Relevant bibliographies by topics / Battle axes

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Battle axes'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 4 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Battle axes"

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Roy, Amber Sofia. "The Use and Significance of Early Bronze Age Stone Battle-axes and Axe-hammers from Northern Britain and the Isle of Man." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 86 (July 8, 2020): 237–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ppr.2020.5.

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The perforated stone battle-axes and axe-hammers of Early Bronze Age Britain have been used either to interpret the status of individuals they were buried with or have been overlooked; this is especially the case with axe-hammers. Previous understandings have assumed battle-axes were purely ceremonial, while the rougher axe-hammers were neither functional nor prestigious, being too large and too crude to be prestige items. Studies of the 20th century were focused on creating a typology and understanding the manufacture and petrological sources of the stone, concluding that haphazard exploitation of stone was used to create a variety of different shapes of both implements. This paper revisits the question of how these artefacts were used. It presents the results of the first large-scale application of use-wear analysis to British Early Bronze Age battle-axes and axe-hammers, from northern Britain and the Isle of Man. Combining the results of the wear analysis with experimental archaeology and contextual analysis, it is argued that these objects were functional tools, some of which saw prolonged use that might have spanned multiple users. The evidence shows that the few implements found in burial contexts were both functional and symbolic; their inclusion in burial contexts drawing upon relational links which developed through the itineraries of these objects. It is also apparent that use and treatment were similar across all types of battle-axe and axe-hammer, with some regional variation in the deposition of axe-hammers in south-west Scotland. It is concluded that battle-axes and axe-hammers had varied and multiple roles and significances and that it is possible to discover what each artefact was used for by deploying a use-wear analysis methodology.
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Tkach, Evgenia Sergeevna. "Distribution of the Corded Ware Cultures traditions in the Upper Western Dvina region in the III millennium BC." Samara Journal of Science 6, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201763213.

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The following paper presents analysis of the Corded Ware cultures materials in the North-West Russia. The investigation involved materials from 4 archaeological settlements and finds (stone battle-axes) from the Pskov region. The main attention is focused on three principal categories of the Corded Ware cultures artifacts: pottery with cord ornamentation, triangular arrowheads, and stone-battle axes. The paper gives a complex description of ceramic: technology of making pottery, morphology and ornamentation. Stone battle-axes were considered in the context of all Corded Ware cultures materials in the presented region for the first time. Comparison of these materials with other artifacts of the Corded Ware cultures, as well as using methods of relative and absolute chronology, made it possible to trace new directions of the cultural contacts at the beginning of the III millennium BC. The result of these migrations and/or cultural influences from the territory of south-western Europe is the spread of cord impressions on ceramic vessels, emergence of new shapes of pottery and new types of stone battle-axes. The further development is associated with the influence of the Baltic Coast culture. It was the key to the formation of the North-Belarusian culture, which existed in the presented region from the second half of the III millennium BC and is included to the circle of the Corded Ware cultures.
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Bobrov, L. A. "SHAKAN: KAZAKH 18TH–19TH CENTURY NARROW-BLADED BATTLE AXES." Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia (Russian-language). 43, no. 4 (2015): 106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/1563-0102.2015.43.4.106-113.

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Binney, Elizabeth A., and Carroll L. Estes. "The Retreat of the State and its Transfer of Responsibility: The Intergenerational War." International Journal of Health Services 18, no. 1 (January 1988): 83–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/khg2-wdee-jgy0-2tlv.

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In this article, the socially constructed nature of the conflict between the generations, or the “intergenerational war,” is explored, with a description of the two major fronts of this battle: a health care financing axis and a caregiving axis. Basic to the health care financing axis is the assumption that certain individuals and populations represent an increasing and unreasonable social burden; the caregiving axis gives ideological support to familial and filial responsibility. The politics of mystification perpetuates the idea that these two axes are unrelated and that generational transfers are independent rather than interdependent. Both permit abdication of the state from social responsibility for human needs and massive budgetary reallocations to defense and tax cuts for the wealthy. An alternative approach derives from the principle of universal life-course entitlement to basic human needs.
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Balyunov, Igor V. "An Asymmetric Axe from the Collections of the Tobolsk Museum-Reserve." Archaeology and Ethnography 20, no. 5 (2021): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2021-20-5-105-115.

