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Massó Guijarro, Ester. "Transnational Baye-fallism." African Diaspora 9, no. 1-2 (2016): 77–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18725465-00901007.
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This article examines the transformation of the Baye-fall movement (Baye-fallism, henceforth), a particular form of Senegalese Muridism, as it extends into the Senegalese diaspora. In particular, the article explores shifts in understandings of what it means to be a ‘good’ Baye-fall, as Senegalese migrants in Spain become confronted with hostility in their new social context, and as the need for spiritual engagement and community belonging intensifies. Starting with the origins of Baye-fallism as a Sufi heterodoxy in Senegal, the paper then focuses on Senegalese migrants in Lavapiés (Madrid, Spain) and in Granada (Andalusia, Spain). The central argument is that in this diasporic context, adhesion to Baye-fallism becomes more intense, and that the performance of Sufi orthodoxy takes on new meaning, which also informs discussions about being a ‘good’ Baye-fall in Senegal.
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Dinh, Anh, Yang Shi, Daniel Teng, Amitoz Ralhan, Li Chen, Vanina Dal Bello-Haas, Jenny Basran, Seok-Bum Ko, and Carl McCrowsky. "A Fall and Near-Fall Assessment and Evaluation System." Open Biomedical Engineering Journal 3, no. 1 (January 21, 2009): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874120700903010001.
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The FANFARE (Falls And Near Falls Assessment Research and Evaluation) project has developed a system to fulfill the need for a wearable device to collect data for fall and near-falls analysis. The system consists of a computer and a wireless sensor network to measure, display, and store fall related parameters such as postural activities and heart rate variability. Ease of use and low power are considered in the design. The system was built and tested successfully. Different machine learning algorithms were applied to the stored data for fall and near-fall evaluation. Results indicate that the Naïve Bayes algorithm is the best choice, due to its fast model building and high accuracy in fall detection.
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Taylor, Dorothy, Andrew Merryweather, and Jan Morse. "Biomechanical Characterization of the Hand Touch Corrective Behavior in the Frail Elderly During Bed Egress." Proceedings of the International Symposium on Human Factors and Ergonomics in Health Care 7, no. 1 (June 2018): 237–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2327857918071055.
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Falls are the leading cause of fatal and non-fatal injuries among the elderly in the United States and throughout the world. Many studies have been done over the last few decades in an attempt to better understand how to prevent falls among the elderly population. Unfortunately, most of these studies are conducted by simulating falls in a laboratory with healthy adults which has been shown to be quite different from a real world fall. This pilot study defines corrective behaviors implemented by the elderly to maintain balance and looks specifically at measures of stability when the hand touch corrective behavior is used. These measures include base of support area, proximity of center of mass to base of support perimeter, time for center of mass to contact base of support perimeter, and jerk of the center of mass of the torso. Initial findings indicate that the hand touch corrective behavior is used to both maintain and regain stability. It is anticipated that, with the evaluation of the remaining trials, a model of fall-initiation of the frail elderly will be developed to provide key biomechanical stability measures for use as a proxy for a fall in laboratory studies, as well as to provide new insights in fall interventions.
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Wieczorek, G. F., G. M. Stock, P. Reichenbach, J. B. Snyder, J. W. Borchers, and J. W. Godt. "Investigation and hazard assessment of the 2003 and 2007 Staircase Falls rock falls, Yosemite National Park, California, USA." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 8, no. 3 (May 6, 2008): 421–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-8-421-2008.
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Abstract. Since 1857 more than 600 rock falls, rock slides, debris slides, and debris flows have been documented in Yosemite National Park, with rock falls in Yosemite Valley representing the majority of the events. On 26 December 2003, a rock fall originating from west of Glacier Point sent approximately 200 m3 of rock debris down a series of joint-controlled ledges to the floor of Yosemite Valley. The debris impacted talus near the base of Staircase Falls, producing fragments of flying rock that struck occupied cabins in Curry Village. Several years later on 9 June 2007, and again on 26 July 2007, smaller rock falls originated from the same source area. The 26 December 2003 event coincided with a severe winter storm and was likely triggered by precipitation and/or frost wedging, but the 9 June and 26 July 2007 events lack recognizable triggering mechanisms. We investigated the geologic and hydrologic factors contributing to the Staircase Falls rock falls, including bedrock lithology, weathering, joint spacing and orientations, and hydrologic processes affecting slope stability. We improved upon previous geomorphic assessment of rock-fall hazards, based on a shadow angle approach, by using STONE, a three-dimensional rock-fall simulation computer program. STONE produced simulated rock-fall runout patterns similar to the mapped extent of the 2003 and 2007 events, allowing us to simulate potential future rock falls from the Staircase Falls detachment area. Observations of recent rock falls, mapping of rock debris, and simulations of rock fall runouts beneath the Staircase Falls detachment area suggest that rock-fall hazard zones extend farther downslope than the extent previously defined by mapped surface talus deposits.
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Stack, Emma. "Falls are unintentional: Studying simulations is a waste of faking time." Journal of Rehabilitation and Assistive Technologies Engineering 4 (January 2017): 205566831773294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2055668317732945.
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Researchers tend to agree that falls are, by definition, unintentional and that sensor algorithms (the processes that allows a computer program to identify a fall among data from sensors) perform poorly when attempting to detect falls ‘in the wild’ (a phrase some scientists use to mean ‘in reality’). Algorithm development has been reliant on simulation, i.e. asking actors to throw themselves intentionally to the ground. This is unusual (no one studies faked coughs or headaches) and uninformative (no one can intend the unintentional). Researchers would increase their chances of detecting ‘real’ falls in ‘the real world’ by studying the behaviour of fallers, however, vulnerable, before, during and after the event: the literature on the circumstances of falling is more informative than any number of faked approximations. A complimentary knowledge base (in falls, sensors and/or signals) enables multidisciplinary teams of clinicians, engineers and computer scientists to tackle fall detection and aim for fall prevention. Throughout this paper, I discuss differences between falls, ‘intentional falling’ and simulations, and the balance between simulation and reality in falls research, finally suggesting ways in which researchers can access examples of falls without resorting to fakery.
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Larrea Moreano, Angel Daniel, Cristian David Redrobán Dilon, and Antonio Gabriel Castillo Medina. "Priorización del mantenimiento mediante la determinación del número prioritario de riesgo, y el análisis de modos y efectos de fallos de una máquina de inyección de poliuretano de alta presión." Ciencia Digital 4, no. 3 (August 11, 2020): 317–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33262/cienciadigital.v4i3.1353.
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La priorización de las actividades es muy importante para saber la importancia de ejecutar una actividad de mantenimiento. La metodología del Análisis de Modos y Efectos de Fallo (AMEF) es una herramienta que permite priorizar la atención del mantenimiento para los equipos; esta herramienta en la actualidad se la aplica para determinar el nivel de riesgo de los equipos en base al estudio de las fallas de los equipos, su severidad, probabilidad de ocurrencia y la detectabilidad de la falla. La metodología se aplicó a una máquina de inyección de poliuretano de alta presión; para esto el trabajo se dividió en dos partes, la primera se basó en el Análisis y Determinación del funcionamiento y su contexto operacional dentro de la línea de producción, y la segunda parte se determinaron los modos de falla de los equipos y en base a ellos se determinó en Número de Prioridad de Riesgo de las fallas y sus modos de falla, dándonos como resultado que 7 modos de falla de los 16 analizados, tienen un riesgo potencial de ocurrencia y pueden afectar directamente al desempeño del contexto operacional del equipo, por lo que se establecen actividades de mantenimiento con su respectiva prioridad. Se encontró que 7 de los 16 modos de falla son potenciales causas principales para el fallo funcional del equipo por lo que se deben prevenir. Los principales problemas del equipo son: Cañerías Parcialmente obstruidas; Temperatura inadecuada; No existe suministro de electricidad en base al análisis del Número Prioritario de Riesgo. Se determinaron que las tareas de Inspección y limpieza de cañerías; Calibración de los controles de presión y temperatura; Revisar la alimentación eléctrica y sus parámetros son tareas para evitar fallas funcionales y disminuir en un 42.8% de probabilidad que el equipo falle.
