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Nielsen, Darhl, and Carl McGown. "Information Processing as a Predictor of Offensive Ability in Baseball." Perceptual and Motor Skills 60, no. 3 (June 1985): 775–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1985.60.3.775.
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It has become very popular to view the human as a processor of information, with reaction time (RT) used in various ways to measure the speed of information processing. In many sports quick decisions are essential to success. It is tempting to study reaction time, infer information-processing ability, and use the results to make predictions about success. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between various RT and movement time (MT) measures [simple RT, simple MT, simple total response time (TRT), choice RT, choice MT, choice TRT, and information-processing ability as determined by the increase in RT from simple to eight-choice conditions] with batting average, slugging percentage, and total average. 40 varsity baseball players from Colorado State University, University of Wyoming, University of Utah, and Brigham Young University were given 24 practice attempts followed by 48 experimental attempts for both simple and choice RT and MT. These scores were then correlated with batting averages, slugging percentages, and total averages. This research demonstrated no relationship between the various measurements of reaction and movement times and offensive ability in baseball.
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Erickson, Brandon, Peter Chalmers, D. John, Kevin Ma, Scott Sheridan, Mark Schickendantz, and Anthony Romeo. "Timing of Return to Batting Milestones Following Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction in Professional Baseball Players." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 8, no. 7_suppl6 (July 1, 2020): 2325967120S0037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120s00371.
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Objectives: Ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction (UCLR) is a common procedure in professional baseball position players. Timing of return to hitting following UCLR is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the time to return to batting milestones after UCLR as well as the effect of UCLR upon batting performance in professional baseball players. The authors’ hypothesized that position players would return to batting in an in-season game prior to fielding in an in-season game and hitting performance would remain unchanged following UCLR Methods: All professional position players who underwent UCLR between 2010-2018 were included. Time to batting milestones following UCLR was analyzed. Batting performance before and after UCLR was compared and analyzed. Results: Overall, 141 UCLRs (96% performed on the dominant arm) in 137 position players were included (86% minor leaguers). Four players underwent revision, all within one year of the primary UCLR. With regard to position, catchers and shortstops were over-represented. With regard to batting side, 57% batted from the right and 12% batted as switch-hitters, and thus 76% of surgeries were on the lead arm. While 91% of players were able to return to any throwing at all, there was a progressive gradual decline during the rehabilitation progress such that 77% were able to return to hitting in a real game and 75% were able to return to fielding in a real game. The first dry swing occurred at 150±49 days after surgery, first batting practice occurred at 195±58 days after surgery, and first hitting in a real game occurred at 323±92 days after surgery. However, players generally saw a decrease in their utilization, with fewer at bats (p<0.001) translating into fewer hits (p<0.001) and runs (p<0.001). Conclusion: Professional position players begin swinging at 150 days following UCLR while they do not hit batting practice until 195 days and do not hit in a real game until 323 days following UCLR. Players saw a decrease in hitting utilization following UCLR. [Figure: see text]
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Porter, Anthony, Shawn Yang, Aakash Chauhan, Samuel Early, Sravya Challa, John D’Angelo, Daniel Keefe, Heinz Hoenecke, and Jan Fronek. "Professional Advancement and Performance of Amateur Baseball Players Selected in the Major League Baseball Draft With Previous Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction." American Journal of Sports Medicine 48, no. 3 (January 28, 2020): 581–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546519898194.
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Background: The effect that an anterior cruciate ligament injury requiring reconstructive surgery has on the professional advancement and performance of amateur baseball players selected in the Major League Baseball draft is not known. Return to sports after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) in professional athletes has been shown to be high, but mixed results with regard to performance and return to preinjury level have been demonstrated in other sports. Purpose: To (1) investigate the highest level of professional advancement among Major League Baseball draftees with a history of ACLR before entering the draft, (2) examine how much time these players spent on the disabled list (DL) and determine if it was related to the knee, and (3) compare the batting and pitching performance of these players against healthy matched controls. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Predraft medical records of all players selected in the Major League Baseball draft from 2004 to 2008 were reviewed. Players with a documented anterior cruciate ligament injury treated with ACLR before the draft were included. For each study player, 3 controls were identified. Data were accumulated from the time when players were drafted through the 2015 season. Outcome variables included highest professional level of advancement, DL time, and batting and pitching performance. Results: Forty draftees with a history of ACLR (22 pitchers, 18 position players) were identified and matched to 120 controls (66 pitchers, 54 position players). The difference in the highest level of professional advancement between the groups was not statistically significant ( P = .488). The mean total number of times and the mean total number of days on the DL were similar between the groups (1.83 vs 1.47, P = .297; 121.54 vs 109.62, P = .955); however, the mean number of times on the DL because of a knee injury was significantly different (0.28 vs 0.11, P = .004), as was the mean number of days on the DL because of a knee injury (17.36 vs 7.72, P = .009). Among pitchers, there were no differences in performance. Similarly, there were no differences among position players in batting performance. Conclusion: There was no difference between draftees with a history of ACLR and their controls in terms of advancement from the minor to the major leagues. Additionally, pitching and batting performance were similar. Although the 2 groups spent similar time on the DL, the ACLR group spent more time on the DL because of a knee injury than the control group.
