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Books on the topic 'Bcc metals'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 7 September 2023

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1

Moono, Rhee, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.Zbib, Hussein M., and Washington State University. School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering., eds. Models for long/short range interactions and cross slip in 3D dislocation simuation of BCC single crystals. School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, 1997.

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2

G, Walthall Frank, Philpotts John A, and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Abundances of Li, Rb, and Sr in W-2, BCR-1, and AC-E determined by isotope dilution mass spectroscopy. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1993.

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3

Union raiding: Rivalry in B.C. mines, smelters, and metal industries. Industrial Relations Centre, Queen's University of Kingston, 1985.

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4

Haneczok, Grzegorz. Wzajemne oddziaływanie atomów roztworu międzywęzłowego w metalach o strukturze bbc. Wydawn. Uniwersytetu Śląskiego, 1996.

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5

Derksen, George. Heavy metals in stream sediments adjacent to the Equity Silver minesite near Houston, B.C. Environment Canada, 1986.

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6

Metal implements in ancient India: From earliest times upto circa 2nd century B.C. Pratibha Prakashan, 2000.

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7

The Bronze Age metalwork in southern Sweden: Aspects of social and spatial organization 1800-500 B.C. University of Umeå, Dept. of Archaeology, 1986.

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8

Potts, Timothy F. Mesopotamia and the East: An archaeological and historical study of foreign relations ca. 3400-2000 B.C. Oxford University Committee for Archaeology, 1994.

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9

Prohászka, Marianne. Reflections from the dead: The metal finds from the Pantanello necropolis at Metaponto : a comprehensive study of grave goods from the 5th to the 3rd centuries B.C. 2nd ed. P. Åström, 1995.

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10

Shan-hsi sheng kʻao ku yen chiu so (Tʻai-yüan shih, China), ed. Hou-ma tao fan yi shu. Princeton University Press, 1996.

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11

Il Mediterraneo occidentale fra XIV ed VIII secolo a.C.: Cerchie minerarie e metallurgiche = The West Mediterranean between the 14th and 8th centuries B.C. : mining and metallurgical spheres. Tempus Reparatum, 1995.

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12

Edmund, Capon, and Art Gallery of New South Wales., eds. Masks of mystery: Ancient Chinese bronzes from Sanxingdui = Jia mian zhi mi : Sanxingdui chu tu Zhong Guo gu dai qing tong qi. Art Gallery of New South Wales, 2000.

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13

Peter, Northover, ed. From stone to bronze: The metalwork of the late neolithic and earliest bronze age in Denmark. Jutland Archaeological Society, 1996.

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14

kuan, Shang-hai po wu. Ancient Chinese bronzes in the Shanghai Musuem. Scala Books, 1995.

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15

John, Boardman. Greek gems and finger rings: Early Bronze Age to late Classical. Thames & Hudson, 2001.

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16

1961-, Gill David, ed. Artful crafts: Ancient Greek silverware and pottery. Clarendon, 1996.

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17

Gupta, C. K., and Srikumar Banerjee. Metallurgy of Bcc Refractory Metals and Alloys. Newnes, 2009.

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18

Muhly, James D. Metals and Metallurgy. Edited by Gregory McMahon and Sharon Steadman. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0039.

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This article reviews the impact of metals and metallurgy on Anatolian societies, from the first emergence of metal experimentation in the Neolithic to the full-blown metallurgical societies of the Bronze Age. Evidence suggests that Late Chalcolithic metalworkers thought of tin as a metal to be used for coating the surface of a copper artifact, presumably to imitate the appearance of silver, before they thought of adding tin to molten copper to produce bronze. During the transition from Late Chalcolithic to the beginning of the Early Bronze Age, ca. 3000 BCE, the main focus of metallurgical development in Anatolia shifted from the eastern part of the country to central and western Anatolia.
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19

Vandkilde, Helle. Metal Hoard from Pile in Scania, Sweden: Place, Things, Time, Metals, and Worlds Around 2000 BCE. Aarhus University Press, 2017.

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20

Vandkilde, Helle. Metal Hoard from Pile in Scania, Sweden: Place, Things, Time, Metals, and Worlds Around 2000 BCE. Aarhus University Press, 2017.

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21

By-laws of the Metal Trades Council of Vancouver Island, B.C.: In effect after January 1, 1918. Sweeney-McConnell Limited, 1997.

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22

Roodenberg, Jacob. Ilipinar: A Neolithic Settlement in the Eastern Marmara Region. Edited by Gregory McMahon and Sharon Steadman. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0044.