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Purpose. Among its collections, the Tobolsk Museum-reserve keep an axe, which was an accidental find. The purpose of this publication is to introduce the presented sample into scientific circulation, as well as to complete the description of the find, establish its functional purpose, chronology and determine its place of production. Upon admission to the museum, it was identified as a combat weapon and tentatively dated to the 17th century. Results. The axe has a wide blade which extends downwards, covered with a notched ornament. An important feature is its asymmetric cross-section, where one of the sides is flat and the other is convex. Similar axes found in Siberia are often defined as battle axes, however this definition is incorrect. Currently, no Tobolsk axe prototypes are known to have been found on the territory of the Moscow state, however asymmetric axes are known to have been used, in particular, in Eastern Europe, since at least the 15th century. According to some authors, asymmetric axes are specialized tools for carpentry and joinery. This definition is most reliably justified in the publication of Polish researcher M. Glosek. This point of view is convincingly confirmed by the catalogues of Eastern European metalworking plants of the first half of the 20th century. The definition of long-bladed asymmetric axes as a combat weapon is based, as a rule, on random finds with unknown dating. More proof can be found by their absence in the materials of archaeological excavations. Conclusion. It can be assumed that asymmetric axes were imported to Russia between the Modern Period up to ethnographic modernity. One of the most likely producers is the Transcarpathian plant in the village of Kobyletskaya Polyana, which specialized in the manufacture of tools for the forest industry and had a fairly wide market. The widest possible period when Transcarpathian axes could be imported into Russia is no earlier than the end of the 18th century, and not later than the middle of the 20th century.
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Singkh, Victor, and Andrey Stepanov. "Wooden toys — imitations of armament from excavations of mediaeval Novgorod (materials from the Troitsky Excavation)." Archaeological news 28 (2020): 182–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/1817-6976-2020-28-182-193.

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This paper presents a review of the finds of children’s wooden toys imitating battle armament from the properties uncovered at the Troitsky Excavation in Veliky Novgorod. Totally, 203 items have been found including: wooden swords (160), bows (21), spears (14), knives (3), axes (3), a mace (1) and a bec de corbin (1). The chronological range of the study is the mid-10th — late 14th century. The majority of the collection is composed by sword hilts (160 items). Among this category, three main types have been distinguished according to the shape of the pommel corresponding to real battle swords. The topography of the finds throughout the properties was examined revealing separate accumulations characteristic primarily of the 10th — first half of the 11th century.
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Zykov, A. P., S. F. Koksharov, and E. R. Maslennikov. "Typology of the medieval axes from the north of Western Siberia." VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII, no. 3 (50) (August 28, 2020): 74–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2020-50-3-6.

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The paper presents the results of the research on the Middle Ages iron axes found in different years in the north of Western Siberia and the Urals, excluding pole-axe (berdysh Rus.) that appear in large numbers in the study area with the growing of the Russian population. The relevance of such study has matured, since there are enough sources that need to be generalized and critically compiled. Taking into account the morphological features of the archaeological evidence, the authors propose to classify all currently known axes by 2 groups and 13 types. The first group including 3 types of minting axes were made exclusively for combat use. The second group includes 10 types of axes, classified as universal, which served both for the military and for economic purposes. The text with the description of the sites contains also table with the data on the basic parameters of axes (item length, blade width) and the time of their use (existence). For the first time, a new type of battle axe (type 13), accidentally found in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug — Ugra, is published. We present analogues of this subject among the products of Russian blacksmiths of the 13th–14th centuries and explain the position on the dating and on origin of the axe. The paper discusses the evolution of certain types of objects, describes plots concerning the origin of certain items (imports from Volga Bulgaria, Russian lands, etc.) and the special attitude of the local population to this type of weapon, which could be stored for centuries in the holy places of the Ob Ugrians. The authors come to the conclusion that imported axes of the second group were used as a standard for Siberian blacksmiths. But local products, characterized by primitive technology (a multilayer package), low quality welding of iron strips and an abundance of slag inclusions, can be finally identified only after metallographic microstructural analysis. This research should be prolonged, because annual archaeological investigations replenish the source base, and, with no doubt, the typology of axes proposed in the article will be supplemented and adjusted.
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Ban, Kil Joo. "Just War and Just Battle: North Korea’s Attack against the ROKS Cheonan and its Unexplored Discourse of an Unjustified Military Action." Central European Journal of International and Security Studies 15, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 4–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.51870/cejiss.a150101.

