Journal articles: 'BDLM'

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Liu, Yuefei, Qingkai Xiao, and Xueping Fan. "Cubic Function-Based Bayesian Dynamic Linear Prediction Approach of Bridge Extreme Stress." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7460378.

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In structural health monitoring (SHM) field, the structural stress prediction and assessment are the research bottleneck. To reasonably and dynamically predict structural extreme stress based on the time-variant monitored data, the objectives of this paper are to present (a) cubic function-based Bayesian dynamic linear models (BDLM) about monitored extreme stress, (b) choosing method of optimum probability distribution functions about initial stress state, (c) monitoring mechanism of the optimum BDLM, and (d) an effective way of taking advantage of BDLM to incorporate the time-variant monitored data into structural extreme stress prediction. The monitored data of an existing bridge is adopted to illustrate the feasibility and application of the proposed models and procedures.

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Chen, C., N. A. Ratcliffe, and A. F. Rowley. "Detection, isolation and characterization of multiple lectins from the haemolymph of the cockroach Blaberus discoidalis." Biochemical Journal 294, no. 1 (August 15, 1993): 181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2940181.

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Three agglutinins (lectins), designated BDL1, BDL2 and BDL3, were identified in the haemolymph of the cockroach Blaberus discoidalis by erythrocyte cross-adsorption and sugar inhibition tests. With the use of (NH4)2SO4 fractionation, anion-exchange and affinity chromatography, BDL1 and BDL2 have been purified to homogeneity, and BDL3 has been partially purified to three bands on SDS/PAGE. BDL1 has a molecular-mass estimate of 390 kDa by gel filtration and approx. 158 kDa by SDS/PAGE under non-reducing conditions, further reduced to subunits of 36 kDa under reducing conditions. BDL2 has a molecular mass of approx. 140 kDa and is composed of subunits of 67 kDa which can be further reduced to identical subunits of 23 kDa. Isoelectric focusing in agarose gels revealed that BDL1 and BDL2 both focused as single bands at pH 6.0 and pH 5.2 respectively. The purified forms of BDL1 and BDL2 were stained by the periodic acid/Schiff's reagent showing that both lectins are glycoproteins. In addition, BDL1 was deglycosylated by endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H. Immunological tests showed that these three lectins are not structurally related. All three lectins bind galactose but have different specificities for binding other sugars and for a range of vertebrate erythrocytes. BDL1 is specifically inhibited by D-(+)-glucose, D-(+)-mannose and N-acetyl-D-mannosamine, but not by N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, and BDL2 is inhibited by N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, but not by D-(+)-glucose, D-(+)-mannose or N-acetyl-D-mannosamine. BDL3 is strongly inhibited by N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, but not by any of the other above-mentioned sugars. Erythrocyte specificities showed that BDL1 is more specific for rabbit than mouse erythrocytes, whereas BDL2 and BDL3 are more specific for mouse than rabbit erythrocytes. The haemagglutinating activities of both the serum and isolated lectins are Ca(2+)-dependent. Localization of BDL1 and BDL2 with fluorescein isothiocyanate-labelled antibodies showed that both lectins are associated with the granules and other areas of the cytoplasm of all blood cell types.

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Higuita-Alzate, David, Marisol Valencia-Cárdenas, and Juan Carlos Correa-Morales. "Método de combinación de pronósticos usando modelos Bayesianos y una metaheurística, caso de estudio." DYNA 85, no. 207 (October 1, 2018): 337–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v85n207.68424.

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La planeación de pronósticos de demanda de productos perecederos es importante para todo tipo de industria que los manufacture o distribuya, en especial, cuando ésta tiene un comportamiento estacional y variabilidad difícil de predecir. En este trabajo se propone una metaheurística basada en Optimización por Colonia de Hormigas (ACO) para la combinación de pronósticos de múltiples productos, basada en tres modelos: Modelo Lineal Mixto (MLM), Modelo de Regresión Bayesiana (BRM) y Modelo Bayesiano Lineal Dinámico (BDLM), los cuales hacen parte de la combinación propuesta cuyo proceso se basa en la minimización del indicador de Media de Error Absoluto Porcentual Simétrico (SMAPE). Se encuentra que las metodologías de BDLM y de BRM obtienen buenos resultados de forma individual siendo mejor esta última, no obstante, el algoritmo ACO diseñado arroja un mejor resultado, facilitando una adecuada predicción de demanda de varios productos de una empresa del sector de cárnicos.

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Fan, Xueping, and Yuefei Liu. "Dynamic Reliability Prediction of Bridges Based on Decoupled SHM Extreme Stress Data and Improved BDLM." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (June 7, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5579368.

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Bridge health monitoring system has produced a huge amount of monitored data (extreme stress data, etc.) in the long-term service periods; how to reasonably predict structural dynamic reliability with these data is one key problem in structural health monitoring (SHM) field. In this paper, considering the coupling, randomness, and time variation of SHM data, firstly, the coupled extreme stress data, which are considered as a time series, are decoupled into high-frequency and low-frequency data with the moving average method. Secondly, Bayesian dynamic linear models (BDLM) without priori monitoring error data (e.g., unknown monitored error variance) are built to dynamically predict the decoupled extreme stress; furthermore, the dynamic reliability of bridge members is predicted with the built BDLM and first-order second moment (FOSM) reliability method. Finally, an actual example is provided to illustrate the feasibility and application of the proposed models and methods. The research results of this paper will provide the theoretical foundations for structural reliability prediction.

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Liu, Yuefei, Xueping Fan, Guanghong Yang, Zhipeng Shang, and Xiaoxiong Zhao. "BDVCM about the Steel Box Girder Reliability Prediction Based on Monitoring Extreme Stresses." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (February 19, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8816459.

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To reasonably predict the steel box girder reliability considering the dynamic dependence among the performance functions corresponding to the failure modes of the multiple monitoring points, this paper firstly adopts the dynamic monitoring extreme stresses of the multiple control points to build the Bayesian Dynamic Vine Copula Model (BDVCM) taking into account the dynamic dependence of the multiple monitoring variables through combining the vine copula technique with Bayesian Dynamic Linear Models (BDLM); secondly, with first-order second-moment method and the built BDVCM, the steel box girder reliability, taking into account dynamic dependence among the performance functions corresponding to the failure modes of the multiple monitoring points, is predicted; finally, the monitoring data from the five sections of an existing steel box girder were provided to illustrate the proposed model and approach. The analytical results illustrated that the predicted results, without considering the dynamic nonlinear dependence among the failure modes of the multiple monitoring points, are conservative.

