Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Bbc basic'

This study is concerned with the emergence and subsequent development of agricultural communities in south-east Spain. Using different scales of analysis and a wide range of data it focuses on regional variations in social, political and economic organization between the Early Neolithic and Argaric Bronze Age. Particular attention has been given to evaluating patterns of regional variation and the processes which underlie these patterns. A systematic survey (Chapter 4) provides much needed information about Neolithic-Bronze Age settlement in a regional context. Another important, and complimentary, part of this research is concerned with cultural development and variability at a larger scale. This second level of analysis (Chapter 5) is an examination of mortuary practices on an inter-regional scale and involves more than 2000 Copper Age and Bronze Age tombs. The conclusion (Chapter 6) is an attempt to place cultural developments in south-east Spain in a wider context. These discussions emphasize the dynamic relationship between ecological and cultural processes, and draw important distinctions between the growth of agricultural communities in the humid, as opposed to the semiarid, zones of south-east Spain. The contrast between these two zones is clearly reflected by differences in social ranking, prestige displays, economic intensification, and settlement evolution. More importantly, perhaps, the nature of ecological-cultural interaction from 6000-1000 b. c. in south-east Spain provides valuable information about the growth and variability of complex societies.

Bardet Biedl Syndrome (BBS) displays heterogeneity in the genes involved and clinical features. Mutations in 19 genes have been associated with BBS. Eight BBS proteins (BBS1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9 and 18) form the BBSome. Assembly of the BBSome is mediated by three BBS proteins (BBS6, 10, 12) in a complex with the CCT/Tric chaperonins. The BBSome is involved in formation and maintenance of primary cilia and vesicle trafficking. The clinical features of BBS include obesity, degenerative retinopathy, polydactyly, renal dysfunction, hypogonadism, and learning disability. Diabetes mellitus is commonly associated with BBS, but the mechanisms remain unknown. Our objective was to understand the molecular mechanism of BBS-associated diabetes. The role of BBS in insulin receptor (IR) signaling in Bbs4-/-mice was tested by preventing obesity using calorie restriction. These studies demonstrate the genetic defect in BBS directly contributes to the diabetes phenotype independently from the obesity phenotype. Emerging evidence implicating neuronal mechanisms in various BBS phenotypes led us to test the possibility that loss of Bbs1 in the central nervous system (CNS) disrupts glucose homeostasis. We found that deletion of the Bbs1 gene throughout the CNS or in specific hypothalamic neurons leads to hyperglycemia, glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. Our data demonstrate the critical role of neuronal Bbs1 in the regulation of glucose in an insulin-independent manner. Finally, the IR was found to interact with BBS proteins. The loss of BBSome proteins leads to a specific reduction in the amount of IR at the cell surface. The results demonstrate that BBSome proteins are required to maintain adequate levels of IR at the cell surface. The role of BBS proteins in transporting IR has not been previously described. Loss of the BBSome appears to be a novel mechanism of insulin resistance.

The compositions, in terms of Au, Ag, Cu, and Hg, of about 1200 placer and lode gold grains from the Fraser River drainage were determined by microprobe analysis. The lode samples are from the Bralorne and Cariboo Gold Quartz mines. Seventeen placer samples are from the Cariboo district and the Bridge River, Fraser River and their tributaries. Bralorne gold and many placer grains contain Hg which ranges up to 6%. Evidence is presented to show that this Hg is primary. Placer gold grains also contain Cu, ranging up to 31%, but high-Cu gold has little Ag or Hg. The compositional data were used to define populations on Hg-Cu-Fineness plots for each sample location. A comparison of the populations shows that placers located near lodes reflect these sources but that simple downstream transport of the gold cannot explain the populations found far from known sources. In order to explain the population found in downstream placers it is necessary to postulate contributions from undiscovered lodes, fossil placers, or other unknown sources. Many placer grains from the Fraser River have rims that are nearly pure gold. The rimming is thought to have taken place in an "intermediate collector" (fossil placer?) by leaching of Ag. Rimmed gold is not found in the Bridge River. From the data on the composition of the gold one is able to divide the Fraser River drainage into two metallogenic provinces: a Cu-Hg-rich province that includes the Bridge River drainage and a Cu-Hg-poor province typified by the Cariboo region. The data from the lode deposits suggest that the deposits can not only be uniquely characterized but that it may be possible to distinguish zoning within the lodes. In addition, it appears that much of the Cu- and Hg-rich gold is associated with ultrabasic rocks and major faults.<br>Science, Faculty of<br>Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of<br>Graduate