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Lin, Yu-Ching, Ing-Jy Tseng, Yi-Chien Lu, Shao-Wei Yang, Chia-Chi Wu, Yen-Nung Lin, and Wing P. Chan. "Muscle Mass and Gait Characteristics in Older Women Fallers vs. Non-Fallers." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 17 (August 30, 2021): 3924. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10173924.
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Background: Falling is a major public health concern of elderly people. We aimed to determine if lean mass and spatiotemporal gait parameters could predict the risk of falling in elderly women and also study the relationships between lean mass and gait characteristics. Methods: Twenty-four community women were prospectively recruited (mean age, 72.30 ± 5.31 years). Lean mass was measured using dual-energy fan-beam X-ray absorptiometry. Gait characteristics were assessed using spatiotemporal analysis. Fall risks were assessed using the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and the Falls Efficacy Scale-International. Fall histories were recorded. Appropriate statistical analyses were applied to determine lean mass and gait characteristics in predicting the risk of fall and the associations between lean mass and gait characteristics. Results: There were 14 participants (58.33%) with fall histories. Patients with fall histories had a significantly narrower base of support and lower BBS score. However, only the base of support was significantly associated with fall risk (odds ratio, 0.415; p = 0.022). Lean mass was significantly negatively associated with proportion of swing phase and positively associated with proportions of stance and double-support phases. Conclusion: Fall risk among elderly women can be predicted using base of support, where a narrower base predicts a greater fall risk. Although the lean mass was not related to risk of fall, lean mass is still related to some gait characteristics.
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Marier, Allison, Lauren E. W. Olsho, William Rhodes, and William D. Spector. "Improving prediction of fall risk among nursing home residents using electronic medical records." Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 23, no. 2 (June 22, 2015): 276–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocv061.
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Abstract Objective Falls are physically and financially costly, but may be preventable with targeted intervention. The Minimum Data Set (MDS) is one potential source of information on fall risk factors among nursing home residents, but its limited breadth and relatively infrequent updates may limit its practical utility. Richer, more frequently updated data from electronic medical records (EMRs) may improve ability to identify individuals at highest risk for falls. Methods The authors applied a repeated events survival model to analyze MDS 3.0 and EMR data for 5129 residents in 13 nursing homes within a single large California chain that uses a centralized EMR system from a leading vendor. Estimated regression parameters were used to project resident fall probability. The authors examined the proportion of observed falls within each projected fall risk decile to assess improvements in predictive power from including EMR data. Results In a model incorporating fall risk factors from the MDS only, 28.6% of observed falls occurred among residents in the highest projected risk decile. In an alternative specification incorporating more frequently updated measures for the same risk factors from the EMR data, 32.3% of observed falls occurred among residents in the highest projected risk decile, a 13% increase over the base MDS-only specification. Conclusions Incorporating EMR data improves ability to identify those at highest risk for falls relative to prediction using MDS data alone. These improvements stem chiefly from the greater frequency with which EMR data are updated, with minimal additional gains from availability of additional risk factor variables.
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Blach, Wieslaw, Dawid Dobosz, Bartlomiej Gasienica-Walczak, Juris Grants, and Artur Litwiniuk. "Falls Are the Leading Cause of Injuries among Farmers—Limitations of Practicing Judo in Preventing These Incidents." Applied Sciences 11, no. 16 (August 10, 2021): 7324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11167324.
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Benefits related to doing martial arts go beyond health-related and constitute very useful life skills. One of them is ability to fall safely. It is an important skill since falls are a common cause of injuries. The aim of the study is knowledge regarding the burden of falls in a population of farmers. This systematic review was prepared according to PRISMA guidelines. A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Springer Link, Web of Science. A total of 21 articles met eligibility criteria. The common general observation was that fall (regardless of type) caused various body injuries in populations of agriculture workers. Fall was the leading cause of injuries in only one population, and the most frequently classified second or third causes among all other listed injuries. People employed in the agriculture sector constitute an occupational group with an increased risk of injury as a result of accidental fall, which may lead to disability or even death (in extreme situations). Safe fall training would be an important addition to traditional fall prophylaxis applied on farms. The authors indicate the limitations of judo as a base of such a program, such as with superficial analysis of this issue in scientific publications. There is a need for a critical and wary approach to recommendations that are limited to prophylaxis of the effects of accidental falls that are founded on judo or other combat sports and martial arts.
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Frith, James, and John Davison. "Falls." Reviews in Clinical Gerontology 23, no. 2 (March 18, 2013): 101–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959259813000026.
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SummaryFalls and fall-related injury are common and become more prevalent with increasing age. Risk factors for falling are numerous, synergistic and complex, and require multidisciplinary assessment. The evidence base for intervention strategies continues to improve, but is often limited by the methodological difficulties that are inherent in falls research. The most effective intervention is a multifactorial approach that targets identified risk factors. Multicomponent exercise, either in a group or individually, is one of the most effective components of intervention. Other successful components include home hazard modification and psychotropic medication withdrawal. Primary prevention does not appear to be cost effective, but secondary prevention far outweighs the cost of falls and fall-related injury.
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Mauldin, Taylor, Marc Canby, Vangelis Metsis, Anne Ngu, and Coralys Rivera. "SmartFall: A Smartwatch-Based Fall Detection System Using Deep Learning." Sensors 18, no. 10 (October 9, 2018): 3363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18103363.
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This paper presents SmartFall, an Android app that uses accelerometer data collected from a commodity-based smartwatch Internet of Things (IoT) device to detect falls. The smartwatch is paired with a smartphone that runs the SmartFall application, which performs the computation necessary for the prediction of falls in real time without incurring latency in communicating with a cloud server, while also preserving data privacy. We experimented with both traditional (Support Vector Machine and Naive Bayes) and non-traditional (Deep Learning) machine learning algorithms for the creation of fall detection models using three different fall datasets (Smartwatch, Notch, Farseeing). Our results show that a Deep Learning model for fall detection generally outperforms more traditional models across the three datasets. This is attributed to the Deep Learning model’s ability to automatically learn subtle features from the raw accelerometer data that are not available to Naive Bayes and Support Vector Machine, which are restricted to learning from a small set of extracted features manually specified. Furthermore, the Deep Learning model exhibits a better ability to generalize to new users when predicting falls, an important quality of any model that is to be successful in the real world. We also present a three-layer open IoT system architecture used in SmartFall, which can be easily adapted for the collection and analysis of other sensor data modalities (e.g., heart rate, skin temperature, walking patterns) that enables remote monitoring of a subject’s wellbeing.
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Webster, Russell. "Bale Scale Fail." Probation Journal 35, no. 1 (March 1988): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026455058803500124.
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Winters-Stone, Kerri M., Thais Reis, Sydnee Stoyles, and Nathan Dieckmann. "Identifying characteristics of women cancer survivors with a recent history of falls." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 5_suppl (February 10, 2017): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.5_suppl.113.
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113 Background: Epidemiologic data suggest that fall rates are increased among women with a history of cancer compared to women never diagnosed with cancer. However, the unique characteristics of women cancer survivors who fall are not completely understood. Our study aimed to identify the demographic, clinical and physical attributes of women treated for cancer and who experienced falling in the past year. Methods: Secondary data analysis of baseline data from aging women cancer survivors (greater than 50 years of age) about to participate in clinical exercise trials (n = 611). Based on self-report of having fallen in the last year (yes/no), women were compared on the following: age, cancer type (breast vs. other), cancer stage, time since diagnosis, presence of neuropathy or pain, comorbidities, BMI, physical activity, maximal leg press strength, chair stand time, walk speed, gait patterns, and the short physical performance battery (sPPB). Stepwise regression was run to determine attributes significantly associated with fall history. Results: 28% of women reported falling in the last year (n = 173) and 79% of fallers experienced a related injury. Women cancer survivors who fell were significantly more likely than women who did not fall to have: not received chemotherapy (25% vs. 13%), higher morbidity scores (2.2 vs. 1.8), higher BMI (30.6 vs. 29.2 kg/m2), more neuropathy (49 vs. 39%), wider base of support (10.0 vs. 8.8 cm), more of the gait cycle spent in the stance phase (64 vs. 63%), longer chair stand times (12.8 vs. 11.9 sec.), and lower PPB scores (10.3 vs. 10.8). In stepwise regression models, receipt of chemotherapy, comorbidities, maximal leg strength, neuropathy, base of support, and % time in the stance phase of gait were significantly associated with the odds of having fallen in the last year. Conclusions: Women cancer survivors over 50 years old have a prevalence of falls approaching the 33% reported by the general population of women over 65; however, the rate of injurious falls is much higher in our sample of women cancer survivors. Fall prevention should be considered in women cancer survivors at an earlier age than usual for older women, particularly for survivors at higher risk for falls, and focus on exercise to improve gait and leg strength.