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This article discusses findings from excavations at Ilıpınar, whose environment was advantageous for an economy based on crop cultivation and stock breeding. Founded at the start of the sixth millennium BCE as a settlement with a handful of houses centered around a spring, it gradually expanded into a village covering one hectare until it was deserted 500 years later. Afterward the mound was used as a burial ground in the second quarter of the fourth millennium BCE (Late Chalcolithic), the second quarter of the third millennium BCE (Early Bronze Age), and in the sixth–seventh centuries CE (Early Byzantine). Moreover there were traces of ephemeral habitation during these intervals. The total occupation deposit measured more than seven meters, the total surface nearly three hectares.
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23

Friesen, Max. Pan-Arctic Population Movements. Edited by Max Friesen and Owen Mason. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199766956.013.40.

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This chapter provides description and interpretation of the two major, well-documented episodes of Arctic-wide migrations. The Paleo-Inuit (also called Paleoeskimo or Arctic Small Tool tradition) migration began around 3,200 B.C., with penetration of the central Arctic by highly mobile, small-scale hunter-gatherer groups. By around 2,500 B.C., the entire eastern Arctic had been peopled by cultures known as Pre-Dorset, Saqqaq, and Independence I. The Thule Inuit migration began around A.D. 1200, when complex maritime-oriented groups from the western Arctic initiated an extremely rapid population movement, spanning the North American Arctic within a generation. The chapter considers the timing and nature of each migration episode, as well as the motivating factors which have been proposed for them, including climate change, social or economic hardship, and acquisition of specific resources such as bowhead whales or metal.
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24

1946-, Curtis John, and British Museum, eds. Bronzeworking centres of Western Asia, c. 1000-539 B.C. Kegan Paul International in association with the British Museum, 1988.

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25

Kay, Philip. Financial Institutions and Structures in the Last Century of the Roman Republic. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790662.003.0005.

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This chapter examines Rome’s changing financial structure between the second and first centuries BC, arguing that early Roman financial intermediaries provided a mechanism for the creation of money beyond the available supply of precious metals, serving to expand Rome’s total money supply. Rome’s argentarii functioned like modern deposit bankers in a number of ways, and the money-multiplier effect of deposit banking would have enabled significant commercial expansion. But, by the mid-first century BC and as a result of Mithradates VI’s invasion of the province of Asia, and the ensuing credit crisis at Rome in 88 BC, things had changed. There were probably fewer banks in existence, with smaller balance sheets, and the main providers of credit had become ‘aristocratic financiers’ providing credit to fellow members of the elite, rather than argentarii. This development could have had a negative impact on the wider Roman economy, or, at least, could have prevented it from reaching its full potential.
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26

Seeden, Helga. Metal-work in copper and bronze at Byblos and Ras Shamra during the second millennium B.C. 1994.

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27

Seeden, Helga. Metal-work in copper and bronze at Byblos and Ras Shamra during the second millennium B.C. 1994.

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28

Palumbi, Giulio. The Early Bronze Age of the Southern Caucasus. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935413.013.14.

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The aim of this article is to highlight the social and cultural developments that took place in the Southern Caucasus during the Early Bronze Age. Between 3500 and 2500 BC ca., new pottery, architectural and metallurgical traditions, known collectively as Kura-Araxes, new settlement forms in the mountain regions and new funerary customs emerged. Examining these changes, the article draws a picture of the organization of the Early Bronze Age communities in the Southern Caucasus societies centering primarily on the household and horizontal kinship relationships. We argue that this model was radically different from those of the vertically organized societies of Southern Mesopotamia and Northern Caucasus. Finally, the paper focuses on the changing role of metals towards the mid-third millennium BC and that, by causing radical social transformations, also brought to an end the Kura-Araxes traditions.
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29

Higham, Charles F. W., and Nam C. Kim, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Early Southeast Asia. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199355358.001.0001.

