined with finned plates placed on the faces of the batteries

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Monthéard, Romain. "Récupération d'énergie aéroacoustique et thermique pour capteurs sans fil embarqués sur avion." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAT0026/document.

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Ces travaux portent sur la question de l’autonomie énergétiquedes capteurs sans fil dans un contexte aéronautique, à laquelle la récupérationet le stockage d’énergie ambiante sont susceptibles d’apporter uneréponse. Nous étudions dans un premier temps la génération thermoélectrique,destinée à être appliquée au suivi du vieillissement structurelprès de la zone moteur, et débouchant sur la réalisation d’un démonstrateur.Nous proposons ensuite une architecture de stockage capacitif qui,en s’adaptant à son état de charge, vise à améliorer la performance de cettesolution de stockage en termes de temps de démarrage, de taux d’utilisationd’énergie et sous certaines conditions, de transfert d’énergie. Finalement,nous rapportons les résultats d’une étude prospective sur la récupérationd’énergie du vent relatif grâce au phénomène aéroacoustique. Nousmontrons que cette méthode présente un potentiel énergétique intéressant,puis nous présentons la conception et la réalisation d’un circuit optimiséde gestion de l’énergie, permettant d’alimenter grâce à cette technique uncapteur sans fil de température
This work adresses the issue of energy autonomy within wirelesssensor networks embedded in aircrafts, which may be solved throughambient energy harvesting and storage. In a first study, we develop a demonstratorbased on thermal gradients energy harvesting, which is designedto supply power to a structural health monitoring system implementednear the engine zone. Thereafter, we introduce a capacitive storagearchitecture which self-adapts to its own state of charge, aiming at improvingits performance in terms of startup time, the energy utilization ratioand under some conditions, the energy transfer. Finally, we report the resultsof a prospective study on aeroacoustic energy harvesting appliedto the relative wind. It is shown that this method exhibits an interestingpotential in terms of generated power, then we introduce the design andthe realization of an optimized energy management circuit, allowing ourtechnique to supply power to a wireless temperature sensor

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Bramas, Quentin. "Réseaux de capteurs sans fil efficaces en énergie." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066309/document.

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Les réseaux de capteurs sans fil sont constitués de noeuds capteurs, capables de récolter des données, de les analyser et de les transmettre. Ces réseaux ont plusieurs applications, en fonction de la zone où ils sont déployés. Application militaire ou de sauvetage dans des zones pouvant être inaccessibles aux humains ; application sanitaire avec des capteurs déployés sur et dans le corps humain ; application de surveillance avec des capteurs sur les voitures d'un ville, ou les arbres d'une forêt. Les noeuds sont autonomes en énergie et il est primordial d'assurer leur longévité sans retarder la récolte des données. La tache principale réalisée par les réseaux de capteurs sans fils consiste à effectuer des mesures et à envoyer ces données jusqu'à un noeud coordinateur. Cette tache d'agrégation est effectuée régulièrement, ce qui en fait la plus consommatrice d'énergie. L'étude approfondie de la consommation d'énergie des capteurs, qui au centre de ma thèse, peut se traduire de différentes manières. Premièrement, nous avons étudié la complexité du problème de l'agrégation de données en utilisant un modèle simplifié pour représenter un réseau de capteurs sans fils. Secondement, nous nous sommes concentrés sur l'estimation de cette durée de vie. Nous présentons WiSeBat, un modèle de batterie et de consommation d'énergie optimisé pour les réseaux de capteurs, implémenté dans le simulateur WSNET. Après validation, nous l'utilisons pour comparer les performances des algorithmes de broadcast efficaces en énergie
A wireless sensor network is an ad-hoc network connecting small devices equipped with sensors. Such networks are self-organized and independent of any infrastructure. The deployment of a WSN is possible in areas inaccessible to humans, or for applications with a long lifetime requirement. Indeed, devices in a wireless sensor network are usually battery-powered, tolerate failure, and may use their own communication protocols, allowing them to optimize the energy consumption. The main application of WSNs it to sense the environment at different locations and aggregate all the data to a specific node that logs it and can send alerts if necessary. This task of data aggregation is performed regularly, making it the most energy consuming. As reducing the energy consumed by sensor is the leading challenge to ensure sustainable applications, we tackle in this thesis the problem of aggregating efficiently the data of the network. Then, we study lifetime evaluation techniques and apply it to benchmark existing energy-centric protocols

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Lukášek, Kamil. "Stav fotovoltaiky v České republice." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-221094.