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Erickson, Brandon J., Peter N. Chalmers, John D’Angelo, Kevin Ma, Scott Sheridan, Mark Schickendantz, and Anthony A. Romeo. "Timing of Return to Batting Milestones After Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction in Professional Baseball Players." American Journal of Sports Medicine 48, no. 6 (March 30, 2020): 1465–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546520910417.
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Background: Ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction (UCLR) is a common procedure in professional baseball position players. Timing of return to hitting after UCLR is unknown. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose was to determine the time to return to batting milestones after UCLR as well as the effect of UCLR upon batting performance in professional baseball players. The hypothesis was that position players would return to batting in an in-season game before fielding in an in-season game, and hitting performance would remain unchanged after UCLR. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: All professional position players who underwent UCLR between 2010 and 2018 were included. Time to batting milestones after UCLR was analyzed. Batting performance before and after UCLR was compared and analyzed. Results: Overall, 141 UCLRs (96% performed on the dominant arm) in 137 position players were included (86% Minor League players). Four players underwent revision, all within 1 year of the primary UCLR. With regard to position, catchers and shortstops were overrepresented. With regard to batting side, 57% batted from the right and 12% batted as switch-hitters. Of the surgeries, 76% were on the trail/back arm. While 91% of players returned to some form of throwing, there was a progressive gradual decline as the rehabilitation process progressed, as only 77% were able to return to hitting in a real game and 75% were able to return to fielding in a real game. The first dry swing occurred at 150 ± 49 days after surgery, the first batting practice occurred at 195 ± 58 days after surgery, the first hitting in a real game occurred at 323 ± 92 days after surgery, and the first fielding in a real game occurred at 343 ± 98 days after surgery. However, players generally saw a decrease in their utilization, with fewer at bats ( P < .001) translating into fewer hits ( P < .001) and runs ( P < .001). Conclusion: Professional position players begin swinging at 150 days (approximately 5 months) after UCLR, while they do not hit in batting practice until 195 days (approximately 6.5 months) and do not hit in a real game until 323 days (approximately 10.7 months) after UCLR. Players see a decrease in hitting utilization after UCLR. On average, players hit in a real game 20 days before fielding in a real game.
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Nasu, Daiki. "Time Structure of Baseball Batting during Real Matchup between Pitcher and Batter." Brain & Neural Networks 24, no. 3 (2017): 132–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3902/jnns.24.132.
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Katsumata, Hiromu, and Takeshi Kawai. "Characteristics of the baseball batting actions in batting slow-speed and fast-speed pitches : From the point of view of ground reaction forces." Taiikugaku kenkyu (Japan Journal of Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences) 40, no. 6 (1996): 381–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5432/jjpehss.kj00003391426.
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McLeod, Peter. "Visual Reaction Time and High-Speed Ball Games." Perception 16, no. 1 (February 1987): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p160049.
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Laboratory measures of visual reaction time suggest that some aspects of high-speed ball games such as cricket are ‘impossible’ because there is insufficient time for the player to respond to unpredictable movements of the ball. Given the success with which some people perform these supposedly impossible acts, it has been assumed by some commentators that laboratory measures of reaction time are not applicable to skilled performers. An analysis of high-speed film of international cricketers batting on a specially prepared pitch which produced unpredictable movement of the ball is reported, and it is shown that, when batting, highly skilled professional cricketers show reaction times of around 200 ms, times similar to those found in traditional laboratory studies. Furthermore, professional cricketers take roughly as long as casual players to pick up ball flight information from film of bowlers. These two sets of results suggest that the dramatic contrast between the ability of skilled and unskilled sportsmen to act on the basis of visual information does not lie in differences in the speed of operation of the perceptual system. It lies in the organisation of the motor system that uses the output of the perceptual system.
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Green, Gary, Keshia M. Pollack Porter, Anton Kvit, Stan Conte, John D’Angelo, Alex Valadka, and Frank C. Curriero. "Examining Batting Performance After a Sports-Related Concussion Among Major League Baseball Position Players." American Journal of Sports Medicine 49, no. 3 (January 29, 2021): 790–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546520987232.