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Swanenburg, Jaap, Anne Gabrielle Mittaz Hager, Arian Nevzati, and Andreas Klipstein. "Identifying Fallers and Nonfallers With the Maximal Base of Support Width (BSW): A One-year Prospective Study." Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 23, no. 2 (April 2015): 200–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/japa.2013-0210.
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The purpose of this prospective cohort study was to determine whether the maximal width of the base of support (BSW) measure is able to predict the risk of multiple falls in community-dwelling women. Thirty-eight community-dwelling women (mean age of 72 ± 8 years old) participated. Falls were prospectively recorded during the following year. Overall, 29 falls were recorded; six (16%) women were multiple fallers and 32 (84%) were nonfallers. There was a significant difference in the BSW between the fallers and nonfallers (F[1, 37] = 5.134 [p = .030]). A logistic regression analysis indicated a significant contribution of the BSW test to the model (odds ratio = 0.637; 95% CI [0.407, 0.993]; p = .046 per 1 cm).The cut-off score was determined to be 27.8 cm (67% sensitivity and 84% specifcity). These results indicate that women with a smaller BSW at baseline had a significantly higher risk of sustaining a fall.
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Oliver, David. "Preventing falls and fall injuries in hospital: a major risk management challenge." Clinical Risk 13, no. 5 (September 1, 2007): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/135626207781572693.
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Accidental falls are the commonest patient safety incident in hospital and are especially common in older patients. They are associated with physical and psychological harm, functional impairment, prolonged hospital stay, cost and opportunity cost. Falls often cause concern and anger from patients' relatives, are a frequent cause of complaints and inquests, and may lead to claims in clinical negligence - albeit that the financial risk from these claims is low. As such, falls and related injuries should be a major concern in risk management and governance for institutions. In reality, falls are often a marker of patients' underlying medical illness and frailty and their occurrence does not necessarily mean that there has been a failure in the duty of care or that anyone or any system is to blame. Falls rates are also dependent on the case-mix and frailty of patients on the unit, so that crude unadjusted comparison of falls rates should not be used in isolation as an indicator of care quality. Nonetheless, there appear to be large variations in falls rates. It may be that some falls are essentially inevitable or unpreventable, but that others are avoidable and unacceptable, especially as we must balance falls prevention against the duty to promote rehabilitation, respect patients' autonomy and avoid an excessively custodial, ageist or risk-averse approach to care. Even though all parties may feel that 'something should be done' to manage the risk, it is not always clear what the interventions should be. This in turn means that institutions may implement interventions or assessments which are neither effective nor evidence-based. The starting point for falls prevention programmes should always be a critical review of such evidence. In this review, we discuss the underlying causes of falls, the potential for learning from incident reporting and claims analysis and, in particular, the academic literature on falls risk assessment tools (for which the evidence base is limited) and on falls prevention interventions. Evidence from clinical trials has shown that it is possible to produce modest reductions in falls rates (if not the number of 'fallers') from whole systems interventions which incorporate a variety of approaches to falls prevention. These interventions are described in detail as well as the limitations of performing research in such a frail and unstable patient group.
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Staggs, Vincent S., and Byron J. Gajewski. "Bayesian and frequentist approaches to assessing reliability and precision of health-care provider quality measures." Statistical Methods in Medical Research 26, no. 3 (March 17, 2015): 1341–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0962280215577410.
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Our purpose was to compare frequentist, empirical Bayes, and Bayesian hierarchical model approaches to estimating reliability of health care quality measures, including construction of credible intervals to quantify uncertainty in reliability estimates, using data on inpatient fall rates on hospital nursing units. Precision of reliability estimates and Bayesian approaches to estimating reliability are not well studied. We analyzed falls data from 2372 medical units; the rate of unassisted falls per 1000 inpatient days was the measure of interest. The Bayesian methods “shrunk” the observed fall rates and frequentist reliability estimates toward their posterior means. We examined the association between reliability and precision in fall rate rankings by plotting the length of a 90% credible interval for each unit’s percentile rank against the unit’s estimated reliability. Precision of rank estimates tended to increase as reliability increased but was limited even at higher reliability levels: Among units with reliability >0.8, only 5.5% had credible interval length <20; among units with reliability >0.9, only 31.9% had credible interval length <20. Thus, a high reliability estimate may not be sufficient to ensure precise differentiation among providers. Bayesian approaches allow for assessment of this precision.
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VILLERMAUX, E., and Y. POMEAU. "Super free fall." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 642 (December 15, 2009): 147–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112009992424.
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The free fall of a liquid mass through vertical tubes with a weakly increasing cross-section induces an acceleration of the upper liquid interface larger than gravity. The phenomenon is well described by a one-dimensional inviscid model. The super acceleration of the upper interface comes from the additional positive pressure gradient caused by the expanding geometry, which adds to the gravity body force. A perturbative expansion of this base solution further accounts for the interface shape and stability. In particular, the positive pressure gradient at the interface makes it unstable, forming a concentrated ‘nipple’ on top of the essentially flat base solution. We discuss the possible connexion of these findings with the problem of wave breaking in free surface flows.
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Oh, Dong Sik, and Jong Duk Choi. "Effects of Motor Imagery Training on Balance and Gait in Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2 (January 14, 2021): 650. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020650.
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The aim of this study was to demonstrate the effects of motor imagery training on balance and gait abilities in older adults and to investigate the possible application of the training as an effective intervention against fall prevention. Subjects (n = 34) aged 65 years and over who had experienced falls were randomly allocated to three groups: (1) motor imagery training group (MITG, n = 11), (2) task-oriented training group (TOTG, n = 11), and (3) control group (CG, n = 12). Each group performed an exercise three times a week for 6 weeks. The dependent variables included Path Length of center of pressure (COP)-based static balance, Berg Balance Scale (BBS) score, Timed Up and Go Test (TUG) score, which assesses a person’s mobility based on changes in both static and dynamic balance, Falls Efficacy Scale (FES) score, which evaluates changes in fear of falls, and gait parameters (velocity, cadence, step length, stride length, and H-H base support) to evaluate gait. After the intervention, Path Length, BBS, TUG, velocity, cadence, step length, and stride length showed significant increases in MITG and TOTG compared to CG (p < 0.05). Post hoc test results showed a significantly greater increase in BBS, TUG, and FES in MITG compared with TOTG and CG (p < 0.05). Our results suggest that motor imagery training combined with functional training has positive effects on balance, gait, and fall efficacy for fall prevention in the elderly.
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Sorge, I., A. Merkenschlager, W. Hirsch, and D. Lobsien. "Partielles Tethered-cord-Syndrom." Kinder- und Jugendmedizin 10, no. 08 (2010): 474–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1628987.
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ZusammenfassungWir berichten über den Fall einer 4-jährigen Patientin, die mit einem Hohlfuß sowie kollateral abgeschwächtem Patellarsehnen- und Achillessehnenreflex in unserer Klinik vorgestellt wurde. Röntgen sowie Kernspintomografie der Lendenwirbelsäule zeigten knöcherne Deformitäten sowie eine isolierte Anheftung von Fasern der Cauda equina an lum-bale Wirbelbögen bei regulärer Position des Conus medullaris. In Zusammenschau von klinischem Befund und bildgebender Diagnostik stellten wir die Diagnose eines partiellen Tethered-cord-Syndroms. Der Fall veranschaulicht die Wichtigkeit der Korrelation von klinischem Befund und weiterführender Diagnostik bei dieser seltenen Diagnose, die jedoch differenzialdiagnostisch eine hohe Relevanz besitzt. Die zur Diagnose führenden zentralen Befunde werden anhand dieses Falls anschaulich erklärt und in die Klassifikation des Tethered-cord-Syndroms eingeordnet.
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Pettersson, Beatrice, Lillemor Lundin-Olsson, Dawn A. Skelton, Per Liv, Magnus Zingmark, Erik Rosendahl, and Marlene Sandlund. "Effectiveness of a self-managed digital exercise programme to prevent falls in older community-dwelling adults: study protocol for the Safe Step randomised controlled trial." BMJ Open 10, no. 5 (May 2020): e036194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-036194.
