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1
Radusinović, Slobodan, and Argyrios Papadopoulos. "The Potential for REE and Associated Critical Metals in Karstic Bauxites and Bauxite Residue of Montenegro." Minerals 11, no. 9 (September 7, 2021): 975. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11090975.
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Research for critical raw materials is of special interest, due to their increasing demand, opulence of applications and shortage of supply. Bauxites, or bauxite residue after alumina extraction can be sources of critical raw materials (CRMs) due to their content of rare earth elements and other critical elements. Montenegrin bauxites and bauxite residue (red mud) are investigated for their mineralogy and geochemistry. The study of the CRM’s potential of the Montenegrin bauxite residue after the application of Bayer process, is performed for the first time. Montenegrin bauxites, (Jurassic bauxites from the Vojnik-Maganik and Prekornica ore regions from the Early Jurassic, Middle Jurassic-Oxfordian and Late Triassic paleorelief) are promising for their REE’s content (around 1000 ppm of ΣREE’s). More specifically, they are especially enriched in LREEs compared to HREEs. Regarding other CRMs and other elements, Ti, V, Zr, Nb, Sr and Ga could also be promising. In bauxite residue, the contents of Zr, Sr, V, Sc, La, Ce, Y, Ti and Nb are higher than those in bauxites. However, raw bauxites and bauxite residue as a secondary raw material can be considered as possible sources of CRMs.
2
Abikenova, G. K., D. D. Dauletov, S. A. Tverdokhlebov, and I. S. Danchenko. "Investigation of the possibility of using depleted bauxite in alumina production at the Pavlodar aluminum plant." Kompleksnoe Ispolzovanie Mineralnogo Syra = Complex Use of Mineral Resources 333, no. 2 (July 9, 2024): 80–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.31643/2025/6445.20.
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The topic of processing low-grade or low-quality bauxite is highly relevant in modern conditions due to the gradual depletion of high-quality bauxite reserves. Consequently, there is an increasing need to explore alternative sources of raw materials for aluminum production and its derivatives. Processing low-quality bauxite ores can become an effective solution, reducing dependence on limited high-quality resources and ensuring production stability in the long term. Such research has significant potential for developing technologies capable of optimizing aluminum production processes and enhancing its competitiveness in the global market. Bauxites from the Krasnooktyabrsky bauxite ore management with low aluminum oxide content (37 – 40% by mass) and a silicon module up to 2.0 are considered as potential blending materials for sintering bauxite in alumina production due to the depletion of high-quality bauxite reserves. This article presents the results of research on their processing into alumina at the Pavlodar Aluminum Plant. Laboratory and pilot-scale studies were conducted to assess the feasibility of using low-quality bauxite in alumina production and to determine the techno-economic indicators of processing. The research results confirmed the technological feasibility of processing depleted bauxites with a silicon module of 1.95 - 2.0 in the sintering section while maintaining the quality of sinter and extracting useful components. The maximum proportion of blending of depleted bauxites with the main bauxite was determined not to exceed 50%.
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Shokanov, Adilkhan, Mikhail Vereshchak, Irina Manakova, and Anastassiya Migunova. "Mössbauer and X-ray Diffraction Spectroscopy of High-Iron Bauxites from Kazakhstan." Materials 16, no. 20 (October 16, 2023): 6706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16206706.
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The bauxite ores of Kazakhstan were analyzed using Mössbauer spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and an X-ray fluorescence analysis. Experimental data on the structural–phase composition of bauxites were obtained, and the features of the iron-bearing minerals within them were revealed. The studied bauxites were high in iron. The magnetic part of bauxite was mainly represented by aluminohematite with a concentration of CAl = 3.34–5.73 at.%, alongside goethite in small amounts. The predominant phase in the bauxite samples was the alumina-bearing mineral gibbsite with a well-crystallized monoclinic lattice. The main siliceous mineral of bauxite is kaolinite, which showed distorted octahedral positions in a number of samples. Siderite amounts were found to vary in the range of 0–15 at.% in the present iron-bearing minerals. Ilmenite was also present in the bauxite of some deposits; anatase was found in all bauxites and was the final product of ilmenite decomposition in the weathering crust.
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Monsels, D. A. "Bauxite deposits in Suriname: Geological context and resource development." Netherlands Journal of Geosciences - Geologie en Mijnbouw 95, no. 4 (March 17, 2016): 405–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/njg.2015.28.
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AbstractBauxite, the raw material of aluminum, has been one of the economically vital natural resources for Suriname. Mining operations started about a century ago, and subsequent development of a refinery industry and hydro-electric power made Suriname one of the foremost bauxite and alumina producers worldwide for a long period of time. This paper presents a concise survey of the main geological attributes of its bauxite deposits and examines significant aspects in the development of mining in the country where alumina dominated the export revenues until a decade ago. The lateritic bauxite deposits are spread across the northern part of the country and developed on various parent rocks during Late Cretaceous–Early Tertiary times. Bauxites in the coastal lowlands formed on Cenozoic sedimentary deposits, whereas plateau bauxites originated on various crystalline rocks in inland regions of the Precambrian Guiana Shield. The composition of parent rocks and timing of bauxitisation point to a genetic correspondence with West African bauxites and a strong control of paleoclimatic conditions on the distribution and properties of bauxite in both regions. The more accessible bauxite deposits in the coastal lowlands are almost mined out, whereas the plateau bauxites have been extensively explored but have not been brought into production to date. For economic and environmental reasons, the future of the bauxite industry in Suriname is currently uncertain.
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Daya, Audu M., Ahmad I. Haruna, Abubakar S. Maigari, and Isah Yahuza. "Resource Assessment and Possible Industrial Applications of Bauxite Occurrences in Parts of the Mambila Plateau, NE Nigeria." European Journal of Environment and Earth Sciences 3, no. 2 (March 10, 2022): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejgeo.2022.3.2.244.
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Bauxites are normally formed from underlying aluminosilicate rocks as a result of tropical weathering. In our previous 2 papers, we presented the Geology, possible host, mineralogy, and geochemistry of the bauxites of Mambila Plateau, NE Nigeria. The bauxite was formed from residual chemical weathering of trachyte and occurs as a blanket cover over saprolite. XRD results showed gibbsite as the major mineral with small amounts of hematite, kaolinite, and quartz. Geochemistry of the bauxite ore is characterized by enriched Al2O3 (39.50-78.20.0%), erratic amounts of SiO2 (2.89-5.13%) and Fe2O3 (5.98-21.96%). In this study, the resources of Mambilla Bauxite Deposits (Block I and Block II) have been estimated to be 7,529,312.5 metric tons using block method of vertical geological cross-section bearing in mind that the Mambilla Bauxite Deposits have been explored by pitting on a regular grid pattern of 100 m×100 m. The bauxite deposit in Block II has met the requirement for metallurgical grade bauxite as standard specification (IS: 5953-1985, Reaffirmed [1]). While, Block I deposit has not met such specifications. Sustained investment in bauxite exploration is required to upgrade the ore reserves for sustainable development of a mining enterprise.
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YALCIN, Mustafa Gurhan. "GEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BOLKARDAĞI BAUXITE DEPOSITS IN AYRANCI, THE TAURUS MOUNTAIN, TURKEY." Mühendislik Bilimleri ve Tasarım Dergisi 11, no. 2 (June 28, 2023): 776–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.21923/jesd.1233223.
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The aim of this study is to determine the stratigraphic position of the bauxite deposits in the Ayrancı region, where the most important bauxite mineralization of the Bolkardağı region is located. In this context, the age of bauxite will be determined by determining the erosion surface associated with stratigraphic features during the formation of bauxite and the age of bauxite according to its side rocks. In the region, there are Permian-Cretaceous aged rocks belonging to the Bolkardağı Union, one of the main tectonic units forming the Central Taurus Mountains. Miocene units covering these rocks are surfaced in the study area. Karamanoglu ophiolite and older units are uncomfortably covered by Miocene aged Mazı and Divlek formations. Bauxite deposits are clearly seen in the Upper Permian aged Dedeköy formation. According to the field studies, the bauxites were formed in the Late Triassic - Early Jurassic interval, on the Upper Permian aged carbonate rocks and Lower Triassic aged shale - sandstone - limestone units and then deposited in caves and dolines within the carbonate rocks. The fact that bauxites are located above dolomites and below, within and above limestones is thought to be due to the different behavior of carbonate rocks.
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Taranenkova, Viktoriia, and Iryna Tymoshenko. "Investigation of Bauxites of Various Deposits as Raw Materials for Special Alumina Cements." ce/papers 6, no. 6 (December 2023): 314–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cepa.2884.