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Background: An ongoing challenge in sports-related concussion (SRC) is determining full recovery. This study examines performance metrics in baseball after an SRC and provides a template for assessment of return-to-performance parameters. Purpose: To determine whether batting performance returns to baseline after an SRC. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiological study. Methods: Participants were all Major League Baseball (MLB) position players with confirmed SRCs that occurred during the 2011-2015 seasons. A retrospective review and assessment of performance metrics before and after injury were conducted as defined relative to the number of plate appearances (PAs) to yield reliable performance statistics. Seven batting metrics were considered as outcomes in longitudinal regressions: batting average, on-base percentage, slugging percentage, on-base plus slugging, bases on balls, strikeouts, and home runs. Metrics were calculated for each player 60, 30, and 14 days before their SRCs, as well as for the 14, 30, and 60 days after returning to play. Other variables controlled for included defensive position, player age at the time of SRC, number of days missed, mechanism of injury, whether the player completed a rehabilitation stint, and year in which the mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) occurred (2011-2015). Results: A total of 77 MTBI case events occurred in MLB position players over 5 seasons. These injuries resulted in a mean 11.4 days lost to injury. For all performance metrics using 60 or 30 days before MTBI as baseline, no statistically significant differences were found in batting performance. In total, 63 events met PA criteria before injury. Varying the PA cutoff thresholds to be more inclusive or more restrictive yielded similar regression results. For the 48 events that met PA criteria before and after injury, most performance metrics showed no significant performance change after MTBI and, in some events, a slight though mostly nonsignificant performance improvement after MTBI. Conclusions: MLB position players who are medically cleared to return to play after an SRC perform at the same offensive performance levels as their preinjury statistics when an adequate number of PAs is used to compare performance before and after injury.
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Sasanuma, Hideyuki, Yuki Iijima, Tomohiro Saito, Yuichiro Yano, Sueo Nakama, Masahiro Kameda, and Katsushi Takeshita. "Satisfaction With Elbow Function and Return Status After Autologous Osteochondral Transplant for Capitellar Osteochondritis Dissecans in High School Baseball Players." American Journal of Sports Medicine 48, no. 12 (September 17, 2020): 3057–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546520952782.
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Background: Osteochondral autograft transplant (OAT), a surgical treatment for capitellar osteochondritis dissecans (OCD), has favorable rates of elbow recovery and return to sports in adolescents. However, few reports have investigated how long patients continue to play baseball after OAT and their satisfaction with their treatment outcome. Purpose: To evaluate the rate of boys who played baseball and received OAT for OCD in junior high school or earlier (age <15 years) and continued to play baseball in high school and the players’ satisfaction with their elbow function during play. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A total of 32 elbows of boys who played baseball and received OAT at age ≤15 years (mean, 14.1 years) were examined and divided into pitcher (n = 11) and nonpitcher (n = 21) groups according to their player position before surgery. The clinical Timmerman-Andrews score at the end of their high school baseball, participation percentage of players who continued to play baseball, and satisfaction level during play (on a scale of 0-10 during pitching and batting and in a 4-choice format) were compared between the 2 groups. Results: The Timmerman-Andrews scores significantly improved after surgery in both groups, with no significant difference between the groups. Of the 32 players, 30 (93.8%) continued to play baseball throughout high school, including all players in the pitcher group and 19 (90.5%) of those in the nonpitcher group. The percentage of players who continued to pitch was 55.6% (6/11) in the pitcher group. Satisfaction with elbow joint function at the time of pitching was significantly lower in the pitcher group. Further, 5 players reported being “a little unsatisfied” because of elbow pain during pitching. All of the players indicated satisfaction with elbow function during batting. Conclusion: The percentage of players who received OAT for OCD in junior high school and continued to play baseball in high school was favorable. However, satisfaction with elbow function during throwing was lower in pitchers than in nonpitchers. Clinical Relevance: Before surgery, consent should be obtained from patients who are pitchers after it is explained that satisfaction with elbow joint function during pitching could be decreased after OAT.
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Saraya, Arif Eka, Sugiyanto Sugiyanto, and Muchsin Doewes. "Anthropometric Factors and Physical Condition Dominant Determinants Batting Skills in Softball." International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 5, no. 4 (May 6, 2018): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v5i4.264.
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batting skills in softball requires several anthropometric factors and physical condition to play to improve skills. Anthropometric factors and physical condition, among others, height, arm length, arm muscle strength, hand-eye coordination, balance, and reaction time. This study aims to determine the anthropometric factors and the physical condition of the dominant determinant of batting skills in softball. This research approach uses a quantitative to design of confirmatory factor analysis. This study population is training student achievement softball in sports education university of riau. A sample of 100 people was obtained through a simple random sampling technique. The data used are taken through a series of tests of the independent and dependent variables. This research method through testing confirmatory factor KMO and Bartlett’s Test analysis using SPSS. Results from this research is: factor of anthropometri dominant physical condition and determinants batting skill in game of softball is arm length with value 0,788, arm muscle power with value 0,851 and time reaction of with value 0,737. The conclusion of this research is: factor of anthropometri dominant physical condition and determinants batting skill in game of softball is arm length, arm muscle power and time reaction
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Saraya, Arif Eka. "Anthropometric Factors and Physical Condition Dominant Determinants Batting Skills In Softball." JURNAL PENDIDIKAN JASMANI DAN OLAHRAGA 3, no. 1 (April 9, 2018): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/jpjo.v3i1.10331.