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Khan, Firdos, Shaukat Ali, Alia Saeed, Ramesh Kumar, and Abdul Wali Khan. "Forecasting daily new infections, deaths and recovery cases due to COVID-19 in Pakistan by using Bayesian Dynamic Linear Models." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 17, 2021): e0253367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253367.

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The COVID-19 has caused the deadliest pandemic around the globe, emerged from the city of Wuhan, China by the end of 2019 and affected all continents of the world, with severe health implications and as well as financial-damage. Pakistan is also amongst the top badly effected countries in terms of casualties and financial loss due to COVID-19. By 20th March, 2021, Pakistan reported 623,135 total confirmed cases and 13,799 deaths. A state space model called ‘Bayesian Dynamic Linear Model’ (BDLM) was used for the forecast of daily new infections, deaths and recover cases regarding COVID-19. For the estimation of states of the models and forecasting new observations, the recursive Kalman filter was used. Twenty days ahead forecast show that the maximum number of new infections are 4,031 per day with 95% prediction interval (3,319–4,743). Death forecast shows that the maximum number of the deaths with 95% prediction interval are 81 and (67–93), respectively. Maximum daily recoveries are 3,464 with 95% prediction interval (2,887–5,423) in the next 20 days. The average number of new infections, deaths and recover cases are 3,282, 52 and 1,840, respectively, in the upcoming 20 days. As the data generation processes based on the latest data has been identified, therefore it can be updated with the availability of new data to provide latest forecast.

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Chen, Wei, Zhiyun Zhang, Xin Li, Hans Ågren, and Jianhua Su. "Highly sensitive detection of low-level water content in organic solvents and cyanide in aqueous media using novel solvatochromic AIEE fluorophores." RSC Advances 5, no. 16 (2015): 12191–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra15199b.

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Two novel solvatochromic AIEE probes, BDM and BDBM have been successfully developed, which can be utilized as fluorescent sensors for the qualitative and quantitative low-level water content in THF or dioxane and cyanide in aqueous media.

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Herath, Chandana B., John S. Lubel, Zhiyuan Jia, Elena Velkoska, David Casley, Lindsay Brown, Chris Tikellis, Louise M. Burrell, and Peter W. Angus. "Portal pressure responses and angiotensin peptide production in rat liver are determined by relative activity of ACE and ACE2." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 297, no. 1 (July 2009): G98—G106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00045.2009.

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Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) 2 activity and angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] levels are increased in experimental cirrhosis; however, the pathways of hepatic Ang-(1-7) production have not been studied. This study investigated the role of ACE2, ACE, and neutral endopeptidase (NEP) in the hepatic formation of Ang-(1-7) from angiotensin I (Ang I) and Ang II and their effects on portal resistance. Ang I or Ang II were administered to rat bile duct ligated (BDL) and control livers alone and in combination with the ACE inhibitor lisinopril, the ACE and NEP inhibitor omapatrilat, or the ACE2 inhibitor MLN4760 ( n = 5 per group). BDL markedly upregulated ACE, ACE2, and NEP. Ang-(1-7) was produced from Ang II in healthy and in BDL livers and was increased following ACE inhibition and decreased by ACE2 inhibition. In contrast, Ang-(1-7) production from Ang I was minimal and not affected by ACE or NEP inhibition. Surprisingly, ACE2 inhibition in BDLs dramatically increased Ang-(1-7) production from Ang I, an effect abolished by ACE2/NEP inhibition. Ang II and Ang I induced greater portal pressure increases in BDL livers than controls. The effects of Ang I were closely correlated with Ang II production and were strongly attenuated by both ACE and ACE/NEP inhibition. These findings show that the major substrate for hepatic production of Ang-(1-7) is Ang II and this is catalyzed by ACE2. Ang I is largely converted to Ang II by ACE, and net conversion of Ang I to Ang-(1-7) is small. NEP has the ability to generate large amounts of Ang-(1-7) in the BDL liver from Ang I only when ACE2 activity is greatly decreased or inhibited.

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Desai, Aakash, Patrick Twohig, Sophie Trujillo, Shaman Dalal, Gursimran S. Kochhar, and Dalbir S. Sandhu. "Clinical efficacy, timing, and outcomes of ERCP for management of bile duct leaks: a nationwide cohort study." Endoscopy International Open 09, no. 02 (February 2021): E247—E252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1322-2425.

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Abstract Background and study aims Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) can safely and effectively manage postsurgical or traumatic bile duct leaks (BDLs). Standardized guidelines are lacking regarding effective management of BDLs. Our aim was to evaluate the efficacy, clinical outcomes, and complications of different ERCP techniques and intervention timing using a nationwide database. Patients and methods We performed a retrospective analysis of the IBM Explorys database (1999–2019), a pooled, national, de-identified clinical database of over 64 million unique patients across the United States. ERCP timing after BDL was classified as emergent (< 1 day), urgent (1–3 days) or expectant (> 3 days). ERCP technique was classified into sphincterotomy, stent or combination therapy. ERCP complications were defined as pancreatitis, duodenal perforation, duodenal hemorrhage, and ascending cholangitis within 7 days of the procedure. Results Expectant ERCP had a decreased risk of adverse events (AEs) compared to emergent and urgent ERCP (P = 0.004). Rehospitalization rates also were lower in expectant ERCP (P < 0.001). Patients with COPD were more likely to have an AE if the ERCP was performed emergently compared to expectantly (P = 0.002). Combination therapy had a lower rate of ERCP failure compared to placement of a biliary stent (P = 0.02). There was no statistically significant difference in rates of ERCP failure between biliary stent and sphincterotomy (P = 0.06) or sphincterotomy and combination therapy (P = 0.74). Conclusion Our study suggests that ERCP does not need to be performed emergently or urgently for management of BDLs. Combination therapy is superior to stenting but not sphincterotomy; however, future prospective studies are needed to validate these findings.