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Southeast Asia is one of the most significant regions in the world for tracing human prehistory over a period of 2 million years. Migrations from the African homeland saw settlement by Homo erectus and Homo floresiensis. Anatomically Modern Humans reached Southeast Asia at least 60,000 years ago to establish a hunter-gatherer tradition, adapting as climatic change saw sea levels fluctuate by over 100 meters. From about 2000 BC, settlement was affected by successive innovations that took place to the north and west. The first rice and millet farmers came by riverine and coastal routes to integrate with indigenous hunters. A millennium later, knowledge of bronze casting penetrated along similar pathways. Copper mines were identified, and metals were exchanged over hundreds of kilometers as elites commanded access to this new material. This Bronze Age ended with the rise of a maritime exchange network that circulated new ideas, religions and artifacts with adjacent areas of present-day India and China. Port cities were founded as knowledge of iron forging rapidly spread, as did exotic ornaments fashioned from glass, carnelian, gold, and silver. In the Mekong Delta, these developments led to an early transition into the state known as Funan. However, the transition to early states in inland regions arose as a sharp decline in monsoon rains stimulated an agricultural revolution involving permanent plowed rice fields. These twin developments illuminate how the great early kingdoms of Angkor, Champa, and Central Thailand came to be, a vital stage in understanding the roots of modern states.
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30

Koch Waldner, Thomas, Susanne Klemm, Gerald Hiebel, et al. Alpine Copper II – Alpenkupfer II – Rame delle Alpi II – Ciuvre des Alpes II. New Results and Perspectives on Prehistoric Copper Production. Edited by Rouven Turck, Thomas Stöllner, and Gert Goldenberg. Deutsches Bergbau-Museum Bochum, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.46586/dbm.179.

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The exploitation of copper deposits in the mountainous areas of the Alps gained enormous economic importance particularly in the 2nd and 1st millennium B.C., as Alpine copper began to play a central role in the metal supply of Europe. This volume summarises the current state of research on prehistoric Alpine copper exploitation from the western and southern Alps to the gates of Vienna in the eastern Alps. The 23 papers were originally presented as contributions to a conference held in September 2016 at the University of Innsbruck, which covered topics such as mountain landscapes, mining, beneficiation, smelting and the metal trade in the Bronze and Early Iron Ages. A particular focus of the present volume is the D-A-CH-funded project on ‘Prehistoric copper production in the Eastern and Central Alps: technical, social and economic dynamics in space and time’, a research collaboration between partners in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. The various contributions provide new perspectives on the questions surrounding fahlore and the different technological processes within the framework of a broader ‘chaîne opératoire’. Even with the current stage of research, it is already possible to sketch how different Alpine regions adapted more general technological and economic trends surrounding copper exploitation in very different ways.
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31

Jung, Reinhard, ed. Punta di Zambrone I. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/978oeaw86151.

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This monograph presents a significant portion of the scientific results of the archaeological excavations at the Bronze Age settlement site of Punta di Zambrone on the Tyrrhenian coast of Calabria (southern Italy). These excavations were conducted from 2011 to 2013 in an Italian-Austrian cooperation. The book is the first in a series dedicated to the final publication of those excavations and focuses on the later part of the settlement history (13th–12th cent. BCE). Major topics include the topography of the site (including a harbour bay), its chronology, investigations into the economic basis of the Bronze Age society and its local, regional and interregional interactions. The new data from Punta di Zambrone are evaluated in comparison with new research results from coeval sites in Italy and Greece, which forms the basis for a historical contextualization of the settlement and thus contributes to the broader reconstruction of Mediterranean history at the end of the second millennium BCE. These coeval sites are presented by their excavators or investigators. The authors conducted geophysical and bathymetric surveys as well as underwater archaeological investigations, typological analyses of artefacts, a definition of the relative and absolute chronology, archaeobotanic and archaeozoological studies, aDNA analysis, Sr isotope analyses on human and animal teeth, chemical and Pb isotope analyses on metal artefacts, provenance analyses of pottery vessels, amber and stone artefacts (from Zambrone and other sites).
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32

Doumani Dupuy, Paula. Bronze Age Central Asia. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935413.013.15.

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This article focuses on the principal characteristics and features of the Bronze Age of the steppes, deserts, mountain foothills, and oases of Central Asia. It outlines the history of research on the region’s mobile pastoral and settled agricultural societies during the third and second millennium BC. The article examines how approaches to the social history and economy have changed from one of macro-studies of regional assemblages toward more targeted investigations of the dynamic and variable nature of this period. Finally, an overview of pottery, metal, and textile assemblages and analyses is used to form a discussion on craft production practices, consumption, and regional exchange across Central Asia.
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33

Frangipane, Marcella. Arslantepe-Malatya: A Prehistoric and Early Historic Center in Eastern Anatolia. Edited by Gregory McMahon and Sharon Steadman. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0045.