Ancient basin-floor strata are exceptionally well exposed in the Neoproterozoic Windermere Supergroup in the southern Canadian Cordillera. Data from the Castle Creek outcrop, where strata of the upper Kaza Group crop out, and the Mt. Quanstrom outcrop, where the middle Kaza is exposed, form the main dataset for this study. The aim of this study is to describe and interpret the strata starting at the bed scale, followed by stratal element scale, lobe scale and ultimately fan scale. Strata of the Kaza Group comprise six sedimentary facies representing deposition from a variety of fluid and cohesive sediment gravity flows. These, in turn, populate seven stratal elements that are defined by their basal contact, cross-sectional geometry and internal facies distribution. The lithological characteristics of stratal elements vary little from proximal to more distal settings, but their relative abundance and stacking pattern do, which, then, forms the basis for modeling the internal architecture of lobes. Lobes typically comprise an assemblage of stratal elements, which then are systematically and predictably arranged in both space (along a single depositional transect) and time (stratigraphically upward). Lobes typically became initiated by channel avulsion. In the proximal part of the system scours up to several meters deep, several tens of meters wide are interpreted to have formed by erosion downflow of the avulsion node. Erosion also charged the flow with fine-grained sediment and on the lateral margins and downflow avulsion splays were deposited. Later flows then exploited the basin-floor topography and on the proximal basin-floor carved a feeder channel, which then fed a downflow depositional lobe. At the mouths of feeder channels flows became dispersed through a network of distributary channels that further downflow shallow and widen until eventually merging laterally in sandstone-rich terminal splays. During the lifespan of a single lobe the feeder channel remains fixed, but the distributary channel network and its associated terminal splays wander, causing them to stack and be intercalated laterally and vertically. Eventually an upstream avulsion terminates local sediment supply, causing a new lobe to be initiated elsewhere on the fan, and the process repeats.

Matrix-rich strata (20-70% mud matrix) have been increasingly recognized in deep-marine systems. These beds are thought to be deposited from mud-rich flows in a distal basin-floor setting; however they remain poorly understood, partly because details of lateral lithological changes are poorly known. In this study, matrix-rich strata are common in proximal basin-floor strata of the Neoproterozoic Windermere Supergroup. The objective of this thesis is to provide detailed description and interpretation of the lithological and mineralogical make-up and lateral facies trends of matrix-rich strata in in a unit 40 m thick and 800 m wide. Here, stratigraphic and petrographic analyses identified five facies: classic turbidites; sandstones; clayey sandstones; sandy claystones and fine-grained banded couplets, which laterally are arranged systematically from matrix-poor sandstones to thin-bedded turbidites. This lateral change is interpreted to represent a depositional continuum along the margins of an efflux jet that formed immediately downflow of an avulsion node.