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Lenius, Steve. "Bisexuals and BDSM." Journal of Bisexuality 1, no. 4 (May 4, 2001): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j159v01n04_06.

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Caputo, A., F. Rossi, and R. Perris. "BDSM: powerful pleasures." Sexologies 17 (April 2008): S48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1158-1360(08)72645-8.

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Lindemann, Danielle. "BDSM as therapy?" Sexualities 14, no. 2 (April 2011): 151–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1363460711399038.

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Jolene Sloan, Lorca. "Ace of (BDSM) clubs: Building asexual relationships through BDSM practice." Sexualities 18, no. 5-6 (February 27, 2015): 548–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1363460714550907.

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Simula, Brandy L., and J. Sumerau. "The use of gender in the interpretation of BDSM." Sexualities 22, no. 3 (November 20, 2017): 452–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1363460717737488.

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In this article, we explore the ways BDSM practitioners negotiate gender. Based on 32 in-depth interviews with BDSM practitioners and thousands of message board posts from the then-largest online BDSM community in the USA, we explore the explanatory frameworks BDSM practitioners use to (1) downplay and (2) emphasize dominant notions of gender to make sense of BDSM practices and experiences. In so doing, we discuss some ways BDSM practices and interpretations may both challenge and reproduce broader societal patterns of gender inequality. In conclusion, we draw out implications for understanding (1) variation in the utilization of gender beliefs and assumptions within BDSM cultures, and (2) the consequences these patterns have for the reproduction of gender inequality.

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Dunkley, Cara R., and Lori A. Brotto. "The Role of Consent in the Context of BDSM." Sexual Abuse 32, no. 6 (April 22, 2019): 657–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063219842847.

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Consent represents a central focus in the controversial realm of BDSM—an overlapping acronym referring to the practices of Bondage and Discipline, Dominance and Submission, and Sadism and Masochism. Many authors have argued that the hallmark feature that distinguishes BDSM activity from abuse and psychopathology is the presence of mutual informed consent of all those involved. This review examines the relevant literature on consent in BDSM, including discussions on safety precautions, consent violations, North American laws pertaining to BDSM practice, and the role of the BDSM community with respect to education and etiquette surrounding consent. Practical information relevant to professionals who work toward the prevention of sexual exploitation and abuse is provided. The explicit approach to consent practiced by those in the BDSM community is proposed as a model for discussions around consent in clinical and educational contexts. Criteria for distinguishing abuse from BDSM and identifying abuse within BDSM relationships are outlined. It is our hope to demystify the consent process and add to the growing body of literature that destigmatizes consensual BDSM practices.

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Wang, Xiu Ping, and Feng Ge Zhang. "Finite Element Analysis of Magnetic Field Modulation Effect of Brushless Doubly Fed Machine." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 5227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.5227.

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Brushless Doubly Fed Machine (BDFM) shows economic promise as a variable speed drive or generator. Seeking for rotor structures with higher modulation effect will be the most important role at present for improving the efficiency and performance of BDFM. After presenting the principle and providing the parameters of BDFM, this paper analyzes the air gap flux density of BDFM with different rotor structures and various pole numbers by using finite element analysis software ANSOFT. The effect of rotor structures and pole numbers on magnetic field modulation of BDFM can be obtained, these conclusions could lay the foundation for BDFM structure optimizing design.

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Chu, Huaqiang, Bingzhi Dong, Yalei Zhang, and Xuefei Zhou. "Gravity filtration performances of the bio-diatomite dynamic membrane reactor for slightly polluted surface water purification." Water Science and Technology 66, no. 5 (September 1, 2012): 1139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.284.

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A bio-diatomite dynamic membrane (BDDM) reactor for surface water treatment under a water head of 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 cm, respectively, was investigated, which was very effective for pollutants removal. The water head exerted strong influences on filtration flux of BDDM during the precoating process, as well as on the formation of BDDM and turbidity variations. A high filtration flux (approximately 200−300 L/m2 h) could be achieved in the long filtration times of BDDM with a stable effluent turbidity of approximately 0.11−0.25 NTU. The BDDM could remove particles larger than 25 μm completely. The adopted sintered diatomite mainly consisted of macro pores, which were beneficial for improving the filtration flux of BDDM. During the backwash stage, the BDDM could be removed completely by the air backwash.

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George, Michael H., Greg R. Olson, Donald Doerfler, Tanya Moore, Steve Kilburn, and Anthony B. De Angelo. "Carcinogenicity of Bromodichloromethane Administered in Drinking Water to Male F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice." International Journal of Toxicology 21, no. 3 (May 2002): 219–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10915810290096351.

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A life-time exposure study was conducted to assess the carcinogenicity of bromodichloromethane (BDCM) administered in the drinking water to male F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice. In mouse, the calculated mean daily BDCM concentrations (measured concentrations corrected for on-cage loss of chemical) were 0.06, 0.28 and 0.49 g/l. Time-weighted water consumption of 135, 97, and 89 ml/kg/day resulted in mean daily doses of 8.1, 27.2, and 43.4 mg BDCM/kg/day. No changes in feed consumption, final body weight, or survival were observed. Kidney weights were significantly depressed at 27.2 and 43.4 mg BDCM/kg/day. There was no increase in neoplasia in the liver, kidney, spleen, testis, bladder, sections along the alimentary tract, excised lesions, or at any other organ site. In rat, the corrected mean daily BDCM concentrations were 0.06, 0.33, and 0.62 g/l. Time-weighted water consumption of 65, 63, and 59 ml/kg/day yielded 3.9, 20.6 and 36.3 mg BDCM/kg/day. No alterations in feed consumption, body weight gain, and survival were seen. Kidney weight was significantly depressed in the 36.3-mg/kg/day treatment group. There was a significantly enhanced prevalence and multiplicity of hepatocellular adenomas at 3.9 mg BDCM/kg/day (15.5% and 0.16/animal vs. 2.2% and 0.02/animal for the control). Hepatocellular carcinomas increased from 2.2% and 0.02/animal for the control and 3.9 mg BDCM/kg/day to 8.3% and 0.10/animal at 20.6 mg BDCM/kg/day. The combined neoplasms were enhanced at 3.9 and 20.6 mg BDCM/kg/day. Liver neoplasia was depressed to the control value at 36.3 mg BDCM/kg. The prevalence of basophilic and clear cell, but not eosinophilic cells, altered foci of cells declined with increasing dose. BDCM did not increase cancer in the large bowel, renal tubules, or in any of the other tissues examined. Renal tubular hyperplasia was observed at 36.3 mg BDCM/kg (15.8% vs. 8.7% for the control group). Under the conditions of the study, BDCM in the drinking water was not carcinogenic in the male B6C3F1 mouse, but was carcinogenic in the male F344/N rat based on an increased hepatocellular neoplasia.