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Batting skills in softball requires several anthropometric factors and physical condition to play to improve skills. Anthropometric factors and physical condition, among others, height, arm length, arm muscle strength, hand-eye coordination, balance, and reaction time. This study aims to determine the anthropometric factors and the physical condition of the dominant determinant of batting skills in softball. This research approach uses a quantitative to design of confirmatory factor analysis. This study population is training student achievement softball in sports education university of riau. A sample of 100 people was obtained through a simple random sampling technique. The data used are taken through a series of tests of the independent and dependent variables. This research method through testing confirmatory factor KMO and Bartlett’s Test analysis using SPSS. Results from this research is: factor of anthropometri dominant physical condition and determinants batting skill in game of softball is arm length with value 0,788, arm muscle power with value 0,851 and time reaction of with value 0,737. The conclusion of this research is: factor of anthropometri dominant physical condition and determinants batting skill in game of softball is arm length, arm muscle power and time reaction
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Lavoie, Marc, and Wilbert M. Leonard. "In Search of an Alternative Explanation of Stacking in Baseball: The Uncertainty Hypothesis." Sociology of Sport Journal 11, no. 2 (June 1994): 140–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.11.2.140.
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The stacking of blacks in noncentral positions is a time-consistent feature of professional baseball. It is shown that differential batting and slugging averages between positions are also a structural feature. The structure of stacking as well as its evolution are well explained by the uncertainty thesis, that is, the belief that discrimination and differential barriers to entry are linked to the difficulty and lack of objectivity in assessing player performance at a given position. However, because the uncertainty thesis fails to predict the expected performance differentials between black and white players, auxiliary hypotheses have to be entertained. It is concluded that a combination of the uncertainty thesis and the well-known centrality hypothesis may best explain what occurs in baseball.
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Lim, Young-Tae, and Moon-Seok Kwon. "A Comparative Analysis of Biomechanical Factors and Premotor Time of Body Muscles between Elite College and Amateur Baseball Players during the Baseball Batting Motion." Korean Journal of Sport Biomechanics 26, no. 2 (June 30, 2016): 205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5103/kjsb.2016.26.2.205.
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Kida, Noriyuki, Shingo Oda, and Michikazu Matsumura. "Intensive baseball practice improves the Go/Nogo reaction time, but not the simple reaction time." Cognitive Brain Research 22, no. 2 (February 2005): 257–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2004.09.003.
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Peterson, Joshua G., Vehniah K. Tjong, Michael A. Terry, Matthew D. Saltzman, Stephen M. Gryzlo, and Ujash Sheth. "Concussion Incidence and Impact on Player Performance in Major League Baseball Players Before and After a Standardized Concussion Protocol." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 8, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 232596712091302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120913020.
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Background: Sports-related concussions have garnered significant attention in recent years because of the negative effects they can have on a player’s cognitive health and performance. In response to this growing concern, Major League Baseball (MLB) introduced a standardized concussion protocol during the 2011-2012 season. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to compare the reported incidence of concussions and the subsequent performance of MLB players before and after the introduction of the standardized concussion protocol. We hypothesized that the introduction of the standardized concussion protocol would not have an impact on player performance postconcussion. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Players who suffered a concussion between 2001 and 2018 were identified from the MLB transactions page. Incidence and player performance were compared before and after the introduction of the standardized concussion protocol. Player performance was evaluated using traditional data and sabermetric data, which are advanced statistics used in conjunction with standard statistics to better compare players and teams. Player averages were calculated and compared using paired t tests for 30 days before and after concussion, 1 year before and after concussion, and career before and after concussion. Averages were also compared before and after the institution of the standardized concussion protocol using independent-measures t tests. Results: There were a total of 114 players who suffered 142 concussions, with 77% of those occurring after the introduction of the concussion protocol (32 before, 110 after). The average time missed because of concussion significantly decreased from 33.7 days (range, 10-122 days) to 18.9 days (range, 6-111 days) after the concussion protocol ( P = .0005). There was no difference in player performance (including batting average, on-base percentage, and slugging for batters; earned run average, fielding-independent pitching, and walks plus hits per inning pitched for pitchers) after concussion at any time point (30 days, 1 year, or career) when comparing these statistics before versus after the MLB concussion protocol. However, batter performance was significantly poorer 1 year after concussion and over the remainder of the players' careers ( P < .05). Conclusion: The number of reported concussions increased after the introduction of the MLB concussion protocol. However, players spent significantly less time on the disabled list without any adverse effect on player performance. Despite these changes, long-term batting performance was significantly poorer after concussion.
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Camp, Christopher L., Stan Conte, Steven B. Cohen, Matthew Thompson, John D’ Angelo, Joseph T. Nguyen, and Joshua S. Dines. "Epidemiology and Impact of Abdominal Oblique Injuries in Major and Minor League Baseball." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 5, no. 3 (March 1, 2017): 232596711769402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967117694025.