The black cottonwood, Populus trichocarpa, provides the foundtaion for the riparian woodlands throughout southern British Columbia (B.C.) and western Montana (MT). To study the interaction of riparian dynamics and cottonwood ecology, the present study investigated the influence of the extreme 1995 Elk River flood on the riparian zone and cottonwood ecology, and the effects of flood flow attenuation by the Libby Dam on riparian processess and cottonwoodland ecology of the Kootenai(y) River. Four river reaches were studied: the free-flowing Elk River near Fernie, B.C., the free-flowing Upper Kootenay River, B.C., upstream from the Koocanusa Reservoir, the free-flowing Fisher River, MT, near the Kootenai junction, and the flow-attenuated Lower Kootenai River near Libby, MT. Air photos from 1930, 1962, 1992 and/or 1994 revealed substantial channel change and the development of barren point bars that served as recruitment sites for willos and cottonwoods along the free-flowing reaches. Conversely, the Lower Kootenai had a relatively static channel after damming. In total, thirty-five transects were studied in 1996 and 1997 at 3 sites along each river reach to assess elevation profiles, substrate composition, scour and deposition, vegatation patterns, and aspects of cottonwood reproduction. Abundant cottonwood recruitment occurred in 1996 and even more so in 1997, producing mean densities of 153, 536, and 142 seedlings/m2 along the Elk, Upper Kootenay, and Fisher river transects, respectively. In marked contrast, no seedlings were successful along the Lower Kootenai River, downstream from the Libby Dam. The free-flowing river reaches experienced extensive sediment deposition in the riparian zone after the 1997 high water, whereas the Lower Kootenai experienced little change in stream bank configuration. The Elk River study revealed that the 1995 flood caused considerate geomorphic change and the resultant unconsolidated deposits were easily scoured and transported during the subsequent two years providing abundant sites for new cottonwoods. The Kootenay River study revealed limited meandering and deposition along the flow-attenuated Lower Kootenai River compared to the hydrologically, geomorphologically, and ecologically dynamic, free-flowing upstream reach. Along the Lower Kootenai River, there was a deficiency in black cottonwood population age structure due to limited recruitment. Flood-intolerant, upland plants have encroached to the river's edge, further eliminating cottonwood recruitment opportunities along the Lower Kootenai River. The vegetation encroachment, the static channel configuration, the minimal scour and sediment deposition and the lack of the essential stream stage pattern, combine to underlie the lack of seedling recruitment and the consequent deficiency in cottonwood population structure along the Lower Kootenai River. The studies demonstrate that black cottonwoods require a dynamic hydrologic and geomorphic system with periodic flood events for continued replenishment. The observed loss of cottonwood recruitment along the Lower Kootenai River is thus the consequence of the flood flow attenuation due to the operation of the Libby Dam. The restoration of the Lower Kootenai cottonwoods will probably rely on a partial recovery of more natural and more dynamic instream flow patterns that include occasional high flows in late spring followed by gradual stage recession. Such flows would exclude upland vegetation, recover more dynamic geomorphic processes and provide the stream stage patterns that are directly essential for cottonwood seedling recruitment.<br>1 v. (various pagings) : ill. (some col.), maps ; 28 cm.

Surface and subsurface structural lineaments are important in understanding tectonic movements and oil and gas trapping architecture in sedimentary basins. However, good exposures of these geological features are always lacking in semi-arid regions with extensive surficial sediment cover. An integrated multisource data analysis is applied to constrain the tectonic setting, structure and lithostratigraphy of the north-eastern Bornu basin, which were previously poorly understood. Detailed geological analyses are based on integration and geospatial correlations of surface datasets, including optical, radar and DEM Earth Observation imageries with subsurface datasets, including, seismic, well log, gravity and aeromagnetic. The Bornu basin, situated in the West African Rift System (WARS), overlain by Quaternary - Recent sediments is found herein to contain > 5000 m thick of Cretaceous rocks overlying the Precambrian basement migmatite-gneiss complex. New insights into the basin evolution model from pre-rift to post-rift tectonic settings are developed using deductions from the integrated studies herein. This study outlines additional tectonic regimes that were not identified in the previous tectonic model for the basin including: (1) Barremian (120 Ma), (2) Late Aptian - Early Albian (101 Ma), Late Santonian (84 Ma) and (4) Quaternary - Recent. Furthermore, the research identified that basement control, pre-existing basement lineaments, transfer faulting and upward fault propagation have all influenced the tectonic evolution of the basin. Lithology and stratigraphy of the subsurface formations are mapped using Combined Log Pattern (CLP) method adapted herein involving Gamma Ray, Resistivity, Bulk Density and Sonic logs. Four subsurface stratigraphic formations including Bima, Gongila, Fika and Chad Formations are mapped from validated seismic and well log stratigraphy in the north-eastern Bornu basin. Predictive Spectral Lithological (PSL) units mapped represent the various surface Quaternary-Recent deposits in the area using improved spectral mapping approach involving combined band combination, band ratio and Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) supervised classification. Geospatial correlations and interpretations of lineaments indicate that the north-eastern Bornu basin is controlled by two predominant lineament systems trending NE-SW and NW-SE. The geospatial correlation method visually illustrates linkages between subsurface tectonic lineaments and lithostratigraphy with the surface structures. Accordingly, the geospatial correlation has established the relationship between the palaeoshoreline and palaeodrainage systems with the subsurface structural setting of the basin. Relationships of the main structural systems in the north eastern Bornu basin may have developed potential oil and gas trapping systems associated with the regional pattern. Two potential petroleum systems from pre-rift to post rift tectonic regimes derived from the tectonic evolution model of the basin developed herein are presented. The Tertiary non-deposition in the north-eastern Bornu basin is determined to be due to a pinch out of the Tertiary Kerri-Kerri Formation that extends from the Benue trough and terminated near the Maiduguri area.