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Martin, Richard Joseph. "Toward an affective phenomenology of discourse." Journal of Language and Sexuality 7, no. 1 (February 22, 2018): 30–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jls.17008.mar.

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Abstract The Fifty Shades trilogy is often associated with BDSM, yet practitioners of BDSM typically disavow the trilogy. Previous research highlights how mechanics of BDSM such as agency and consent are misrepresented in the trilogy; this study highlights differences in affect. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork among BDSM practitioners in Berlin, Germany, this paper considers reception beyond reading as evidence of BDSM’s affective phenomenology. The paper combines an Ortner-inspired “cultural ethnography through discourse” with close reading: it compares discourse and affect observed in the field with that in the novels, and suggests that the portrayal of BDSM in the novels and portrayals of the novels as representations of BDSM misinterpret the affective phenomenology of BDSM. Through attention to language, this study shows how affect and situated discourse become mutually constitutive in shaping the legibility of phenomenological experience, suggesting that playful reterritorializations of semiotic forms can counter mimetic perpetuations of symbolic violence.

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Alessandrin, Arnaud, and Marielle Toulze. "Les événements publics BDSM." Géographie et cultures, no. 95 (October 1, 2015): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/gc.4099.

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Glyde, Tania. "BDSM: psychotherapy's grey area." Lancet Psychiatry 2, no. 3 (March 2015): 211–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(15)00058-9.

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KUCZEK, Klaudia. "Badania symulacyjne silnika BDFM." PRZEGLĄD ELEKTROTECHNICZNY 1, no. 1 (January 5, 2018): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15199/48.2018.01.17.

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Hammers, Corie. "Reworking Trauma through BDSM." Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 44, no. 2 (January 2019): 491–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/699370.

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Putri, Elok Fauzia Dwi. "Pertanggungjawaban Pidana Pelaku BDSM (Bondage, Discipline, Sadism and Masochism) yang Mengakibatkan Luka, Cacat atau Kematian." Jurist-Diction 4, no. 2 (March 5, 2021): 619. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jd.v4i2.25781.

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Dini ini, BDSM banyak dibicarakan dalam media sosial maupun dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Banyak masyarakat yang tertarik dan penasaran untuk sekadar mengetahui atau terjun dalam dunia BDSM. Rasa penasaran dan kurangnya pengetahuan dapat menyebabkan kerugian seperti luka, cacat atau kematian kepada partner BDSM scene. BDSM bukan merupakan tindak pidana walaupun sangat erat kaitannya dengan kekerasan karena dilakukan dengan consent. Dalam ilmu kejiwaan, sadisme dan masokisme termasuk dalam parafilia. Namun, penyimpangan tersebut tidak dapat dijadikan sebagai alasan untuk menggugurkan pemidanaan dikarenakan bukan termasuk yang dikecualikan pada Pasal 44 KUHP. Sehingga, pelaku BDSM yang menyebabkan luka, cacat dan hilangnya nyawa akan tetap dipidana.

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Xiao, Han, Yang Chen, Muzhi Li, Qiang Shi, Yan Xu, Jianzhong Hu, Xing Li, Can Chen, and Hongbin Lu. "Cell-Free Book-Shaped Decellularized Tendon Matrix Graft Capable of Controlled Release of BMP-12 to Improve Tendon Healing in a Rat Model." American Journal of Sports Medicine 49, no. 5 (March 5, 2021): 1333–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546521994555.

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Background: Achilles tendon (AT) defects often occur in traumatic and chronic injuries. Currently, no graft can satisfactorily regenerate parallel tendinous tissue at the defect site to completely restore AT function. Purpose: To develop a cell-free functional graft by tethering bone morphogenetic protein 12 (BMP-12) on a book-shaped decellularized tendon matrix (BDTM) and to determine whether this graft is more beneficial for AT defect healing than an autograft. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Canine patellar tendon was sectioned into a book shape and decellularized to fabricate a BDTM. The collagen-binding domain (CBD) was fused into the N-terminus of BMP-12 to synthesize a recombinant BMP-12 (CBD-BMP-12), which was tethered to the BDTM to prepare a cell-free functional graft (CBD-BMP-12/BDTM). After its tensile resistance, tenogenic inducibility, and BMP-12 release dynamics were evaluated, the efficacy of the graft for tendon regeneration was determined in a rat model. A total of 140 mature male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent AT tenotomy. The defect was reconstructed with reversed AT (autograft group), native BMP-12 tethered to an intact decellularized tendon matrix (IDTM; NAT-BMP-12/IDTM group), native BMP-12 tethered to a BDTM (NAT-BMP-12/BDTM group), CBD-BMP-12 tethered on an IDTM (CBD-BMP-12/IDTM group), and CBD-BMP-12 tethered on a BDTM (CBD-BMP-12/BDTM group). The rats were sacrificed 4 or 8 weeks after surgery to harvest AT specimens. Six specimens from each group at each time point were used for histological evaluation; the remaining 8 specimens were used for biomechanical testing. Results: In vitro CBD-BMP-12/BDTM was noncytotoxic, showed high biomimetics with native tendons, was suitable for cell adhesion and growth, and had superior tenogenic inducibility. In vivo the defective AT in the CBD-BMP-12/BDTM group regenerated more naturally than in the other groups, as indicated by more spindle-shaped fibroblasts embedded in a matrix of parallel fibers. The biomechanical properties of the regenerated AT in the CBD-BMP-12/BDTM group also increased more significantly than in the other groups. Conclusion: CBD-BMP-12/BDTM is more beneficial than autograft for healing AT defects in a rat model. Clinical Relevance: The findings of this study demonstrate that CBD-BMP-12/BDTM can serve as a practical graft for reconstructing AT defects.