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In March 2010, a North Korean submarine fired a torpedo against the South Korean ship Cheonan, which resulted in the deaths of 46 sailors. Is its surprise attack justified? The academic examination has rarely been made over whether North Korea’s use of military force is justified in this battle. As the just war theory to date has dealt mostly with major wars, it also can guide us to judge whether this limited warfare is just or not. The just war principles are composed of three axes: before, in and after wars. First, North Korea’s provocation had neither right cause nor right intension because it attacked the Cheonan preventively, not preemptively, and was intended to achieve its domestic objective, the stable succession of the Kim regime. Second, North Korea also did not observe in-war principles in the sense that it attacked and sank the Cheonan unproportionally to maximize the effectiveness of revenge. Third, North Korea was not interested in post-battle settlements but intended to aggravate tensions in the region, which is not compliant with post-war principles. The examination sheds some light on the need to expand the scope of just war principles from war to limited warfare and battles particularly in the sense that it helps restrain unethical warfare and maintain the rules-based international order. This expansion also will contribute to not only the richness of the just war theory but also further leading it to evolve into a grand theory of war.
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COHEN, Erik. "Christianity and Buddhism in Thailand: The “Battle of the Axes” and the “Contest of Power”." Social Compass 38, no. 2 (June 1991): 115–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003776891038002001.

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Rostislavleva, Natalia. "Wie historisches Wissen soziale Praktiken konstruiert." Paragrana 24, no. 2 (December 1, 2015): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/para-2015-0208.

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AbstractThe article deals with different versions of social practices modeled via historical knowledge. The author shows the role of the Russian historian T. N. Granovsky in the definition of Russia’s place in the “Russia-West”-system of axes. She describes the influence of the attempt to change society on historical works of prominent representatives of the “Russian school”, such as N. I. Kareev and M. M. Kovalevsky. The article highlights the formation of an aggressive attitude towards Germany during the First World War among Russian historians, such as A. K. Dzhivelegov and V. P. Buzeskul. It also shows society’s influence on historical memory, taking the anniversary celebration of the Battle of Leipzig as an example.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Battle axes"

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Bergstedt, Märta-Lena. "Stridsyxor eller båtyxor : En diskussion om symboliken och dess betydelse." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för historia och samtidsstudier, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-18662.

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My intention with this paper is to try to understand the meaning of the double sex symbols which can be identified on a number of Neolithic so called battle axes from the region round the lake Mälaren in Sweden. My conclusions are drawn after having studied a number of archaeological thesises. I have realized that the society was egalitarian from what is said about the funeral habits since women and men were buried with the same care. Ceramics from the Skogsmossen site show a very long continuity over 15-20 generations. These facts indicate a peaceful society without traumatic breaks where knowledge would have been lost. The fingerprints produced on the ceramics are those of women, since they do not seem to fit with the hands of men. Women are by this fact persumed to be the producers of ceramics. In early and primitive farming digging sticks were used, often with a weight. My conclusion is that the boat axe can be a magic tool used on the digging sticks. We have to understand the boat axes as spiritual helpers to fruitful and fertile success.
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Edenmo, Roger. "Prestigeekonomi under yngre stenåldern : Gåvoutbyten och regionala identiteter i den svenska båtyxekulturen." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Arkeologi, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-9349.

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The thesis identifies and discusses some fundamental changes that took place during the middle neolithic period in Sweden, with the introduction of the Boat Axe Culture. The possibility of intrepreting the Corded Ware Cultures by way of networks, identified through the regional designes of battle axes, are proposed. With the aid of a reconsideration of the typology of the Swedish boat axes, ethnographic examples of gift-exchanges, and a theoretical reappraisal of the implications of archaeological praxis for prehistorc life-worlds, new possibillities for interpreting the changing role of such prestige items as the boat-axes are presented. A new chronological scheme is also presented for the Swedish boat axes, with a tripartite division of the latter middle neolithic into MN BI-III. The value of the boat axe is further considered to be explicable only in terms of a prestige item, dependent on a system of exchange for its continual valuation. Central to this discussion is the relationship between value and exchange. Several regions within the Swedish Boat Axe Culture are identified, and the boat axes in two of these regions in the southern part of the Mälar valley are thoroughly examined. It is shown that during the cours of the Boat Axe period, the emphasis gradually changed from a regional to an intra-regional focus concerning the development of types and special designes of the boat axes. Identified similarities and dissimilarities of contemporary boat axes within and between regions are explained as a result of a parallel change in gift exchanges, from a regional focus to an intra-regional focus. An hierarchical ordering of the latter middle neolithic soceity is also identified, where only a portion of the boat-axes were selected as burial gifts. This development is chartered onto the broader neolithic development in Sweden, with special focus on the role of prestige items such as battle axes. A fundamental change is identified as taking place during the Boat Axe period, when the full implications of a prestige economy were implemented and the major strategies for power settled on the inter-regional level.
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Rieckmann, Johannes P. [Verfasser], Stephan [Akademischer Betreuer] Klasen, Axel [Akademischer Betreuer] Dreher, and Sebastian [Akademischer Betreuer] Vollmer. "Battle and Beating, Water and Waste: Micro-Level Impact Evaluation in Developing and Emerging Economies / Johannes P. Rieckmann. Gutachter: Stephan Klasen ; Axel Dreher ; Sebastian Vollmer. Betreuer: Stephan Klasen." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1050288637/34.