A Bacia do Alto rio Coxim (BAC) tem uma área de aproximadamente 1.375 km² distribuídos na porção norte do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul em parte dos municípios de São Gabriel do Oeste-MS e Camapuã-MS. O rio Coxim está instalado na Bacia Sedimentar do Paraná, porém pertence à Bacia Hidrográfica do Alto Rio Paraguai. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi propor um modelo de ordenamento físicoterritorial para a BAC, por meio da elaboração de um zoneamento ambiental, utilizando dados de sensoriamento remoto e técnicas de geoprocessamento. A base teórico-metodológica constituiu-se na realização de análises integradas do ambiente sob a perspectiva sistêmica do conceito de unidade ecodinâmica. Os dados espaciais utilizados foram organizados em um banco de dados geográfico implementados num Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG) composto por cartas topográficas na escala de 1:100.000, imagens dos satélites LANDSAT 5 e 7, imagem do RADAR interferométrico SRTM, mapas temáticos pré-existentes e dados de campo. A geração do modelo de ordenamento físico-territorial da BAC passou pela elaboração do mapeamento do relevo, potencial natural à erosão, fragilidade ambiental, legislação ambiental e avaliação das transformações no uso da terra e cobertura vegetal durante os anos de 1966, 1986 e 2006. Os resultados indicaram uma expressiva relação entre as formas de relevo e seus respectivos usos: agricultura mecanizada na Chapada de São Gabriel e o desenvolvimento da pecuária nos morros e colinas do Planalto do Taquari. As áreas de maior degradação ambiental foram identificadas no baixo curso associadas à atividade pecuária que corresponde à porção mapeada como de maior potencial à erosão e elevada fragilidade ambiental. O mapeamento da legislação ambiental apresentou um elevado índice de incompatibilidade entre o uso da terra e a legislação ambiental vigente, agravada, principalmente na década de 1980. Foram identificadas quatro zonas ambientais: a) Zona de Restrições Legais; b) Zona Produtiva Rural; c) Zona Urbana; e, d) Zona de Incongruências. As diretrizes estabelecidas pelo modelo de ordenamento territorial propostas foram: a) Áreas prioritárias à preservação permanente (manutenção da vegetação natural e das áreas de preservação permanente); b) Área prioritária à recuperação e preservação (nas zonas de incongruências executar o reflorestamento com espécies nativas do cerrado); e, c) Áreas destinadas ao uso sustentável (destinação à exploração agrícola, agropecuária e agroflorestal ou silvicultura).<br>The upper Coxim River Basin (UCB) has an area of approximately 1375 km² distributed in the northern portion of Mato Grosso do Sul in São Gabriel do Oeste-MS and Camapuã-MS cities. The Coxim River is inserted in the Paraná River Sedimentary Basin, but it belongs to the Upper Paraguay River Basin. The main goal of this research is to propose a model of physical-territorial management for the UCB through the preparation of an environmental zoning using remote sensing and geoprocessing techniques. The theoretical and methodological basis consisted of environmental integrated analyses starting from the systemic perspective of the concept ecodynamics unities. Spatial data used were arranged in a database implemented in a Geographic Information System (GIS). It consists in topographic maps at 1:100.000 scale, satellite images, Landsat 5 and 7, SRTM interferometric radar image, thematic maps existing and field data. The generation of the of physicalterritorial management model was carried out considering preparation of UCB relief mapping, potential natural erosion, environmental fragility, environmental legislation and evaluation of land-use and land-cover changes during the years 1966, 1986 and 2006. Results indicated a significant relationship between landforms and their uses: mechanized agriculture in the Chapada of the São Gabriel and livestock development on the Plateau Taquari hills. The major areas of environmental degradation were identified in the lower course associated with livestock activity mapped as the highest potential erosion and high fragility area. The mapping of environmental legislation presented strong incompatibility between land use and environmental regulations especially aggravated in the 1980s. We identified four environmental areas: a) Area of Legal Restrictions, b) Productive Rural Area, c) urban area, and d) Zone of incongruities. The guidelines set out by the type of land use proposals were: a) Priority areas for permanent preservation (maintenance of natural vegetation and permanent preservation areas), b) priority area for rehabilitation and preservation (in areas of inconsistencies run the reforestation with native species savanna), c) Areas for sustainable use (allocation of farming, agriculture and agroforestry or forestry).