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AbstractThe study deals with the bauxites of deposits of Turkey, Guinea and Guyana, which are used in alumina production, as raw materials for special alumina cements. The chemical and mineralogical compositions of bauxites of various deposits have been determined and bauxites quality relative to alumina cements obtaining has been analyzed. It is ascertained that: Turkish bauxite contains more than 9 wt. % SiO2; Guinean bauxite (deposit Kindia) has a reduced content of Al2O3 (below 45 wt. %); and Guyanese bauxite (deposit Aroaima) complies with requirements for alumina cement completely. Cements of different purity, based on the bauxites being studied, have been obtained and the possibility of using the low‐grade bauxites as raw materials for special alumina cements has been proved. Medium‐purity cements with high content of Al2O3 can be used for heat‐resistant concretes, and low‐purity cements with high content of Fe2O3 can be applied for a new kind of functional materials – sacrificial binders in passive safety systems (core‐catchers) of nuclear power plants.
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Winarno, Tri, Rinal K. Ali, Harrys Simangunsong, and Almiftahurrizqi Almiftahurrizqi. "Characteristics and Genesis of Laterite Bauxite in Sompak District and Surrounding Areas, Landak Regency, West Kalimantan." Indonesian Journal on Geoscience 10, no. 1 (January 5, 2023): 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17014/ijog.10.1.37-49.
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West Kalimantan has very large bauxite resources, reaching 2.07 billion tons, equivalent to 57.32% of the total bauxite resources in Indonesia with bauxite reserves of 0.84 billion tons or equivalent to 66.77% of the total national mineral reserves. The researched area covers Sompak District and surrounding areas, Landak Regency, West Kalimantan. This research aims to determine geological conditions, laterization, and characteristics of laterite bauxite in the studied area. Methods used in this research are geological mapping, lateritic mapping, and petrographic and geochemical analyses. The lithology of the researched area is composed of granodiorite, porphyry quartz diorite, granite, porphyry andesite, porphyry basalt, alluvial, and swamp deposits. Laterite profiles in the researched area generally consist of topsoil, latosol, bauxite, and clay zone. The laterite bauxite derived from granodiorite is classified as a medium grade, laterite bauxite from porphyry quartz diorite is classified as high-grade bauxite, laterite bauxite from andesite porphyry is classified as low-medium grade bauxite, and laterite bauxite from porphyry basalt in the studied area is classified as high grade bauxite. Laterite bauxites in the researched area were formed from weathered parent rocks which were intermediate - alkaline igneous rock.
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Prakash, P., and K. L. V. Ramana Rao. "Geomorphic Controls of the Chittamgondi Bauxite Deposit, Visakhapatnam District, Andhra Pradesh." Journal Geological Society of India 48, no. 3 (September 1, 1996): 257–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17491/jgsi/1996/480302.
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Abstract Bauxite cappings occur discontinuously, along a linear stretch amidst the Eastern Ghuts comprising khondalite and charnockite groups of rocks, in the States of Andhra Pradesh and Orissa. These cappings/deposits, by virtue of their proximity to the eastern coastline of India, are christened as the East Coast Bauxite deposits. The East Coast Bauxites of Andhra Pradesh include the Anantagiri, Chintapalli, Gurtedu and Paderu groups of deposits. The Anantagiri group comprises Galikonda, Chittamgondi, Raktakonda and Kutuki deposits. The Chittamgondi bauxite deposit, charucterised by multi-directional slopes, is preserved in a sickle shaped synformal structure. Furthermore, the maximum thickness of bauxite, viz., 54 m, amongst the East Coast Bauxite deposits, investigated so far, has been recorded in it. As has already been established for other East Coast Bauxite deposits, the geomorphological setup and morphometry have played a pivotal role in the formation of the Chittamgondi bauxite deposit.
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Buccione, Roberto, Stefano Vitale, Sabatino Ciarcia, and Giovanni Mongelli. "Geochemistry and Geometrical Features of the Upper Cretaceous Vitulano Para-Autochthonous Karst Bauxites (Campania Region, Southern Italy): Constraints on Genesis and Deposition." Minerals 13, no. 3 (March 10, 2023): 386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13030386.
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In the Vitulano area, Upper Cretaceous bauxite bodies fill small depressions and karst cavities within Cretaceous shallow-water limestones. These bauxites were studied to understand the processes that led to their formation. Geochemical, mineralogical, and petrographic analyses were carried out on the bauxite samples, together with image analysis providing geometric parameters. The texture of Vitulano bauxite consists of ooids and sub-circular aggregates dispersed in a predominantly Ca-rich matrix. Ooids are generally formed by a single large core, often surrounded by an alternation of different aggregates of boehmite and Al-hematite reflecting different climate periods. The composition is dominated by the major elements Al2O3 and CaO with lower concentrations of Fe2O3 and SiO2. Boehmite, calcite, hematite, and anatase are the main mineralogical phases identified. Image analysis provided values of fractal dimension D that gives information on carbonate platform exposure times since it is linked to long-lasting sub-aerial events and diffusion-limited cluster aggregation processes. The tectonic evolution of the area played an important role in the genesis of the Vitulano bauxites since it favored the erosion, transport, and re-deposition of pre-existing bauxite material from the surrounding Campania bauxites. Based on this hypothesis, Vitulano bauxites are defined and classified as para-autochthonous, and this was supported by Eu/Eu* vs. Sm/Nd and Eu/Eu* vs. TiO2 Al2O3 indices displaying a similarity between Vitulano and the other Campania bauxites.
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Reinhardt, Nils, Joaquín Proenza, Cristina Villanova-de-Benavent, Thomas Aiglsperger, Telm Bover-Arnal, Lisard Torró, Ramon Salas, and Annika Dziggel. "Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Rare Earth Elements (REE) in Bauxitic Ores of the Catalan Coastal Range, NE Spain." Minerals 8, no. 12 (December 1, 2018): 562. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min8120562.
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Karst bauxite deposits are currently investigated as a new resource for rare earth elements (REE) in order to avoid present and future supply shortfalls of these critical metals. The present work focuses on the geochemistry and mineralogy of the REE in karst bauxite deposits of the Catalan Coastal Range (CCR), NE-Spain. It is revealed that the studied bauxitic ores have a dominant breccia and local ooido-pisoidic and pelitomorphic texture. The bauxitic ores are mostly composed of kaolinite and hematite, as well as of lesser amounts of boehmite, diaspore, rutile and calcite. The mineralogy and major element composition indicate incomplete bauxitization of an argillaceous precursor material possibly derived from the erosion of the Mesozoic Ebro massif paleo-high. The studied bauxites are characterized by ∑REE (including Sc, Y) between 286 and 820 ppm (av. 483 ppm) and light REE to heavy REE (LREE/HREE) ratios up to 10.6. REE are mainly concentrated in phosphate minerals, identified as monazite-(Ce) and xenotime-(Y) of detrital origin and unidentified REE-phosphates of a possible authigenic origin. REE remobilization presumably took place under acidic conditions, whereas REE entrapment in the form of precipitation of authigenic rare earth minerals from percolating solutions was related to neutral to slightly alkaline conditions. During the bauxitization process no significant REE fractionation took place and the REE distribution pattern of the bauxitic ores was governed by the REE budget of the precursor material. Finally, adsorption as a main REE scavenging mechanism in the studied CCR bauxite deposits should not be considered, since the presented data did not reveal significant REE contents in Fe-and Mn-oxyhydroxides and clay minerals.
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Pantoja, Heliana, and Marcondes Costa. "HEAVY MINERALS AND ZIRCON MORPHOLOGY: PROXIES BETWEEN RONDON DO PARÁ BAUXITES AND ITAPECURU ROCKS." Boletim do Museu de Geociências da Amazônia 9, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31419/issn.2594-942x.v92022i1a1ykk.
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The Eastern Amazon bauxite districts are located in the domain of the sedimentary rocks of the Itapecuru Group, which are considered to be their probable parent rocks. To assist in the elucidation, it was investigated the heavy minerals from Rondon do Pará bauxites. The assemblage is formed by ultrastable minerals, both in the Itapecuru and in the bauxite in similar concentrations: zircon, tourmaline, rutile and staurolite. They showed wide varieties of shapes, textures and structures, particularly for zircons, that suggest different sources of provenance. The euhedral zircons in general display the bipyramids {101} and the prisms {100}, which correspond to the S and P zircons, indicative of alkaline granites as source rocks for the Itapecuru, and that in turn are in the bauxite profile. Zircon ́s cathodoluminescences also similarly indicate different sources. They also exhibit variable concentrations of Zr, Hf, Th, U, Nb and Y, but the Zr/Hf ratios are quite constant. Therefore, the Zr/Hf ratios and the do-main of S-types and P zircons, both in the Itapecuru and in the bauxites, demonstrate that in fact its rocks, specifically those that occupied the current bauxite profile, were their parent rocks, thus strengthening the link between the two, bauxite and Itapecuru rocks. Keywords: cathodoluminescence; typology of zircon; zircon chemistry.
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Sinisi, Rosa. "Mineralogical and Geochemical Features of Cretaceous Bauxite from San Giovanni Rotondo (Apulia, Southern Italy): A Provenance Tool." Minerals 8, no. 12 (December 4, 2018): 567. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min8120567.
