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Roy, Amber Sofia. "The Use and Significance of Early Bronze Age Stone Battle-axes and Axe-hammers from Northern Britain and the Isle of Man." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 86 (July 8, 2020): 237–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ppr.2020.5.
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The perforated stone battle-axes and axe-hammers of Early Bronze Age Britain have been used either to interpret the status of individuals they were buried with or have been overlooked; this is especially the case with axe-hammers. Previous understandings have assumed battle-axes were purely ceremonial, while the rougher axe-hammers were neither functional nor prestigious, being too large and too crude to be prestige items. Studies of the 20th century were focused on creating a typology and understanding the manufacture and petrological sources of the stone, concluding that haphazard exploitation of stone was used to create a variety of different shapes of both implements. This paper revisits the question of how these artefacts were used. It presents the results of the first large-scale application of use-wear analysis to British Early Bronze Age battle-axes and axe-hammers, from northern Britain and the Isle of Man. Combining the results of the wear analysis with experimental archaeology and contextual analysis, it is argued that these objects were functional tools, some of which saw prolonged use that might have spanned multiple users. The evidence shows that the few implements found in burial contexts were both functional and symbolic; their inclusion in burial contexts drawing upon relational links which developed through the itineraries of these objects. It is also apparent that use and treatment were similar across all types of battle-axe and axe-hammer, with some regional variation in the deposition of axe-hammers in south-west Scotland. It is concluded that battle-axes and axe-hammers had varied and multiple roles and significances and that it is possible to discover what each artefact was used for by deploying a use-wear analysis methodology.
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Tkach, Evgenia Sergeevna. "Distribution of the Corded Ware Cultures traditions in the Upper Western Dvina region in the III millennium BC." Samara Journal of Science 6, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201763213.
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The following paper presents analysis of the Corded Ware cultures materials in the North-West Russia. The investigation involved materials from 4 archaeological settlements and finds (stone battle-axes) from the Pskov region. The main attention is focused on three principal categories of the Corded Ware cultures artifacts: pottery with cord ornamentation, triangular arrowheads, and stone-battle axes. The paper gives a complex description of ceramic: technology of making pottery, morphology and ornamentation. Stone battle-axes were considered in the context of all Corded Ware cultures materials in the presented region for the first time. Comparison of these materials with other artifacts of the Corded Ware cultures, as well as using methods of relative and absolute chronology, made it possible to trace new directions of the cultural contacts at the beginning of the III millennium BC. The result of these migrations and/or cultural influences from the territory of south-western Europe is the spread of cord impressions on ceramic vessels, emergence of new shapes of pottery and new types of stone battle-axes. The further development is associated with the influence of the Baltic Coast culture. It was the key to the formation of the North-Belarusian culture, which existed in the presented region from the second half of the III millennium BC and is included to the circle of the Corded Ware cultures.
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Bobrov, L. A. "SHAKAN: KAZAKH 18TH–19TH CENTURY NARROW-BLADED BATTLE AXES." Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia (Russian-language). 43, no. 4 (2015): 106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/1563-0102.2015.43.4.106-113.
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Binney, Elizabeth A., and Carroll L. Estes. "The Retreat of the State and its Transfer of Responsibility: The Intergenerational War." International Journal of Health Services 18, no. 1 (January 1988): 83–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/khg2-wdee-jgy0-2tlv.
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In this article, the socially constructed nature of the conflict between the generations, or the “intergenerational war,” is explored, with a description of the two major fronts of this battle: a health care financing axis and a caregiving axis. Basic to the health care financing axis is the assumption that certain individuals and populations represent an increasing and unreasonable social burden; the caregiving axis gives ideological support to familial and filial responsibility. The politics of mystification perpetuates the idea that these two axes are unrelated and that generational transfers are independent rather than interdependent. Both permit abdication of the state from social responsibility for human needs and massive budgetary reallocations to defense and tax cuts for the wealthy. An alternative approach derives from the principle of universal life-course entitlement to basic human needs.
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Balyunov, Igor V. "An Asymmetric Axe from the Collections of the Tobolsk Museum-Reserve." Archaeology and Ethnography 20, no. 5 (2021): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2021-20-5-105-115.
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Purpose. Among its collections, the Tobolsk Museum-reserve keep an axe, which was an accidental find. The purpose of this publication is to introduce the presented sample into scientific circulation, as well as to complete the description of the find, establish its functional purpose, chronology and determine its place of production. Upon admission to the museum, it was identified as a combat weapon and tentatively dated to the 17th century. Results. The axe has a wide blade which extends downwards, covered with a notched ornament. An important feature is its asymmetric cross-section, where one of the sides is flat and the other is convex. Similar axes found in Siberia are often defined as battle axes, however this definition is incorrect. Currently, no Tobolsk axe prototypes are known to have been found on the territory of the Moscow state, however asymmetric axes are known to have been used, in particular, in Eastern Europe, since at least the 15th century. According to some authors, asymmetric axes are specialized tools for carpentry and joinery. This definition is most reliably justified in the publication of Polish researcher M. Glosek. This point of view is convincingly confirmed by the catalogues of Eastern European metalworking plants of the first half of the 20th century. The definition of long-bladed asymmetric axes as a combat weapon is based, as a rule, on random finds with unknown dating. More proof can be found by their absence in the materials of archaeological excavations. Conclusion. It can be assumed that asymmetric axes were imported to Russia between the Modern Period up to ethnographic modernity. One of the most likely producers is the Transcarpathian plant in the village of Kobyletskaya Polyana, which specialized in the manufacture of tools for the forest industry and had a fairly wide market. The widest possible period when Transcarpathian axes could be imported into Russia is no earlier than the end of the 18th century, and not later than the middle of the 20th century.
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Singkh, Victor, and Andrey Stepanov. "Wooden toys — imitations of armament from excavations of mediaeval Novgorod (materials from the Troitsky Excavation)." Archaeological news 28 (2020): 182–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/1817-6976-2020-28-182-193.
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This paper presents a review of the finds of children’s wooden toys imitating battle armament from the properties uncovered at the Troitsky Excavation in Veliky Novgorod. Totally, 203 items have been found including: wooden swords (160), bows (21), spears (14), knives (3), axes (3), a mace (1) and a bec de corbin (1). The chronological range of the study is the mid-10th — late 14th century. The majority of the collection is composed by sword hilts (160 items). Among this category, three main types have been distinguished according to the shape of the pommel corresponding to real battle swords. The topography of the finds throughout the properties was examined revealing separate accumulations characteristic primarily of the 10th — first half of the 11th century.
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Zykov, A. P., S. F. Koksharov, and E. R. Maslennikov. "Typology of the medieval axes from the north of Western Siberia." VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII, no. 3 (50) (August 28, 2020): 74–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2020-50-3-6.