The theory of Grobner bases has garnered the interests of a large number of researchers in computational algebra due to its applications not only in mathematics but also in areas like control systems, robotics, cryptography to name a few. It is well known that the computation of Grobner bases takes time doubly exponential in the number of indeterminates rendering it impractical in all but a few places.The current known algorithms for Grobner bases depend on the term order over which Grobner bases is computed. In this thesis, we study computational complexity of some problems in computational ideal theory. We also study the algebraic formulation of combinatorial optimization problems. Gritzmann and Sturmfels (1993) posed the following question: Given a set of generators, decide whether it is a Gr¨obner bases with respect to some term order. This problem, termed as the Grobner Basis Detection(GBD)problem, was introduced as an application of Minkowski addition of polytopes. It was shown by Sturmfels and Wiegelmann (1997) that GBD is NP-hard. We study the problem for the case of zero-dimensional ideals and show that the problem is hard even in this special case. We study the detection problem in the case of border bases which are an alternative to Grobner bases in the case of zero dimensional ideals. We propose the Border Basis Detection(BBD) problem which is defined as follows: Given a set of generators of an ideal, decide whether that set of generators is a border basis of the ideal with respect to some order ideal. It is shown that BBD is NP-complete. We also formulate the rainbow connectivity problem as a system of polynomial equations such that solving the polynomial system yields a solution to it. We give an alternate formulation of the rainbow connectivity problem as a membership problem in polynomial ideals.

博士<br>中國文化大學<br>哲學系<br>106<br>This dissertation investigates and describes the concept of the relation and mutual influence between the Space Perspective and the medium in Chinese Landscape Paintings. The study examines that the trend of the Space Perspective in Chinese Philosophy from Qin to Song Dynasty has crucial influence on the development of the Chinese Landscape Painting Art. 　　Chinese Landscape Painting is defined as a significant role in Realm Aesthetics by artists, painters, poets, and scholars. Since the early Qin Dynasty, the Taoist Theory of Knowledge, such as “Chouyi”, “Laozi”, “Zhuangzi”, and etc., has convey and illustrate the meaning of “the extensive image of the context and the context about the image itself” as well as the Realm Aesthetics of “Uncertain Definitions of Phrases and Descriptions”. There are historical layers of thoughts embedded in Chinese Landscape Paintings while the new era styles were gradually created and developed on the foundation of in-depth thinking. 　　The ancient Chinese Landscape Paintings has begun with the performance on “The human figures are bigger than the mountains.” in the Dunhuang Murals since Wei and Jin Dynasties. Then, the focus onChinese Landscape Paintings transformed and enlarged the proportion of mountains. Meanwhile, artists constantly convey their experiences in Space Perspective and attempt new skills to express their ideas. Consequently, the magnificent landscape images were first created and developed from Tang Dynasty(618-907), Five Dynasties (907-960) and Ten Kingdoms (902-979), and the early Song Dynasty. Chinese artists and painters among these dynasties created mainly “three-kind of performances on distance” through the art representation. There are two crucial stages in the development on the concept of “the three-kind of performances on distance” namely “Styleinfluenced from Tang Dynasty” and “Style influenced from Song Dynasty”. The main features of the Style influenced from Tang Dynasty are “vertical”, “deep”, and “horizontal” extending visionswhile the other Style influenced from Song Dynasty focused more on the concept of vanishing point, which also contributed “misty”, “ancient”, and “vast” Space Perspective. The “three-kind of performances on distance” were demonstrated and transformed by the artists and painters through five centuries. Subsequently, “the extending image out of the concrete one” were formed as an imaginary in mind. This wonder vision in Chinese Landscape Paintings which was combined with real and virtual images contributed to the highest achievement in Song Dynasty. The development of Space Perspective also meets the Realm Aesthetics in Zen Art Theory. In conclusion, the Space Perspective in the Medium of Chinese Landscape Painting actually combined and applied the concept of real and virtual images that deeply influenced by the historical and philosophy experiences of the artists and painters from Qin to Song dynasties.