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In this study, the mineralogical and chemical compositions of bauxite from San Giovanni Rotondo (SGR) on the Gargano Promontory (northern Apulia, Italy) are presented and discussed with the aim of assessing the nature of its source material. Bauxite from the SGR, which is known as the “Montecatini mine”, was exploited intensively until the 1970s to recover alumina. As with most of the autochthonous peri-Mediterranean bauxites, the studied deposit is a karst bauxite with a massive, matrix-supported texture and an oolitic structure. Boehmite and hematite are the main mineral phases, and anatase, rutile, and kaolinite are present in lesser amounts along with detrital zircons and monazite grains. Calcite is abundant only in the deposit’s lower portion, triggering a significant dilution effect on trace element concentrations. However, with respect to the average crust and chondrite compositions, strong enrichments of trace metals (up to 10X Upper Continental Crust’s (UCC)) and rare earth elements (REEs, up to 800X chondrite) exist throughout the studied deposit. The distribution of REEs, the (La/Yb)N and Eu/Eu* ratios, and an Eu/Eu* versus Sm/Nd diagram have been used for determining the bauxite’s provenance. These geochemical proxies point to a parental material consisting of a mixture of distant magmatic and siliciclastic components.
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Aristide Zé, Parfait, Cornelius Tsamo, and Richard Kamga. "Characterization of Minim-Martap Bauxite and Its Extracted Alumina." Journal of Advanced Chemical Sciences 4, no. 4 (December 6, 2018): 598–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.30799/jacs.198.18040402.
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Due to their chemical and mineralogical properties bauxites are composites with multiple applications. In this work, the properties of bauxite collected from Minim-Martap and its extracted alumina were evaluated. Alumina was extracted by adapting the Bayer process at laboratory scale while the characteristics of bauxite and alumina were variably characterized by determining the particle size distribution, relative humidity, loss on ignition, pH, EC, CEC, PZC, XRD, IR, and DSC-TGA. These results show that Minim-Martap bauxite gray bauxite with easily extractable alumina. This bauxite is acidic with a pH of 6.05, PZC of 6.91 and CEC of 15 Meq/100 g which is closer to that of kaolinite clays. This result was confirm by XRD which shows two types of kaolinites: Al2Si2O5(OH)4 with 83.24% and H4Al2Si2O9 with 42.47%, mullite Al2.25Si0.75O4.875 with 67.32%, gibbsite (H2SiO4) with 83.92%. The bauxite is hydroscopic as evident from its humidity results. The IR spectroscopy of bauxite and alumina shows the presence of Al-OH and Si-OH which increase with acid treatment. Minim-martap bauxite and its extracted alumina can be used as raw materials for many industrial processes because of the different properties they possess as revealed by this study.
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Sun, Fengyu, Changling Qu, Gaoshe Cao, Liqin Xie, Xiaohu Shi, Shengtao Luo, Zhuang Liu, et al. "Oolitic Sedimentary Characteristics of the Upper Paleozoic Bauxite Series in the Eastern Ordos Basin and Its Significance for Oil and Gas Reservoirs." Processes 12, no. 10 (September 29, 2024): 2123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr12102123.
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In recent years, great breakthroughs have been made in gas explorations of the Upper Paleozoic bauxite series in the Longdong area of the Ordos Basin, challenging the understanding that bauxite is not an effective reservoir. Moreover, studying the reservoir characteristics of bauxite is crucial for oil and gas exploration. Taking the bauxite series in the Longdong area as an example, this study systematically collects data from previous publications and analyzes the petrology, mineralogy, oolitic micro-morphology, chemical composition, and other sedimentary characteristics of the bauxite series in the study area using field outcrops, core observations, rock slices, cast slices, X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy and energy spectra, and so on. In this study, the oolitic microscopic characteristics of the bauxite reservoir and the significance of oil and gas reservoirs are described. The results show that the main minerals in the bauxite reservoir are boehmite and clay minerals composed of 73.5–96.5% boehmite, with an average of 90.82%. The rocks are mainly bauxitic mudstone and bauxite. A large number of oolites are observable in the bauxite series, and corrosion pores and intercrystalline pores about 8–20 μm in size have generally developed. These pores are important storage spaces in the reservoir. The brittleness index of the bauxite series was found to be as high as 99.3%, which is conducive to subsequent mining and fracturing. The main gas source rocks of oolitic bauxite rock and the Paleozoic gas series are the coal measure source rocks of the Upper Paleozoic. The oolitic bauxite reservoirs in the study area generally have obvious gas content, but the continuity of the planar distribution of the bauxite reservoirs is poor, providing a scientific basis for studying bauxite reservoirs and improving the exploratory effects of bauxite gas reservoirs.
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Atakoglu, Ozge Ozer, and Mustafa Gurhan Yalcin. "Geochemical characterization of the Sutlegen bauxite deposit, SW Antalya." Mining of Mineral Deposits 15, no. 3 (September 2021): 108–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/mining15.03.108.
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Purpose.The purpose is to determine geological and geochemical characteristics of the Sutlegen (Antalya, Turkey) bauxites, to identify the elements that played a major role in their formation. Methods. X-ray diffraction (XRD) mineral phase analysis, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) elemental analysis, plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), the petrographic and mineralogical analyses, and multivariate statistical methods were used. Findings. The major element content of the ore was determined as Al2O3 (60-35.2 wt%), SiO2 (39.5-0.2 wt%), Fe2O3 (48.4-19.5 wt%), TiO2 (36.9-16 wt%), and P2O5 (0.5-0.1 wt%). The Sutlegen region, which shows epirogenetic action with the uplift of the earth's crust, is generally rich in neritic carbonates. It was revealed that the bauxite ores have undergone moderate and strong laterization as a result of the deferruginization in the environment, and they were classified into four groups as lateritic, ferritic, kaolinitic, and bauxite. The increase in the aluminosilicate minerals, which were formed during the formation of bauxite in the environment was found to be directly proportional to the laterization processes. In this context, it was considered that the lateritic material that was firstly formed in the environment filled the cavities and pores of the karst-type limestones and sedimentary units in the region by superficial transfer phenomena. The bivariate diagrams of Log Cr vs. Log Ni revealed that the bauxite that formed in the region had an ultrabasic source. Originality. In literature, no scientific studies have been found on bauxite mineralization in the Sutlegen deposits that have been operated for a long period. Practical implications. In this context, the geochemical characteristics of bauxites revealed that the source of the laterization process in the region was the ultrabasic igneous rocks. The lateritic material moved by superficial transfer was accumulated on sandstone, claystone, siltstone, and limestone and in karstic cavities; then, it formed karstic bauxite (kaolinitic and bauxite) of different classifications due to the effect of metamorphism.
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Galbiatti, João Antonio, Italo Herbert Lucena Cavalcante, Sérgio Ademir Calzavara, Vanessa Lorencini da Silva, and Onã Da Silva Freddi. "SUBSTRATOS E LÂMINAS DE IRRIGAÇÃO EM DUAS ESPÉCIES CÍTRICAS." IRRIGA 10, no. 4 (December 22, 2005): 357–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15809/irriga.2005v10n4p357-364.
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SUBSTRATOS E LÂMINAS DE IRRIGAÇÃO EM DUAS ESPÉCIES CÍTRICAS João Antonio Galbiatti1; Ítalo Herbert Lucena Cavalcante2; Sérgio Ademir Calzavara2; Vanessa Lorencini Da Silva3; Onã da Silva Freddi1[1] Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinária, Jaboticabal, SP, galbi@fcav.unesp.br2 Pós-graduandos da disciplina de irrigação, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinária, Jaboticabal, SP 3 Aluna de iniciação cientifica, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinária, Jaboticabal, SP 1 RESUMO O presente trabalho teve por objetivo verificar a influência do resíduo de bauxita e lâminas de irrigação na germinação e crescimento inicial de plantas de citros. O delineamento experimental adotado foi inteiramente casualisado em um esquema fatorial 2x6x3, sendo duas espécies de citrus limão cravo (Citrus limonia) e limão volkameriano (Citrus volkameriana), seis substratos: T - (testemunha) 100% casca de pinus; S1 – casca de pinus + calcário; S2 – casca de pinus + 1% de resíduo de bauxita; S3 – casca de pinus + 2% de resíduo de bauxita; S4 – casca de pinus + 5% de resíduo de bauxita; e S5 – casca de pinus + 10% de resíduo de bauxita e três lâminas de irrigação: 50% (L1), 100% (L2) e 150% (L3) da evaporação diária medida no atmômetro. Os parâmetros avaliados foram número de plântulas emergidas, altura de plântulas, matéria seca da raiz e da parte aérea. Irrigações abaixo da evaporação medida pelo atmômetro causaram diminuição na altura de plântulas de citrus. A reposição de água acima da evaporação diária causou efeito negativo sobre a emergência de plântulas de limão volkameriano. O limão Cravo apresentou maior desenvolvimento radicular com o aumento da irrigação em relação ao volkameriano. Com o acréscimo da dose de resíduo houve diminuição na altura de plântulas e no desenvolvimento radicular. Unitermos: citros, irrigação, resíduo e emergência. GALBIATTI, J. A.; CAVALCANTE, I. H. L.; CALZAVARA, S. A.; DA SILVA, V. L.; FREDDI, O. da S.. SUBSTRATE AND IRRIGATION LEVELS ON TWO CITRUS SPECIES 2 ABSTRACT The present study aimed to identify the influence of bauxite residue from the extraction process and irrigation levels on citrus plant germination and initial growth. A completely randomized factorial design was developed with two citrus species: Citrus limonia and Citrus volkameriana; six substrates: T (100% of pinus bark), S1 (pinus bark + calcarium), S2 (pinus bark +1% of bauxite residue), S3 (pinus bark +2% of bauxite residue), S4 (pinus bark +5% of bauxite residue) and S5 (pinus bark +10% of bauxite residue); 3 irrigation levels were calculated based on daily evaporation, obtained from an atmometer: 50%(L1), 100%(L2) and 150%(L3). The number of seeds that germinated, plant height, dry mass of root and plant were evaluated. 50% irrigation level reduced plant height. 150% irrigation level caused negative effect on Citrus volkameriana plant germination. Citrus limonia presented higher root development than Citrus volkameriana when irrigation level was increased. Height and root development of plants decreased when bauxite residue level was increased on substrate. Keywords: citrus, bauxite residue and plant germination.