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Carlström, Charlotta, and Catrine Andersson. "The queer spaces of BDSM and non-monogamy." Journal of Positive Sexuality 5, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.51681/1.513.

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Based on interviews and ethnographic fieldwork within BDSM communities in Sweden, this article focuses on links between non-monogamy and BDSM. Drawing on Halberstam´s concept of queer space, the following questions are investigated: What are the connections between BDSM and non-monogamous communities? How does interaction between BDSM and non-monogamous practices create non-normative logic? The transgression of one norm makes it easier to transgress other norms as well, providing opportunities to find new ways of organizing relationships beyond the norms of monogamy. In order for an individual to be able to fully explore kinks in BDSM practices and at the same time respect the boundaries of a partner, nonmonogamy emerges as one logical answer.

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Drdová, Lucie, and Steven Saxonberg. "Dilemmas of a subculture: An analysis of BDSM blogs about Fifty Shades of Grey." Sexualities 23, no. 5-6 (October 22, 2019): 987–1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1363460719876813.

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Recently, much has been written in the mass media about the novel and film Fifty Shades of Grey. It was widely portrayed as an example of BDSM (a common abbreviation for the terms bondage, discipline, dominance, submissivity, sadism and masochism) subculture and used as a symbol of sadomasochistic identity. But is this public view based on the self image of BDSM subcultural members or is it a figment of the imagination of writers and journalists? This article presents the voice of BDSM activists, who are silenced and excluded from the public debate. Using a virtual ethnographic method, we analyse the BDSM blogosphere as a platform for subcultural expressions of opinion. We combine this with a documentary analysis. In doing so, we examine how BDSM subculture members perceive themselves in contrast to the mainstream view of them pictured in the book Fifty Shades of Grey. This article investigates to what extent the subcultural conception of BDSM corresponds to the book's depiction and where it differs fundamentally.

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Yang, Wen Jie. "Study on Direct Torque Control of Brushless Doubly-Fed Machine Based on Discete Space Vector Modulation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 615 (August 2014): 402–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.615.402.

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The paper introduces Working mode of brushless doubly-fed machine（BDFM） and mathematical model in the d-q coordinates for BDFM，a strategy of discrete space vector modulation in direct torque control for BDFM has been Proposed 。The paper uses Matlab / Simulink to model and simulate the system of the direct torque control for brush double-fed motor based on discrete Space Vector Modulation.Simulation results prove that the discrete space vector modulation technique can reduce the torque ripple of traditional direct torque control system for BDFM, and improve waveform of current and Flux of Control winding.

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29

Wright, Susan. "De-Pathologization of Consensual BDSM." Journal of Sexual Medicine 15, no. 5 (May 2018): 622–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2018.02.018.

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Shindel, A. W. "Psychological Characteristics of BDSM Practitioners." Yearbook of Urology 2014 (2014): 80–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yuro.2014.01.015.

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Wismeijer, Andreas A. J., and Marcel A. L. M. van Assen. "Psychological Characteristics of BDSM Practitioners." Journal of Sexual Medicine 10, no. 8 (August 2013): 1943–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jsm.12192.

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Charoenpol, A., and C. Ratanaprasert. "ALL SUBDIRECTLY IRREDUCIBLE BDLC-ALGEBRAS." Far East Journal of Mathematical Sciences (FJMS) 100, no. 3 (July 30, 2016): 477–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17654/ms100030477.

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Senzo, M. "La communication codifiée du BDSM." Hermès 69, no. 2 (2014): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/herm.069.0059.

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Canonne, Justine. "Sadomasochisme, BDSM, combien de nuances ?" Sciences Humaines N° 284, no. 8 (August 1, 2016): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/sh.284.0067.

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Carlström, Charlotta. "BDSM – the antithesis of good Swedish sex?" Sexualities 22, no. 7-8 (October 23, 2018): 1164–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1363460718769648.

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In this article, based on ethnographic fieldwork, and interviews with 29 self-defined BDSM practitioners, I explore the incorporation process of BDSM (Bondage and Discipline, Dominance and Submission, Sadism and Masochism) in Swedish society. I argue that the so-called ‘good sexuality’ described by Gayle Rubin (2011) and Don Kulick (2005) is still alive as a normative principle in this context. Drawing on Foucault’s concept ‘biopower’ (1976), I show that to gain acceptance and to fit into a society characterized by ‘good sexuality’, BDSM has to be normalized. This normalization process is closely connected to a middle-class hegemony and results in limitations that in various ways affect the practitioners, as well as impacting the transgressive core of BDSM.

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Yost, Megan R., and L. E. Hunter. "BDSM practitioners’ understandings of their initial attraction to BDSM sexuality: essentialist and constructionist narratives." Psychology and Sexuality 3, no. 3 (September 2012): 244–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19419899.2012.700028.

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Monteiro Pascoal, Patrícia, Daniel Cardoso, and Rui Henriques. "Sexual Satisfaction and Distress in Sexual Functioning in a Sample of the BDSM Community: A Comparison Study Between BDSM and Non-BDSM Contexts." Journal of Sexual Medicine 12, no. 4 (April 2015): 1052–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jsm.12835.

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Peng, Xiao, Yun Xiong Song, and Wan Tai Liu. "The Wound-Rotor Design and Finite Element Analysis of Wound-Rotor Brushless Double-Feed Motor." Advanced Materials Research 791-793 (September 2013): 813–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.791-793.813.

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In this paper, firstly the operation principle of the brushless double-fed motor is introduced. Secondly by means of the single-pole slot-number phase diagram, the rotor windings are designed and analyzed, and it is proved that the designed motor can assure the equality of the induced branch EMF and satisfy the demands of other electrical properties. Finally, on the basis of analyzing the design principle of the BDFM, the Ansoft/Maxwell is used to establish the model of doubly-fed brushless machine with the wound rotor, the 2-D transient electromagnetic fields of brushless doubly-fed machine (BDFM) is calculated by finite element method, the magnetic force line and air-gap magnetic field is got, and the air-gap magnetic fields is analyzed by the harmonic spectrum. After the analysis of the finite element, the design of the BDFM with wound rotor structure can be achieved in this paper, and it provides the foundation for the rotor structure design optimization of BDFM and it also provides guiding significance for the BDFM.