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Background: Oblique injuries are known to be a common cause of time out of play for professional baseball players, and prior work has suggested that injury rates may be on the rise in Major League Baseball (MLB). Purpose: To better understand the current incidence of oblique injuries, determine their impact based on time out of play, and to identify common injury patterns that may guide future injury prevention programs. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiological study. Methods: Using the MLB Health and Injury Tracking System, all oblique injuries that resulted in time out of play in MLB and Minor League Baseball (MiLB) during the 2011 to 2015 seasons were identified. Player demographics such as age, position/role, and handedness were included. Injury-specific factors analyzed included the following: date of injury, timing during season, days missed, mechanism, side, treatment, and reinjury status. Results: A total of 996 oblique injuries occurred in 259 (26%) MLB and 737 (74%) MiLB players. Although the injury rate was steady in MiLB, the MLB injury rate declined ( P = .037). A total of 22,064 days were missed at a mean rate of 4413 days per season and 22.2 days per injury. The majority of these occurred during batting (n = 455, 46%) or pitching (n = 348, 35%), with pitchers losing 5 days more per injury than batters ( P < .001). The leading side was injured in 77% of cases and took 5 days longer to recover from than trailing side injuries ( P = .009). Seventy-nine (7.9%) players received either a corticosteroid or platelet-rich plasma injection, and the mean recovery time was 11 days longer compared with those who did not receive an injection ( P < .001). Conclusion: Although the rate of abdominal oblique injuries is on the decline in MLB, this is not the case for MiLB, and these injuries continue to represent a significant source of time out of play in professional baseball. The vast majority of injuries occur on the lead side, and these injuries result in the greatest amount time out of play. The benefit of injections for the treatment of oblique injuries remains unknown.
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Erickson, Brandon J., Kathryn Mcelheny, Peter N. Chalmers, James B. Carr, John D’Angelo, Dana Rowe, George Poulis, Gary M. Lourie, and Michelle Carlson. "Performance and Return to Sport After Excision of the Fractured Hook of the Hamate in Professional Baseball Players." American Journal of Sports Medicine 48, no. 12 (August 24, 2020): 3066–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546520949204.
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Background: A fracture of the hook of the hamate is a common injury affecting professional baseball players. The treatment for these fractures ranges from nonoperative immobilization to excision of the fragment. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose was to report the results of surgical treatment of hook of hamate fractures in professional baseball players and determine which factors are associated with return to sport (RTS) and time to RTS. The hypothesis was that there is a high rate of RTS in professional baseball players after surgical treatment of the hook of the hamate fracture with no significant decline in performance after RTS. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: All professional baseball players who underwent excision of the hook of the hamate between 2010 and 2017 were included. Player characteristic and performance data (before and after surgery) were recorded. Performance metrics were then compared before and after surgery. Results: Overall, 261 players were included. Of total injuries, 96% were due to hitting, 86% occurred on the nondominant hitting side, and 89% were acute fractures (11% were nonunion cases). Most (95%) injuries occurred at the Minor League level and 96.2% of procedures were performed by hand fellowship–trained surgeons. Eight percent of players underwent concomitant procedures. The average tourniquet time was 31 ± 13 minutes. In total, 81% of players returned to sport at the same or higher level; 3% returned to sport at a lower level. The median time to RTS after surgery was 48 days (range, 16-246 days). The tourniquet time and number of days to RTS were significantly associated with one another ( P = .001; Spearman ρ = 0.290; N = 130). Player utilization significantly increased after surgery. While player efficiency, including batting average (BA), on-base percentage (OBP), and on-base plus slugging percentage (OPS), significantly decreased, these changes were numerically small (BA: 0.26 ± 0.04 preoperatively vs 0.25 ± 0.04 postoperatively; OBP: 0.34 ± 0.04 preoperatively vs 0.32 ± 0.04 postoperatively; OPS: 0.73 ± 0.12 preoperatively vs 0.70 ± 0.11 postoperatively) ( P < .001). There were no significant differences between rates of RTS to the same or higher level of play among acute fractures (81%) and nonunion cases (76%) ( P = .837). Conclusion: After surgical excision for hook of hamate fractures in professional baseball players, 84% were able to RTS, with 81% returning to the same or higher level. The median time for players to RTS after surgery was 48 days. Player usage increased after surgery, while hitting efficiency slightly declined.
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Taware, Govind B., and Umesh S. Torgalli. "A study of auditory reaction time in cricket, hockey and baseball players." MedPulse International Journal of Physiology 10, no. 2 (2019): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.26611/1031024.
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Fagan, Francois, Martin Haugh, and Hal Cooper. "The advantage of lefties in one-on-one sports." Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports 15, no. 1 (February 25, 2019): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jqas-2017-0076.
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Abstract Left-handers comprise approximately 15% of professional tennis players, but only 11% of the general population. In boxing, baseball, fencing, table-tennis and specialist batting positions in cricket the contrast is even starker, with 30% or more of top players often being left-handed. In this paper we propose a model for identifying the advantage of being left-handed in one-on-one interactive sports (as well as the inherent skill of each player). We construct a Bayesian latent ability model in the spirit of the classic Glicko model but with the additional complication of having a latent factor, i.e. the advantage of left-handedness, that we need to estimate. Inference is further complicated by the truncated nature of data-sets that arise from only having data of the top players. We show how to infer the advantage of left-handedness when only the proportion of top left-handed players is available. We use this result to develop a simple dynamic model for inferring how the advantage of left-handedness varies through time. We also extend the model to cases where we have ranking or match-play data. We test these models on 2014 match-play data from top male professional tennis players, and the dynamic model on data from 1985 to 2016.