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Photovoltaic in the Czech Republic has gone through significant development during last few years. The thesis describes physical principle of converting solar energy into electrical energy using photovoltaic cells. Photovoltaic power plant is a set of technologic components connected together to utilize solar energy and convert it into electric energy that could be distributed to electric power network. Review of the photovoltaic development in the Czech Republic and the list of the biggest operational photovoltaic power plants present important data for assessment of the current status of photovoltaic technology in the Czech Republic. Chapter operations and maintenance of photovoltaic power plants summarizes the most common causes of failures and presents diagnostic tools for service requests. Due to legislative changes, hybrid photovoltaic power plants construction has been prioritized as it is economically more efficient now. Construction of new hybrid photovoltaic power plant was assessed analytically using SWOT analysis that evaluates strong and weak sides of the projects in comparison with opportunities and threats of construction. After evaluation of obtained data the next steps of the hybrid photovoltaic power plant’s construction plan are proposed. The first part of hybrid photovoltaic power plant design contains PVGIS program's data evaluation, which provides sunlight intensity information for specified area. Obtained data were used in the second part of the design to determine proper components selection for family house hybrid photovoltaic power plant. Finally the economic view of the design and return of investments were assessed.

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Chen, Hui-Lin, and 陳惠淋. "The Patent Study of Battery Technologies Applied to Electric Vehicles." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/274v3k.

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碩士
國立交通大學
理學院應用科技學程
106
The worsening problem of energy crisis and global warming has drawn increasing worldwide attention on the issues of energy saving and carbon reduction. As policy measures such as regulations on CO2 emissions as well as subsidies granted on electric vehicles become realized by each governments, the market of electric vehicles is starting to speed up its growth. According to a getting vigorous market of the electric vehicle, the requirement of lithium-ion batteries and fuel cells are also raising. This research analyze patents of batteries applied to electric vehicles. Patents are collected by specialized patent searching and analyzing platform of Derwent Innovation, and patent analyses are made from the aspects of the global patent trends, patent geographic distribution, top assignees, IPC and key patent by leading company, so as to provide valuable insight for industry development. Results are that fuel cell patent showed an increasing trend year after year, and most top ones are from Japan. Lithium-ion battery technologies have signs of becoming matured, and also have trends of downstream industry integration of upstream industry. In terms of patent assignees, Japan is the leading country on the industry, Korean companies are also developing rapidly, it is worth noting that numbers of Chinese companies is large, however, Chinese companies are with little important patents. In addition, the present battery still not enough to support the EV usage. Therefore, ternary cathode materials (NCA/NCM) gradually become the mainstream selection of lithium ion battery industry with its large energy density characteristics. However the energy density provided by lithium ion batteries can’t meet the energy storage requirement of electric vehicles industry. The industry focus on the high energy density technologies and material innovation. In order to improve the electrochemical performance, safety and cost issues, the key patents by leading company of ternary cathode materials mainly concentrate in the preparation method and the modification. Therefore, the development of the battery cathode material with high energy density, low cost and safety has become a trend. The results will be made useful for academic research ,corporate research and development efforts, and the government's policymaking process.

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Ke, Pei-ru, and 柯佩汝. "Design of a Portable Battery Information Platform with the Embedded Technologies." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/58235353839415377534.

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碩士
國立臺南大學
電機工程研究所
99
Many of portable devices, such as mobile phone and notebook, have grown explosively in recent years. The electric power demand of these devices almost relies on small energy storage element. Therefore, the rechargeable batteries have been widely used to power these equipments. Under the concepts, this thesis is aimed to develop a real-time battery information platform with the intelligent energy estimation based on the monitoring and computation of programmable ARM-based system, Labview, and dsPIC micro-controller. In this method, the polynomial function is firstly included through the measurement of output voltage with respect to a certain SOC value. Then using the obtained function of battery intrinsic, a method to estimate residual energy of battery is suggested. The method proposed in this thesis is examined under various scenarios. The results help consolidate the feasibility and practicability of the approach for the applications considered.