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Palmgren, Erik. "Den gotländska Stridsyxekulturen : migration, interaktion eller regionalitet?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Arkeologi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-220210.

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This one-year master's thesis investigates the late part of the Middle Neolithic on the island of Gotland. This thesis has been written without the influence of a singular theoretical pespective, and has therefore seen input from the processual, and postprocessual theories. By using several perspectives, an attempt is made to view the material remains used in the most objective manner possible. The specific aim of this thesis is to investigate whether the Mid-Neolithic inhabitants of Gotland were a part of the Corded Ware culture (or as it is called in Sweden, the Battleaxe culture or the Boataxe culture). Most recent literature has concluded that Gotland was never a part of the Battlexe culture, though this thesis has discovered many parallels with the mainland culture, including the production of similar objects and ritual practices. There are indications that the Gotlandic culture also integrated traits from several other coastal regions of the Baltic Sea, something most Battle Axe settlements did not. After investigating all the data that have been linked with the Battleaxe culture, this thesis concludes that the people on the island of Gotland were not fully assimilated to the Battleaxe culture, but were approaching the culture in both a material and ritual aspects. This leaves the conclusion that the Gotlandic culture towards the end of the Middle Neolithic was somewhat of a hybrid.
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Andersson, Helena. "Gotländska stenåldersstudier : Människor och djur, platser och landskap." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antikens kultur, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-127911.

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This thesis deals mainly with the Middle Neolithic period (ca. 3200-2300 BC) on the island of Gotland in the Baltic Sea. The aim is to deepen the understanding of how the islanders related to their surroundings, to the landscape, to places, to objects, to animals and to humans, both living and dead. The archaeological material is studied downwards and up with a focus on practices, especially the handling and deposition of materials and objects in graves, within sites and in the landscape. The study is comparative and the Middle Neolithic is described in relation to the Early Neolithic and the Mesolithic period on the island. From a long term perspective the island is presented as a region where strong continuity can be identified, regarding both way of life and economy. In contrast, substantial changes did occur through time regarding the islander’s conceptions of the world and of social relations. This in turn affected the way they looked upon the landscape, different sites and animals, as well as other human beings. During the Mesolithic, the islanders first saw it as possible to create their world, their micro-cosmos, wherever they were, and they saw themselves as living in symbiosis with seals. With time, though, they started to relate, to connect and to identify themselves with the island, its landscape and its material, with axe sites and a growing group identity as results. The growing group identity culminated during the Early Neolithic with a dualistic conception of the world and with ritualised depositions in border zones. The Middle Neolithic is presented as a period when earlier boundaries were dissolved. This concerned, for example, boundaries towards the world around the islanders and they were no longer keeping themselves to their own sphere. At the same time individuals became socially important. It became accepted and also vital to give expression to personal identity, which was done through objects, materials and animals. Despite this, group identity continued to be an important part in their lives. This is most evident through the specific Pitted Ware sites, where the dead were also treated and buried. These places were sites for ritual and social practices, situated in visible, central and easy accessible locations, like gates in and out of the islands’ different areas. The dead were very important for the islanders. In the beginning of MN B they started to adopt aspects from the Battle Axe culture, but they never embraced Battle Axe grave customs. Instead they held on to the Pitted Ware way of dealing with the dead and buried, and to the Pitted Ware sites, through the whole period, with large burial grounds as a result.
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Fornander, Elin. "Consuming and communicating identities : Dietary diversity and interaction in Middle Neolithic Sweden." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antikens kultur, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-62020.