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Zhang, Peng, Xianghui Jing, Renhai Pu, Aiguo Wang, and Xueping Huang. "Logging Identification and Distribution of Bauxite in the Southwest Ordos Basin." Minerals 13, no. 10 (September 25, 2023): 1253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13101253.
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In recent years, with the discovery of oil and gas in the Carboniferous bauxite reservoir in the Ordos basin, the formation and distribution of bauxite and bauxite reservoirs have attracted the attention of oil and gas explorers. Based on the slightly equidistant core testing of minerals and the porosity on the formation and calibration on the logging curves, we established a logging identification method for bauxite in the study area and fitted the formula for calculating the diaspore content and porosity using logging data. By applying this formula and a large amount of logging data, thickness and porosity maps of the Taiyuan formation of bauxite in the southeastern part of the basin were produced. Then, according to the thickness of the earliest deposited Taiyuan formation on the unconformity surface, we analyzed the paleogeomorphology of the bauxite deposition. Finally, a sedimentary facies map of the Taiyuan formation was developed based on the content of sandstone, coal seams, and carbonate rocks contained there. The results show that the diaspore content of bauxite is positively correlated with the natural gamma logging (GR) values. According to the diaspore contents and the GR values, the aluminiferous rocks in the Taiyuan formation can be divided into three categories: ① Bauxite for GR values > 450 API and diaspore content >70%; ② Argillaceous bauxite for GR values = 300–450 API and diaspore content = 25%–70%; and ③ Bauxitic mudstone for GR values = 220–300 API and diaspore content = 0%–25%. Bauxite mainly occurred in the middle and deep lagoon environments in the lower part of the Taiyuan formation. The lagoon is distributed along the paleokarst groove in the NW strike, with a width of approximately 30–40 km and a length of approximately 150–200 km, among which the thickness of pure bauxite is 9 m, argillaceous bauxite 26 m and alumina mudstone 6 m. Bauxite with a high porosity mainly existed in pure bauxite. The lagoon bauxite in the lower part of the Taiyuan formation gradually changes upward into a tidal flat swamp and carbonate platform environment.
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Cvetkovic, Zeljko, and Pavle Tancic. "Mineralogical and crystallographic characteristics of bauxites from some Grebnik’s (Metohija, Serbia) ore deposits." Annales g?ologiques de la Peninsule balkanique 80, no. 1 (2019): 45–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gabp19010045c.
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Five typical bauxite samples from three ore deposits from the wider area of Grebnik Mt. (Metohija, Serbia) were examined with the optical microscopic, X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and chemical methods. The occurrences in bauxites were studied and described and the presence of major minerals was determined: diaspore, boehmite and hematite; minor minerals: quartz, goethite, rutile, kaolinite and hydro-hematite; as well as anatase, brookite, magnetite and chromite, which occur only sporadically. According to the quantity of main Al-bearers, three types of bauxite ore were recognized: diaspore, boehmite and boehmite-diaspore. Unit cell dimensions of major minerals were determined, mostly with values within reference data. However, all of the studied hematites have smaller a0 and V0 values, most probably due to the substitution of Fe3+ by Al3+. All samples are further classified as iron-rich and ferritic bauxites. It was found that there were changes in origin conditions between major Al-hydroxides minerals and hematite, as well as between the diaspore and boehmite. Determined chemical compositions put this raw material into high-quality raw materials for obtaining the electro corundum and alumina. The synthesis of the obtained data indicate that Grebnik?s bauxites have some unique characteristics, more or less different from most of the World?s known bauxite ore deposits.
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Golubeva, I. I., A. S. Shuisky, V. N. Filippov, E. M. Tropnikov, S. I. Isaenko, I. N. Burtsev, and V. N. Ledentsov. "New data on titanium mineralization in fenitized precambrian carbonate rocks of Middle Timan bystrinskaya series." Vestnik of Geosciences 6 (2021): 38–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.19110/geov.2021.6.4.
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Fenitized Precambrian carbonate rocks (Middle Timan) are parent rocks for bauxite — phosphate weathering crusts. Therefore, the mineral composition of fenites, characterized by rich and varied mineralization, is of great interest. Titanium minerals especially attract attention, since their high concentrations are noted in bauxite-phosphate weathering crusts. For example, in the bauxites of the Verkhne-Shchugorsk area, the amount of rutile may reach 6000—7000 g/t. Titanium mineralization is represented by titanite, rutile, anatase, and cassite.
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Williams, Jullian C. B., Mitko Voutchkov, and Sherene A. James-Williamson. "A report on radon emission from bauxitic material in Perth, Manchester, Jamaica." AIP Advances 12, no. 7 (July 1, 2022): 075302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0096781.
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Bauxitic soils in Jamaica are enriched with rare earth elements and other heavy minerals/elements by up to two orders of magnitude relative to bedrock. Geochemical evidence supports the origin of Jamaican bauxite as volcanic ash fall-out from Central America and windblown dust from West Africa. Jamaican bauxite, by virtue of its possible igneous origins, is suspected of being a source of radioactive material. The potential concentration and mobility of radon gas from bauxite waste is an environmental health and safety risk. Therefore, this paper investigates the theoretical radon concentrations and exposure rates in the bauxite mining community in Perth, Manchester. Results from the study show that the exposure rates in the Perth community are all below the recommended 1 WLM/yr. Therefore, radon from the bauxite waste is not a concern for radiation exposure and could be a potential recycled material for brick and other low-income housing materials in Jamaica.
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Campos, Ivanna Raena V., Jillian Aira S. Gabo-Ratio, Betchaida D. Payot, and Mary Donnabelle L. Balela. "Ionic Liquids and its Potential as a New Green Solvent for REE Extraction in Philippine Bauxite Residues." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1318, no. 1 (October 1, 2024): 012051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1318/1/012051.
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Abstract Rare earth elements (REEs) have become necessary for high-technology applications. This has prompted an increase in demand for REE exploration, production, and extraction. Despite its name, REEs are fairly rich in the Earth’s crust. REEs are estimated to have a crustal abundance of 9.2 ppm relative to other elements in our crust. In the Philippines, deposits are found to give adequately high concentrations of REE, ranging from approximately 200 ppm to 600 ppm. Samar bauxite deposits especially had around 500 ppm REE. In line with the planned bauxite production in the Philippines, it is of interest to further uncover ways to maximize its recovery. One of the possible optimizations in its extraction is to utilize its residue. There have been a number of methods to extract REE in bauxite residues. The use of ionic liquids (IL) to recover REE in bauxite offers a possibility of an effective and environmentally safe recovery process. ILs are molten salts that have melting points below 100degC. They exhibit high electrochemical stability, non-flammability, non-volatility, and can be tailored to the desired application. Hence, they have been the topic of study for different research regarding REE extraction in bauxite residues. Herein, the potential of ILs as a green solvent for REE extraction in bauxite is reviewed for future use in the extractive metallurgy of bauxites in the Philippines.
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Zhu, Zhongping, Xin Teng, Yang Yang, Hao Jiang, and Jun Luo. "Flotation Decarbonization and Desulfurization of a High-Sulfur Bauxite in China." Minerals 13, no. 8 (July 29, 2023): 1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13081008.