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IntroductionExercise interventions have a strong evidence base for falls prevention. However, exercise can be challenging to implement and often has limited reach and poor adherence. Digital technology provides opportunities for both increased access to the intervention and support over time. Further knowledge needs to be gained regarding the effectiveness of completely self-managed digital exercise interventions. The main objective of this study is to compare the effectiveness of a self-managed digital exercise programme, Safe Step, in combination with monthly educational videos with educational videos alone, on falls over 1 year in older community-dwelling adults.Methods and analysisA two-arm parallel randomised controlled trial will be conducted with at least 1400 community-living older adults (70+ years) who experience impaired balance. Participants will be recruited throughout Sweden with enrolment through the project website. They will be randomly allocated to either the Safe Step exercise programme with additional monthly educational videos about healthy ageing and fall prevention, or the monthly education videos alone. Participants receiving the exercise intervention will be asked to exercise at home for at least 30 min, 3 times/week with support of the Safe Step application. The primary outcome will be rate of falls (fall per person year). Participants will keep a fall calendar and report falls at the end of each month through a digital questionnaire. Further assessments of secondary outcomes will be made through self-reported questionnaires and a self-test of 30 s chair stand test at baseline and 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after study start. Data will be analysed according to the intention-to-treat principle.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval was obtained by The Regional Ethical Review Board in Umeå (Dnr 2018/433-31). Findings will be disseminated through the project web-site, peer-reviewed journals, national and international conferences and through senior citizen organisations’ newsletters.Trial registration numberNCT03963570.
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Cockayne, Sarah, Alison Pighills, Joy Adamson, Caroline Fairhurst, Shelley Crossland, Avril Drummond, Catherine E. Hewitt, et al. "Home environmental assessments and modification delivered by occupational therapists to reduce falls in people aged 65 years and over: the OTIS RCT." Health Technology Assessment 25, no. 46 (July 2021): 1–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/hta25460.
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Background Falls and fall-related fractures are highly prevalent among older people and are a major contributor to morbidity and costs to individuals and society. Only one small pilot trial has evaluated the effectiveness of a home hazard assessment and environmental modification in the UK. This trial reported a reduction in falls as a secondary outcome, and no economic evaluation was undertaken. Therefore, the results need to be confirmed and a cost-effectiveness analysis needs to be undertaken. Objective To determine the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a home hazard assessment and environmental modification delivered by occupational therapists for preventing falls among community-dwelling people aged ≥ 65 years who are at risk of falling, relative to usual care. Design This was a pragmatic, multicentre, modified cohort randomised controlled trial with an economic evaluation and a qualitative study. Setting Eight NHS trusts in primary and secondary care in England. Participants In total, 1331 participants were randomised (intervention group, n = 430; usual-care group, n = 901) via a secure, remote service. Blinding was not possible. Interventions All participants received a falls prevention leaflet and routine care from their general practitioner. The intervention group were additionally offered one home environmental assessment and modifications recommended or provided to identify and manage personal fall-related hazards, delivered by an occupational therapist. Main outcome measures The primary outcome was the number of falls per participant during the 12 months from randomisation. The secondary outcomes were the proportion of fallers and multiple fallers, time to fall, fear of falling, fracture rate, health-related quality of life and cost-effectiveness. Results The primary analysis included all 1331 randomised participants and indicated weak evidence of a difference in fall rate between the two groups, with an increase in the intervention group relative to usual care (adjusted incidence rate ratio 1.17, 95% confidence interval 0.99 to 1.38; p = 0.07). A similar proportion of participants in the intervention group (57.0%) and the usual-care group (56.2%) reported at least one fall over 12 months. There were no differences in any of the secondary outcomes. The base-case cost-effectiveness analysis from an NHS and Personal Social Services perspective found that, on average per participant, the intervention was associated with additional costs (£18.78, 95% confidence interval £16.33 to £21.24), but was less effective (mean quality-adjusted life-year loss –0.0042, 95% confidence interval –0.0041 to –0.0043). Sensitivity analyses demonstrated uncertainty in these findings. No serious, related adverse events were reported. The intervention was largely delivered as intended, but recommendations were followed to a varying degree. Limitations Outcome data were self-reported by participants, which may have led to inaccuracies in the reported falls data. Conclusions We found no evidence that an occupational therapist-delivered home assessment and modification reduced falls in this population of community-dwelling participants aged ≥ 65 years deemed at risk of falling. The intervention was more expensive and less effective than usual care, and therefore it does not provide a cost-effective alternative to usual care. Future work An evaluation of falls prevention advice in a higher-risk population, perhaps those previously hospitalised for a fall, or given by other professional staff could be justified. Trial registration Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN22202133. Funding This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 25, No. 46. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
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Tahir, Ahsen, Gordon Morison, Dawn A. Skelton, and Ryan M. Gibson. "A Novel Functional Link Network Stacking Ensemble with Fractal Features for Multichannel Fall Detection." Cognitive Computation 12, no. 5 (July 29, 2020): 1024–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12559-020-09749-x.
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Abstract Falls are a major health concern and result in high morbidity and mortality rates in older adults with high costs to health services. Automatic fall classification and detection systems can provide early detection of falls and timely medical aid. This paper proposes a novel Random Vector Functional Link (RVFL) stacking ensemble classifier with fractal features for classification of falls. The fractal Hurst exponent is used as a representative of fractal dimensionality for capturing irregularity of accelerometer signals for falls and other activities of daily life. The generalised Hurst exponents along with wavelet transform coefficients are leveraged as input feature space for a novel stacking ensemble of RVFLs composed with an RVFL neural network meta-learner. Novel fast selection criteria are presented for base classifiers founded on the proposed diversity indicator, obtained from the overall performance values during the training phase. The proposed features and the stacking ensemble provide the highest classification accuracy of 95.71% compared with other machine learning techniques, such as Random Forest (RF), Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Support Vector Machine. The proposed ensemble classifier is 2.3× faster than a single Decision Tree and achieves the highest speedup in training time of 317.7× and 198.56× compared with a highly optimised ANN and RF ensemble, respectively. The significant improvements in training times of the order of 100× and high accuracy demonstrate that the proposed RVFL ensemble is a prime candidate for real-time, embedded wearable device–based fall detection systems.
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Andrews, TS, RDB Whalley, and CE Jones. "Seed production and seedling emergence of Giant Parramatta grass on the north coast of New South Wales." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 36, no. 3 (1996): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9960299.
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Inputs and losses from Giant Parramatta grass [GPG, Sporobolus indicus (L.) R. Br. var. major (Buse) Baaijens] soil seed banks were quantified on the North Coast of New South Wales. Monthly potential seed production and actual seed fall was estimated at Valla during 1991-92. Total potential production was >668 000 seeds/m2 for the season, while seed fall was >146000 seeds/m2. Seed fall >10000 seeds/m2.month was recorded from January until May, with further seed falls recorded in June and July. The impact of seed production on seed banks was assessed by estimating seed banks in the seed production quadrats before and after seed fall. Seed banks in 4 of the 6 sites decreased in year 2, although seed numbers at 1 damp site increased markedly. Defoliation from mid-December until February, April or June prevented seed production, reducing seed banks by 34% over 7 months. Seed banks in undefoliated plots increased by 3300 seeds/m2, although seed fall was estimated at >114 000 seeds/m2. Emergence of GPG seedlings from artificially established and naturally occurring, persistent seed banks was recorded for 3 years from bare and vegetated treatment plots. Sown seeds showed high levels of innate dormancy and only 4% of seeds emerged when sown immediately after collection. Longer storage of seeds after collection resulted in more seedlings emerging. Estimates of persistent seed banks ranged from 1650 to about 21260 seeds/m2. Most seedlings emerged in spring or autumn and this was correlated with rainfall but not with ambient temperatures. Rates of seed bank decline in both bare and vegetated treatment plots was estimated by fitting exponential decay curves to seed bank estimates. Assuming no further seed inputs, it was estimated that it would take about 3 and 5 years, respectively, for seed banks to decline to 150 seeds/m2 in bare and vegetated treatments.