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Isotope analyses on human and faunal skeletal remains from different Swedish Neolithic archaeological contexts are here applied as a means to reconstruct dietary strategies and mobility patterns. The chronological emphasis is on the Middle Neolithic period, and radiocarbon dating constitutes another central focus. The results reveal a food cultural diversity throughout the period in question, where dietary differences in part correspond to, but also transcend, the traditionally defined archaeological cultures in the Swedish Early to Middle Neolithic. Further, these differences, and the apparent continued utilisation of marine resources in several regions and cultural contexts, can only in part be explained by chronology or availability of resources depending on geographic location. Thus, the sometimes suggested sharp economic shift towards an agricultural way of life at the onset of the Neolithic is refuted. Taking the potential of isotope analyses a step further, aspects of Neolithic social relations and identities are discussed, partly from a food cultural perspective embarking from the obtained results. Relations between people and places, as well as to the past, are discussed. The apparent tenacity in the dietary strategies observed is understood in terms of their rootedness in the practices and social memory of the Neolithic societies in question. Food cultural practices are further argued to have given rise to different notions of identity, some of which can be related to the different archaeological cultures, although these cultures are not to be perceived as bounded entities or the sole basis of self-conceptualisation. Some of these identities have been focused around the dietary strategies of everyday life, whereas others emanate from practices, e.g. of ritualised character, whose dietary importance has been more marginal. Isotope analyses, when combined with other archaeological indices, have the potential to elucidate both these food cultural aspects.
At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Submitted. Paper 4: Submitted. Paper 5: In press. Paper 6: Accepted.
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Larsson, Åsa Maria. "Breaking and Making Bodies and Pots : Material and Ritual Practices in Sweden in the Third Millennium BC." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-107370.

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In South Sweden the third millennium BC is characterised by coastal settlements of marine hunter-gatherers known as the Pitted Ware culture, and inland settlements of the Battle Axe culture. This thesis outlines the history of research of the Middle Neolithic B in general and that of the pottery and burial practices in particular. Material culture must be understood as the result of both conscious preferences and embodied practices: technology can be deliberately cultural just as style can be un-selfconscious routine. Anthropological and ethnoarchaeological research into craft and the transmission of learning in traditional societies shows how archaeologists must take into consideration the interdependence of mind and body when interpreting style, technology and change in prehistory. The pottery crafts of the Pitted Ware and Battle Axe cultures were not just fundamentally different technologically, but even more so in the attitudes toward authority, tradition, variation and the social role of the potter in the community. The Battle Axe beakers represent a wholly new chaîne opératoire, probably introduced by a small group of relocated Beaker potters at the beginning of the period. The different attitudes toward living bodies is highlighted further in the attitudes toward the dead bodies. In the mortuary ritual the Battle Axe culture was intent upon the creation and control of a perfect body which acted as a representative of the idealised notion of what it was to belong to the community. This focus upon completeness, continuation and control is echoed in the making of beakers using the ground up remains of old vessels as temper. In contrast, the Pitted Ware culture people broke the bodies of the dead by defleshing, removal of body parts, cremation, sorting, dispersal and/or reburial of the bones on the settlements. The individuality of the living body was destroyed leaving the durable but depersonalised bones to be returned to the joint collective of the ancestors. Just as the bodies were fragmented so were the pots, sherds and bases being deposited in large quantities on the settlements and occasionally in graves. Some of the pots were also tempered with burnt and crushed bones. At the end of the Middle Neolithic the material and human remains show evidence of a growing effort to find a common ground in the two societies through sharing certain mortuary rituals and making beakers with a mix of both traditions, stylistically and technologically.
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Carmo, José António Rodrigues do. "A Batalha de Aljubarrota – Uma explicação geográfica." Master's thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/3619.

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Dissertação apresentada como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciência e Sistemas de Informação Geográfica
A geopolítica, a política internacional, os movimentos estratégicos dos actores e os pormenores tácticos das campanhas e batalhas sempre estiveram, estão e deverão continuar a estar, malgrado a importância cada vez maior da 3ª dimensão do espaço, intimamente relacionados com o terreno, com a geografia, com os fenómenos que se definem geograficamente, em suma com a informação geográfica ao alcance dos decisores e executantes. Este trabalho repousa na ideia geral de que as realidades geográficas acabam sempre por influenciar e por vezes determinar os processos de decisão políticos e militares, e procura particularizar o caso da batalha de Aljubarrota e do processo político-militar que em seu torno pivoteou, numa tentativa de os compreender também à luz da informação geográfica disponível, compreendida ou não pelos decisores “in loco”. Assim sendo, após enquadrar política, estratégica e geograficamente o processo, modelamse, em álgebra de mapas, eixos de aproximação aos objectivos e identificam-se pontos importantes para a manobra das forças, de acordo com as doutrinas tácticas prevalecentes na época, nomeadamente as artes militares inglesa e francesa e as particularidades peninsulares. É neste “tabuleiro” já convenientemente iluminado pela informação geográfica, que depois se inscrevem e descrevem os dispositivos e movimentos das forças.(...)
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Books on the topic "Battle axes"