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The paper presents the results of the research on the Middle Ages iron axes found in different years in the north of Western Siberia and the Urals, excluding pole-axe (berdysh Rus.) that appear in large numbers in the study area with the growing of the Russian population. The relevance of such study has matured, since there are enough sources that need to be generalized and critically compiled. Taking into account the morphological features of the archaeological evidence, the authors propose to classify all currently known axes by 2 groups and 13 types. The first group including 3 types of minting axes were made exclusively for combat use. The second group includes 10 types of axes, classified as universal, which served both for the military and for economic purposes. The text with the description of the sites contains also table with the data on the basic parameters of axes (item length, blade width) and the time of their use (existence). For the first time, a new type of battle axe (type 13), accidentally found in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug — Ugra, is published. We present analogues of this subject among the products of Russian blacksmiths of the 13th–14th centuries and explain the position on the dating and on origin of the axe. The paper discusses the evolution of certain types of objects, describes plots concerning the origin of certain items (imports from Volga Bulgaria, Russian lands, etc.) and the special attitude of the local population to this type of weapon, which could be stored for centuries in the holy places of the Ob Ugrians. The authors come to the conclusion that imported axes of the second group were used as a standard for Siberian blacksmiths. But local products, characterized by primitive technology (a multilayer package), low quality welding of iron strips and an abundance of slag inclusions, can be finally identified only after metallographic microstructural analysis. This research should be prolonged, because annual archaeological investigations replenish the source base, and, with no doubt, the typology of axes proposed in the article will be supplemented and adjusted.
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Ban, Kil Joo. "Just War and Just Battle: North Korea’s Attack against the ROKS Cheonan and its Unexplored Discourse of an Unjustified Military Action." Central European Journal of International and Security Studies 15, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 4–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.51870/cejiss.a150101.
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In March 2010, a North Korean submarine fired a torpedo against the South Korean ship Cheonan, which resulted in the deaths of 46 sailors. Is its surprise attack justified? The academic examination has rarely been made over whether North Korea’s use of military force is justified in this battle. As the just war theory to date has dealt mostly with major wars, it also can guide us to judge whether this limited warfare is just or not. The just war principles are composed of three axes: before, in and after wars. First, North Korea’s provocation had neither right cause nor right intension because it attacked the Cheonan preventively, not preemptively, and was intended to achieve its domestic objective, the stable succession of the Kim regime. Second, North Korea also did not observe in-war principles in the sense that it attacked and sank the Cheonan unproportionally to maximize the effectiveness of revenge. Third, North Korea was not interested in post-battle settlements but intended to aggravate tensions in the region, which is not compliant with post-war principles. The examination sheds some light on the need to expand the scope of just war principles from war to limited warfare and battles particularly in the sense that it helps restrain unethical warfare and maintain the rules-based international order. This expansion also will contribute to not only the richness of the just war theory but also further leading it to evolve into a grand theory of war.
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COHEN, Erik. "Christianity and Buddhism in Thailand: The “Battle of the Axes” and the “Contest of Power”." Social Compass 38, no. 2 (June 1991): 115–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003776891038002001.
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Rostislavleva, Natalia. "Wie historisches Wissen soziale Praktiken konstruiert." Paragrana 24, no. 2 (December 1, 2015): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/para-2015-0208.
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AbstractThe article deals with different versions of social practices modeled via historical knowledge. The author shows the role of the Russian historian T. N. Granovsky in the definition of Russia’s place in the “Russia-West”-system of axes. She describes the influence of the attempt to change society on historical works of prominent representatives of the “Russian school”, such as N. I. Kareev and M. M. Kovalevsky. The article highlights the formation of an aggressive attitude towards Germany during the First World War among Russian historians, such as A. K. Dzhivelegov and V. P. Buzeskul. It also shows society’s influence on historical memory, taking the anniversary celebration of the Battle of Leipzig as an example.
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Fedchenko, O. D. "BALTIC HYDRONYMIA OF THE KAMA-VYATKA REGION." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series History and Philology 29, no. 6 (December 25, 2019): 924–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9534-2019-29-6-924-932.
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The article is devoted to the linguistic analysis of hydronyms of the Kirov region and Udmurtia. The origin of the names of large rivers (about 100 km and more in length) of the Kama-Vyatka region is considered. The systematization of hydronyms, received their names in the Baltic language environment, is carried out. The names of the rivers have an etymology related to such concepts as the river, the channel, the flow. The proposed article provides an opportunity to clarify the archaeological and historical aspects of the life of ancient people in the Volga region and the Kama region. The opinion is confirmed that the tribes of battle axes were the local population in the territory of the Kama-Vyatka region before the appearance of the Finno-Ugric peoples there.
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Novikov, Mikhail V., and Tat'yana B. Perfilova. "Manliness and womanliness of national epos heroes in interpretation of Fyodor Buslaev." Vestnik of Kostroma State University, no. 2 (2019): 102–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/1998-0817-2019-25-2-102-107.
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The problem of interpretation of anthropological artistic images by Fyodor Buslaev is considered in the article; those are presented in monuments of national literature. Tracing sources of origin of the aesthetic ideas in the most ancient forms of language, Fyodor Buslaev made an attempt to explain development of artistic views of the people of antiquity. He connected this long process with infl uence and interaction of many factors – evolution of religious mythological ideas and epic creative work, streamlining of matrimonial relations, more rational distribution of gender and role functions in everyday life, formation of of gender identity idea, origin of moral imperatives. Mythology and folklore gave him an opportunity to highlight changes of female images (from mannish battle-axes to owners of a classical ideal of beauty); the sage explained their aestheticisation with change of female essence criteria ideas and "canons" of female attractivity. Fyodor Buslaev came to a conclusion which was later confi rmed by Vladimir Propp and Aron Gurevich – indicators of external appeal of both women and men were inalienable from ethical estimates by society which considered moral nobility, decent conduct of life of mythical and epic characters.
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Zhou, X., E. S. Kim, R. S. Herbst, S. Liu, I. I. Wistuba, L. Mao, J. Lewis, S. M. Lippman, W. K. Hong, and J. J. Lee. "A clinical trial design applying Bayesian adaptive randomization for targeted therapy development in lung cancer: A step toward personalized medicine." Journal of Clinical Oncology 25, no. 18_suppl (June 20, 2007): 7697. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2007.25.18_suppl.7697.
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7697 Background: Multiple axes of signaling pathways are associated with lung carcinogenesis. These signaling axes are different in pts (pts) and their cancers. Utilization of molecularly targeted agents may inhibit these specific aberrant pathways and lead to clinical efficacy. Biomarkers expressions can be used as indicators for the aberrant signaling to identify effective targeted therapy. Methods: The program, “Biomarker-integrated Approaches of Targeted Therapy of Lung Cancer Elimination (BATTLE),” consists of an umbrella screening trial and 4 parallel phase II targeted therapies trials (with erlotinib, sorafenib, vandetanib, and the combination of erlotinib and bexarotene) in advanced non-small cell lung cancer pts with prior chemotherapy. All pts will have biopsy samples taken for biomarker profile assessment prior to the randomization. A ‘surrogate response‘ to treatment is defined as progression free at 8 weeks after randomization. The Bayesian ordinal probit model is used to characterize the response rate. Pts with certain biomarker profile will be adaptively randomized (AR) to one of the 4 treatment arms with the randomization rate based on the updated response rate based on accumulated data in the trial. For each biomarker profile, better performing arms will have higher randomization rates and vise versa. Early stopping rules are set so that low-performing arms may be suspended for new patient entry. Results: Based on extensive simulation studies, the proposed design with a total of 200 pts has desirable operating characteristics to: (1) identify effective agents with high probability; (2) suspend ineffective agents; and (3) treat more pts with effective agents according to their biomarker profiles. The Bayesian design incorporates prior data and findings from the current pts to form better estimates of the treatment efficacy for pts with different biomarker profiles. The design continues to “learn” and improve the estimates as the trial moves along. Conclusion: The Bayesian AR design is a smart and ethical design and ideally suitable for the development of targeted therapy. It may help in identifying effective agents based on pts’ tumor biomarker profile and thus treat more pts with effective therapies. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Corcoran, Aaron J., William E. Conner, and Jesse R. Barber. "Anti-bat tiger moth sounds: Form and function." Current Zoology 56, no. 3 (June 1, 2010): 358–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/56.3.358.