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This article discusses findings from excavations at Arslantepe–Malatya. Arslantepe is a tell about 4.5 hectares in extension and 30 meters high, at the heart of the fertile Malatya Plain, some 12 kilometers from the right bank of the Euphrates, and surrounded by mountains, which, in the past, were covered by forests. In the earliest phases of its history, in the Chalcolithic period, it had close links with the Syro-Mesopotamian world, with which it shared many cultural features, structural models, and development trajectories. But in the early centuries of the third millennium BCE, far-reaching changes took place in the site that halted the development of the Mesopotamian-type centralized system and reoriented Arslantepe's external relations toward eastern Anatolia and Transcaucasia. A further radical change occurred in the second millennium BCE, when the site interacted with the rising Hittite civilization, which exerted a strong influence on it. But it was with the Late Bronze I and, more evidently, Late Bronze II, that the expanding Hittite state, which expanded as far as the banks of the Euphrates, imposed its cultural and political domination over the populations in the Malatya region, heralding another important stage in the history of Arslantepe.
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34

Radivojević, Miljana, Benjamin Roberts, Miroslav Marić, Julka Kuzmanović-Cvetković, and Thilo Rehren, eds. The Rise of Metallurgy in Eurasia: Evolution, Organisation and Consumption of Early Metal in the Balkans. Archaeopress Archaeology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/9781803270425.

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'The Rise of Metallurgy in Eurasia' is a landmark study in the origins of metallurgy. The project aimed to trace the invention and innovation of metallurgy in the Balkans. It combined targeted excavations and surveys with extensive scientific analyses at two Neolithic-Chalcolithic copper production and consumption sites, Belovode and Pločnik, in Serbia. At Belovode, the project revealed chronologically and contextually secure evidence for copper smelting in the 49th century BC. This confirms the earlier interpretation of c. 7000-year-old metallurgy at the site, making it the earliest record of fully developed metallurgical activity in the world. However, far from being a rare and elite practice, metallurgy at both Belovode and Pločnik is demonstrated to have been a common and communal craft activity. This monograph reviews the pre-existing scholarship on early metallurgy in the Balkans. It subsequently presents detailed results from the excavations, surveys and scientific analyses conducted at Belovode and Pločnik. These are followed by new and up-to-date regional syntheses by leading specialists on the Neolithic-Chalcolithic material culture, technologies, settlement and subsistence practices in the Central Balkans. Finally, the monograph places the project results in the context of major debates surrounding early metallurgy in Eurasia before proposing a new agenda for global early metallurgy studies.
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35

Morris, Christine. Minoan and Mycenaean Figurines. Edited by Timothy Insoll. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675616.013.033.

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This chapter explores the figurine traditions of the Bronze Age inhabitants of Crete (Minoan) and mainland Greece (Myceanean), covering c.3000–1100 bc. As in many cultures, Aegean figurines are predominantly made from terracotta or fired clay, but stone, ivory and bone, metal, and faience are also utilized. Early Minoan ‘vessel figurines’ and the votive figurines deposited on Middle Minoan Cretan peak sanctuaries in large numbers are presented as case studies for the Minoan terracotta tradition. The faience ‘Snake Goddesses’ and bronze figurines illustrate elite traditions and Minoan technical virtuosity. Restricted largely to the Late Bronze Age, Mycenaean terracottas can be characterized as figurines and figures. The former are small, handmade, and found across a range of contexts, while the latter have wheel-made bodies and are mostly restricted to sanctuaries. Discussion is framed around form, function, performance, and context, while keeping in mind issues of gender and identification.
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36

Eeckhout, Peter, ed. Archaeological Interpretations. University Press of Florida, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813066448.001.0001.

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Presenting studies in Andean archaeology and iconography by leading specialists in the field, this volume tackles the question of how researchers can come to understand the intangible, intellectual worlds of ancient peoples. Archaeological Interpretations is a fascinating ontological journey through Andean cultures from the fourth millennium BC to the sixteenth century AD. Through evidence-based case studies, theoretical models, and methodological reflections, contributors discuss the various interpretations that can be derived from the traces of ritual activity that remain in the material record. They discuss how to accurately comprehend the social significance of artifacts beyond their practical use and how to decode the symbolism of sacred images. Addressing topics including the earliest evidence of shamanism in Ecuador, the meaning of masks among the Mochicas in Peru, the value of metal in the Recuay culture, and ceremonies of voluntary abandonment among the Incas, contributors propose original and innovative ways of interpreting the rich Andean archaeological heritage.
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37

The Metallurgy Of Roman Silver Coinage From The Reform Of Nero To The Reform Of Trajan. Cambridge University Press, 2014.

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38

Kenyon, Ian R. Quantum 20/20. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808350.001.0001.