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"Á la hache !": Histoire et symbolique de la hache dans la France médiévale, XIIIe-XVe siècles. Paris: Le Léopard d'or, 2002.

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Głosek, Marian. Późnośredniowieczna broń obuchowa w zbiorach polskich: Marian Głosek. Warszawa: Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk, 1996.

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Swords and hilt weapons. San Diego, Calif: Thunder Bay Press, 2013.

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Mézier, Chris. Cahier d'armes d'un mestre de guerre, Ve-XVe: Armes blanches, armes d'hast, armes de trait, armes de feu, outils de guerre. [Le Coudray-Macouard]: Cheminements, 2000.

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Dmitriev, V. A., and A. M. Li︠u︡tov. Kholodnoe oruzhie v sobranii Rossiĭskogo ėtnograficheskogo muzei︠a︡. Sankt-Peterburg: Akademicheskiĭ proekt, 2006.

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Ebbesen, Klaus. The Battle Axe Period = Stridsøksetid. København: Attika, 2004.

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Ebbesen, Klaus. The battle axe peiod =: Stridsøksetid. København: Attika, 2006.

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Scott, Stuart R. Battle-axe Blenheims: No. 105 squadron RAF at war, 1940-1. Far Thrupp, Stroud, Gloucestershire: A. Sutton Pub., 1996.

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O, Dulin Robert, ed. Battleships: Axis and neutral battleships in World War II. Annapolis, Md: Naval Institute Press, 1985.

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Enchanter. New York: Tor, 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "Battle axes"

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Pike, David Wingeate. "Vichy France and Britain’s Battle for Its Life (June–September 1940)." In Franco and the Axis Stigma, 27–38. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230205444_3.

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Pike, David Wingeate. "From D-Day to the Battle of the Bulge (June–December 1944)." In Franco and the Axis Stigma, 106–12. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230205444_9.

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Klimscha, Florian. "Flint axes, ground stone axes and “battle axes” of the Copper Age in the Eastern Balkansg." In Stone Axe Studies III, 361–82. Oxbow Books, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh1dv6v.36.

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Sinclair, Guy Fiti. "A Battlefield TransformedThe United Nations and the Struggle over Postcolonial Statehood." In The Battle for International Law, 257–77. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198849636.003.0012.

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As much as the United Nations (UN) provided an institutional context for decolonization, decolonization itself effected a profound transformation in the legal structures and powers of the UN. This chapter argues that that transformation was understood as necessary for the construction of modern states in the decolonized world—but that the meaning and expression of modern statehood was intensely contested throughout the period of decolonization. The chapter traces a series of interconnected struggles in the early UN over the form and functions of the nation-state, each of which resulted in innovations in the institutional framework and powers of the UN. In particular, it focuses on three axes of struggle, over the meaning of self-government, the values and practices of modern government, and the import of sovereign equality.
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Melchior, Inge. "Conclusion: Guardians Of Living History." In Guardians of Living History. Nieuwe Prinsengracht 89 1018 VR Amsterdam Nederland: Amsterdam University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462989023_conc.

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The conclusion summarizes what a living national history is in the case of Estonia. Then it discusses the guardians of the past introduced in this book, their anxieties and dreams, and places them in wider Estonian society. All informants act in their own ways, individually and collectively, to preserve their living ties with the past. By bringing all chapters together, the conclusion shows what all social groups introduced in the book have in common: they avoid full closure through mediation and representation. They fear that this will cut the emotional connection with the past, and that the horrors of the past might repeat themselves. Putting down the battle axes does not feel right in relation to their (grand) parents.
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"Battle-Axe." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology, 145. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58292-0_20208.

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"Battle-Axe Culture." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology, 145. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58292-0_20209.

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"‘And Since We are No Lawyers, We Will Void the Lawsuit with Battle Axes’! Voiding a Lawsuit in Old Icelandic Procedural Law." In Law and Language in the Middle Ages, 262–86. BRILL, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004375765_012.