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A high sulfur content is one of the challenges in the processing of refractory bauxites in China. The high carbon content of bauxite makes it more difficult to deal with. Desulfurization and decarbonization are the critical issues in the efficient exploitation of high-sulfur bauxite resources. An experimental study on the removal of sulfur and carbon in high-sulfur bauxite is proposed. The sulfur and carbon phases in high-sulfur bauxite were studied via X-ray diffraction and chemistry quantitative analyses. The results show that the sulfur phases in the high-sulfur bauxite mainly exist in the form of sulfide sulfur (pyrite), and the carbon phases in the sample mainly exist in the form of elementary substance carbon. The morphological features of pyrite in the high-sulfur bauxite were analyzed using a microscopic analysis and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The pyrite exists in minerals in the forms of euhedral, semi-euhedral and other crystalline structures, with a particle size varying from several hundred microns to only a few microns. The raw ore, with a sulfur content of 4.78%, a sulfide sulfur content of 4.20%, a carbon content of 3.10% and an elementary substance carbon content of 2.46% goes through the “one roughing, one cleaning, two scavenging” process after a pre-decarburization, obtaining the total desulfurization recovery of 96.20% with a desulfurization tailing sulfur content of 0.38%, a carbon content of 0.27% and an alumina content of 71.85%, respectively. This work provides technical support for the efficient utilization of high-sulfur and high-carbon bauxite.
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Vnuchkov, D. А., N. М. Boeva, М. А. Makarova, Е. S. Shipilova, V. I. Mamedov, and N. S. Bortnikov. "Genetic typication of boxites of the Futa province of Jallon-Mandingo (West Africa) by textural and structural features." Geologiâ rudnyh mestoroždenij 66, no. 4 (October 27, 2024): 408–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0016777024040045.
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In the process of the formation of classical lateritic bauxites in the Futa Jallon-Mandingo province, due to a complex of two-three-stage genesis, different lithological and genetic types of bauxites were formed in external characteristics, color, texture, structure. The proposed genetic typification of bauxite, based on the textural and structural features of the rocks, in fact is the basis for the geological and industrial classification of deposits of the region. Studying the textural and structural features of bauxites is the only way through which one can get an idea of the conditions of their formation. It is in the textures and structures of ores their genetic history is imprinted. The analysis shows that the deposits, within which deposits of sedimentary-lateritic and chemically transformed bauxites predominate, are distinguished not only by greater thicknesses of ore bodies and a significantly higher content of total alumina in the ores, but also by increased contents of monohydrate forms. This also determines various economic indicators of the operation and technology of metallurgical processing of bauxite.
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Ni, Jian Wen, Zai Yuan Li, Yan Wu, and Yi Feng. "Research Advance on Comprehensive Utilization of High Iron Bauxites." Advanced Materials Research 785-786 (September 2013): 1072–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.785-786.1072.
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How to effectively use high iron bauxites to alleviate the shortage of bauxite resources has become an hot topic in China. According to the technological characteristics, the method of comprehensive utilization of high iron bauxites can be included: first iron then aluminum, first aluminum then iron and simultaneous recycling iron and aluminum. This paper will review the research progress on the comprehensive utilization of high iron bauxites.
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Xiao, Li Biao, Xiao Qing Hua, and Qun Hu Xue. "Effect of Calcined-Bauxite Quality and Secondary Mullitization Reaction on Firing and Properties of Ceramic Plates." Materials Science Forum 960 (June 2019): 207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.960.207.
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Addition of different types of calcined bauxites to the ceramic plate formulation was performed to study effects on the firing and properties of the resulting ceramic plates. The physical and chemical characteristics, high-temperature reaction degree, thermochemical behavior, mineral composition, and microstructure of the calcined bauxites were analyzed. The results showed that lightly calcined bauxite could minimize the linear shrinkage rate. However, incomplete high-temperature secondary mullitization reaction could inhibit completion of product sintering and result in a loose microstructure, high water absorption index, and low modulus of rupture. Application of GAL-85 high-temperature calcined bauxite yielded a product with good sintering performance and low water absorption; increased amounts of mullite reinforcement phase also increased the strength of the plate. The degree of secondary mullitization was the main factor affecting the performance of the ceramic plate.
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Barnett, Megan J., Barbara Palumbo-Roe, Eimear A. Deady, and Simon P. Gregory. "Comparison of Three Approaches for Bioleaching of Rare Earth Elements from Bauxite." Minerals 10, no. 8 (July 22, 2020): 649. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10080649.
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Approximately 300 million tonnes of bauxite are processed annually, primarily to extract alumina, and can contain moderate rare earth element (REE) concentrations, which are critical to a green energy future. Three bioleaching techniques (organic acid, reductive and oxidative) were tested on three karst bauxites using either Aspergillus sp. (organic acid bioleaching) or Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (reductive and oxidative bioleaching). Recovery was highest in relation to middle REE (generally Nd to Gd), with maximum recovery of individual REE between 26.2% and 62.8%, depending on the bauxite sample. REE recovery occurred at low pH (generally < 3), as a result of organic acids produced by Aspergillus sp. or sulphuric acid present in A. ferrooxidans growth media. Acid production was seen when A. ferrooxidans was present. However, a clear increase in REE recovery in the presence of A. ferrooxidans (compared to the control) was only seen with one bauxite sample (clay-rich) and only under oxidative conditions. The complex and varied nature of REE-bearing minerals in bauxite provides multiple targets for bioleaching, and although the majority of recoverable REE can be leached by organic and inorganic acids, there is potential for enhanced recovery by bioleaching.
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Steiner, Timotheus Martin Christoph, Hans-Jürgen Gawlick, Frank Melcher, and Felix Schlagintweit. "Ophiolite derived material as parent rocks for Late Jurassic bauxite: evidence for Tithonian unroofing in the Northern Calcareous Alps (Eastern Alps, Austria)." International Journal of Earth Sciences 110, no. 5 (May 21, 2021): 1847–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00531-021-02044-6.
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AbstractIn shallow-water limestones of the Plassen Formation in the Tirolic nappe of the Northern Calcareous Alps, bauxite was formed on karstified and tilted platform margin grainstones to boundstones around the ?Kimmeridgian/Tithonian boundary, or in the Early Tithonian as proven by Protopeneroplis striata Weynschenk, Labyrinthina mirabilis Weynschenk, and Salpingoporella pygmaea Gümbel. The platform established on top of the obducted ophiolite nappe stack. The onset of unroofing at the Kimmeridgian/Tithonian boundary exposed ophiolites to weathering, forming laterites, and bauxites. The weathered ophiolitic material was shed on the tilted, emerged, and karstified platform, where the bauxite accumulated. Continued subsidence led to flooding, and a Tithonian transgressive carbonate sequence sealed the bauxites. XRD analysis of the bauxite yields a composition of mainly boehmite with hematite and some berthierine, kaolinite, and chromite. SEM analysis verified magnetite, hematite, rutile, chromite, zircon, ferropseudobrookite, ilmenite, monazite, xenotime, and garnet distributed in pisoids and within the matrix. The pisoids reach a millimeter in size and partly show cores of older, larger pisoids. The composition of the chromites indicates an ophiolitic origin. Geochemical examination using major- and trace elements points to a mafic andesitic to basaltic parent material contaminated with highly fractionated rocks from an island arc. Formation of Early Tithonian bauxites in shallow-water limestones confirms Middle to Early Late Jurassic ophiolite obduction. This was followed by uplift and unroofing of the orogen from the Kimmeridgian/Tithonian boundary onwards after a period of relative tectonic quiescence with an onset of carbonate platforms during the Kimmeridgian on top of the nappe stack and the obducted Neo-Tethys ophiolites.
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Boeva, N. M., A. D. Slukin, M. A. Makarova, E. S. Shipilova, Ph P. Melnikov, D. A. Vnuchkov, E. A. Zhegallo, L. V. Zaitseva, and N. S. Bortnikov. "BAUXITES OF THE TATAR DEPOSIT (YENISEI RIDGE, RUSSIA): THE FIRST EVIDENCE OF CONTACT-KARST GENESIS." Доклады Российской академии наук. Науки о Земле 513, no. 1 (November 1, 2023): 96–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s2686739723601825.
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The Tatar bauxite deposit on the territory of the Russian Federation was formed as a result of sedimentation in contact-karst depressions of the products of denudation of lateritic weathering crusts of amphibolites. Detailed mineralogical studies of bauxites made it possible to reliably reconstruct the conditions for their formation. As it turned out parent rocks and weathered before rocks occurred due to the close location of the areas of nutrition and accumulation and denudation. At the same time, chemical processes was continuing in karst depressions. For the first time, the presence of nanoparticles of amorphous aluminum oxide was revealed into contact-karst bauxites. This characteristic feature of the form of alumina precipitation is associated with the subsequent cessation of lateritization processes and their attenuation with depth. The presence of amorphous aluminum monohydrate must be taken into account when choosing a scheme for bauxite enrichment.
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Zaini, Muhammad Syamsul Imran, Muzamir Hasan, and Ain Syaheera Zulkafli. "Basic and Morphological Properties of Bukit Goh Bauxite." CONSTRUCTION 4, no. 2 (July 27, 2024): 135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/construction.v4i2.10736.