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This text reviews fundametals and incorporates key themes of quantum physics. One theme contrasts boson condensation and fermion exclusivity. Bose–Einstein condensation is basic to superconductivity, superfluidity and gaseous BEC. Fermion exclusivity leads to compact stars and to atomic structure, and thence to the band structure of metals and semiconductors with applications in material science, modern optics and electronics. A second theme is that a wavefunction at a point, and in particular its phase is unique (ignoring a global phase change). If there are symmetries, conservation laws follow and quantum states which are eigenfunctions of the conserved quantities. By contrast with no particular symmetry topological effects occur such as the Bohm–Aharonov effect: also stable vortex formation in superfluids, superconductors and BEC, all these having quantized circulation of some sort. The quantum Hall effect and quantum spin Hall effect are ab initio topological. A third theme is entanglement: a feature that distinguishes the quantum world from the classical world. This property led Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen to the view that quantum mechanics is an incomplete physical theory. Bell proposed the way that any underlying local hidden variable theory could be, and was experimentally rejected. Powerful tools in quantum optics, including near-term secure communications, rely on entanglement. It was exploited in the the measurement of CP violation in the decay of beauty mesons. A fourth theme is the limitations on measurement precision set by quantum mechanics. These can be circumvented by quantum non-demolition techniques and by squeezing phase space so that the uncertainty is moved to a variable conjugate to that being measured. The boundaries of precision are explored in the measurement of g-2 for the electron, and in the detection of gravitational waves by LIGO; the latter achievement has opened a new window on the Universe. The fifth and last theme is quantum field theory. This is based on local conservation of charges. It reaches its most impressive form in the quantum gauge theories of the strong, electromagnetic and weak interactions, culminating in the discovery of the Higgs. Where particle physics has particles condensed matter has a galaxy of pseudoparticles that exist only in matter and are always in some sense special to particular states of matter. Emergent phenomena in matter are successfully modelled and analysed using quasiparticles and quantum theory. Lessons learned in that way on spontaneous symmetry breaking in superconductivity were the key to constructing a consistent quantum gauge theory of electroweak processes in particle physics.
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39

Trela-Kieferling, Elżbieta, ed. Nakopalniane pracownie krzemieniarskie z okresu neolitu w Bęble, stan. 4, woj. małopolskie / Neolithic flint workshops at the mine in Bębło, site 4, Małopolska. Muzeum Archeologiczne w Krakowie; Wydawnictwo Profil-Archeo, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33547/bmak.10.

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The flint mine in Bębło is situated in the Ojców Upland within the Olkusz Upland, above the Kluczwoda, Bolechówka and Bębłówka river valleys. Its vast mining field lies on a slope of a crest facing south-east, rising above a small valley, now dry but once crossed by a watercourse, to a height of approx. 30 metres. In the late 5th millennium BC, irregular flint concretions were extracted there through small shallow pits located one next to the other and reaching the bottom of karst karren. The nature, function and relative chronology of Site 4 in Bębło are crucial to the analysis of flint mining and reduction techniques in southern Poland in the middle phase of the Lengyel culture. They can also prove useful in tracing the relationship between the local technological changes and the influx of new ideas linked with the “second stage of the Neolithization in the Polish territories”.
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40

Art of the Houma foundry. Princeton University Press, 1996.

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41

Xiating, Li, and Liang Ziming. Art of the Houma Foundry: Institute of Archaeology of Shanxi Provincial. Princeton University Press, 1996.

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42

Yang, Liu, Yang Liu, and Edmund Capon. Masks of Mystery: Ancient Chinese Bonzes from Sanxingdui. Art Media Resources, 2001.

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43

Hodgkinson, Anna K. Technology and Urbanism in Late Bronze Age Egypt. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803591.001.0001.

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This book provides the first systematic and comprehensive discussion of the intra-urban distribution of high-status goods, and their production or role as a marker of the nature of the settlements known as royal cities of New Kingdom Egypt (c.1550-1069 BC). Using spatial analysis to detect patterns of artefact distribution, the study focuses on Amarna, Gurob, and Malqata, incorporating Qantir/Pi-Ramesse for comparison. Being royal cities, these three settlements had a great need for luxury goods. Such items were made of either highly valuable materials, or materials that were not easily produced and therefore required a certain set of skills. Specifically, the industries discussed are those of glass, faience, metal, sculpture, and textiles. Analysis of the evidence of high-status industrial processes throughout the urban settlements, has demonstrated that industrial activities took place in institutionalized buildings, in houses of the elite, and also in small domestic complexes. This leads to the conclusion that materials were processed at different levels throughout the settlements and were subject to a strict pattern of control. The methodological approach to each settlement necessarily varies, depending on the nature and quality of the available data. By examining the distribution of high-status or luxury materials, in addition to archaeological and artefactual evidence of their production, a deeper understanding has been achieved of how industries were organized and how they influenced urban life in New Kingdom Egypt.
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44

Mairat, Jerome, Andrew Wilson, and Chris Howgego, eds. Coin Hoards and Hoarding in the Roman World. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198866381.001.0001.