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Hortobágyi, Tibor, Azusa Uematsu, Lianne Sanders, Reinhold Kliegl, József Tollár, Renato Moraes, and Urs Granacher. "Beam Walking to Assess Dynamic Balance in Health and Disease: A Protocol for the “BEAM” Multicenter Observational Study." Gerontology 65, no. 4 (October 18, 2018): 332–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000493360.
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Background: Dynamic balance keeps the vertical projection of the center of mass within the base of support while walking. Dynamic balance tests are used to predict the risks of falls and eventual falls. The psychometric properties of most dynamic balance tests are unsatisfactory and do not comprise an actual loss of balance while walking. Objectives: Using beam walking distance as a measure of dynamic balance, the BEAM consortium will determine the psychometric properties, lifespan and patient reference values, the relationship with selected “dynamic balance tests,” and the accuracy of beam walking distance to predict falls. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study will examine healthy adults in 7 decades (n = 432) at 4 centers. Center 5 will examine patients (n = 100) diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke, and balance disorders. In test 1, all participants will be measured for demographics, medical history, muscle strength, gait, static balance, dynamic balance using beam walking under single (beam walking only) and dual task conditions (beam walking while concurrently performing an arithmetic task), and several cognitive functions. Patients and healthy participants age 50 years or older will be additionally measured for fear of falling, history of falls, miniBESTest, functional reach on a force platform, timed up and go, and reactive balance. All participants age 50 years or older will be recalled to report fear of falling and fall history 6 and 12 months after test 1. In test 2, seven to ten days after test 1, healthy young adults and age 50 years or older (n = 40) will be retested for reliability of beam walking performance. Conclusion: We expect to find that beam walking performance vis-à-vis the traditionally used balance outcomes predicts more accurately fall risks and falls. Clinical Trial Registration Number: NCT03532984.
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Rabe, Sophie, Arash Azhand, Wolfgang Pommer, Swantje Müller, and Anika Steinert. "Descriptive Evaluation and Accuracy of a Mobile App to Assess Fall Risk in Seniors: Retrospective Case-Control Study." JMIR Aging 3, no. 1 (February 14, 2020): e16131. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/16131.
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Background Fall-risk assessment is complex. Based on current scientific evidence, a multifactorial approach, including the analysis of physical performance, gait parameters, and both extrinsic and intrinsic risk factors, is highly recommended. A smartphone-based app was designed to assess the individual risk of falling with a score that combines multiple fall-risk factors into one comprehensive metric using the previously listed determinants. Objective This study provides a descriptive evaluation of the designed fall-risk score as well as an analysis of the app’s discriminative ability based on real-world data. Methods Anonymous data from 242 seniors was analyzed retrospectively. Data was collected between June 2018 and May 2019 using the fall-risk assessment app. First, we provided a descriptive statistical analysis of the underlying dataset. Subsequently, multiple learning models (Logistic Regression, Gaussian Naive Bayes, Gradient Boosting, Support Vector Classification, and Random Forest Regression) were trained on the dataset to obtain optimal decision boundaries. The receiver operating curve with its corresponding area under the curve (AUC) and sensitivity were the primary performance metrics utilized to assess the fall-risk score's ability to discriminate fallers from nonfallers. For the sake of completeness, specificity, precision, and overall accuracy were also provided for each model. Results Out of 242 participants with a mean age of 84.6 years old (SD 6.7), 139 (57.4%) reported no previous falls (nonfaller), while 103 (42.5%) reported a previous fall (faller). The average fall risk was 29.5 points (SD 12.4). The performance metrics for the Logistic Regression Model were AUC=0.9, sensitivity=100%, specificity=52%, and accuracy=73%. The performance metrics for the Gaussian Naive Bayes Model were AUC=0.9, sensitivity=100%, specificity=52%, and accuracy=73%. The performance metrics for the Gradient Boosting Model were AUC=0.85, sensitivity=88%, specificity=62%, and accuracy=73%. The performance metrics for the Support Vector Classification Model were AUC=0.84, sensitivity=88%, specificity=67%, and accuracy=76%. The performance metrics for the Random Forest Model were AUC=0.84, sensitivity=88%, specificity=57%, and accuracy=70%. Conclusions Descriptive statistics for the dataset were provided as comparison and reference values. The fall-risk score exhibited a high discriminative ability to distinguish fallers from nonfallers, irrespective of the learning model evaluated. The models had an average AUC of 0.86, an average sensitivity of 93%, and an average specificity of 58%. Average overall accuracy was 73%. Thus, the fall-risk app has the potential to support caretakers in easily conducting a valid fall-risk assessment. The fall-risk score’s prospective accuracy will be further validated in a prospective trial.
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Marks, Ray. "Osteoarthritis and Falls: Is there a Link?" Journal of Aging Research and Healthcare 3, no. 2 (August 6, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.14302/issn.2474-7785.jarh-20-3496.
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Osteoarthritis, a widespread joint disease, commonly results in considerable pain and functional disability, especially among older adults. At the same time, falls and fall injuries, also common among the older population, may not only contribute to the onset of osteoarthritis, but once established, to falls that lead to fractures and disability in their own right. But what does the research show specifically? Objective This report aimed to examine what is known about the interrelationship between falls and osteoarthritis and the implications that can be drawn from this information. Methods Using the PUBMED data base, studies describing an association between osteoarthritis and falls were sought. Those fulfilling the eligibility criteria were reviewed and summarized in narrative form. Results Consistent support for an osteoarthritis-falls associated linkage is limited and not as robust as one would predict. Whether the observed associations between these health determinants are a cause of osteoarthritis, a consequence or both, or simply spurious findings is hard to decipher. Conclusion More numerous and carefully designed research to examine this issue is warranted and may be extremely helpful in preventing, as well as ameliorating a high degree of excess disability and associated fiscal costs due to both falls as well as osteoarthritis among the elderly.
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Fischer, L. "Sicherheitskonzept für neue Normen - ENV und DIN-neu. Grundlagen und Hintergrundinformationen Teil 3: Statistische Auswertung von Stichproben im eindimensionalen Fall." Bautechnik 76, no. 2 (February 1999): 167–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bate.199900710.
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Kluft, N., S. M. Bruijn, R. H. A. Weijer, J. H. van Dieën, and M. Pijnappels. "Does misjudgement in a stepping down paradigm predict falls in an older population?" Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 11 (November 2019): 190786. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.190786.
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Although measures of actual and perceived physical ability appear to predict falls in older adults, a disparity between these two, also known as misjudgement, may even better explain why some older adults fall, while their peers with similar abilities do not. Therefore, we investigated whether adding a misjudgement term improved prediction of future falls. Besides conventional measures of actual (physical measures) and perceived abilities (questionnaires), we used a stepping down paradigm to quantify behavioural misjudgement. In a sample of 55 older adults (mean age 74.5 (s.d. = 6.6) years, 33 females and 20 fallers over a 10-month follow-up period), we tested the added value of a misjudgement term and of a stepping-down task by comparing experimental Bayesian logistic-regression models to a default null model, which was composed of the conventional measures: Falls Efficacy Scale international and QuickScreen. Our results showed that the default null model fitted the data most accurately; however, the accuracy of all models was low (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) ≤ 0.65). This indicates that neither a misjudgement term based on conventional measures, nor on behavioural measures improved the prediction of future falls in older adults (Bayes Factor 10 ≤ 0.5).
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Fischer, L. "Sicherheitskonzept für neue Normen - ENV und DIN-neu. Grundlagen und Hintergrundinformationen Teil 4: Beschreibung zufälliger Erscheinungen durch Zufallsvariable im mehrdimensionalen Fall." Bautechnik 76, no. 5 (May 1999): 412–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bate.199902710.
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Lai, C. K., J. R. Jenkins, R. Polosa, and S. T. Holgate. "Inhaled PAF fails to induce airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine in normal human subjects." Journal of Applied Physiology 68, no. 3 (March 1, 1990): 919–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1990.68.3.919.
