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1
Lim, Lisa. "Revisiting English prosody." English World-Wide 30, no. 2 (June 11, 2009): 218–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.30.2.06lim.
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Many New Englishes are spoken in what can often be considered multilingual contexts in which typologically diverse languages come into contact. In several Asian contexts, one typological feature that is prominent in the multilingual contact situation (the “ecology”) is tone. Given that tone is recognized as an areal feature and is acquired easily by languages in contact, the question that arises is how this is manifested in the prosody of these New Englishes. Recent work has shown that contact languages, including English varieties, evolving in an ecology where tone languages are present do indeed combine aspects of tone languages. This paper attempts to go a step further, in suggesting not only that such varieties should not be viewed as aberrant in comparison to “standard” English but recognized as having their own prosodic system partly due to substrate typology, but also that in the consideration of New Englishes — here, Asian (but also African) Englishes — the traditional view of English as a stress / intonation language need to be revisited and revised, to consider some New Englishes as tone languages. Singapore English (SgE) is presented as a case in point, with the presence of tone demonstrated in the set of SgE particles acquired from Cantonese, at the level of the word, as well as in the intonation contour which moves in a series of level steps. A comparison is then made with Hong Kong English, another New English in a tone-language-dominant ecology, with a consideration of typological comparability as well as difference due to the dynamic nature of SgE’s ecology.
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Hinc, Jolanta. "Englisch als Interferenzquelle bei der Aneignung der Wortstellung des Deutschen." Glottodidactica. An International Journal of Applied Linguistics 36 (November 5, 2018): 143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/gl.2010.36.12.
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The paper deals with the issue of the interaction of languages in a multilingual person. First, it is related to an error analysis of the word order in German which investigates the influence of English as the first foreign language with the bounded word order on German as the second foreign language with the relative bounded word order in the group of Polish high school students. Afterwards, the basic structures of German, English and Polish word order are compared to show the topological relationship between the languages.
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Balteiro, Isabel. "When Spanish owns English words." English Today 28, no. 1 (March 2012): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078411000605.
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The English language and the Internet, both separately and taken together, are nowadays well-acknowledged as powerful forces which influence and affect the lexico-grammatical characteristics of other languages world-wide. In fact, many authors like Crystal (2004) have pointed out the emergence of the so-called Netspeak, that is, the language used in the Net or World Wide Web; as Crystal himself (2004: 19) puts it, ‘a type of language displaying features that are unique to the Internet […] arising out of its character as a medium which is electronic, global and interactive’. This ‘language’, however, may be differently understood: either as an adaptation of the English language proper to internet requirements and purposes, or as a new and rapidly-changing and developing language as a result of a rapid evolution or adaptation to Internet requirements of almost all world languages, for whom English is a trendsetter. If the second and probably most plausible interpretation is adopted, there are three salient features of ‘Netspeak’: (a) the rapid expansion of all its new linguistic developments thanks to the Internet itself, which may lead to the generalization and widespread acceptance of new words, coinages, or meanings, hundreds of times faster than was the case with the printed media. As said above, (b) the visible influence of English, the most prevalent language on the Internet. Consequently, (c) this new language tends to reduce the ‘distance’ between English and other languages as well as the ignorance of the former by speakers of other languages, since the ‘Netspeak’ version of the latter adopts grammatical, syntactic and lexical features of English. Thus, linguistic differences may even disappear when code-switching and/or borrowing occurs, as whole fragments of English appear in other language contexts. As a consequence of the new situation, an ideal context appears for interlanguage or multilingual word formation to thrive: puns, blends, compounds and word creativity in general find in the web the ideal place to gain rapid acceptance world-wide, as a result of fashion, coincidence, or sheer merit of the new linguistic proposals.
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Ladd, D. Robert, and Erik Fudge. "English Word-Stress." Language 62, no. 1 (March 1986): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/415608.
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Covington, Michael A., and Richard Hudson. "English Word Grammar." Language 71, no. 3 (September 1995): 589. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/416228.
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Oduaran, Fure. "Nouns as Lexical Heads in Urhobo English Code-Switching." English Linguistics Research 6, no. 1 (February 2, 2017): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/elr.v6n1p47.