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Lee, Hyo-Cheol, and Hee-Jeong Son. "Comparisons of Eye-Hands Coordination and Reaction Time among the Positions in Middle School Elite Baseball Payers." Korean Journal of Growth and Development 28, no. 3 (August 31, 2020): 299–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.34284/kjgd.2020.08.28.3.299.
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Ramkumar, Prem N., Sergio M. Navarro, Heather S. Haeberle, Rowland W. Pettit, Travis J. Miles, Salvatore J. Frangiamore, Michael A. Mont, Lutul D. Farrow, and Mark S. Schickendantz. "Short-Term Outcomes of Concussions in Major League Baseball: A Historical Cohort Study of Return to Play, Performance, Longevity, and Financial Impact." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 6, no. 12 (December 1, 2018): 232596711881423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967118814238.
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Background: The short-term outcomes of concussions within Major League Baseball (MLB) warrant further consideration beyond a medical standpoint given that performance, career, and financial data remain unknown. The perception of this injury directly affects decision making from the perspective of both player and franchise. Purpose: To evaluate the effect of concussion on MLB players by (1) establishing return-to-play (RTP) time after concussion; (2) comparing the career length and performance of players with concussion versus those who took nonmedical leave; and (3) analyzing player financial impact after concussion. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Contracts, transactions, injury reports, and performance statistics from 2005 to 2017 were analyzed by comparing matched players who sustained a concussion versus those who took nonmedical leave. Of the 4186 eligible MLB players, 145 sustained concussions resulting in the activation of concussion protocol and 538 took nonmedical leave. RTP time was recorded. Career length was analyzed in reference to an experience-based stratification of full seasons remaining after the concussion. Changes in player performance and salary before and after concussion were compared with the same parameters for players who took nonmedical leave. Results: The mean RTP time was 26 days (95% CI, 20-32 days) for athletes with concussion and 8 days (95% CI, 6-10 days) for those who took nonmedical leave. Athletes with concussion had a mean of 2.8 full seasons remaining, whereas athletes who took nonmedical leave had 3.1 seasons remaining ( P = .493). The probability of playing in the MLB after concussion compared with the nonmedical leave pool was not significantly lower ( P = .534, log-rank test; hazard ratio, 1.108). Postconcussion performance decreased significantly in position players, including a lower batting average and decreased on-base percentage in the players with concussion compared with those returning from nonmedical leave. Players who sustained a concussion lost a mean of US$654,990 annually compared with players who took nonmedical leave. Conclusion: This study of the short-term outcomes after concussion in limited-contact MLB athletes demonstrates that concussions may not decrease career spans but may result in decreased performance in addition to financial loss when compared with matched controls who took nonmedical leave. In sports such as baseball that are not subject to repetitive head trauma, career spans may not decrease after a single concussive event. However, sentinel concussions have deleterious short-term effects on performance and compensation among MLB players.
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Taware, Govind B., and Umesh S. Torgalli. "Whole body reaction time among cricket, hockey and baseball players and its comparison with their age and sex matched controls." MedPulse International Journal of Physiology 10, no. 2 (2019): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.26611/1031025.
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Cisyk, Jeffrey. "Impacts of Performance-Enhancing Drug Suspensions on the Demand for Major League Baseball." Journal of Sports Economics 21, no. 4 (March 6, 2020): 391–419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1527002520906529.
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In 2005, Major League Baseball (MLB) introduced a new policy regarding the use of performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) wherein the league would not only suspend but also publicly name any player who tested positive for banned PEDs. Using the estimated television audience size of MLB games from 2006 to 2012, these PED suspension announcements provide a unique natural experiment to test how consumers react to news of PED use. This study finds that PED announcements have two major impacts on the demand for baseball. First, there is on average an immediate 9.3% reduction in the television audience of the PED player’s team. Second, the magnitude of the effect gradually decreases over time yet remains negative and significant for a period of 37 days or approximately 33 game-broadcasts. This is the first study to link PED use to an adverse reaction by consumers in a systematic way using television audience while controlling for the change in team quality caused by removing the suspended player from the team.
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Lee, Yun-Ju, Po-Chieh Lin, Ling-Ying Chen, Yu-Jung Chen, and Jing Nong Liang. "Utilization of Inertial Measurement Units for Determining the Sequential Chain of Baseball Strike Posture." Sensors 21, no. 9 (May 10, 2021): 3280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21093280.