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Wu, Pei-yi, and 吳佩怡. "The study of Energy Saving Technologies for Video Playing in Battery-Aware Mobile Devices." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/02722920016360762877.

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碩士
國立雲林科技大學
通訊工程研究所碩士班
99
Many features of modern portable electronic devices such as high speed processors, colorful displays, optical/magnetic storage devices, and wireless network interfaces carry a significant energy cost. Most laptops, handheld PCs, and cell phones use rechargeable electrochemical batteries as their portable energy source. To meet the stringent power budget of these devices, researchers have explored various architectural, hardware, software, and system-level optimizations to minimize the energy consumed per useful computation. In this thesis, we introduce an analytical model on battery discharging duration and combine with MPEG video playing for the battery capacity consume. We propose three different energy saving mechanisms and compare the performances measured in terms of charge consumption during the discharging durations. 1. On-Off Mechanism: After the end of decoding time, we use the recovery effect to recover the capacity of battery. 2. Constant Sustained Current Mechanism: After the end of decoding time, we use a small current to sustain the basic operation of system. 3. DVS (Dynamic Voltage Scaling) Mechanism: We use Voltage (Clock/Current) Scaling scale all the decoding time to expected decoding time. We show that DVS mechanism has better performance than the others, the capacity consume is less than 77.2% compare to the worst case.

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Ramírez, Claudio Ricardo Vergara. "Representing Battery Energy Storage in Electric Power System Studies." Tese, 2015. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/78353.

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Ramírez, Claudio Ricardo Vergara. "Representing Battery Energy Storage in Electric Power System Studies." Doctoral thesis, 2015. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/78353.

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Amjadi, Hamid Reza. "Technical and economic evaluations of the battery energy storage systems for a residential building along with the photovoltaic system." Thesis, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-34002.

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Photovoltaic (PV) system and the battery energy storage system are promising to supply power for residential buildings. Solar panels along with the battery energy storage (BESS) presents an opportunity for the households to use a much greater proportion of the solar photovoltaic (PV) to generate the electricity and minimize the need of purchasing expensive electricity from the electricity grid. This project presents a framework for conducting the economic and technical analysis of residential house along with the integration of solar panel units and the BESSs. In this study, the electricity consumption of a multi flats building (Magnolia) in Helsingborg and the PV production profile under local weather conditions are compared and analyzed. The proposed framework is developed by considering different prices of electricity of the existing electricity market in Sweden as well as the investment costs for the solar PV units and BESSs. The economic analysis is carried out based on different economic measures such as electricity price, simple payback analysis, net present value, payback analysis based on funding and without funding, and reduction in carbon-di-oxide (CO2) emissions. Technical evaluations of the BESS are carried out based on peak shaving purpose and overproduction from the solar panels. and The results show that ten 28 kWh of the BESSs in Magnolia building is required in order to meet the customer electricity demand and reduce the stress on the electricity grid as well as power cost and size of the fuse. Furthermore, the customer saves 154256 kr yearly, with the payback period of 14 to 20 years, which is almost similar to the expected lifetime of such a BESS.

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Chen, Jong-Yin, and 陳佳億. "Realize the Pulse Charge and Discharge Technologies of Lead-Acid Battery in a Standing Alone Photovoltaic Power System." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/54135913613123897529.

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碩士
明志科技大學
電機工程研究所
97
The literatures reveal that a relax time for the electrochemical reaction in charge and discharge process of Lead-Acid Batteries using pulse technology will prolong the life of battery, reduce the charging time, increase the capacity of discharge, and improve the efficiency. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to improve the performance and reduce the cost of solar-electric generation by realizing the pulse charge and discharge technologies of Lead-Acid battery in a standing alone Photovoltaic power System. In the maximum power point tracking control of the solar cells, the dc to dc boost converter with the perturbation method is used to improve the utility rate of the solar cells. Lead-Acid Batteries are used in the system, and then a pulse charge and discharge bidirectional circuit is proposed to storage the energy into the Lead-Acid batteries when the output power of the cells is larger than the need of the load, and to provide the energy from the Lead-Acid batteries when the output power is smaller than the load. Therefore, one of the functions of the bidirectional circuit is to stable the input voltage of the single phase full bridge inverter. The single phase full bridge inverter with unipolar switching strategy is also built to converter the dc source to a 60 Hz 110 V ac supply for an ac load. Finally, a standing alone photovoltaic power system with 800 W output power has been developed and used the TMS320LF2407 as the control core. Several experiments were conducted to validate this algorithm. The results of experiments show that the pulse charge and discharge bidirectional circuit works properly and the standing alone photovoltaic power system is able to provide the ac power for an ac load.