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Weinberg, Gerard L. "6. The turning tide: autumn 1942–spring 1944." In World War II: A Very Short Introduction, 81–97. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199688777.003.0007.

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‘The turning tide: autumn 1942 – spring 1944’ describes the key war strategies and battle results around the world that contributed to the Axis downfall. The Germans were spread too thinly in their battles in the Soviet Union, on the Western front, in the Mediterranean, and in North Africa. The fall of Mussolini in 1943, subsequent surrender of Italy, and rise in resistance movements in territories held by the Germans, Italians, and Japanese, all helped boost the Allied war effort, but the willingness of the Allies to coordinate their efforts was critical. While the Allies at times even shared secret intelligence, the Axis powers did nothing of the sort.
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Summers, Sandy, and Harry Jacobs Summers. "Winning the Battle-Axe, Losing the War." In Saving Lives, 245–60. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199337064.003.0008.

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Conference papers on the topic "Battle axes"

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Bakhshi, Roozbeh, and Peter Sandborn. "Using LIDAR on Wind Turbines for Yaw Error Correction: A Financial Prospective." In ASME 2018 Power Conference collocated with the ASME 2018 12th International Conference on Energy Sustainability and the ASME 2018 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2018-7310.

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Wind energy and especially offshore wind energy faces an uphill battle in the United States to become a mainstream source of energy generation due to its high price relative to fossil fuels. The wind industry is looking for methods to reduce the costs of energy production by improving the efficiency of wind turbines and reducing their operation and maintenance costs. Correction of yaw error is one way to lower the price of wind energy. Yaw error is the angle between the turbine’s central axis in horizontal plane and the wind flow direction. LIDAR devices are used to correct yaw error, however they are expensive. Therefore, there is a need to develop a return on investment model (ROI) to calculate the cost trade-offs of using such systems. This work reviews how yaw error affects the performance and maintenance costs of wind turbines, discuss the development of an ROI model and provide a case study with two scenarios where LIDAR is used to correct the yaw error of an onshore and an offshore wind farm.
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Zhang, Diwei, Xiaobo Peng, and Dongdong Zhang. "A Finite Element Based Partitioned Coupling Method for the Simulation of Flow-Induced Fiber Motion." In ASME-JSME-KSME 2019 8th Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajkfluids2019-5096.

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Abstract A finite element based partitioned coupling method is presented for the simulation of flow-induced fiber motion in this paper. Quasi-static Stokes equation is used as the governing equation of the fluid domain. Mixed finite element is used to solve it. Fiber motion is modeled as a nonlinear geometric dynamic problem. Total-Lagrangian incremental finite element method is used to address the nonlinear geometry. Bathe method is applied to discretize the time domain. Then, two domains are coupled by a loosely partitioned coupling strategy. The derived method can be applied to the simulations of fiber motion in the low Reynolds number fluid, e.g. an injection molding process for manufacturing short fiber reinforced composite materials. In this paper, the effects of fiber shape, axis ratio of fiber, and boundary effect on the fiber’s motion are discussed. A phenomenon of repulsion is found in a simulation of the double-particle motion immersed in the double Couette flow.
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Wei, Zhigang, and Thomas P. Forte. "Multi-Axial Fatigue Life Assessment of Wind Turbine Structural Components." In ASME 2010 4th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2010-90422.

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Modern wind turbines, which are usually made of composite materials, are fatigue critical structures that are subjected to variable multi-axial fatigue loading. Therefore, they should be designed as safely as necessary to withstand the fatigue loads over the designed life time. Path-Dependent Maximum Range (PDMR) is a multi-axial fatigue life assessment tool developed by Battelle researchers. PDMR has been successfully applied to fatigue analysis of isotropic structures under general variable amplitude, multi-axial fatigue loading histories. The effectiveness of the PDMR method has been validated by its ability to correlate a large amount of fatigue data available in the literature. For uniaxial loading data, PDMR gives exactly the same results as ASTM standard Rainflow cycle counting method. In this paper, the PDMR method is extended to composite materials, such as glass fiber reinforced plastics (GFRP) and carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP). The proposed multi-axial fatigue damage model effectively correlates fatigue lives of unidirectional composites for various off-axis ply angles under cyclic tensile loading. With this extended capability, the PDMR can now be used to assess the multi-axial fatigue life of composite structures used in wind energy industry.
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Bosch Reig, Ignacio, Luis Bosch Roig, Valeria Marcenac, and Nuria Salvador Luján. "Linear parks understood as vertebration instruments of the city." In 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isuf2017.2017.6136.