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The purpose of this study was to employ inertial measurement units (IMU) with an eye-tracking device to investigate different swing strategies between two levels of batters. The participants were 20 healthy males aged 20 to 30 years old, with ten professional and ten amateur batters. Eye gaze position, head, shoulder, trunk, and pelvis angular velocity, and ground reaction forces were recorded. The results showed that professional batters rotated segments more rhythmically and efficiently than the amateur group. Firstly, the professional group spent less time in the preparation stages. Secondly, the maximum angular velocity timing of each segment of the professional group was centralized in the swing cycle. Thirdly, the amateur group had significantly earlier gaze timing of the maximum angular velocity than the professional group. Moreover, the maximum angular velocity timing of the gaze was the earliest parameter among the five segments, and significantly earlier (at least 16.32% of cycle time) than the maximum angular velocity of the head, shoulder, trunk, and pelvis within the amateur group. The visual-motor coordination strategies were different between the two groups, which could successfully be determined by wearable instruments of IMU.
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Laby, Daniel M., David G. Kirschen, Usha Govindarajulu, and Paul DeLand. "The Effect of Visual Function on the Batting Performance of Professional Baseball Players." Scientific Reports 9, no. 1 (November 14, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-52546-2.
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AbstractThis report evaluates the role of the combined visual abilities of acuity, contrast sensitivity and presentation time on plate discipline and baseball batting performance. A visual function test (EVTS) was performed on 585 professional baseball players. The results were compared to several common plate-discipline measures. The EVTS test provides a single measure combining target size, contrast and presentation time. Correlations (statistically significant) were found between this measure and several plate discipline metrics (InzoneSwingPct, inzoneFbSwingPct, ChasePct, FbChasePct, BBperPa). Years of major league service did not appear to be related to visual ability. When comparing the best and worst 20% groups based on visual ability, statistically significant improvements ranging from 11.6% in BBperPa to 3.5% in inzoneSwingPct were noted in the better visual function group. Effect sizes ranged from 0.278 to 0.387. These results demonstrate the relationship between basic visual function and batting performance. These are the first results, on a large group at the professional level, to demonstrate this relationship statistically. These results may aid player selection, indicating that batters with better visual function are more likely to be successful when batting and more productive for their team.
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Orozco, Erin I., Andrea E. Guloy, Michael O. Cotton, Robert A. Jack, and Shari R. Liberman. "Return-to-Sport Time and Postoperative Performance in MLB Players Undergoing Wrist Arthroscopy." HAND, August 25, 2021, 155894472110289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15589447211028923.
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Background: Wrist injuries are common in sports and can result in prolonged time missed from playing. This study aimed to determine in Major League Baseball-players after arthroscopic wrist surgery the return-to-sport (RTS) rate, postoperative career length, and changes in performance compared with preoperative statistics and matched controls. Methods: Major League Baseball players who underwent arthroscopic wrist surgery from 1990 to 2019 were identified. Demographic and performance data were collected for each player, and matched controls were identified. Comparisons were made via paired samples Student t tests. Results: Twenty-six players (27 surgeries) were identified. The average age of included players was 28.9 ± 2.9 years with an average professional experience of 5.2 ± 3.4 years. Eighty-four percent of players returned to sport, with an average RTS time of 5.0 ± 2.7 months. A statistically significant ( P < .05) decrease was seen in preoperative and postoperative runs scored per season (95.6 ± 91.3 vs 41.0 ± 29.5), batting average (BA) (0.270 ± 0.024 vs 0.240 ± 0.036), and average wins above replacement (WAR) (1.5 ± 1.1 vs 0.8 ± 0.9). Conclusion: Major League Baseball players who underwent arthroscopic wrist surgery had an RTS rate of 84% at a mean time of 5.0 months. There was no significant difference in performance statistics between cases postoperatively and matched controls overall, with some differences in performance found when categorized by position. However, a significant decrease in performance among case players was observed between preoperative and postoperative performance, including runs per season, BA, and WAR.
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Rhee, Peter Charles, Christopher L. Camp, John D’Angelo, Vishal S. Desai, Steven S. Shin, Donald Sheridan, and Stan Conte. "Epidemiology and Impact of Hand and Wrist Injuries in Major and Minor League Baseball." HAND, July 23, 2019, 155894471986445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558944719864450.
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Background: Professional baseball players are at risk of acute and chronic injuries to their upper extremities. Methods: Major League Baseball’s Health and Injury Tracking System, a prospective injury surveillance system, was used to identify and characterize all hand and wrist injuries sustained by all Major League Baseball (MLB) and Minor League Baseball (MiLB) players during the pre-, regular, and postseason throughout 2011-2016. Injuries were included if they resulted in at least 1 day out of play and were sustained during standard baseball activities. Days missed were defined as the time between injury and the first time in which a player was cleared to return to play. Results: During the study period, there were 4478 hand and 1748 wrist injuries throughout MLB and MiLB, which resulted in a total of 105 246 days out of play. This was equivalent to the length of 575 individual MLB player seasons, and the mean days missed per injury was 17 days. Most injuries were traumatic in nature, with 43% (n = 2672) of players injured after being hit by a baseball that mainly occurred during batting (n = 2521; 40%). Injuries that most frequently required surgical intervention were hook of hamate fractures (72%) and scaphoid fractures (60%). Conclusions: Understanding the epidemiology and impact of hand and wrist injuries in MLB and MiLB players may lead to improved management of these injuries and reduce time away from play. Most importantly, preventive measures and/or enhanced protective gear may be developed to minimize these types of injuries in MLB and MiLB.