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Abstract The night sky is the venue of an ancient acoustic battle between echolocating bats and their insect prey. Many tiger moths (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) answer the attack calls of bats with a barrage of high frequency clicks. Some moth species use these clicks for acoustic aposematism and mimicry, and others for sonar jamming, however, most of the work on these defensive functions has been done on individual moth species. We here analyze the diversity of structure in tiger moth sounds from 26 species collected at three locations in North and South America. A principal components analysis of the anti-bat tiger moth sounds reveals that they vary markedly along three axes: (1) frequency, (2) duty cycle (sound production per unit time) and frequency modulation, and (3) modulation cycle (clicks produced during flexion and relaxation of the sound producing tymbal) structure. Tiger moth species appear to cluster into two distinct groups: one with low duty cycle and few clicks per modulation cycle that supports an acoustic aposematism function, and a second with high duty cycle and many clicks per modulation cycle that is consistent with a sonar jamming function. This is the first evidence from a community-level analysis to support multiple functions for tiger moth sounds. We also provide evidence supporting an evolutionary history for the development of these strategies. Furthermore, cross-correlation and spectrogram correlation measurements failed to support a “phantom echo” mechanism underlying sonar jamming, and instead point towards echo interference.
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Yun, Lin. "4. A Reexamination of the Link Between the Bronzes of Shang Civilization and the Northern Region." Early China 9, S1 (1986): 8–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0362502800002911.
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ABSTRACTThe northern border of Shang culture moved south during the Yinxu period. At the same time bronzes belonging to the Northern complex spread through a vast region to the north of the Shang cultural area.The appearance of Northern bronzes, characterized by specific types of short swords, fu battle-axes and daggers -- which we may take to represent the Northern bronzes of Period 1 -- must predate the Yinxu culture. During the early Yinxu period they exerted a fairly consider able influence. Analysis of the bronzes unearthed from the Fu Hao tomb reveals that, at the time of Wu Ding, the Shang were already using some Northern bronze articles. The Shang artisans not only copied Northern bronzes, they also adopted their chemical composition to improve traditional Shang tools and weapons.On the other hand, bronzes from the Shang culture area exerted a similar influence on Northern bronzes. Some of these influences were limited to relatively close areas, whereas the ripples of other influence extended far into the distant regions. For example, the Northern “beak halberd” the creation of which was influenced by the Shang ge-halberd, was diffused as far as the Minusinsk Basin. The origin of the bronze bow-shaped article, however, which has, in the past, been taken as strong evidence for the extension of Shang influence as far as this basin may very well be in the region to the north of the Shang culture, and the Yinxu style bow-shaped bronze may, on the contrary, have been a variant of the Northern article which developed during the early Yinxu period. The influence of the authentic Yinxu style bow-shaped article only extended as far as the area of Jibei . The lobeless, geometric-patterned, hollow-socketed fu-axe, which developed from the hollow-socketed fu of the Erligang to Yinxu periods, may have early on exerted an influence as far as the southern edges of the Eastern Siberian forest.A reexamination of the ties between the Karasuk and Yinxu cultures is needed. The theory that Seima bronzes exerted an influence on the Yinxu culture must be abandoned.
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Khudyakov, Yuliy S., and Alisa Yu Borisenko. "CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF MARTIAL ART OF THE OLD TURKIS DURING THE FORMATION PERIOD OF THE FIRST TURKIC KHAGANATE." Tyumen State University Herald. Humanities Research. Humanitates 7, no. 2 (2021): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2411-197x-2021-7-2-173-181.
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This article studies and characterizes the principal features of martial arts of the Old Turks during the period, when in the Central Asian historical and cultural region, the Old Turkic state entities were formed, including the most powerful Turkic nomads’ state — the First Turkic Khaganate. The authors analyze the data, contained in the medieval written sources, which mentioned available different types of weapon of the Old Turkic equestrian lightly armed and armored warriors. The historical data show that the Old Turkic archers were accurate bows’ shooters. The Old Turkic warriors used arrows with iron tree-blade and faceted armour-piercing tips; the three-blade arrows were equipped with hollow bone balls and roundish holes. The Old Turkic warriors employed spears, swords, glaives, sabers, and battle-axes for defeating the enemies in close combat. For defence, they used iron armor plates, helmets, and wooden shields. The military science of the Old Turks had a significant impact on development of armament and martial art in Eurasian Steppe nomadic society during the era of the Early Middle Ages. Foreign affairs of the Old Turkic rulers during the existence period of the First Turkic Khaganate was characterized by the commitment to rallying of many nomadic tribes within the unified state. This article aims to identify the characteristic features of the ancient Turks during the formation of the First Turkic Khaganate, which contributed to the unification of most of the nomadic tribes inhabiting the steppe spaces of Inner Asia within a single state formation. Achieving this goal has required using the historical references and the methods of scientific reconstruction of the characteristic features of the martial arts of the Old Turks during the formation period of the first Turkic Khaganate.
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Patel, Jimish R., Laxman M. Prajapati, Hirak V. Joshi, and Ujash A. Shah. "Virtual Screening of Natural Compounds to Identify Potential Inhibitors of COVID-19 Protease using Molecular Docking." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology 13, no. 5 (September 15, 2020): 5090–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2020.13.5.6.
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COVID-19 disease has spread quickly across the globe after its first detection in late December 2019 in Wuhan, China. The disease is considered as a potential global health threat by world health organization due to its high emerging deaths. Coronaviruses are transmitted by respiratory aerosols producing mild upper respiratory infections. Currently, no vaccine or specific COVID-19 inhibitors are available for treatment except repurposed drugs. The COVID-19 virus genome has ~30,000 nucleotides. Its replicase gene encodes overlapping polyproteins necessary for viral replication and transcription. Recently COVID-19 main protease was successfully crystallized and made available in Protein Data Bank for public use. Several studies report medicinal plants to have antiviral bioactivities. Application of in silico computer‐based docking studies involving small molecules could be time saving for irrelevant in vivo models. In the present study, we have investigated 500 natural compounds from different plants having antiviral properties. We have also screened several protease inhibitors and other repurposed drugs claimed to be active against COVID-19. The docking was performed on Autodock vina, using grid size 22, 22, 24 along the X, Y, and Z axes with 1.000 A˚ spacing. The docked positions in binding pockets were visualized using Discovery studio 3.5 software. Most of the repurposed protease inhibitors were having good binding energy, saquinavir being the most potent. Among natural compounds, jervine and isoacteoside were found to be having good binding with protease protein. It was observed that flavonoid was the commonest chemical group amongst most potent natural compounds. The amino acids Thr26, Asn142, Gly143, Ser144, Cys145, His163, and Glu166 showed strong H-bond interactions with docked compounds. The conclusion of the recent study will help researchers to identify the better drug to battle COVID-19. To be brief, our findings emphasize a promising pharmaceutical perspective for targeting main protease of novel coronavirus. However further preclinical and clinical trials should be carried out to validate these potential compounds.
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Cappella Zielinski, Rosella, and Ryan Grauer. "Organizing for performance: coalition effectiveness on the battlefield." European Journal of International Relations 26, no. 4 (February 10, 2020): 953–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354066120903369.