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This research raises as thesis the idea that Linear Park is an urban instrument capable of vertebrate the city and, consequently, of regenerate it. To this end, ten parks strategically located in big cities such as Rio de Janeiro, London, Paris, Madrid, Barcelona, ​​or in medium or small cities such as Valencia, Castellón or Figueres, have been analyzed. Of this analysis we have deduced some characteristics that are considered key in the linear and transversal vertebration of the city, such as: - Green axis-corridor approach - Sequence of events with integration of public buildings - Continuity derived from the union of different areas - Promotion of active leisure activities, individual or collective: sports, cultural, .... - Capability of relation and regeneration of ecosystems: forest, meadow, orchard, nurseries, water, city, .... - Capability to restore environment, with reduction in CO2, in noise pollution, ... - Establish relations between the city and the territory with definition of natural parks - Contribute to prevent thermal inversion in the city - Establish a beginning and an end as recognizable elements in city. - Confrontation of opposites: static or dynamic; soft (green) or hard (pavement); unitary or fragmentary, cartesian or organic, ... The parks thus understood can be organized in diverse typologies, such us: classic order; in net; upholstery-continuos map; linear order with grooves, tapes or bands; landscaper and naturalist; ... .. The work delves into these themes by recognizing tools of interest such as: harmonic relationship; human scale; non-guided tours; sensory experimentation: spaces, sights, aromas, sounds, colorful, ...; unexpected and random; pragmatic and passionate; order within disorder; activation of spaces without hierarchies or apriorisms; flee from monotony; evocations; ... KEY WORDS: linear park, green corridor, city vertebrador, urban regeneration, sensorial experimentation, harmonious relationship, ... REFERENCES: Referred to the following urban parks: Paseo de Copacabana, 1979 Burle Max; La Vilette project 1975, León Krier; La Vilette 1981-87, Bernard Tschumi; Turia Park, 1981, Ricardo Bofill; Botanic Garden, Barcelona, ​​2002, Carlos Ferrater; Thames Barrier Park, London, 2000, Signes Group; Garden of the senses, Castellón, Del Rey-Magro; Park of the Manzanares, Madrid, Burgos-Garrido; Les Aigües Park, Figueres, Oliac-Batle; Parque Cabecera, Valencia, De Miguel-Corell-Muñoz
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Hong, Jeong K., and Thomas P. Forte. "Fatigue Evaluation Procedures for Multi-Axial Stress State in Welded Joints." In ASME 2015 34th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2015-41412.

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The Battelle structural stress method (BSSM) for fatigue life evaluation is examined for multi-axial stress states that develop due to uniaxial loading in welded structures. The resultant multi-axial stress state due to simple uniaxial loading is easily observed in common joint types such as a plate with a welded tube or a plate with an angled attachment. In these joint types, under simple loading, the stress distribution at the location of failure along the weld line shows significant in-plane shear stress (parallel to the weld line) as well as normal stress (normal to weld line). Although the fatigue data, as exemplified by the inverse slope of the S-N curve for the subject joints under uniaxial loading, are observed to be similar to that for normal-loading-mode dominant (Mode I) failures in welded joints, when only the normal structural stress is considered for these joints the predictions of both the fatigue failure location and the fatigue life using the master S-N curve approach are inaccurate because the in-plane shear stress plays a significant role in the development of the crack. The slope of fatigue data exhibited in S-N curves taken from weld fatigue data for resultant multi-axial stress state generated by uniaxial loading is different from multi-axial fatigue loading conditions for tubular joints as discussed in the recent work [OMAE2014-23459]. In this article, the fatigue behavior of welded joints with multi-axial stress states is evaluated using an effective equivalent structural stress range parameter that is formulated as a von Mises form of the combined normal and in-plane shear equivalent structural stress ranges. When the effective equivalent structural stress range parameter is employed, the fatigue failure location can be predicted correctly. It is also found that the cycles-to-failure data from the subject joint types are comparable with the master S-N curve for Mode I loading dominant behavior (inverse slope of 3.125). Therefore, the master S-N curve that was developed for Mode I failures can be equally applicable for fatigue life prediction for these joints by replacing the equivalent structural stress range with effective equivalent structural stress range on the ordinate axis.
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