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The research focuses on the basic and morphological characteristics to ensure bauxite ore reaches the International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes Code (IMSBC Code) standard before being exported to other countries. To analyze this characteristic of the bauxite, some laboratory tests referred to Geospec 3: Model Specification for Soil Testing had been done to identify the bauxite's basic properties: particle size distribution, moisture content and specific gravity and its morphological properties. Laboratory tests involved are hydrometer, small pycnometer, dry sieve, and scanning electron microscopy tests. About four samples were selected at Bukit Goh, Kuantan; two were from the Bukit Goh mine, and another two were from the stockpile. All studies on the characteristics of bauxite were analyzed and recorded to compare with the IMSBC Code. The analysis of the result shows that the average moisture content of the soil is 20.64%, which is above 10% from the recommended value; the value of bulk density is not in the range of 1190 kg/m3 to 1389 kg/m3, which is 2836.25 kg/m3 and the particle size distribution for fine material is greater than 30% and coarse material is less than 70%. From the SEM test, image analysis proved that there were many fine particles in bauxite samples. By the IMSBC Code, Bukit Goh bauxite cannot be categorized as group C. Hence, bauxite collected from Bukit Goh mines has yet to achieve the standard; thus, it is not suitable for export.
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Mamedov, V. I., A. A. Chausov, and M. A. Makarova. "Possibility of high-grade formation in mechanical sedimentation." Moscow University Bulletin. Series 4. Geology, no. 2 (April 28, 2020): 80–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.33623/0579-9406-2020-2-80-88.
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To assess the fundamental possibility of the formation of deposits of high-quality bauxites by mechanogenic sedimentary methods, continental deposits in the extreme members of their facies series were studied: eluvial deposits on the surface of the bovaly, representing the region of mobilization of matter; alluvial deposits that underwent transfer and the most significant sorting in continental conditions. It is shown that these deposits do not produce high-quality bauxite deposits, even under uniquely favorable conditions, and the mechanogenic-sedimentary process does not provide the conditions for the spatial separation of aluminum with iron and silica, without which high-quality bauxite deposits cannot be formed.
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Sun, Guang Si, Hua Zhi Gu, Yi Neng Fang, and Yun Sheng Feng. "Effect of Aluminum Dross on Properties of the Lightweight Mullite Aggregate." Advanced Materials Research 833 (November 2013): 107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.833.107.
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The lightweight of refractory is propitious for energy-saving and emission-reduction of the high temperature refractories industry and sustainable development of the refractories resource. This paper researches on properties of the lightweight mullite aggregate which is prepared by two kinds of bauxites and aluminum dross and fired at 1400°C,1450°C,1500°C,1600°C for 1h. The result shows that, (1)The minimum density of grade Ⅰ bauxite is 2.11g/cm3 which is prepared by adding 50wt% aluminum dross and fired at 1600°C; (2)The minimum density of grade Ⅲ bauxite is 1.54g/cm3 which is prepared by adding 50wt% aluminum dross and fired at 1450°C.
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Tari, Gábor, and Hans-Gert Linzer. "Austrian versus Hungarian bauxites in an Alpine tectonic context: a tribute to Prof. Andrea Mindszenty." Földtani Közlöny 148, no. 1 (March 4, 2018): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.23928/foldt.kozl.2018.148.1.35.
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The correlation between the Cretaceous bauxites of Austria and Hungary was first highlighted by the pioneering work of Andrea Mindszenty in the 1980s. The physical distance today between these bauxite occurrences, located in the Northern Calcareous Alps and the Transdanubian Central Range, is on the order of hundred of kilometers. However, a semi-quantitative palinspastic reconstruction of their relative positions at the time of bauxite deposition during the Late Cretaceous (Turonian to early Santonian) shows their much closer proximity. Still, the important differences between these Upper Cretaceous bauxites are due to their different paleogeographic settings during their deposition on a subaerially exposed Eo-Alpine nappe substratum. Some other differences, such as porosity, are attributed to the subsequent tectonic overprint in the Alpine edifice. The Austrian and Hungarian bauxites not only record important information about of the syn-depositional geologic landscape but also provide clues about the pre- and post-depositional regional tectonic context of the areas where they developed. The typical setting for many of the Cretaceous bauxites in the broader Alpine region was uplift and karstification associated with the formation of various flexural basin systems. Therefore bauxites, in general, may contain important geologic information about the regional geodynamic processes, as it was pointed by Andrea Mindszenty, in a pioneering manner, already in the early 1990s.
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Abdulvaliyev, R. A., S. B. Dyussenova, A. I. Manapova, A. Akcil, and U. Zh Beisenbiyeva. "Modification of the phase composition of low-grade gibbsite-kaolinite bauxites." Kompleksnoe Ispolʹzovanie Mineralʹnogo syrʹâ/Complex Use of Mineral Resources/Mineraldik Shikisattardy Keshendi Paidalanu 317, no. 2 (June 15, 2021): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.31643/2021/6445.22.
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The known methods of processing low-quality bauxite have a number of disadvantages that make it difficult or impossible to use them in the conditions of production of JSC "Aluminum of Kazakhstan", therefore, it is necessary to effectively develop a technology for preliminary enrichment. Enrichment of low-quality bauxites is possible by separating the clayey - high-siliceous and coarse-crystalline fractions. Electron-microscopic analysis of the original bauxite showed that the coarse-crystalline fraction is tightly pressed by the fine one. The total silicon modulus of the sample is 2.49. The silicon modulus of the fine fraction is 2.19, and that of the coarse fraction is 3.89. When enriching bauxite, as a result of the separation of fines, it is possible to increase the silicon modulus. After the chemical activation of bauxite in a sodium bicarbonate solution, the finely dispersed fraction is effectively separated from the coarse one and the phase composition changes - the calcium silicate phase disappears and the calcite phase is formed. With an increase in the activation temperature, the content of kaolinite and siderite decreases, and the content of quartz and hematite increases. Studies have shown that at temperatures of chemical activation of 120 ° C, duration of more than 120 minutes and 200 ° C, duration of more than 40 minutes, a dawsonite phase is formed in bauxite, which densifies the mineral structure. When determining the optimal regime for carrying out chemical activation, it is necessary to take into account the negative possibility of dawsonite formation.
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Gabo-Ratio, J. A., L. A. Arenque, B. Payot, M. D. Balela, M. C. Vegafria, J. Guzman, P. C. Manalo, and D. K. Tungpalan. "Rare earth elements enrichment and extraction potential of bauxite deposits in Samar, Philippines." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1318, no. 1 (October 1, 2024): 012033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1318/1/012033.
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Abstract Rare earth elements (REE) play an integral part of modern life, from smartphones to satellites. Dubbed ‘critical metals’, the demand for REE has significantly increased, driven by the growth in global production for green technologies such as e-vehicles, solar panels, wind turbines, and other energy-economic infrastructure. Therefore, there is a need to explore alternative REE sources to ensure continued development of emerging green technologies. A possible alternative REE source is bauxite, which is soil that forms from intense weathering of aluminum oxide-rich rocks exposed to tropical climate. This paper investigates the REE enrichment and extraction potential from bauxite deposits in Paranas, Samar, Philippines. The sampling survey included collection of rock and soil on surface exposures, test pits, and drill cores from accessible portions of the bauxite mineral reservation site. The soil and parent rock samples collected were then subjected to various geochemical and mineralogical analyses. The main ore minerals of aluminum are gibbsite and boehmite; with minor goethite, hematite, and magnetite. Investigation of the geochemical composition of the bauxite reveals a total REE content of up to ~300 ppm, which is one of the highest REE and critical metal content among geological deposits in the country. These results will provide inputs in the design of a green and economical process to recover REE from bauxites. If the bauxite deposits prove to be a valuable REE resource, this study will help maximize the economic potential of the mineral resource in the Philippines and contribute to an economically efficient and environment-friendly way to produce e-tech elements for the country.
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Martín, Domingo, Adolfo Miras, Antonio Romero-Baena, Isabel Guerrero, Joaquín Delgado, Cinta Barba-Brioso, Paloma Campos, and Patricia Aparicio. "Evaluation of Ceramic Properties of Bauxitic Materials from SE of Iberian Range." ChemEngineering 8, no. 1 (January 8, 2024): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8010013.
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The use of aluminum-rich clays and bauxites as refractory materials is common. Upon firing, these materials form mullite crystals in the shape of needles embedded in a siliceous and vitreous matrix, with mullite being responsible for the refractory properties. In this study, bauxite samples for use in refractory applications have been characterized. Chemical analysis revealed that the alumina content varied between 34 and 40%, with silica values generally being high (around 40%), except for one sample (26%). Two samples were found to be the most suitable for use as “refractory clay” refractories. However, high silica or Fe oxide contents can affect mineralogical transformations at high temperatures. Mineralogical analysis confirmed the presence of several minerals in the bauxite materials, including kaolinite, halloysite, anatase, rutile, gibbsite and boehmite. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) showed the decomposition of gibbsite and its partial transformation to boehmite and alumina, and the dehydroxylation of kaolinite, with primary mullite crystallization observed at a high temperature. These findings provide valuable information for the selection and optimization of bauxite materials for refractory applications, considering their chemical composition and mineralogical characteristics.