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The effects of three increasing doses of platelet-activating factor (PAF) on airway caliber and methacholine bronchial responsiveness were studied. On separate occasions nine normal subjects inhaled a single cumulative provocation concentration of methacholine (control) causing a 40% fall (PC40 Vp30) in maximum expiratory flow rate at 70% of base-line vital capacity below total lung capacity during a partial forced expiratory maneuver or 100 or 200 micrograms PAF, and seven subjects inhaled a further dose of 400 micrograms PAF. Methacholine responsiveness was measured before, at 3 and 7 h, then on days 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 10, and 14 after each challenge. The maximum falls in Vp30 appeared dose dependent, but a significant difference between the magnitude of the responses was only observed between the 400- and 100-micrograms PAF dose (P less than 0.05). During the control period repeated methacholine challenges resulted in a progressive increase in cumulative provocation concentration of an agonist causing a 20% fall in forced expiratory volume in 1 s from base line, reaching significance on days 1 and 2 (2.44- and 2.4-fold of base line, respectively, P less than 0.01) before returning to base line on day 7. No difference was seen in methacholine responsiveness after any of the three doses of PAF compared with that after the control. We conclude that PAF causes dose-dependent bronchoconstriction but does not change airways responsiveness to methacholine and that repeated high-dose methacholine challenge leads to loss of responsiveness to this agonist.
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Fischer, L. "Sicherheitskonzept für neue Normen - ENV und DIN-neu. Grundlagen und Hintergrundinformationen Teil 3: Statistische Auswertung von Stichproben im eindimensionalen Fall (1. Forts.)." Bautechnik 76, no. 3 (March 1999): 236–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bate.199901420.
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Fischer, L. "Sicherheitskonzept für neue Normen - ENV und DIN-neu. Grundlagen und Hintergrundinformationen Teil 3: Statistische Auswertung von Stichproben im eindimensionalen Fall (2. Forts.)." Bautechnik 76, no. 4 (April 1999): 328–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bate.199902150.
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Capra, Maurizio, Stefano Sapienza, Paolo Motto Ros, Alessio Serrani, Maurizio Martina, Alessandro Puiatti, Paolo Bonato, and Danilo Demarchi. "Assessing the Feasibility of Augmenting Fall Detection Systems by Relying on UWB-Based Position Tracking and a Home Robot." Sensors 20, no. 18 (September 18, 2020): 5361. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20185361.
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Falls in the home environment are a primary cause of injury in older adults. According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, every year, one in four adults 65 years of age and older reports experiencing a fall. A variety of different technologies have been proposed to detect fall events. However, the need to detect all fall instances (i.e., to avoid false negatives) has led to the development of systems marked by high sensitivity and hence a significant number of false alarms. The occurrence of false alarms causes frequent and unnecessary calls to emergency response centers, which are critical resources that should be utilized only when necessary. Besides, false alarms decrease the level of confidence of end-users in the fall detection system with a negative impact on their compliance with using the system (e.g., wearing the sensor enabling the detection of fall events). Herein, we present a novel approach aimed to augment traditional fall detection systems that rely on wearable sensors and fall detection algorithms. The proposed approach utilizes a UWB-based tracking system and a home robot. When the fall detection system generates an alarm, the alarm is relayed to a base station that utilizes a UWB-based tracking system to identify where the older adult and the robot are so as to enable navigating the environment using the robot and reaching the older adult to check if he/she experienced a fall. This approach prevents unnecessary calls to emergency response centers while enabling a tele-presence using the robot when appropriate. In this paper, we report the results of a novel fall detection algorithm, the characteristics of the alarm notification system, and the accuracy of the UWB-based tracking system that we implemented. The fall detection algorithm displayed a sensitivity of 99.0% and a specificity of 97.8%. The alarm notification system relayed all simulated alarm notification instances with a maximum delay of 106 ms. The UWB-based tracking system was found to be suitable to locate radio tags both in line-of-sight and in no-line-of-sight conditions. This result was obtained by using a machine learning-based algorithm that we developed to detect and compensate for the multipath effect in no-line-of-sight conditions. When using this algorithm, the error affecting the estimated position of the radio tags was smaller than 0.2 m, which is satisfactory for the application at hand.
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Winters-Stone, Kerri M., Fay Horak, Peter G. Jacobs, Phoebe Trubowitz, Nathan F. Dieckmann, Sydnee Stoyles, and Sara Faithfull. "Falls, Functioning, and Disability Among Women With Persistent Symptoms of Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 23 (August 10, 2017): 2604–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2016.71.3552.
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Purpose Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) may persist after treatment ends and may lead to functional decline and falls. This study compared objective and self-report measures of physical function, gait patterns, and falls between women cancer survivors with and without symptoms of CIPN to identify targets for functional rehabilitation. Methods A secondary data analysis of 512 women cancer survivors (age, 62 ± 6 years; time since diagnosis, 5.8 ± 4.1 years) categorized and compared women self-reporting symptoms of CIPN (CIPN+) with asymptomatic women (CIPN−) on the following: maximal leg strength, timed chair stand, physical function battery, gait characteristics (speed; step number, rate, and length; base of support), self-report physical function and disability, and falls in the past year. Results After an average of 6 years after treatment, 47% of women still reported symptoms of CIPN. CIPN+ had significantly worse self-report and objectively measured function than did CIPN−, with the exception of maximal leg strength and base of support during a usual walk. Gait was slower among CIPN+, with those women taking significantly more, but slower and shorter, steps than did CIPN− (all P < .05). CIPN+ reported significantly more disability and 1.8 times the risk of falls compared with CIPN− ( P < .0001). Increasing symptom severity was linearly associated with worsening function, increasing disability, and higher fall risk (all P < .05). Conclusion This work makes a significant contribution toward understanding the functional impact of CIPN symptoms on cancer survivors. Remarkably, 47% of women in our sample had CIPN symptoms many years after treatment, together with worse function, greater disability, and more falls. CIPN must be assessed earlier in the clinical pathway, and strategies to limit symptom progression and to improve function must be included in clinical and survivorship care plans.
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Grimaud, J. L., C. Paola, and V. Voller. "Experimental migration of knickpoints: influence of style of base-level fall and bed lithology." Earth Surface Dynamics 4, no. 1 (January 15, 2016): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-4-11-2016.
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Abstract. Knickpoints are fascinating and common geomorphic features whose dynamics influence the development of landscapes and source-to-sink systems – in particular the upstream propagation of erosion. Here, we study river profiles and associated knickpoints experimentally in a microflume filled with a cohesive substrate made of silica, water and kaolinite. We focus on the effect on knickpoint dynamics of varying the distribution of base-level fall (rate, increment, and period) and substrate strength, i.e., kaolinite content. Such simple cases are directly comparable to both bedrock and alluvial river systems. Under a constant rate of base-level fall, knickpoints of similar shape are periodically generated, highlighting self-organized dynamics in which steady forcing leads to multiple knickpoint events. Temporary shielding of the bed by alluvium controls the spacing between these unit knickpoints. Shielding is, however, not effective when base-level drops exceed alluvium thickness. While the base-level fall rate controls the overall slope of experiments, it is not instrumental in dictating the major characteristics of unit knickpoints. Instead the velocity, face slope and associated plunge pool depth of these knickpoints are all strongly influenced by lithology. The period between knickpoints is set by both alluvium thickness and base-level fall rate, allowing use of knickpoint spacing along rivers as an indicator of base-level fall rate.
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Grimaud, J. L., C. Paola, and V. Voller. "Experimental migration of knickpoints: influence of style of base-level fall and bed lithology." Earth Surface Dynamics Discussions 3, no. 3 (August 25, 2015): 773–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurfd-3-773-2015.
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Abstract. Knickpoints are fascinating and common geomorphic features whose dynamics influences the development of landscapes and source-to-sink systems – in particular the upstream propagation of erosion. Here, we study river profiles and associated knickpoints experimentally in a micro flume filled with a cohesive substrate made of silica, water and kaolinite. We focus on the effect on knickpoint dynamics of varying the distribution of base-level fall (rate, increment, and period) and substrate strength, i.e. kaolinite content. Such simple cases are directly comparable to both bedrock and alluvial river systems. Under a constant rate of base-level fall, knickpoints of similar shape are periodically generated, highlighting a self-organized dynamics in which steady forcing leads to multiple knickpoint events. Temporary shielding of the bed by alluvium controls the spacing between these unit knickpoints. Shielding is however not effective when base-level drops exceed alluvium thickness. While the base-level fall rate controls the overall slope of experiments, it is not instrumental in dictating the major characteristics of unit knickpoints. Instead the velocity, face slope and associated plunge pool depth of these knickpoints are all strongly influenced by lithology. The period between knickpoints is set by both alluvium thickness and base-level fall rate, allowing use of knickpoint spacing along rivers as an indicator of base-level fall rate.