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Two topics in the front burner of contact linguistics are bilingualism and code switching. Code switching between an indigenous language and the English language is pervasive where outer circle Englishes are spoken. Nigeria and other former colonies of Great Britain belong to this circle of Englishes. This study discusses nouns functioning as lexical heads in Urhobo/ English code switches. The switches include code switched NP[Z1] with determiner[Z2] s from Urhobo and head word[Z3] s from English; Urhobo –English complex Code switched NP with an adjective; complex CS NP with an adjective[Z4] prepositional phrase as complement. The study is premised on two theories. First is Noam Chomsky’s (1981) principles and parameters theory of transformational grammar which has been used for the analysis of the sentences. The second is Myers-Scotton’s (2002) Matrix Language Frame (MLF), which is used for distinguishing between the matrix and the embedded languages in the nominal phrasal constituents within the code switched sentences. In this study, Urhobo is the matrix language while English is the embedded[Z5] language based on matrix language frame (MLF) parameters. The study concludes that nouns functioning as lexical heads constitute part of the structural basis of Urhobo English code-switching. [Z1]NPs [Z2]determiners [Z3]words [Z4]adjective [Z5]embedded language
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Chitiri, Helena-Fivi, and Dale M. Willows. "Bilingual word recognition in English and Greek." Applied Psycholinguistics 18, no. 2 (April 1997): 139–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716400009942.
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ABSTRACTThe word recognition processes of proficient bilinguals were examined in their mother tongue (Greek) and in English in relation to the linguistic and syntactic characteristics along which the two languages differ. Their processes were then compared with those of monolingual readers.The following issues were addressed: the nature of bilingual functioning, whether it is language specific, and the factors that affect second language reading development. These issues were examined within the context of a letter cancellation paradigm. The results indicated that bilingual readers performed differently in each of their two languages, conforming more the monolingual patterns in their mother tongue than to those in their second language. This discrepancy was interpreted as a lack of coordination of different word recognition skills in the second language.
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Mulvey, Christopher. "The English Project's History of English Punctuation." English Today 32, no. 3 (April 27, 2016): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078416000110.
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The mission of the English Project (www.englishproject.org) is to explore and explain the English language in order to educate and entertain the English speaker, and 2015 was the year of punctuation for the Project because 6 February 2015 was the 500th anniversary of the death of Aldus Manutius. Aldus was a Venetian printer who shaped the comma, invented the semicolon and created italic fonts. He may have been the greatest punctuator of all time. We ‘punctuated’ the year by looking in turn at the full stop, the semicolon, the colon, the comma, the slash, the hyphen, the parenthesis, the exclamation, the apostrophe, the quotation mark and the question mark. Those twelve provide the fundamentals of English language punctuation, and all of them do more than one job. If we had a complete and unambiguous set of punctuation marks, we might need as many as 50, but the writing world does not want the trouble of such precision. In just same way, the writing world has never accepted the need for 44 separate letters to match the 44 separate sounds of the English language. Providing a separate grapheme (letter) for every phoneme (sound) is the linguist's business. Punctuation marks are ambiguous therefore. They suggest rather than define. They rely on context and the quick wittedness of the reader. If precision is needed, there are proofreader's marks. Merriam-Webster lists 42 of them, but proofreading is a special practice. Punctuation marks are a special set of symbols, and of symbols and signs there is no end. Punctuation marks are regularly appropriated by the devisers of computer languages. Punctuation marks can become logotypes – ‘a single piece of type that prints a word’. The exclamation mark can be made to work like &, $, or @. There are fuzzy edges to the subject of punctuation.
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Enesi, Miranda. "The Effect of Teaching Word Formation Theory to English Students." European Journal of Language and Literature 7, no. 1 (January 21, 2017): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejls.v7i1.p7-12.
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The word-formation theory is often avoided in English language course books and little research is conducted on the pedagogical status of word-building process. However, many researchers and lecturers have realized the effect of teaching word-formation theory in English languages course books. English language lecturers have noted that vocabulary is very important in various subjects of English language branch curricula. For this reason, we must admit that the processes of word-formation, through which every language vocabulary can be enriched, are very important in English language teaching and learning. Word formation components such as prefixes, suffixes, etymology, history of words and other required materials in composing the vocabulary of English language are tested in Aleksandër Moisiu University. The results have revealed a significant and successful effect of teaching Word formation theory, this way showing the colossal importance of this important language aspect in every English language edition course book. This paper has two aims: first to review types of English word-formation and, second, to discuss the absence and the need for word-formation theory in English language course books. Keywords: Word formation, prefixes, suffixes, words, vocabulary.
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Kpogo, Felix, and Virginia C. Mueller Gathercole. "The influence of native English-speaking environment on Akan-English bilinguals’ production of English inter-dental fricatives." International Journal of Bilingualism 24, no. 4 (April 24, 2019): 559–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006919844032.