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Shoppert, Andrei, Dmitry Valeev, Irina Loginova, and Denis Pankratov. "Low-Temperature Treatment of Boehmitic Bauxite Using the Bayer Reductive Method with the Formation of High-Iron Magnetite Concentrate." Materials 16, no. 13 (June 28, 2023): 4678. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16134678.
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The Bayer process is the main method of alumina production worldwide. The use of low-quality bauxites for alumina production results in the formation of a significant amount of technogenic waste—bauxite residue (BR). The Bayer reductive method is one possible way to eliminate BR stockpiling, but it requires high-pressure leaching at temperatures higher than 220 °C. In this research, the possibility of boehmitic bauxite atmospheric pressure leaching at both the first and second stages or high-pressure leaching at the second stage with the simultaneous reduction of hematite to magnetite was investigated. Bauxite and solid residue after NaOH leaching were characterized using XRD, SEM-EDS, and Mössbauer spectroscopy methods. The first stage of leaching under atmospheric pressure with the addition of Fe(II) species in a strong alkali solution (330–400 g L–1 Na2O) resulted in a partial reduction of the iron minerals and an extraction of more than 60% of Si and 5–25% of Al (depending on caustic modulus of solution) after 1 h. The obtained desilicated bauxite was subjected to atmospheric leaching at 120 °C in a strong alkali solution (350 g L−1) or high-pressure leaching at 160–220 °C using the Bayer process mother liquor in order to obtain a concentrate with a magnetite content higher than 83 wt. %.
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Sojien, Taylor Moise, Estelle Lionelle Tamto Mamdem, Armand Sylvain Ludovic Wouatong, and Dieudonne Lucien Bitom. "Mineralogical, Geochemical and Distribution Study of Bauxites in the Locality of Bangam and Environs (West Cameroon)." Earth Science Research 7, no. 1 (January 24, 2018): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/esr.v7n1p117.
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The bauxite duricrust in the Bangam and surroundings is classified into three major storey levels as follows: the upper level on top of the plateaus where the continuous bauxites outcrop in slabs over distances of about 1 km, the intermediate level on top and at the flanks of the hills where the bauxites flush in metric blocks, the lower level at the talwegs where bauxites duricrust are gravels. The average thickness of the duricrust is 9.6m and extends over an area of about 9.5km2. Five types of facies are encountered here: nodular, pisolitic, pseudobreccia, vacuolar and massive. These different facies were carried out by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, X-ray diffractometric, thermal analysis (ATD / ATG) and by polarizing microscope observation. The results of these analyses show that, gibbsite is the dominant mineral; kaolinite, anatase, hematite, goethite, magnetite and ilmenite are also present. The chemical composition of the major elements that characterize bauxites are 38-60% Al2O3; 2 -22% SiO2 and 9-42% Fe2O3. These values are almost similar to those obtained in Doumbouo-Fokoué, Ghana, Ngaoundal, and Minim-Martap precisely at Briskok prospect. The different minerals paragenesis and geochemistry data show that, the Bangam locality is a bauxite ore deposit in spite of a high content of iron and silicate of some facies, nevertheless, these can be used in some industries.
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Mo, Hongcheng, Ruidong Yang, Chaokun Luo, Xinzheng Li, Yanbing Ji, Guiyuan Yang, Xumei Zhou, Chuanqian Gao, Xu Hu, and Zhimeng Zeng. "Effect of Karst Geomorphology on the Sedimentary Mineralization and Geochemical Distribution of Bauxite: An Example from the Xiaoyuan Area in Qingzhen, Guizhou Province." Minerals 13, no. 8 (July 29, 2023): 1013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13081013.
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Bauxite, in central Guizhou, is predominantly karst bauxite, but there is insufficient research on the effect of karst paleogeomorphology on bauxite development. Xiaoyuan bauxite is also a karst bauxite, and high- and low-iron bauxite deposits exist in the study area. This study conducts geological modeling of karst bauxite using controlled-source audio-frequency magnetotelluric (CSAMT) data and drill core data. The effects of karst paleogeomorphology on bauxite deposition and mineralization are evaluated by assessing karst paleogeomorphology, conducting a mineralogical analysis of drill cores at different locations, and determining the geochemical distribution characteristics of the elements in the horizontal and vertical directions. Combined with previous research results, we propose two metallogenic processes of high-iron and low-iron bauxite. The findings are significant for understanding the mechanism of bauxite formation.
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Melo, Caio C. A., Rômulo S. Angélica, and Simone P. A. Paz. "A Method for Quality Control of Bauxites: Case Study of Brazilian Bauxites Using PLSR on Transmission XRD Data." Minerals 11, no. 10 (September 28, 2021): 1054. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11101054.
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Available Alumina (AvAl2O3) and Reactive Silica (RxSiO2), the main parameters of bauxite controlled in the beneficiation process are traditionally measured by laborious, expensive, and time-consuming wet chemistry methods. Alternative methods based on XRD analysis, capable to provide a reliable estimation of these parameters and valuable mineralogical information of the ore, are being studied. In this work, X-ray diffraction data in transmission mode was used to estimate AvAl2O3 and RxSiO2 from Brazilian bauxites using the Partial Least Square Regression (PLSR) statistical tool. The proposed method comprises a routine of sample classification according to their similarities by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and K-means, calibration of the PLSR model for each group of samples, grouping new bauxite samples according to the generated clustering model, and subsequent estimation of the parameters AvAl2O3 and RxSiO2 using the PLSR models for these samples. The results showed good accuracy and precision of the models generated for samples of the main ore lithology. The quality and pre-processing of the XRD data required for this method are discussed. The results demonstrated that this method has the potential to be industrially applied to quality control of bauxites as a rapid and automated procedure.
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Bagani, Maria, Dimitrios Kotsanis, Michalis Vafeias, Anastasia Pilichou, Efthymios Balomenos, and Dimitrios Panias. "Leaching Study of Guinean Bauxite Tailings in aqueous HCl Solution for the Extraction of Aluminum." Sustainability 15, no. 23 (November 23, 2023): 16232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su152316232.
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Primary aluminum production is dependent on the Bayer process for Al2O3 refining and the Hall–Héroult process for Al production. Both these processes face serious sustainability challenges, while the overall Al supply chain is inflexible and prone to disruptions. One solution to the aforementioned challenges is the adoption of alternative Al2O3 production processes from a variety of primary and secondary raw materials. This research paper explores the potential use of bauxite tailings as an alternative secondary resource for alumina production, with an aqueous HCl process technology. Bauxite tailings are solid waste produced during the mining and beneficiation of certain bauxites before their digestion in the Bayer process. The research was conducted in two stages. Initially, 24 h trials using aqueous 5.9 M HCl solution and a 5:100 g/mL solid-to-liquid (S/L) ratio revealed complete dissolution of Al and near-complete dissolution of Fe. In the second stage, investigations involving higher S/L ratios under the same conditions confirmed that an S/L ratio of 20:100 g/mL represented the optimal parameters for bauxite tailings leaching, producing a 36.8 g/L Al and 25.2 g/L Fe concentration solutions. The PLS produced under the optimum conditions is suitable for downstream processing for the production of AlCl3·6H2O.
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Verma, Ajay S., Narendra M. Suri, and Suman Kant. "Applications of bauxite residue: A mini-review." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 35, no. 10 (September 6, 2017): 999–1012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x17720290.
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Bauxite residue is the waste generated during alumina production by Bayer’s process. The amount of bauxite residue (40–50 wt%) generated depends on the quality of bauxite ore used for the processing. High alkalinity and high caustic content in bauxite residue causes environmental risk for fertile soil and ground water contamination. The caustic (NaOH) content in bauxite residue leads to human health risks, like dermal problems and irritation to eyes. Moreover, disposal of bauxite residue requires a large area; such problems can only be minimised by utilising bauxite residue effectively. For two decades, bauxite residue has been used as a binder in cement industries and filler/reinforcement for composite materials in the automobile industry. Valuable metals and oxides, like alumina (Al2O3), titanium oxide (TiO2) and iron oxide Fe2O3, were extracted from bauxite residue to reduce waste. Bauxite residue was utilised in construction and structure industries to make geopolymers. It was also used in the making of glass-ceramics and a coating material. Recently bauxite residue has been utilised to extract rare earth elements like scandium (Sc), yttrium (Y), lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), neodymium (Nd) and dysprosium (Dy). In this review article, the mineralogical characteristics of bauxite residue are summarised and current progresses on utilisation of bauxite residue in different fields of science and engineering are presented in detail.
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Nguyen, Minh Van, and Hau Van Nguyen. "Recovery of bauxite ore particles -1mm from tailings of the Tan Rai bauxite processing plant by mechianical classifiers." Journal of Mining and Earth Sciences 62, no. 3b (July 20, 2021): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.46326/jmes.2021.62(3b).06.