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Hsieh, Tsung-Hsun, Chih-Wei Peng, Kai-Yun Chen, Ying-Zu Huang, Yi-Huang Lin, Wei-Zong Zhong, Jen-I. Liang, et al. "THE APPLICATIONS OF SMART MOBILE DEVICE FOR DETECTING BALANCE DYSFUNCTION IN INDIVIDUALS WITH DOWN SYNDROME." Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications 30, no. 01 (February 2018): 1850007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4015/s1016237218500072.
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Falls are a major health concern leading cause of fatal and non-fatal injuries for neurological disorders. Balance dysfunction is one of the common factors to determine fall risk in neurological patients. Preventative measures may help to reduce the incidence and severity of falls for detecting balance function and fall risk factors. However, the objective measures for balance require expensive equipment with the assessment of clinical expertise. A main gap remains in the evaluation method to objectively characterize the balance functions in individuals with high risk of falling. With the development of wearable and mobile devices, recent advances in smart mobile devices may provide a potential opportunity to manage the gap in the detailed quantification of balance impairments. The purpose of this study is to identify whether the biomechanical data measured by the mobile device is reliable to characterize the posture stability in various balance test conditions. A total of 39 children with Down syndrome completed four balance-testing tasks under altered base of support and vision. Simultaneous biomechanical measurements were gathered from the iPod and force plate analysis system during functional balance testing. The force plate and mobile system provided similar patterns of stability across groups. Correlation ([Formula: see text] between two systems for path length, 95% ellipse area, peak-to-peak, standard deviation and mean ranged from 0.60 to 0.99. We expect that the smart mobile device can provide reliable and accurate information to quantify the postural stability in individuals with elderly people or neurological disorders. The objectivity, portability and easy use of such mobile device make it ideal to apply in clinical environments for detecting balance functions and reducing the risk of falls in Down syndrome or other neurological patients.
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Suto, Shigeru, Takayuki Inomata, Hisashi Sasaki, and Sakae Mukoyama. "Data base of the volcanic ash fall distribution map of Japan." BULLETIN OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF JAPAN 58, no. 9-10 (2007): 261–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.9795/bullgsj.58.261.
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FUKUZAWA, Shinya, Takeshi YAMAGUCHI, Yukihiko OKAWA, Hiroshi ONODERA, and Kazuo HOKKIRIGAWA. "114 Development of Base-of-Support Widened Footwear for Fall Prevention." Proceedings of Autumn Conference of Tohoku Branch 2012.48 (2012): 32–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmetohoku.2012.48.32.
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Jifon*, John. "Influence of Colored Plastic Mulches on Soil Temperature and Muskmelon Root Respiration." HortScience 39, no. 4 (July 2004): 802A—802. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.802a.
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Use of plastic mulch to increase rhizosphere temperatures is a common practice in spring production of vegetable crops. However, supraoptimal soil temperatures during the fruit maturation period in early summer can impair root function and reduce produce quality. The effects of colored plastic mulch on rhizosphere temperature and `Primo' muskmelon root respiration were investigated in the field during Fall (Aug.-Nov. 2002) and Spring (Mar.-May 2003) seasons. Rhizosphere temperatures (measured at 0.1 m below the soil surface with thermo-couples) and respiration under four plastic mulches (black, silver, white, and clear), and a bare ground control were studied. The soil warming properties of the different mulches differed between Spring and Fall. Bare ground rhizosphere temperatures declined from ≈33 to 21°C in the Fall and increased from 14 to 26 °C in Spring. In both studies, black and clear plastic mulches had the highest rhizosphere warming effects (3-8 °C) compared to bare ground. In the Fall, average midday soil temperatures under the white and silver mulches were 2-3 °C cooler than the bare ground treatment. Canopy establishment was accelerated by plastic mulches in Spring but not in Fall. Root + soil respiration was positively correlated with measured rhizosphere temperatures (r = 0.69), with the highest respiration rates recorded under the clear and black plastic mulches. More than 80% of fruits from the clear plastic treatment were deformed and unmarketable. The number of marketable fruit was similar among the black, white and silver mulch treatments and significantly greater (32% in Spring & 12% in Fall) than in the bare ground treatments.
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Smith, M. W. "Observations of soil freezing and frost heave at Inuvik, Northwest Territories, Canada." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 22, no. 2 (February 1, 1985): 283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e85-024.
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Field observations of soil temperature, moisture regime, and frost heave in silty clay hummocks at Inuvik, Northwest Territories, over the fall and early winter reveal that a significant amount of moisture migration and frost heave occurs within frozen soil at temperatures down to −2.4°C. The field data are analysed using thermodynamic considerations, and the apparent hydraulic conductivity is determined as a function of negative temperature. The conductivity falls from near 7 × 10−9 m s−1 above 0 °C to about 3.5 × 10−12 m s−1 at −1 °C, then remains fairly constant down to −2.4 °C. The observed decrease in heave with time is explained in terms of a diminishing water supply at the base of the active layer.
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Gouda, Maged, and Karim El-Basyouny. "Before-and-After Empirical Bayes Evaluation of Achieving Bare Pavement using Anti-Icing on Urban Roads." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, no. 2 (February 2020): 92–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120902995.
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Canadian municipalities are increasingly choosing to achieve bare pavement (BP) for snow and ice control during fall/winter seasons. When a snowstorm event is forecasted, one strategy is to apply anti-icing chemicals to the pavement surface to prevent the snow and ice from forming a bond with the road surface. Such an approach facilitates a more efficient plowing operation and reduces the amount of deicing chemicals needed to achieve BP. This study assesses the safety performance of achieving BP using anti-icing compared with the traditional reactive winter road maintenance (WRM) approach on urban roads using the before-and-after Empirical Bayes technique. Results suggest that achieving BP significantly reduces all collision types and severities on midblocks with a reduction value in the range of 13.7% to 19.7%. Attaining BP at intersections was found to be very effective in reducing injury collisions with an estimated reduction of 12.5%. When sites were grouped based on a WRM priority-basis, it was found that anti-icing was effective for reducing the majority of collision types and severities at the different priority levels with reductions ranging from 8.7% to 49.83% on midblocks and between 5.37% and 13% at intersections. All reductions were statistically significant. The monetary benefits of the reductions in property-damage only and nonfatal injury collisions were estimated at 60 million Canadian dollars using a 1.92% interest rate and a 2-year service life. These findings provide unequivocal evidence that achieving BP using anti-icing can lead to significant societal safety benefits that economically translate to huge collision cost savings.
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Fronczek, Judith, and Roger W. Byard. "Accidental adult deaths involving ladders: A forensic perspective." Medicine, Science and the Law 60, no. 1 (October 23, 2019): 16–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0025802419879269.
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A retrospective study was undertaken of autopsy cases at the Forensic Science South Australia state mortuary over a 20-year period from January 1999 to December 2018 for all cases aged ≥18 years where a ladder was mentioned in the death scene description and/or police reports. Twelve cases were identified, all of whom were male, with an average age of 56 years (range 21–83 years). The most frequent cause of death was a fall from a ladder ( n = 8; 66%), followed by electrocution ( n = 4; 33%). The falls were associated with deaths from blunt injuries, impalement and laceration. The age range of those who fell was 47–83 years (average 66 years). The three of the four deaths associated with electrocutions involved contact with power lines or live electrical wires; the remaining case involved a sharp metal ladder base cutting through a live power lead. The age range of those who were electrocuted was 21–43 years (average 35 years) – significantly younger than those who had died from falls ( p < 0.05). The increase in mean age of the population with increasing popularity of home maintenance activities may result in more cases of lethal falls involving ladders presenting for forensic assessment.
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Fischer, L. "Sicherheitskonzept für neue Normen - ENV und DIN-neu. Grundlagen und Hintergrundinformationen Teil 2: Statistik und Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie Teil 2.2: Beschreibung zufälliger Erscheinungen durch Zufallsvariable im eindimensionalen Fall." Bautechnik 76, no. 1 (January 1999): 82–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bate.199900100.
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Savishinsky, Neil J. "The Baye Faal of Senegambia: Muslim Rastas in the promised land?" Africa 64, no. 2 (April 1994): 211–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1160980.