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Morgan, Ryan, Steven Kohn, Sung-Hei Hwang, Daniel J. Hassett, and Karin Sauer. "BdlA, a Chemotaxis Regulator Essential for Biofilm Dispersion in Pseudomonas aeruginosa." Journal of Bacteriology 188, no. 21 (November 1, 2006): 7335–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00599-06.

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ABSTRACT Multiple environmental cues have been shown to trigger biofilm detachment, the transition from surface-attached, highly organized communities known as biofilms to the motile lifestyle. The goal of this study was to identify a gene product involved in sensing environmental cues that trigger biofilm dispersion in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. To do so, we focused on novel putative chemotaxis transducer proteins that could potentially be involved in environmental sensing. We identified a locus encoding such a protein that played a role in detachment, as indicated by the observation that an isogenic mutant biofilm could not disperse in response to a variety of environmental cues. The locus was termed bdlA for biofilm dispersion locus. The BdlA protein harbors an MCP (methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein) domain and two PAS (Per-Arnt-Sint) domains that have been shown to be essential for responding to environmental signals in other proteins. The dispersion-deficient phenotype of the bdlA mutant was confirmed by treatment with the biocide H2O2 and by microscopic observations. The dispersion response was independent of motility. bdlA mutant biofilms were found to have increased adherent properties and increased intracellular levels of cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP). Our findings suggest that BdlA may be a link between sensing environmental cues, c-di-GMP levels, and detachment. Based on our findings, a possible involvement of BdlA in a signaling cascade resulting in biofilm dispersion is discussed.

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Aida, Y., M. Ando, K. Takada, J. Momma, H. Yoshimoto, Y. Nakaji, Y. Kurokawa, and M. Tobe. "Practical Application of Microcapsulation for Toxicity Studies Using Bromodichloromethane as a Model Compound." Journal of the American College of Toxicology 8, no. 6 (November 1989): 1177–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10915818909018075.

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Gelatin-starch syrup (food grade) microcapsulation was applied for toxicology studies of bromodichloromethane (BDCM). BDCM concentrations were stable for 120 days in the microcapsules and for 9 months when incorporated in the powder diet. BDCM concentration in the blood following the administration of microcapsules in olive oil suspension was retained at higher levels than when BDCM was administered as olive oil solution. Subsequently, the microcapsules were mixed in powder diet and were given at concentrations of microcapsulated BDCM of 0, 0.024, 0.072, and 0.215% to groups of 7 male Wistar rats for 1 month. For comparison, BDCM dissolved in olive oil was administered by gavage to groups of 7 male rats for 1 month at dosage levels adjusted to those in the feeding study (0, 20, 60, and 180 mg/kg body weight). Suppression of body weight gain was seen in the high-dosage groups in both the feeding and the gavage studies and was more severe in the former. Similar histopathologic lesions in the liver were shown in both studies, including vacuolization, swelling, and single necrosis of liver cells. Hepatic cord irregularity and bile duct proliferation were observed in the feeding study but not the gavage study. Serum biochemical changes, such as decreases in glucose, triglyceride, and cholinesterase levels, which reflected the histopathologic findings in the liver, were also observed in both studies. Accordingly, the microcapsulation process was proved to pose no qualitative toxic effects on toxicity of BDCM in short-term toxicity studies. It is concluded that the application of microcapsulation is useful for toxicity tests of volatile chemicals when incorporated into food.

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Xiong, Fei, and Xue Fan Wang. "Parameter Calculation of Brushless Doubly-Fed Machine Based on the Genetic Algorithm." Advanced Materials Research 354-355 (October 2011): 1261–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.354-355.1261.

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Because of special structure for the Brushless Doubly-Fed Machine (BDFM) and complex magnetic field coupling of different pole pairs, general parameter calculation and experiment methods are not accurate and fit for the BDFM. A parameter calculation method of the equivalent circuit for the BDFM based on the genetic algorithm (GA) is presented in this paper. The parameters of the equivalent circuit are considered as a group of unknown variables to solve the mathematical equation in different operating conditions. The difference between calculated and measured values is taken as a target function to be minimized through optimizing the parameters of the equivalent circuit by using the GA. The calculated results show that the method is valid to solve the related problems and it is suitable to be applied in the parameter calculation for the BDFM.

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Ruan, Zhiwei, Chaohao Kan, Chenglong Chu, Taian Ren, and Qiuming Chen. "Improvements of the Starting Performance of A Novel Brushless Doubly-fed Motor Based on the Composite Coils." Energies 12, no. 6 (March 25, 2019): 1157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12061157.

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Brushless doubly-fed motor (BDFM) has well applicable potentials in the speed control driving field due to its excellent speed regulation performance. However, the poor starting performance becomes a shortage that still limits the development and application of wound BDFM. To solve the problem, this paper presents a novel BDFM adopted rotor winding based on the principle of the composite coil. Both the principle of the composite coil and the designed example of the rotor winding are analyzed in detail in this content, and the stator winding designed by the change-pole method is described. The performance of the prototype was tested by simulation and experiments, both results reveal that this method can effectively improve the starting performance of BDFM, the system is simplified, and the stability of it is prompted.

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Zhang, Jun, and Xue Fan Wang. "Investigation of Output Power and Efficiency of Wound-Rotor Brushless Doubly-Fed Machine." Advanced Materials Research 516-517 (May 2012): 1604–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.516-517.1604.

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Brushless Doubly-fed Machine (BDFM) is a new type of the induction machine, which has wide application in the fields of variable-speed generator and drive systems. The key factor affecting its performance is the rotor structure. In this paper, taking wound-rotor BDFM for instance, firstly, according to the relationship between the equivalent circuit parameters of the BDFM, the core equivalent circuit model of the BDFM has been derived. Secondly, based on the core equivalent circuit model and the constraints of electromagnetic load, the power distribution between the power and control windings and the constraint condition of maximum output of active power has been obtained. Thirdly, according to the simplified model of the equivalent circuit, the copper loss and the relationship between the output power and efficiency of the machine have been investigated. Finally, the anlysis results are verified by the experimental data.