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States often fight side-by-side on the battlefield. As detailed in our new dataset, Belligerents in Battle, 178 of the 480 major land battles fought during interstate wars waged between 1900 and 2003 involved at least one multinational coalition. Though coalition partners fight battles together to increase their odds of securing specific objectives, they vary significantly in their capacity to do so. Why? Drawing on organization theory insights, we argue that coalitions’ variable battlefield effectiveness is a function of interactions between their command structures and the resources each partner brings to the fight. Coalitions adopting command structures tailored to simultaneously facilitate the efficient use of partners’ variably sized resource contributions and discourage free-riding, shirking, and other counterproductive actions will fight effectively; those that employ inappropriate command structures will not. Evidence from Anglo-French operations during World War I and Axis operations during World War II strongly supports our claim. For scholars, our argument and findings about the importance of military organizational dynamics for the operation and performance of coalitions raise important new questions and provide potential insights about coalition formation, duration, and termination. For practitioners, it is significant that, since 1990, 36 of 49 of major battles in interstate wars have involved at least one coalition and the majority of those coalitions have been, like the cases we study, ad hoc in nature. Understanding how command arrangements affect performance and getting organization right at the outset of wars is increasingly important.
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Stephens, Liz. "Modern matron or traditional battle-axe?" British Journal of Midwifery 10, no. 5 (May 2002): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjom.2002.10.5.10356.
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Mednikova, Maria, Irina Saprykina, Sergey Kichanov, and Denis Kozlenko. "The Reconstruction of a Bronze Battle Axe and Comparison of Inflicted Damage Injuries Using Neutron Tomography, Manufacturing Modeling, and X-ray Microtomography Data." Journal of Imaging 6, no. 6 (June 8, 2020): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jimaging6060045.
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A massive bronze battle axe from the Abashevo archaeological culture was studied using neutron tomography and manufacturing modeling from production molds. Detailed structural data were acquired to simulate and model possible injuries and wounds caused by this battle axe. We report the results of neutron tomography experiments on the bronze battle axe, as well as manufactured plastic and virtual models of the traumas obtained at different strike angles from this axe. The reconstructed 3D models of the battle axe, plastic imprint model, and real wound and trauma traces on the bones of the ancient peoples of the Abashevo archaeological culture were obtained. Skulls with traces of injuries originate from archaeological excavations of the Pepkino burial mound of the Abashevo culture in the Volga region. The reconstruction and identification of the injuries and type of weapon on the restored skulls were performed. The complementary use of 3D visualization methods allowed us to make some assumptions on the cause of death of the people of the Abashevo culture and possible intra-tribal conflict in this cultural society. The obtained structural and anthropological data can be used to develop new concepts and methods for the archaeology of conflict.
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Lawrence, Shirley. "Rebecca West: Battle-Axe and Silver Pen." Simone de Beauvoir Studies 10, no. 1 (November 25, 1993): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25897616-01001018.
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Larsson, Åsa M. "Taking out the Trash: On Excavating Settlements in General, and Houses of the Battle Axe Culture in Particular." Current Swedish Archaeology 16, no. 1 (June 10, 2021): 111–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.37718/csa.2008.07.
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Archaeological interpretation rests partly on theory and partly on material remains, and changes in field methods can cause major changes in both areas. Longhouses were virtually unknown on mainland Sweden until the introduction of the excavator machine in the late 1970s. However, this method is biased in that the cultural practice of some periods is favoured at the expense of others. From the Battle Axe culture very few houses and artcfacts have been found, and it has bcen suggested the sitcs were not true settlements. This vicw is challenged by showing that taphonomic processes and cultural practice combine to make this period difficult to identify using the standard field method. Paradoxically, some other periods have no more remains and/or house structures than the Battle Axe period has, but they are not subjected to the same debate. Comparison with Corded Ware sites in Europe provides support for the argument that the scarcity of Battle Axe settlements is mainly due to taphonomic processes. Thc article calls for more reflective field methods on all prehistoric settlements.
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Shell, Colin A. "Metalworker or shaman: Early Bronze Age Upton Lovell G2a burial." Antiquity 74, no. 284 (June 2000): 271–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00059202.
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The Early Bronze Age barrow, Upton Lovell GZa,on Upton Lovell Down near the south westernedge of Salisbury Plain in Wiltshire, was one ofthe first to be investigated by William Cunnington(Cunnington 1806). His excavation in May 1802revealed an extended primary inhumation of astout male, accompanied near the feet by a largenumber of perforated bone points, three flint axesand a number of stones. These included fragmentsof a broken stone battle axe. At the chest was acomplete stone battle axe and a circular stone withbevelled edges and polished surface. Also foundwere a jet or lignite ring and biconicai beads, anda small bronze awl. The grave was listed by Piggott(1938: grave 82) as one of the burials defining hisWessex Culture.
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Peschel, Kamila, and Piotr Włodarczak. "Grave of the Corded Ware culture from site 2 in Aleksandrowice, Kraków District." Folia Quaternaria 88 (2020): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/21995923fq.20.005.13194.
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Graves from the Final Eneolithic period are very common in the loess uplands of western Lesser Poland (Małopolska). Their predominant form is a catacomb construction, related to the Kraków-Sandomierz group of the Corded Ware culture. A grave from Aleksandrowice, Kraków district, belongs to a smaller group of features known from the western border of this region. The grave goods are comprised of a stone battle-axe and a long blade knife, and the bones of the burial have not survived due to unfavourable soil conditions. The grave construction and the type of furnishing allow us to suppose that the grave was originally covered with a barrow. The faceted stone battle-axe with western stylistic connotations (Bohemia, Central Germany) is a unique find. It is the first find of this type in the western part of Lesser Poland. Based on the nature of the finds, the grave can be dated to around 2700–2500 BC, which means to the younger stage of the “barrow phase” of the Corded Ware culture.
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Perlman, Paula J. "Of Battle, Booty, and (Citizen) Women: A “New” Inscription from Archaic Axos, Crete." Hesperia 79, no. 1 (April 2010): 79–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.2972/hesp.79.1.79.
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Witczak, Krzysztof Tomasz. "O kilku możliwych śladach duale tantum w językach indoeuropejskich." LingVaria 13, no. 26 (November 16, 2018): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/lv.13.2018.26.04.
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On Some Possible Traces of Duale Tantum in Indo-European LanguagesThe paper is devoted to three selected Indo-European nouns that can be considered as dualia tantum. On the basis of lexical data preserved in historical Indo-European languages, I have reconstructed three probable archetypes:(1) IE. *ḱelī- (< PIE. *ḱel-ih1) f. duale tantum ‘two-component body of a human or animal’ is precisely attested in Avestan sairi f. du. tant. ‘two solid components of the human and animal body, i.e. the skin together with meat and bones; body, dead body, corpse’. The primitive dual form seems to appear in Old Indic (Vedic) śárīram n. ‘body, body frame, solid parts of the body, pl. bones’, also ‘a dead body’ (a derivative noun created by means of the suffix -ra- < IE. *-lo-), cf. also Pali sarīra- n. ‘body’, Prakrit sarira- n. ‘id.’; West Pahari sarīr, Old Gujarati saïra, sayara n. ‘body’.(2) IE. *agu̯ sī- f. sg. ‘axe’ (< PIE. *h2egu̯ s-ih1 f. du. tant. ‘double axe, two-edged battle-axe’) can be seen not only in the Germanic languages (e.g. Gothic aqisi f. ‘axe’, Old High German acchus ‘id.’, English axe ‘id.’), but also in some Greek-Latin derivatives (see Greek ἀξῑ́νη f. ‘double axe, twoedged battle-axe’, Modern Greek αξίνα f. ‘hoe, mattock, pickaxe’, Latin ascia f. ‘axe, trowel’). The original meaning ‘double axe, two-edged item’ is firmly confirmed by the Greek data.(3) IE. *oldhī- f. sg. ‘a kind of boat’ (< PIE. *h3eldh-ih1 f. du. tant. ‘a primitive boat built from two troughs’ ← *h3eldh- f. ‘trough’) is reflected in Tocharian AB olyi ‘boat’, Lithuanian eldijà f. ‘a canoe, a boat hollowed out from one trunk’, dial. aldijà f. ‘id.’, Old Church Slavic ladija f. ‘πλοῖον, σκάφη / navis, navicula’, also alъdija ‘id.’, Old Czech lodí f. ‘ship, boat’, Polish łódź f. ‘boat’ and so on. The basic noun *h3eldh- ‘trough’ is securely attested in the Germanic languages, cf. Norwegian alde f. ‘wooden trough’, Danish olde ‘id.’ (< Proto-Germanic *aldōn- f.).