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Spurred on in large part by the emergence of Jamaican and Anglo-Jamaican reggae music on to the global pop music scene in the mid-1970s, the Jamaican Rastafarian movement has within the past two decades managed to expand beyond its island home and attract a diverse and multi-ethnic international following. Apart from the various manifestations of ‘orthodox’ Jamaican Rastafarianism found in Africa today, one finds a number of religious and social formations which share similar features with and have been influenced to some extent by Rastafarian religion, music and culture. This article examines the various links that exist between one such group—the Muslim Baye Faal of Senegambia—and the beliefs and practices of the Jamaican Rastafari.
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MacDonald, S., É. Mercier, T. O'Brien, M. Mercuri, and K. de Wit. "P088: Emergency physicians’ approach to head CT scanning for elderly patients who fall: A survey of Canadian, American, British, and Australian emergency physicians." CJEM 21, S1 (May 2019): S95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cem.2019.279.
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Introduction: The number of seniors presenting to emergency departments after a fall is increasing. Head injury concerns in this population often leads to a head CT scan. The CT rate among physicians is variable and the reasons for this are unknown. This study examined the role of patient characteristics and country of practice in the decision to order a CT. Methods: This study used a case-based survey of physicians across multiple countries. Each survey included 9 cases pertaining to an 82-year old man who falls. Each case varied in one aspect compared to a base case (aspirin, warfarin, or rivaroxaban use, occipital hematoma, amnesia, dementia, and fall with no head trauma). For each case, participants indicated how “likely” they were to order a head CT scan, measured on a 100-point scale. A response of 80 or more was defined a priori as ‘likely to order a CT scan’. The survey was piloted among emergency residents for feedback on design and comprehension, and was published in French and English. Recruitment was through the Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians, Twitter and CanadiEM. For each case we compared the proportion of physicians who were ‘likely to scan’ with relative to the base case. We also compared the proportion of participants who were ‘likely to scan’ each case in the USA, UK and Australia, relative to Canada. Results: Data was collected from 484 respondents (Canada-308, USA-64, UK-67, Australia-27, and 18 from other countries). Social media distribution limited our ability to estimate of the response rate. Physicians were most likely to scan in the anticoagulation cases (90% likely to order a scan compared to 36% for the base case (p = <0.001)). Other features associated with increased scans were occipital hematoma (48%), multiple falls (68%), and amnesia (68%) (all p < 0.005). Compared to Canada, US physicians were more likely to order CT scans for all cases (p = <0.05). Compared to Canada, UK physicians were significantly less likely to order CT for patients in every case except in the patient with amnesia. Finally, Australian physicians differed from Canada only for the occipital hematoma case where they were significantly more likely to order CT scan. Conclusion: Anticoagulation, amnesia and a history of multiple falls appear to drive the ordering a head CT scan in elderly patients who had fallen. We observed variations in practice between countries. Future clinical decision rules will likely have variable impact on head CT scan rates depending on baseline practice variation.
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Wyenandt, Christian A., Richard M. Riedel, Landon H. Rhodes, Mark A. Bennett, and Stephen G. P. Nameth. "Fall- and Spring-sown Cover Crop Mulches Affect Yield, Fruit Cleanliness, and Fusarium Fruit Rot Development in Pumpkin." HortTechnology 21, no. 3 (June 2011): 343–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.21.3.343.
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In 2001 and 2002, fall- and spring-sown, spring-killed or spring-sown living cover crops mulches were evaluated for their effects on pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) number and weight, fruit cleanliness, and fusarium fruit rot (FFR; Fusarium solani f. sp. cucurbitae race 1). In general, the number and weight of orange (mature) fruit and total fruit weight were higher in bare soil (conventional), fall- or spring-sown, spring-killed cover crop mulches compared with spring-sown, living annual medic (Medicago spp.) cover crop mulches. In both years, pumpkins grown on fall-sown winter rye (Secale cereale), hairy vetch (Vicia villosa), winter rye + hairy vetch, and spring-sown oat (Avena sativa) produced fruit numbers and weights comparable to or slightly higher than bare soil (conventional) production, suggesting that these cover crop mulches had no effects on reducing pumpkin yield. The number and weight of pumpkins grown in spring-sown, living annual medic cover crop mulches were reduced in both years compared with the other cover crop mulches. On artificially inoculated field plots, percentages of groundcover at harvest and fruit with FFR were 89% and 5% in fall-sown winter rye (seeded at 90 lb/acre), 88% and 10% in fall-sown rye (50 lb/acre), 85% and 5% in fall-sown rye + hairy vetch (50 lb/acre each), 19% and 30% in fall-sown hairy vetch (50 lb/acre), 23% and 23% in spring-sown oat (110 lb/acre), 1% and 25% to 39% in spring-sown, living annual medics (40 lb/acre) and 0% and 46% in bare soil plots, respectively. Results suggest that cover crop mulches such as fall-sown winter rye, fall-sown winter rye + hairy vetch, or spring-sown, spring-killed oat killed and left on the soil surface may help reduce losses to FFR in pumpkin production.
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McGuire, Luke A., and Jon D. Pelletier. "Controls on valley spacing in landscapes subject to rapid base-level fall." Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 41, no. 4 (October 21, 2015): 460–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.3837.
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Nieto, M. A., and E. Palacián. "Pitfalls in the use of carboxylic acid anhydrides for structural studies of nucleoprotein particles." Biochemical Journal 241, no. 2 (January 15, 1987): 621–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2410621.
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During modification of protein amino groups with carboxylic acid anhydrides, these reagents cause a fall in pH, which can be prevented by addition of base. Although unmodified nucleosomal particles are not affected by the local transient changes in pH induced by the base (NaOH) added to prevent a fall in pH during modification, the nucleosomal particles modified by acetic anhydride are dissociated, with release of single-stranded DNA.
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Salot, Pooja, Prakruti Patel, and Tanvi Bhatt. "Reactive Balance in Individuals With Chronic Stroke: Biomechanical Factors Related to Perturbation-Induced Backward Falling." Physical Therapy 96, no. 3 (March 1, 2016): 338–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20150197.
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BackgroundAn effective compensatory stepping response is the first line of defense for preventing a fall during sudden large external perturbations. The biomechanical factors that contribute to heightened fall risk in survivors of stroke, however, are not clearly understood. It is known that impending sensorimotor and balance deficits poststroke predispose these individuals to a risk of fall during sudden external perturbations.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to examine the mechanism of fall risk in survivors of chronic stroke when exposed to sudden, slip-like forward perturbations in stance.DesignThis was a cross-sectional study.MethodsFourteen individuals with stroke, 14 age-matched controls (AC group), and 14 young controls (YC group) were exposed to large-magnitude forward stance perturbations. Postural stability was computed as center of mass (COM) position (XCOM/BOS) and velocity (ẊCOM/BOS) relative to the base of support (BOS) at first step lift-off (LO) and touch-down (TD) and at second step TD. Limb support was quantified as vertical hip descent (Zhip) from baseline after perturbation onset.ResultsAll participants showed a backward balance loss, with 71% of the stroke group experiencing a fall compared with no falls in the control groups (AC and YC groups). At first step LO, no between-group differences in XCOM/BOS and ẊCOM/BOS were noted. At first step TD, however, the stroke group had a significantly posterior XCOM/BOS and backward ẊCOM/BOS compared with the control groups. At second step TD, individuals with stroke were still more unstable (more posterior XCOM/BOS and backward ẊCOM/BOS) compared with the AC group. Individuals with stroke also showed greater peak Zhip compared with the control groups. Furthermore, the stroke group took a larger number of steps with shorter step length and delayed step initiation compared with the control groups.LimitationsAlthough the study highlights the reactive balance deficits increasing fall risk in survivors of stroke compared with healthy adults, the study was restricted to individuals with chronic stroke only. It is likely that comparing compensatory stepping responses across different stages of recovery would enable clinicians to identify reactive balance deficits related to a specific stage of recovery.ConclusionsThese findings suggest the inability of the survivors of stroke to regain postural stability with one or more compensatory steps, unlike their healthy counterparts. Such a response may expose them to a greater fall risk resulting from inefficient compensatory stepping and reduced vertical limb support. Therapeutic interventions for fall prevention, therefore, should focus on improving both reactive stepping and limb support.