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This interdisciplinary volume presents an introduction and fourteen papers by Roman numismatists, historians, and archaeologists, discussing coin hoarding in the Roman Empire from c. 30 BC to AD 400. The book introduces the Coin Hoards of the Roman Empire Project, which is creating a database of all known Roman coin hoards from Augustus to AD 400, and illustrates the range of research themes being addressed by those connected with the project. The volume also reflects the range of the Project’s collaborations, with chapters on the use of hoard data to address methodological considerations or monetary history; and coverage of hoards from the west, centre, and east of the Roman Empire, essential to assess methodological issues and interpretations in as broad a context as possible. Chapters on methodology and metrology introduce statistical tools for analysing patterns of hoarding, explore the relationships between monetary reforms and hoarding practices, and address the question of value, emphasizing the need to consider the whole range of precious metal artefacts hoarded. Several chapters present regional studies, from Britain to Egypt, conveying the diversity of hoarding practices across the Empire, the differing methodological challenges they face, and the variety of topics they illuminate. The final group of chapters examines the evidence of hoarding for how long coins stayed in circulation, illustrating the importance of hoard evidence as a control on the interpretation of single coin finds, the continued circulation of Republican coins under the Empire, and the end of the small change economy in northern Gaul.
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45

Northover, Peter, and Helle Vandkilde. From Stone to Bronze: The Metalwork of the Late Neolithicand Earliest Bronze Age in Denmark (Jutland Archaeological Society Publications). Aarhus Univ Pr, 1997.

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46

McVeigh, Brian J. The Self-Healing Mind. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780197647868.001.0001.

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Evolutionary psychology/psychiatry teaches us about why some mental illnesses developed. However, Brian J. McVeigh argues that much more recent changes in mentality hold lessons about improving our mental well-being. Indeed, by around 1000 BCE, population expansion and social complexity had forced people to learn conscious interiority, a package of capabilities that culturally upgraded mentality. The functions/features of conscious interiority (FOCI) are instances of adaptive meta-framing: abstracting, metaphorizing, reframing, and transcending one’s circumstances. Adopting a common factors and positive psychology perspective, McVeigh enumerates FOCI—“active ingredients”—of the self-healing mind: mental space (introspectable stage for manipulating mental images); introception (employing semi-hallucinatory quasi-perceptions to “see” different perspectives); self-observing and observed (increasing role/perspective-taking); self-narratization (intensifying retrospection/prospection capabilities); excerption (editing mental contents for higher-order conceptualization); consilience (fitting conceptions together more effectively to bolster abstraction); concentration (peripheralizing unrelated mental material); suppression (deleting distracting and distressing thoughts); self-authorization (a sense of who or what one’s legitimizes one’s decision and behavior); self-autonomy (bolstering self-direction and self-confidence); self-individuation (highlighting personal strengths); self-reflexivity (cultivating insight, self-objectivity, and self-corrective abilities). FOCI underlie the effectiveness of psychotherapeutic techniques. Though the psyche’s recuperative properties correct distorted cognition and provide remarkable adaptive abilities, FOCI sometimes spiral out of control, resulting in runaway consciousness and certain mental disorders. Also addressed, then, is how snowballing FOCI become maladaptive processes in need of restraint. The benefits of temporarily suspending FOCI (hypnosis) and regulating them (meditation) are also explored. This work will appeal to practitioners, researchers, and anyone interested in how therapeutically directed consciousness repairs the mind.
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47

Peifen, Chen, and Pei-Fen Chen. Ancient Chinese Bronzes in the Shanghai Museum. Scala Publishers, 1996.

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48

John, Boardman, and Robert L. Wilkins. Greek Gems and Finger Rings: Early Bronze to Late Classical. Thames & Hudson, 2001.

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49

Michael, Vickers, and David Gill. Artful Crafts: Ancient Greek Silverware and Pottery. Oxford University Press, USA, 1996.

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