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Yamashiro, Koya, Yudai Yamazaki, Kanako Siiya, Koyuki Ikarashi, Yasuhiro Baba, Naofumi Otsuru, Hideaki Onishi, and Daisuke Sato. "Modality-specific improvements in sensory processing among baseball players." Scientific Reports 11, no. 1 (January 26, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-81852-x.
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AbstractLong-term skills training is known to induce neuroplastic alterations, but it is still debated whether these changes are always modality-specific or can be supramodal components. To address this issue, we compared finger-targeted somatosensory-evoked and auditory-evoked potentials under both Go (response) and Nogo (response inhibition) conditions between 10 baseball players, who require fine hand/digit skills and response inhibition, to 12 matched track and field (T&F) athletes. Electroencephalograms were obtained at nine cortical electrode positions. Go potentials, Nogo potentials, and Go/Nogo reaction time (Go/Nogo RT) were measured during equiprobable somatosensory and auditory Go/Nogo paradigms. Nogo potentials were obtained by subtracting Go trial from Nogo trial responses. Somatosensory Go P100 latency and Go/Nogo RT were significantly shorter in the baseball group than the T&F group, while auditory Go N100 latency and Go/Nogo RT did not differ between groups. Additionally, somatosensory subtracted Nogo N2 latency was significantly shorter in the baseball group than the T&F group. Furthermore, there were significant positive correlations between somatosensory Go/Nogo RT and both Go P100 latency and subtracted Nogo N2 latency, but no significant correlations among auditory responses. We speculate that long-term skills training induce predominantly modality-specific neuroplastic changes that can improve both execution and response inhibition.
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Frail, Kim. "Why Did Grandma Put Her Underwear In The Refrigerator?: An Explanation Of Alzheimer's Disease For Children by M. Wallack & C. Given." Deakin Review of Children's Literature 4, no. 2 (October 16, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.20361/g2659n.
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Wallack, Max, and Carolyn Given. Why Did Grandma Put Her Underwear In The Refrigerator?: An Explanation Of Alzheimer's Disease For Children. n.p.: [United States] : Puzzles To Remember, Inc., 2013. Print.This book is a must read for any family affected by Alzheimer’s with elementary school- aged children. Co-author Max Wallack has the right credentials for this project both personally and professionally. At the time the book was published, Max was a 17 year old junior and researcher in the Molecular Psychiatry in Aging Laboratory at Boston University School of Medicine. He was also caregiver to his great grandmother who had Alzheimer's disease and foundedwww.PuzzlesToRemember.org.The book is told from the point of view of 7 year old Julie, who recounts her experiences over the past three years of living with her grandmother who has Alzheimer's. It conveys several important and complex themes in crayon-like drawings and simple text that would appeal to children. Some of the images also appear to be a combination of drawing and somewhat pixelated computer generated images. However, on the whole it fits with the child’s perspective. In addition, it states in the inside flap that 50% of the proceeds from the book will support Alzheimer’s research and the care of Alzheimer’s patients.When Grandma first comes to live with them she and Julie are very close and do lots of activities together. As the disease progresses, Grandma is able to do less but Julie finds new ways of maintaining their relationship such as: taking walks outside, telling her Grandma happy stories when she becomes confused or afraid, getting her a special red plate and cutting her food to help her remember to eat, and colouring or drawing together.The stressful and embarrassing situations presented in the book would be particularly useful in helping children to understand what can happen, why and ways to address these types of issues. When grandma leaves the house by herself in the middle of the night without her coat and is brought home by the police, Julie’s mother explains: “Grandma is probably having beautiful memories of her childhood and she wanted to find the place where she used to live so she could enjoy more of those happy, wonderful times.” The family then installs a bell on the door so they always know when someone is going in or out. Through Julie, the authors acknowledge that it is normal for children to feel worried, embarrassed and upset in these types of situations. Grandma is so terrified of Julie’s Halloween costume that she begins to cry. Julie has to remove it and cannot go trick or treating. Julie’s reaction is honest: “I was really angry at Grandma...the next day I felt sorry...I know it’s not her fault...but I’m also sad that my Halloween was spoiled”.The authors use kid-friendly metaphors to explain how the disease affects the brain. For example, one illustration depicts the transmission of messages across brain cells as a baseball being pitched and caught. In the cells affected by Alzheimer’s the pitcher drops the ball.The authors also highlight the humorous side of things such as when Grandma puts her underwear in the refrigerator or a toothbrush in the toaster. The book concludes with a brief section about the role of medicine, scientists and research studies.On a personal note, as someone who has also been a caregiver for a grandmother with Alzheimer's disease, the most touching aspect is that it teaches children how to maintain a close bond with a loved one in spite of the many challenges they will face together.Highly Recommended: 4 out of 4 stars Reviewer: Kim FrailKim is a Public Services Librarian at the H.T. Coutts Education Library at the University of Alberta. Children’s literature is a big part of her world at work and at home. She also enjoys gardening, renovating and keeping up with her kids.