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Tailings of the Tan Rai bauxite mineral processing plant contain a relatively high proportion of fine bauxite ore particles of less than 1mm. This amount of discarded fine bauxite particles necessarily leads to a high loss of valuable bauxite mineral and also require more tailings dam space. Recovery of such fine bauxite ore particles may produce certain economic and environmental effects to the current processing plant. The paper presents results of the study on recovery of fine bauxite ore particles -1 mm from tailings of the Tan Rai - Lam Dong bauxite mineral processing plant by the use of mechanical classifiers. The obtained +0.5 mm bauxite concentrate are suitable for blending with the +1 mm concentrate of the current plant. The study results showed that recovery of fine bauxite ore particles -1mm from the plant tailings may produce additional amount of valuable concentrate to ensure the supply requirements to the alumina plant and also add some values to the effective mineral resource utilization and bring some economic efficiency.
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Thevi, T., and A. L. Abas. "Effects of Bauxite and Alumina Exposure on Incidence of Cancer - Meta-analysis." Kathmandu University Medical Journal 18, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 414–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v18i4.49256.
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Bauxite is an ore from which Aluminium is produced. Malaysia, once the leading producer of bauxite has reduced production as mining activity has caused community outrage. Due to concerns about health concerns, rising pollution and environmental hazards, the government has revoked the licenses of bauxite miners. We therefore did a meta-analysis to assess the relationship between exposure to Bauxite and Alumina with incidence of various types of cancers. Bauxite mines and alumina refineries. Individuals of all ages exposed to Bauxite and Alumina.
Exposure to bauxite and alumina. Incidence due to overall cancers and specific types of cancers. Exposure to bauxite and alumina did not cause variations in incidence of overall cancer and specific types of cancer such as cancer of lip, cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx, cancer of digestive organs and others. We conclude that there is no evidence that bauxite or alumina exposure cause increase incidence of cancer but due to the small number of studies included in this review, we recommend more cohort studies to be done in future.
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Cui, Tao. "Mineralizaton Process of the Bauxite in WZD Area." Advanced Materials Research 989-994 (July 2014): 1269–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.989-994.1269.
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This paper has a comprehensive analysis on mineralizaton process of the bauxite in Wuchuan-Zheng, an-Daozhen (WZD) area, northern Guizhou, China through synthesize former research. Geologic characteristic demonstrates that WZD bauxite is a typical sedimentary deposit, minerogenetic material have experienced a transporting process. Sedimentary environment of WZD bauxite is transition facies. Sedimentary environment is reduced and acidic. Accompanying frequent transgression and regression, bauxite has suffered a leaching process. In the leached period, environment is oxidized and acidic. Leaching process is the most important factor for the information of high grade bauxite. WZD bauxite has experienced several times leaching resulting in the great runoff of Fe and Si. Actually the metallogenetic process of WZD bauxite is a process that Al relative enrichment but Si and Fe runoff.
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Fu, Si Feng. "Mining Exploration of Bauxite Based on High-Power Electrical Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 340 (July 2013): 966–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.340.966.
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This article gives the basic deposition of the western sedimentary bauxite strata in Henan Province. Bauxite deposition formation and its surrounding rock geophysical characteristics; the bauxite layer rock has a series of low resistivity low polarization characteristics. Ordovician limestone has obvious high impedance polarization characteristics, which makes the use of resistors Department of Law exploration become possible. It explores the use of high-power electrical method exploration bauxite technology, and describes how to use the results of investigation of high-power electrical method inferred bauxite body. And it takes the examples of high-power electrical method in looking for bauxite effective.
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Economou-Eliopoulos, Maria, and Christos Kanellopoulos. "Abundance and Genetic Significance of Lithium in Karst-Type Bauxite Deposits: A Comparative Review." Minerals 13, no. 7 (July 19, 2023): 962. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13070962.
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Palaeo weathering during the Cretaceous–Eocene interval is most favorable for bauxitization, i.e., transport and deposition in traps on the karstified surfaces of the Mediterranean karst bauxite belt, including the Parnassos–Ghiona bauxite deposit. Resources of lithium (Li), a critical metal of strategic significance in karst-type bauxite deposits, have attracted significant attention in recent years. Due to the discovery of the Li enrichment in certain karstic bauxite deposits in Europe and particularly in China, this review study is focused on the unexplored Li content in the Parnassos–Ghiona (Greece) bauxite deposit, aiming to improve the understanding of the major controlling factors for their origin and enrichment of critical metals. The presence of thin (up to 50 cm) pyrite-bearing coal seams and carbonaceous facies on top of the Parnassos–Ghiona bauxite deposit, at the transition between B3 (the youngest) bauxite horizon and the occurrence of multicolor bauxite ores reflecting a multistage evolution and changes in the mineralogy and geochemistry, is a common feature with other bauxite deposits in Europe and elsewhere. The organic matter, such as microorganisms in coal layers and carbonaceous layers (derived from plants and algae growing in paleo-mires after a regression of the sea), contains Li, which is derived from seawater, as suggested by a positive correlation with B (a seawater component as well). The available geological, mineralogical, and geochemical data highlight the particular significance of coal layers and carbonaceous layers overlying bauxite bodies as a driving force for redox reactions and as a source of Li in the exploration of karst-type bauxite deposits.
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Mildan, Deni, Andri S. Subandrio, Prayatna Bangun, and Dedi Sunjaya. "Contrasting Genesis of Lateritic Bauxite on Granodioritic and Andesitic Rocks of Mempawah Area, West Kalimantan." Indonesian Association of Geologists Journal 1, no. 2 (August 31, 2021): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.51835/iagij.2021.1.2.33.
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The lateritic bauxite deposits in the Mempawah area, West Kalimantan, were formed by the chemical weathering of Cretaceous granodioritic and andesitic rocks. They occurred locally on the low hills surrounded by swampy areas. Detailed surface geological mapping, test pits, mineralogical and geochemical analyses were performed to determine the characteristics and genesis of bauxite from different parent rocks. From bottom upward, the deposits are composed of fresh parent rocks, clay or pallid zone, bauxite zone with a few sparse ferricrete at the top of the bauxite zone, and soil. Bauxite derived from granodiorite exhibits brownish-red, massive, boulder to gravel-sized concretion in clay matrix and is composed of predominant gibbsite with subordinate kaolinite, quartz, goethite, and a minor amount of magnetite and hematite. In contrast, bauxite derived from andesitic rocks exhibits reddish-brown and is composed of predominant goethite. During the leaching process, SiO2 as a mobile compound decreased significantly in neutral pH, while Al2O3 and Fe2O3 precipitated as residual materials to form bauxite concretion. The enrichment anomaly of bauxite derived from andesitic rocks is caused by physio-chemical changes from hydrothermal alteration. Bauxite was formed by indirect bauxitization through the leaching of primary minerals under a tropical-humid climate.
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Yang, Zhifeng, and Junjie Zhao. "Geological Features and Ore Formation Pattern of Jinzhong Bauxite Mine, Shanxi Province, China." Scientific and Social Research 6, no. 10 (November 5, 2024): 82–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.26689/ssr.v6i10.8530.
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Bauxite is located in the lower part of the Benxi Formation, and the prospecting project shows that the distribution of bauxite ore bodies in the area is discontinuous, and there are differences in the thickness of the ore bodies. To have a clearer understanding of the bauxite ore bodies and metallogenic pattern in the census area, this study has made use of the prospecting project data, sample analysis results, etc., and combined with the geological and tectonic background of the area, the stratigraphic spreading characteristics of the bauxite ore body spatial spreading, ore characteristics and ore controlling factors in the area have been explored and researched. The bauxite ore bodies in the study area are stratified but the ore-bearing rock system is influenced by the Ordovician paleokarst geomorphology and intermittently distributed horizontally, which can be distinguished into three different ore bodies. The bauxite ore body and Shanxi-style iron ore are associated with hard clay ore, in which the ore minerals are mainly monohydrate duralumin. The natural ore type can be divided into dense bauxite and oolitic bauxite. Bauxite in this area mainly originated from the basal Ordovician carbonate rocks, with a combination of iron-rich and aluminum-rich layers, and is a typical carbonate rock sedimentary deposit of ancient weathering crust.
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An, Jian Cheng, Lin Jun Wang, and Yun Sheng Feng. "Industrial Production and Application in LCCs of Bauxite-Based Homogenized Grogs." Advanced Materials Research 287-290 (July 2011): 1079–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.287-290.1079.
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The Bauxite-based Homogenized Grog (BHG) was industrial producted using bauxite with about 70 wt.% Al2O3 as starting materials and its properties were tested. Through comparing with high-grade bauxite clinker, the applications in LCCs of BHG and bauxite clinker were discussed. The results showed that the BHG with mullite as chief phase, with consistent components and structure and properties using middle or low grade bauxite as starting materials can been prepared industrially by homogenization process, vacuum-extrusion moulding and high-temperature sintering method. It also resulted that the BHG can replace competently high-grade bauxite clinker to apply in LCCs as coarses and the LCCs with BHG as coarses have more outstanding properties.