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"A Novel Battery Management & Charging Solution for Autonomous UAV Systems." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.49138.

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abstract: Currently, one of the biggest limiting factors for long-term deployment of autonomous systems is the power constraints of a platform. In particular, for aerial robots such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), the energy resource is the main driver of mission planning and operation definitions, as everything revolved around flight time. The focus of this work is to develop a new method of energy storage and charging for autonomous UAV systems, for use during long-term deployments in a constrained environment. We developed a charging solution that allows pre-equipped UAV system to land on top of designated charging pads and rapidly replenish their battery reserves, using a contact charging point. This system is designed to work with all types of rechargeable batteries, focusing on Lithium Polymer (LiPo) packs, that incorporate a battery management system for increased reliability. The project also explores optimization methods for fleets of UAV systems, to increase charging efficiency and extend battery lifespans. Each component of this project was first designed and tested in computer simulation. Following positive feedback and results, prototypes for each part of this system were developed and rigorously tested. Results show that the contact charging method is able to charge LiPo batteries at a 1-C rate, which is the industry standard rate, maintaining the same safety and efficiency standards as modern day direct connection chargers. Control software for these base stations was also created, to be integrated with a fleet management system, and optimizes UAV charge levels and distribution to extend LiPo battery lifetimes while still meeting expected mission demand. Each component of this project (hardware/software) was designed for manufacturing and implementation using industry standard tools, making it ideal for large-scale implementations. This system has been successfully tested with a fleet of UAV systems at Arizona State University, and is currently being integrated into an Arizona smart city environment for deployment.
Dissertation/Thesis
Masters Thesis Computer Engineering 2018

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Karnama, Ahmad. "Electrification of Transportation: From Fuel Policy to Electricity Market and EV Battery Charging in Microgrids." Tese, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/129791.

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Karnama, Ahmad. "Electrification of Transportation: From Fuel Policy to Electricity Market and EV Battery Charging in Microgrids." Doctoral thesis, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/129791.

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Ollas, Patrik. "Energy Savings Using a Direct Current Distribution Network in a PV and Battery Equipped Residential Building." Licentiate thesis, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-44775.

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Energy from solar photovoltaic (PV) are generated as direct current (DC) and almost all of today’s electrical loads in residential buildings, household appliances and HVAC system (Heating Ventilation and Air-conditioning) are operated on DC. For a conventional alternating current (AC) distribution system this requires the need for multiple conversion steps before the final user-stage. By switching the distribution system to DC, conversion steps between AC to DC can be avoided and, in that way, losses are reduced. Including a battery storage–the system’s losses can be reduced further and the generated PV energy is even better utilised. This thesis investigates and quantifies the energy savings when using a direct current distribution topology in a residential building together with distributed energy generation from solar photovoltaic and a battery storage. Measured load and PV generation data for a single-family house situated in Borås, Sweden is used as a case study for the analysis. Detailed and dynamic models–based on laboratory measurements of the power electronic converters and the battery–are also used to more accurately reflect the system’s dynamic performance. In this study a dynamic representation of the battery’s losses is presented which is based on laboratory measurements of the resistance and current dependency for a single lithium-ion cell based on Lithium iron phosphate (LFP). A comparative study is made with two others, commonly used, loss representations and evaluated with regards to the complete system’s performance, using the PV and load data from the single-family house. Results show that a detailed battery representation is important for a correct loss prediction when modelling the interaction between loads, PV and the battery. Four DC system topologies are also modelled and compared to an equivalent AC topology using the experimental findings from the power electronic converters and the battery measurements. Results from the quasi-dynamic modelling show that the annual energy savings potential from the suggested DC topologies ranges between 1.9–5.6%. The DC topologies also increase the PV utilisation by up to 10 percentage points, by reducing the associated losses from the inverter and the battery conversion. Results also show that the grid-tied converter is the main loss contributor and when a constant grid-tied efficiency is used, the energy savings are overestimated.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Battery Technologies'

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