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Li, Zhenming, Xuefan Wang, Lezhi Ou, Xinmai Gao, and Fei Xiong. "Research of the Fundamental Wave of Wound-Rotor Brushless Doubly-Fed Machine." Energies 12, no. 6 (March 26, 2019): 1172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12061172.

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The brushless doubly-fed machine (BDFM) is a special type of machine with two sets of stator windings and one set of rotor winding. The magnetic field of the BDFM is considered to be complex with no regularity. To study the principles of magnetic fields for the BDFM, a general expression of the fundamental wave is deduced, which shows that the fundamental wave can be regarded as a standing wave when it is observed from rotor reference; also, some discussions about the characteristics of the fundamental wave are presented in the paper. Next, a model of wound-rotor BDFM prototype is established, and the enveloping line and the relations between rotor position and its electrical angle of the magnetic field are figured out in the paper. Finally, after detecting the induced electromotive force (EMF) of measurement coils embedded in the corresponding prototype machine, the validity of the proposed conclusions is verified.

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Widiantari, Ida Ayu Putu, Ida Bagus Rai, and Ida Ayu Sukma Wirani. "NGAWIGUNAYANG APLIKASI PATIK BALI ANGGEN NINCAPANG KAWAGEDAN NYURAT PUPUH DURMA ANTUK MODEL PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF TIPE THINK PAIR AND SHARE (TPS) SISIA KELAS XI BDPM C SMK NEGERI 1 SINGARAJA WARSA 2018/2019." Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Bali Undiksha 6, no. 1 (September 5, 2019): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.23887/jpbb.v6i1.20236.

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Tetilikan puniki matetujon nelatarang (1) tata cara ngawigunayang model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe TPS antuk aplikasi PaTik Bali ring palajahan nyurat pupuh Durma sisia XI BDPM C SMK Negeri 1 Singaraja (2) kawagedan sisia XI BDPM C SMK Negeri 1 Singaraja sawusan ngawigunayang model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe TPS antuk aplikasi PaTik Bali ring palajahan nyurat pupuh durma, lan (3) panampen sisia XI BDPM C SMK Negeri 1 Singaraja indik kawentenan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe TPS ring paplajahan nyurat durma. Tetilikan sane kamargiang puniki nganggen data deskriptif kualitatif lan kuantitatif. Jejering ring tetilikan puniki inggih punika guru basa Bali lan sisia kelas XI BDPM C SMK Negeri 1 Singaraja nglantur panandang tetilikan inggih punika pangajahan antuk model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe TPS. Kramaning mupulang data inggih punika kramaning pratiaksa, tes miwah angket/kuesioner. Pikolih sajeroning tetilikan puniki inggih punika (1) tata cara guru ngawigunayang Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe TPS antuk Aplikasi Patik Bali ring palajahan nyurat pupuh durma sampun nganutin pangrencana paplajahan, (2) ngawigunayang model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe TPS prasida nincapang kawagedan sisia nyurat pupuh durma antuk Aplikasi PaTik Bali sisia kelas XI BDPM C SMK Negeri 1 Singaraja inggih punika nicap 4,97%, (3) ngawigunayang model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe TPS prasida nglimbakan panampen becik saking sisia majeng ring pamlajahan nyurat pupuh durma antuk Aplikasi PaTik Bali sisia kelas XI BDPM C SMK Negeri 1 Singaraja inggih punika nincap 4,07%. Wenten ius sane becik lan signifikan ri sajeroning ngawigunayang Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe TPS antuk Aplikasi PaTik Bali anggen nincapang kawagedan sisia nyurat pupuh durma. Kruna Jejaton : Model, kooperatif, TPS, aplikasi, aksara

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Chang, Tian, Ji, Zhou, Hou, Zhao, Yang, Yang, and Li. "Single-Cell Transcriptomes Reveal Characteristic Features of Mouse Hepatocytes with Liver Cholestatic Injury." Cells 8, no. 9 (September 11, 2019): 1069. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells8091069.

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Hepatocytes are the main parenchymal cells of the liver and play important roles in liver homeostasis and disease process. The heterogeneity of normal hepatocytes has been reported, but there is little knowledge about hepatocyte subtype and distinctive functions during liver cholestatic injury. Bile duct ligation (BDL)-induced mouse liver injury model was employed, and single-cell RNA sequencing was performed. Western blot and qPCR were used to study gene expression. Immunofluoresence was employed to detect the expressions of marker genes in hepatocytes. We detected a specific hepatocyte cluster (BDL-6) expressing extracellular matrix genes, indicating these hepatocytes might undergo epithelia-mesenchymal transition. Hepatocytes of BDL-6 also performed tissue repair functions (such as angiogenesis) during cholestatic injury. We also found that four clusters of cholestatic hepatocytes (BDL-2, BDL-3, BDL-4, and BDL-5) were involved in inflammatory process in different ways. To be specific, BDL-2/3/5 were inflammation-regulated hepatocytes, while BDL-4 played a role in cell chemotaxis. Among these four clusters, BDL-5 was special. because the hepatocytes of BDL-5 were proliferating hepatocytes. Our analysis provided more knowledge of hepatocyte distinctive functions in injured liver and gave rise to future treatment aiming at hepatocytes.

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Garrido, M., C. Escobar, C. Zamora, C. Rejas, J. Varas, C. Córdova, C. Papuzinski, M. Párraga, S. San Martín, and S. Montedonico. "Transplantation of Human Amniotic Membrane over the Liver Surface Reduces Hepatic Fibrosis in a Cholestatic Model in Young Rats." Stem Cells International 2018 (2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6169546.