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Decarie-Spain, Lea, and Scott E. Kanoski. "Ghrelin and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1: A Gut-Brain Axis Battle for Food Reward." Nutrients 13, no. 3 (March 17, 2021): 977. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13030977.
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Eating behaviors are influenced by the reinforcing properties of foods that can favor decisions driven by reward incentives over metabolic needs. These food reward-motivated behaviors are modulated by gut-derived peptides such as ghrelin and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) that are well-established to promote or reduce energy intake, respectively. In this review we highlight the antagonizing actions of ghrelin and GLP-1 on various behavioral constructs related to food reward/reinforcement, including reactivity to food cues, conditioned meal anticipation, effort-based food-motivated behaviors, and flavor-nutrient preference and aversion learning. We integrate physiological and behavioral neuroscience studies conducted in both rodents and human to illustrate translational findings of interest for the treatment of obesity or metabolic impairments. Collectively, the literature discussed herein highlights a model where ghrelin and GLP-1 regulate food reward-motivated behaviors via both competing and independent neurobiological and behavioral mechanisms.
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Brou, Randy J., Stephanie M. Doane, Daniel W. Carruth, and Gary L. Bradshaw. "Pilot Expertise and Instrument Failure: Detecting Failure is Only Half the Battle." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 51, no. 19 (October 2007): 1306–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120705101905.
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The present research examined novice and expert flight performance in simulated routine and announced instrument failure flight conditions. Pilots flew routine flight segments under simulated instrument flight rules, and were informed there would be an instrument failure at some point. Microsoft Flight Simulator was used to simulate a slow vacuum failure that impacted the attitude indicator and the failure was explicitly displayed in large letters on the instrument panel throughout the failure segment. Although novices and experts showed minimal axis deviations from optimal during routine flight maneuvers, the novice deviations increased significantly in the announced failure condition. The results have implications for the efficacy of instrument failure indicators for novice pilots with approximately ninety-five hours of flight experience.
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Ziaei, Mohammed, Bia Z. Kim, Peter W. Hadden, and Charles NJ McGhee. "Battle-axe fold: surgical technique for in-the-bag implantation of an artificial iris implant." Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology 45, no. 8 (May 24, 2017): 831–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ceo.12959.
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Valletti, Marzano, Pesole, Sbisà, and Tullo. "Targeting Chemoresistant Tumors: Could TRIM Proteins-p53 Axis Be a Possible Answer?" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 7 (April 10, 2019): 1776. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20071776.
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Chemosensitivity is a crucial feature for all tumours so that they can be successfully treated, but the huge heterogeneity of these diseases, to be intended both inter- and intra-tumour, makes it a hard-to-win battle. Indeed, this genotypic and phenotypic variety, together with the adaptability of tumours, results in a plethora of chemoresistance acquisition mechanisms strongly affecting the effectiveness of treatments at different levels. Tripartite motif (TRIM) proteins are shown to be involved in some of these mechanisms thanks to their E3-ubiquitin ligase activity, but also to other activities they can exert in several cellular pathways. Undoubtedly, the ability to regulate the stability and activity of the p53 tumour suppressor protein, shared by many of the TRIMs, represents the preeminent link between this protein family and chemoresistance. Indeed, they can modulate p53 degradation, localization and subset of transactivated target genes, shifting the cellular response towards a cytoprotective or cytotoxic reaction to whatever damage induced by therapy, sometimes in a cellular-dependent way. The involvement in other chemoresistance acquisition mechanisms, independent by p53, is known, affecting pivotal processes like PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signalling transduction or Wnt/beta catenin pathway, to name a few. Hence, the inhibition or the enhancement of TRIM proteins functionality could be worth investigating to better understand chemoresistance and as a strategy to increase effectiveness of anticancer therapies.
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Campos, Luiz CA, and Luciano L. Menegaldo. "A battle tank simulator for eye and hand coordination tasks under horizontal whole-body vibration." Journal of Low Frequency Noise, Vibration and Active Control 37, no. 1 (February 12, 2018): 144–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461348418757889.
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This paper describes the development of a simulator to reproduce gunner’s target tracking tasks in a main battle tank, under whole-body vibration conditions. For specifying the vibration and tracking conditions, three-degree-of-freedom acceleration was measured in a tracked armored vehicle, equipped with a 105 mm cannon, running in a battlefield test track. The electrohydraulic dynamics of the turret systems was experimentally identified as black-box autoregressive functions. A pneumatic actuation system and a real-time control software were designed to reproduce horizontal, single-axis periodic motion with the dominant frequency observed in field measurements. The control software displays the target and sight points and acquires the turret pointing command from an adapted gunner’s handle joystick. The root mean square error between target and simulated turret position allows assessing gunner’s target acquisition and tracking performance under periodic vibration.
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Richardson, Jane, and Blaise Vyner. "An Exotic Early Bronze Age Funerary Assemblage from Stanbury, West Yorkshire." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 77 (2011): 49–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00000621.
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The chance find of a discrete pit containing an Early Bronze Age funerary deposit was made at Stanbury, West Yorkshire, during the spring of 2007. A large Collared Urn, which was inverted, contained the cremated remains of a young male, together with a stone battle-axe, a bone belt-hook and pin, a pair of copper alloy earrings, and an accessory vessel. The burial was accompanied by two further Collared Urns, one of which was near complete. The two radiocarbon dates obtained have allowed a fairly tight date range of 1960–1780 cal BC to be proposed. This combination of pyre and grave goods is apparently unique, while a number of the items are exotic to Pennine Yorkshire.
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Brink, Kristian, Ingela Kishonti, and Ola Magnell. "On the Shore: Life Inside a Palisade Enclosure and Cultural Change during the Middle Neolithic B in Southern Scandinavia." Current Swedish Archaeology 17, no. 1 (June 10, 2021): 79–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.37718/csa.2009.07.
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In 2006 a palisade enclosure dated to the late Middle Neolithic was excavated at Bunkeflostrand, Malmö, Sweden. The excavation of pits and wells containing flints, animal bones and pottery revealed a wide range of activities at the site, which is exceptional in comparison with most other palisade enclosures of southern Scandinavia. Palisade enclosures have emerged as places of great significance to our understanding of cultural relations traditionally associated with the transition from the Funnel Beaker culture to the Battle Axe culture. The results of the excavation at Bunkeflostrand and other palisade enclosures in the region can be used to understand social relations and cultural change in the Middle Neolithic in southern Scandinavia.