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Purpose. Biliary atresia precedes liver cirrhosis and liver transplantation. Amniotic membrane (AM) promotes tissue regeneration, inhibits fibrosis, and reduces inflammation. Here, we test amniotic membrane potential as a therapeutic tool against cholestatic liver fibrosis. Methods. Three groups of rats were used: sham surgery (SS), bile duct ligature (BDL), and bile duct ligature plus human amniotic membrane (BDL + AM). After surgery, animals were sacrificed at different weeks. Biochemical and histopathological analyses of liver tissue were performed. Collagen was expressed as a percentage of total liver tissue area. qPCR was performed to analyse gene expression levels of transforming growth factor-β1 (Tgfb1) and apelin (Apln). Statistical analysis performed considered p<0.05 was significant. Results. Groups undergoing BDL developed cholestasis. Biochemical markers from BDL + AM group improved compared to BDL group. Ductular reaction, portal fibrosis, and bile plugs were markedly reduced in the BDL + AM group compared to BDL group. Collagen area in BDL + AM group was statistically decreased compared to BDL group. Finally, expression levels of both Apln and Tgfb1 mRNA were statistically downregulated in BDL + AM group versus BDL group. Conclusion. AM significantly reduces liver fibrosis in a surgical animal model of cholestasis. Our results suggest that AM may be useful as a therapeutic tool in liver cirrhosis.

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Fanghanel, Alexandra. "Asking for it: BDSM sexual practice and the trouble of consent." Sexualities 23, no. 3 (March 4, 2019): 269–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1363460719828933.

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This article explores issues of consent in the context of BDSM. I argue that consent is a complex expression which must be thought beyond the ‘yes means yes, no means no’ that proliferates mainstream debates around consent education. This article draws on qualitative interview data to examine how BDSM practitioners talk about consent and consent violations. It examines how these discussions about consent within a BDSM context interact with non-BDSM discussions and how they do, or do not, inform each other. Though consent is centralized in BDSM as a practice of community-building, sometimes consent violations are ignored or dismissed because this community-building also relies on neoliberal constructions of the autonomous self and heteronormative accounts of desire to explain them. These findings have serious implications for better understanding not only of consent within this subcultural practice, but how heteronormative values saturate contexts where unequal power relations or hierarchies manifest themselves outside of this. By insisting on this nuanced understanding of sexual consent, this article transforms existing debates about consensual sexual practice by exploring consent as a grey area, and where violations are experienced as abusive and where they are not. It also offers pertinent insights into how mobilizing an ethical consent praxis might better attend to questions of consent.

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Kawase, Atsushi, Akira Kazaoka, Rei Yamamoto, Risa Minakata, Hiroaki Shimada, and Masahiro Iwaki. "Changes in Transporters and Metabolizing Enzymes in the Livers of Rats with Bile Duct Ligation." Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences 22 (September 19, 2019): 457–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.18433/jpps30637.

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Purpose: Bile duct ligation (BDL) in experimental animals is widely used as an animal model of liver cholestasis and fibrosis. The transcriptional process and plasma membrane localization of transporters are regulated by nuclear receptors and scaffold proteins, respectively. However, the detailed changes of these factors in the livers of BDL rats remain unclear. To clarify the effects of BDL on the levels of transporters and metabolizing enzymes, nuclear receptors, and scaffold proteins, we investigated changes in mRNA and protein levels of livers from BDL rats. Methods: Membrane proteins and microsomes were prepared from rats with BDL. The mRNA levels of transporters and nuclear receptors in livers of control and BDL rats were examined by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The protein levels of transporters, metabolizing enzymes and scaffold proteins in membrane proteins and microsomes were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-based targeted proteomics. Results: Mdr1a mRNA was significantly decreased at 1 and 2 weeks of BDL. The mRNA levels of MRP2 were significantly decreased. The mRNA levels of nuclear receptors were significantly decreased in livers of 1-week BDL rats. The protein levels of P-gp were significantly increased by BDL. Regarding scaffold proteins, the protein levels of ezrin, moesin and EBP50 were significantly decreased at 2 weeks of BDL. The protein levels of radixin were significantly increased at 1 week of BDL. In 1-week BDL rats, the protein levels of metabolizing enzymes such as CYP and UGT were significantly decreased. Conclusions: This study reports the comprehensive changes of transporters, metabolizing enzymes, nuclear receptors, and ezrin/radixin/moesin proteins in the livers of BDL rats. The expression levels of nuclear receptors and radixin that regulate the transcription and localization of CYP and/or transporters were decreased by BDL.

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MARTÍNEZ-PRIETO, Concepción, M. Clara ORTÍZ, Lourdes A. FORTEPIANI, Jose Antonio RUIZ-MACIÁ, Noemí M. ATUCHA, and Joaquín GARCÍA-ESTAÑ. "Haemodynamic and renal evolution of the bile duct-ligated rat." Clinical Science 98, no. 5 (April 26, 2000): 611–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0980611.

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In the present study we have characterized the evolution of changes in systemic haemodynamics (thermodilution in conscious animals) and sodium balance (metabolic cages) in a model of liver cirrhosis induced by chronic bile duct ligation (BDL). Mean arterial pressure (BDL, 111.5±4.7 mmHg; sham-operated, 122.9±3.0 mmHg) and peripheral vascular resistance (BDL, 2.63±0.08 units; sham-operated, 2.93±0.09 units) were lower in BDL rats from day 12 after surgery and decreased progressively throughout the following days. Portal hypertension was evident earlier in BDL rats and was maintained throughout the study period. Cardiac index (BDL, 58.8±3.9 ml·min-1·100 g-1; sham-operated, 43.9±1.5 ml·min-1·100 g-1) and stroke volume (BDL, 147.2±12.7 ml·beat-1·100 g-1; sham-operated, 109.0±4.2 ml·beat-1·100 g-1) were significantly elevated in the BDL rats only from day 18 after surgery. There were no significant differences in sodium balance between the groups until day 16 after surgery, at which time BDL animals started to retain significantly more sodium than the controls. Sodium retention increased progressively, and at day 20 BDL rats had retained 0.7 mmol/100 g more than the control animals (accumulated retention: BDL, 2.2±0.2 mmol/100 g; sham-operated, 1.5±0.2 mmol/100 g). Plasma renin activity and aldosterone concentration were not elevated in the BDL animals at days 12, 16 or 20 after surgery. These data indicate that the BDL rat model shows early portal hypertension, peripheral vasodilation and arterial hypotension, several days before sodium retention is detectable, and in the absence of changes in plasma levels of renin and aldosterone. Overall, these data suggest that, in the BDL rat model, sodium retention is secondary to portal hypertension and peripheral vasodilation.

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Journal articles on the topic 'BDLM'

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