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Coutinho, Alexandra, Torsten Günther, Arielle R. Munters, Emma M. Svensson, Anders Götherström, Jan Storå, Helena Malmström, and Mattias Jakobsson. "The Neolithic Pitted Ware culture foragers were culturally but not genetically influenced by the Battle Axe culture herders." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 172, no. 4 (June 4, 2020): 638–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.24079.
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Pickhaver, T. W., and P. M. Render. "A technique to predict the aerodynamic effects of battle damage on an aircraft’s wing." Aeronautical Journal 119, no. 1218 (August 2015): 937–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000004267.
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Abstract A technique is developed that can be used to predict the effects of battle damage on the aerodynamic performance of an aircraft’s wing. The technique is based on results obtained from wind tunnel tests on a NASA LS(1)-0417MOD aerofoil with simulated gunfire damage. The wind tunnel model incorporated an internal cavity to represent typical aircraft construction and this was located between 24% and 75% of chord. The damage was simulated by circular holes with diameters between 20% and 40% of chord. To represent different attack directions, the inclination of the hole axis relative to the aerofoil chord was varied between ±60° pitch and 45° of roll. The aerofoil spanned the wind tunnel to create approximate two-dimensional conditions and balance measurements were carried out at a Reynolds number of 500,000 for incidences, increased in 2° increments, from –4° to 16°. Surface flow visualisation and pressure measurements were also carried out. For a given hole size, the increments in lift, drag and pitching moment coefficients produced trends when plotted against the difference between the upper and lower surface pressure coefficients on the undamaged aerofoil taken at the location of the damage. These trends are used as the basis of the predictive technique. The technique is used to predict the effects of a previously untested damage case, and these are compared with wind tunnel tests carried out on a half model finite aspect ratio wing. For all coefficients the trends in the predicted data are similar to experiment, although there are some discrepancies in absolute values. For the drag coefficient these discrepancies are partly accounted for by limitations in the technique, whilst discrepancies in the lift and pitching moment coefficients are attributed to limitations in the aerofoil test arrangements.
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Malmström, Helena, Torsten Günther, Emma M. Svensson, Anna Juras, Magdalena Fraser, Arielle R. Munters, Łukasz Pospieszny, et al. "The genomic ancestry of the Scandinavian Battle Axe Culture people and their relation to the broader Corded Ware horizon." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1912 (October 9, 2019): 20191528. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1528.
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The Neolithic period is characterized by major cultural transformations and human migrations, with lasting effects across Europe. To understand the population dynamics in Neolithic Scandinavia and the Baltic Sea area, we investigate the genomes of individuals associated with the Battle Axe Culture (BAC), a Middle Neolithic complex in Scandinavia resembling the continental Corded Ware Culture (CWC). We sequenced 11 individuals (dated to 3330–1665 calibrated before common era (cal BCE)) from modern-day Sweden, Estonia, and Poland to 0.26–3.24× coverage. Three of the individuals were from CWC contexts and two from the central-Swedish BAC burial ‘Bergsgraven’. By analysing these genomes together with the previously published data, we show that the BAC represents a group different from other Neolithic populations in Scandinavia, revealing stratification among cultural groups. Similar to continental CWC, the BAC-associated individuals display ancestry from the Pontic–Caspian steppe herders, as well as smaller components originating from hunter–gatherers and Early Neolithic farmers. Thus, the steppe ancestry seen in these Scandinavian BAC individuals can be explained only by migration into Scandinavia. Furthermore, we highlight the reuse of megalithic tombs of the earlier Funnel Beaker Culture (FBC) by people related to BAC. The BAC groups likely mixed with resident middle Neolithic farmers (e.g. FBC) without substantial contributions from Neolithic foragers.
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Carver, Frances Grace. "With Bible in One Hand and Battle-Axe in the Other: Carry A. Nation as Religious Performer and Self-Promoter." Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation 9, no. 1 (1999): 31–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rac.1999.9.1.03a00020.
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Why do high school history books mention Carry Nation and not other women (and there were many) who marched into saloons with hatchets, pokers, Bibles, and off-key accordians? And why is it that these history textbooks caricature her as a masculinized and menopausal megalomaniac rather than as a religiously inspired reformer who gave voice to the hopes of thousands of people longing for an alcohol-free promised land? The answer to the first question lies in Nation's own genius at self-promotion and her remarkably media-genic personality. She had undeniable charisma and a certain brilliance in making the most out of it. The answer to the second question lies in the even greater success of entrepreneurs who manipulated her public appeal to their own profit-making advantage by luridly packaging her personality and Crusade with brassy embellishments and blatant untruths. The commercial culture she sought to manipulate, in the end, got the best of her: retailers, reporters, and her so-called managers twisted her image to fit their own desires to turn a quick profit.
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Carver, Frances Grace. "With Bible in One Hand and Battle-Axe in the Other: Carry A. Nation as Religious Performer and Self-Promoter." Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation 9, no. 1 (January 1999): 31–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1123926.
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Dieter, John NI, and Scot D. Engel. "Traumatic Brain Injury and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Comorbid Consequences of War." Neuroscience Insights 14 (November 2019): 117906951989293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1179069519892933.
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Scientific literature is reviewed supporting a “consequence of war syndrome (CWS)” in Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation New Dawn soldiers. CWS constituents include chronic pain and insomnia, other physical complaints, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, depression, and neuropsychological deficits. The foundation of CWS lies with the chronic stressors inherent to deployment and the cascade of biological events mediated and maintained by hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation. Such dysregulation is modified by the individual’s specific experiences at war, difficulty reintegrating to post-deployment life, and the onset or exacerbation of the chronic and comorbid physical, emotional, and cognitive disorders. The circuit network between the prefrontal cortex (PFC), amygdala, and hippocampus is particularly sensitive to the consequences of war. The review’s specific conclusions are as follows: HPA axis dysregulation contributes to the chronic insomnia and hyperarousal seen in soldiers. There is considerable symptom overlap between PTSD and blast-related head injury, and it is difficult to determine the relative contributions of the two disorders to abnormal imaging studies. In some cases, traumatic brain injury (TBI) may directly precipitate PTSD symptoms. While not intuitive, the relationship between TBI and postconcussion syndrome appears indirect and mediated through PTSD. Blast-related or conventional head injury may have little long-term impact on neuropsychological functioning; contrarily, PTSD particularly accounts for current cognitive deficits. The psychological experience of CWS includes a “war-within” where soldiers continue to battle an internalized enemy. Successful treatment of CWS entails transdisciplinary care that addresses each of the constituent disorders.
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Cunliffe, Barry. "A Race Apart: Insularity and Connectivity." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 75 (2009): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00000293.
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This paper seeks to re-examine the long-held view that the Celtic language developed somewhere in west central Europe and was carried westwards to the Atlantic zone, eventually reaching Ireland. An overview of the archaeological evidence for Atlantic connectivity illustrates the longue durée of community interactions along the seaways, beginning around 9000 BC, to the second quarter of the 3rd millennium. At this time mobility increased dramatically and it has been shown clearly that the Maritime Bell Beaker package spread eastwards to impact on and interact with the Battle Axe/Corded Ware tradition. Connectivity was at its most intense during the subsequent Atlantic Bronze Age until, from the 8th century BC, what had been a unified zone began to fragment into a series of regional systems. This broad archaeological scenario, with its firm chronological framework, receives more support from recent DNA studies than does the previous view, which drew heavily on ancient and (now) antiquarian views of Celticness and invasion hypotheses. It is posited that the Celtic language could in fact have emerged in the Atlantic zone and spread eastwards.
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Fialko, O. Ye. "AMAZONS IN VIKING AGE." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 26, no. 1 (March 22, 2018): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2018.01.05.
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Amazons are usually associated with the period of the early Iron Age. However, a large number of graves of armed women of the early Middle Ages are known in the territory of Eurasia. In the Scandinavian countries, the period of the 9th — the first half of the 11th centuries was called the «Viking Age». This period is related to the military, commercial and demographic expansion of the Scandinavians. During the archaeological researches, burials of women with weapons were recorded in the cemeteries of Denmark, Norway and Southern Sweden. They constitute a small series of 16 funerary complexes.
Typically, the female warriors were buried in individual graves, and only occasionally they were accompanied by a woman or a child. Only in two cases armed man and woman of equal social level were placed in one grave. In the necropolis, the graves of the Amazons are usually localized among the military graves. On the territory of Western Europe, both rites of burial of warriors — inhumation and cremation are registered.
The age range of female warriors is quite wide — from 10 to 50—60 years, with the domination of young women. The material complex showed that women’s weapons were intended for both remote (bows and arrows, spears) and close combat (swords, knives, axes). And in this period preference was given to axes. Several graves of female warriors were accompanied by a horse or a set of horse ammunition. This means that women could also fight in the equestrian battles.
Based on the range and the number of weapons, the Amazons of the Viking Age mainly were part of the lightly armed units. These women took up arms on a par with men in moments of acute necessity — periods of seizing of new territories or defending their lands from an external enemy.
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Naeem, K., A. Hussain, and S. Abbas. "A Review of Shaped Charge Variables for its Optimum Performance." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 9, no. 6 (December 1, 2019): 4917–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.3153.
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Shaped charge is a device for focusing the chemical energy of explosives to a particular point or line for penetration or cutting purpose respectively. They are used for the penetration or cutting of various types of targets on land, water, underground, underwater, or air. Their shape is either conical or linear and consists of explosive, casing and liner. The liner is bent towards the central axis producing a thin hypervelocity jet by the energy released as a result of the explosive detonation. This jet is utilized against the target. Shaped charges can perforate or penetrate targets like aircrafts, ships, submarines, armored vehicles, battle tanks, and bunkers. This paper presents a detailed review of analytical works, computer simulations, and experimental results related to the liner. Among modern diagnostic techniques flash x-rays, radiography is most used in the experiments performed in the last 40 years. Powder metallurgy, which started in the late twentieth century raised the efficiency of shaped charges to new altitudes. The efficiency of the shaped charge depends on numerous factors such as explosive’s type, liner’s material, geometry and metallurgy, manufacturing technique, and casing thickness. Factors concerning the liner’s material, metallurgical advancements, and geometry are discussed chronologically and in detail.
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Kasapoğlu, Can. "Turkey’s Burgeoning Defense Technological and Industrial Base and Expeditionary Military Policy." Transformation of Turkey’s Defense Industry: Causes, Context and Consequences 22, Summer 2020 (September 16, 2020): 115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.25253/99.2020223.08.
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As the incumbent Turkish administration strives to pursue more aspiring goals in foreign affairs, Turkey’s military policy is fast developing in line with this vision. The nation’s defense technological and industrial base can now produce various conventional weaponry. Of these, without a doubt, Turkey’s drone warfare assets have garnered the utmost attention among the international strategic community. In tandem, the Turkish Armed Forces (TAF) have gradually gained an expeditionary posture with forward deployments across a broad axis, ranging from the Horn of Africa to the Gulf and the Mediterranean. Meanwhile, the military’s doctrinal order of battle has been transforming to address the unfolding hybrid warfare challenges in Ankara’s hinterland. Turkey’s proxy warfare capabilities have also registered an uptrend in this respect. Nevertheless, Ankara will have to deal with certain limitations in key segments, particularly 5th generation aircraft and strategic weapon systems which, together, represent a severe intra-war deterrence gap in Turkey’s defense posture. The Turkish administration will have to address this specific shortfall given the problematic threat landscape at the nation’s Middle Eastern doorstep. This study covers two interrelated strategic topics regarding Turkey’s national military capacity in the 21st century: its defense technological and industrial base (DTIB) and its military policy, both currently characterized by a burgeoning assertiveness.
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Adewasti, Adewasti, Emilia Hesti, Sholihin Sholihin, and Sarjana Sarjana. "SISTEM KENDALI ROBOT HAND GESTURE BERBASIS WIRELESS." JURNAL SURYA ENERGY 3, no. 1 (September 5, 2018): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.32502/jse.v3i1.1153.
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Teknologi yang canggih telah menggantikan peralatan-peralatan manual yang membutuhkan banyak tenaga manusia untuk dioperasikan, salah satunya yaitu penggunaan robot. Salah satu pengaplikasian robot adalah alat Hand Gesture Pengontrol Robot Berbasis Wireless. Hand Gesture Pengontrol Robot Berbasis Wireless dirancang sebagai alat yang dapat di gunakan untuk mengontrol robot dari jarak yang cukup jauh untuk memudahkan pekerjaan. Terdapat rangkaian Driver Motor DC dimana berfungsi sebagai penentu aksi gerak motor yang di kemas dengan bantuan mikrokontroller dan sensor Accelerometer. Tegangan input berasal dari batere 9V. Ketika sensor accelerometer di miringkan kedepan, maka nilai axis y akan bergeser menuju skala positif (+), sebaliknya, jika kemiringan dicondongkan ke arah belakang maka sensor accelerometer menuju skala negatif (-) dan hal yang sama juga berlaku pada axis x. Data hasil pembacaan sensor ini akan di teruskan mikrokontroler yang mana sebagai unit pengolah data. Untuk menghasilkan isyarat perintah yang akan dikirimkan menuju robot. Pengiriman perintah ini melibatkan fungsi port pada mikrokontroler sebagai saluran komunikasi paralel terhadap remote kontrol. Kendali pada gerak motor di lakukan berdasarkan logika input pada ic L293D.
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Seo, Wooseok, Chandsultana Jerin, and Hiroyoshi Nishikawa. "Transcriptional regulatory network for the establishment of CD8+ T cell exhaustion." Experimental & Molecular Medicine 53, no. 2 (February 2021): 202–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s12276-021-00568-0.
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AbstractChronic infection with persistent antigenic stimulation results in the generation of exhausted CD8+ T cells, which are considered defective effector CD8+ T cells, and thus compromises effective immune responses. However, recent studies have illustrated that exhausted CD8+ T cells may be purposely generated and maintained to provide mild immune responses against chronic infection or cancer, which can be safer over a long period of time than strong immune responses. Indeed, a specific population of exhausted CD8+ T cells that behaves similarly to self-renewing stem cells and provides a continuous supply of exhausted CD8+ T cells has been identified, indicating that this population can be considered progenitors of exhausted CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, several ground-breaking studies in the last few years have shed new light on the transcriptional regulatory network governing the generation and propagation of exhausted CD8+ T cells, which involves T cell receptor (TCR) signaling that leads to NFAT-TCF1 (nuclear factor of activated T cells-T cell factor 1) activity followed by activation of the TOX/NR4A axis. Elucidation of the intracellular signaling pathways will help to define the definitive developmental stages leading to exhausted CD8+ T cells, which can be exploited to advance our never-ending battle against cancer. This review will summarize the recent discoveries that have deepened our understanding of the exhaustion program of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells.
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Reid, Malcolm, Ian Brooks, Jim Innes, Stuart Needham, Fiona Roe, Ian Smith, Sam Walsh, and Ann Woodward. "Once a Sacred and Secluded Place: Early Bronze Age Monuments at Church Lawton, near Alsager, Cheshire." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 80 (November 12, 2014): 237–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ppr.2014.12.
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Two round barrows were excavated in 1982–3 at Church Lawton near to the eastern edge of the Cheshire and Staffordshire Plain. One of the barrows was defined by a ring of nine glacial boulders and it is possible that these monoliths initially formed a free-standing stone circle. The remains constitute a rare example of the use of stone to enhance a Bronze Age barrow in the lowlands of central western England. Beneath the mound demarcated by the boulders were the burnt remains of a small, roughly rectangular turf stack associated with fragments of clay daub and pieces of timber. No direct evidence of burial was found within the monument. A radiocarbon date suggests that the structural sequence began sometime in the late 3rd–early 2nd millennium calbc. The other barrow was principally a two-phased construction and contained urned and un-urned cremation burials. A battle-axe was placed next to one of the burials. Radiocarbon dates obtained from the cremations and associated deposits indicate that individuals were being interred from the late 3rd or early 2nd millennium calbc, with the practice continuing until the middle of the 2nd millennium. The barrows formed part of a cemetery, consisting of three known mounds.
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Malmström, Helena, Anna Linderholm, Pontus Skoglund, Jan Storå, Per Sjödin, M. Thomas P. Gilbert, Gunilla Holmlund, et al. "Ancient mitochondrial DNA from the northern fringe of the Neolithic farming expansion in Europe sheds light on the dispersion process." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 370, no. 1660 (January 19, 2015): 20130373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0373.
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The European Neolithization process started around 12 000 years ago in the Near East. The introduction of agriculture spread north and west throughout Europe and a key question has been if this was brought about by migrating individuals, by an exchange of ideas or a by a mixture of these. The earliest farming evidence in Scandinavia is found within the Funnel Beaker Culture complex ( Trichterbecherkultur , TRB) which represents the northernmost extension of Neolithic farmers in Europe. The TRB coexisted for almost a millennium with hunter–gatherers of the Pitted Ware Cultural complex (PWC). If migration was a substantial part of the Neolithization, even the northerly TRB community would display a closer genetic affinity to other farmer populations than to hunter–gatherer populations. We deep-sequenced the mitochondrial hypervariable region 1 from seven farmers (six TRB and one Battle Axe complex, BAC) and 13 hunter–gatherers (PWC) and authenticated the sequences using postmortem DNA damage patterns. A comparison with 124 previously published sequences from prehistoric Europe shows that the TRB individuals share a close affinity to Central European farmer populations, and that they are distinct from hunter–gatherer groups, including the geographically close and partially contemporary PWC that show a close affinity to the European Mesolithic hunter–gatherers.
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Magadeev, Iskander E. "THE “TURNING POINT” IN THE SECOND WORLD WAR: CONTEMPORARY SCHOLAR DISCUSSIONS." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Political Sciences. History. International Relations, no. 2 (2021): 10–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-6339-2021-2-10-21.
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The aim of the article is to review the contemporary scholar discussions which take place in the Russian and foreign historiography about the “turning point” in the Second World War. The use of the “turning point” term by scholars was inevitably linked to the question about the relative con - tribution made by the countries of the “Grand Alliance” to the victory over the “Axis Powers”. Thus, it was logical that after 1945, during the rise of the Cold War, the academic and media discussions about the “turning point” had not only a historiographical but also political significance. Such disputes continue nowadays. This article analyses one of the recent revisionist conceptions about the “turning point” proposed by the British historian Ph. O’Brien. He tried to revise the widely held thesis that the huge land battles at the Soviet-German front were crucial to the outcome of the whole war. A critical evaluation of O’Brien’s conception is fruitful to the further scholar research on the topic as well as to the understanding of the historiographical process itself.
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Yang, Dong-Rong, Xian-Fan Ding, Jie Luo, Yu-Xi Shan, Ronghao Wang, Shin-Jen Lin, Gonghui Li, et al. "Increased Chemosensitivity via Targeting Testicular Nuclear Receptor 4 (TR4)-Oct4-Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist (IL1Ra) Axis in Prostate Cancer CD133+ Stem/Progenitor Cells to Battle Prostate Cancer." Journal of Biological Chemistry 288, no. 23 (April 22, 2013): 16476–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m112.448142.
Full textAbstract:
Prostate cancer (PCa) stem/progenitor cells are known to have higher chemoresistance than non-stem/progenitor cells, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. We found the expression of testicular nuclear receptor 4 (TR4) is significantly higher in PCa CD133+ stem/progenitor cells compared with CD133− non-stem/progenitor cells. Knockdown of TR4 levels in the established PCa stem/progenitor cells and the CD133+ population of the C4-2 PCa cell line with lentiviral TR4 siRNA led to increased drug sensitivity to the two commonly used chemotherapeutic drugs, docetaxel and etoposide, judging from significantly reduced IC50 values and increased apoptosis in the TR4 knockdown cells. Mechanism dissection studies found that suppression of TR4 in these stem/progenitor cells led to down-regulation of Oct4 expression, which, in turn, down-regulated the IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL1Ra) expression. Neutralization experiments via adding these molecules into the TR4 knockdown PCa stem/progenitor cells reversed the chemoresistance, suggesting that the TR4-Oct4-IL1Ra axis may play a critical role in the development of chemoresistance in the PCa stem/progenitor cells. Together, these studies suggest that targeting TR4 may alter chemoresistance of PCa stem/progenitor cells, and this finding provides the possibility of targeting TR4 as a new and better approach to overcome the chemoresistance problem in PCa therapeutics.
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Piličiauskas, Gytis, Mika Lavento, Markku Oinonen, and Gytis Grižas. "New 14C Dates of Neolithic and Early Metal Period Ceramics in Lithuania." Radiocarbon 53, no. 4 (2011): 629–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200039096.
Full textAbstract:
Twenty-three samples of charred food remains, charcoal, burned animals, and human bones from 14 Lithuanian prehistoric sites were dated by radiocarbon as part of a dating project oriented towards renewing the prehistoric ceramics chronology. The new dates modified the dating of ceramic styles by hundreds to a thousand years. Three Textile Ware sherds were dated to 4230–2920 cal BC—the oldest known dates of Textile Ware pottery in the East Baltic. The organic-tempered pointed-bottomed Narva and Combed-like Wares were dated to 3970–3370 cal BC, while Bay Coast Ware (Haffküstenkultur, Rzucewo), including vessels decorated with cord impressions, were dated to 3940–3540 cal BC, i.e. to a period well preceding the Corded Ware/Battle Axe horizon in Europe. Three dates of Globular Amphorae Ware placed the phenomenon directly beyond the Bay Coast chronology, i.e. in 3450–2920 cal BC. Chamotte-tempered Corded Ware from SE Lithuania was dated to 2840–2570 cal BC. The first absolute dating of coarse ware of the Žalioji type pointed to a period of 760–515 cal BC instead of the previously assumed 2nd millennium cal BC. Cremated human bones from urns found at Paveisininkai, Kernavė, and Naudvaris cemeteries were dated to 790–380 cal BC. Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dates obtained from charred food remains should be treated with a certain caution due to a possible freshwater reservoir effect that has not yet been examined in Lithuania.