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Aims and Objectives: This study examined how age of acquisition, immersion in a native English-speaking environment, and phonological environment influence Akan-English bilinguals’ production of English inter-dental fricatives. Design/Methodology: Forty-five Akan-English bilinguals who immigrated to the USA between the ages of 10 and 64 participated. English inter-dental fricatives occurring in word-initial, intervocalic, and word-final positions were elicited through a production task using sentence frames. Accuracy of production was analyzed relative to age of acquisition, relative length of immersion, and phonological environment. Findings/Conclusion: Performance was better overall on the voiceless than the voiced inter-dental, but the phonological environment mattered: performance was at ceiling for both in the medial position, but less good in the initial and final positions. Early age of acquisition conspired with length of residence in the USA to foster better production for both sounds. However, substitutions for target segments were still observed in the most fluent speakers. These results indicate that in determining speakers’ proficiency in the second language, we must consider all of these factors—phonological environment, age of acquisition, and length of stay—together to gain a comprehensive picture of development. Originality: Few studies have examined Ghanaian speakers’ English, even though English is the official language of Ghana. Further, previous studies on second-language speakers’ abilities with inter-dental fricatives have largely focused on word-initial environments. The present study reveals that distinct phonological environments may not show the same effect. Here, speakers were particularly accurate in intervocalic positions. Significance: This study contributes to theoretical debates concerning the roles of input and age of acquisition for second-language learning. It also provides insights on some of the possible hurdles that second-language learners face as they strive to acquire additional languages, which can assist second-language teachers in designing appropriate methodologies to help learners.
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SHEVCHENKO, TATIANA. "ENGLISH WORD STRESS IN LONG-TERM LANGUAGE CONTACT." Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, no. 2 (2021): 160–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/2410-7190_2021_7_2_160_168.
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The paper summarizes the results of recent studies concerned with English accentual patterns dynamics in polysyllabic words, based on English and French language contact. Canadian English reflects the present-day situation of language contact. Intersection of a variety of tendencies is observed which are due to accentual assimilation in lexicon of Romance origin borrowed from French. The recessive and the rhythmical are the major ones in the historical perspective. The data collected in dictionaries are further supplied with sociocultural comments based on corpus and opinion survey cognitive analyses. The presence of rhythmical stress was discovered in British, American and Canadian Englishes with the growing tendency in compound words due to disappearing of the pattern with two equal stresses. The tendency is most vivid in bilingual speakers from the Province of Quebec who accentuate word-final syllable.
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Kreidler, Charles W., Ivan Poldauf, and W. R. Lee. "English Word Stress: A Theory of Word-Stress Patterns in English." Language 63, no. 1 (March 1987): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/415394.
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Lyddy, Fiona, and Catherine Roche-Dwyer. "A bilingual word superiority effect in Irish speakers." Written Language and Literacy 11, no. 1 (October 1, 2008): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.11.1.02lyd.
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The present study employed a dual-language version of the Reicher-Wheeler task to examine the word superiority effect (WSE) in Irish-English bilinguals and L1 English speakers with some Irish language proficiency. Superior skills in written English would be expected in both groups. Forty-nine participants completed a word–letter WSE forced-choice task in both Irish and English. For both languages, and for both groups, an advantage was found for words over letters. The word–letter difference for English stimuli exceeded that for Irish stimuli, at 9% and 4% respectively; however this difference between the languages did not reach statistical significance. Performance did not differ significantly between the two groups, despite a trend suggesting a lower WSE in English for the bilingual group. The lack of difference based on proficiency may reflect the high frequency words employed or similar exposure to written Irish in the two groups, given the dominance of the English language.
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MARECKA, MARTA, JAKUB SZEWCZYK, ANNA JELEC, DONATA JANISZEWSKA, KAROLINA RATAJ, and KATARZYNA DZIUBALSKA-KOŁACZYK. "Different phonological mechanisms facilitate vocabulary learning at early and late stages of language acquisition: Evidence from Polish 9-year-olds learning English." Applied Psycholinguistics 39, no. 1 (October 30, 2017): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716417000455.
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ABSTRACTTo acquire a new word, learners need to create its representation in phonological short-term memory (STM) and then encode it in their long-term memory. Two strategies can enable word representation in STM: universal segmentation and phonological mapping. Universal segmentation is language universal and thus should predict word learning in any language, while phonological mapping is language specific. This study investigates the mechanisms of vocabulary learning through a comparison of vocabulary learning task results in multiple languages. We tested 44 Polish third graders learning English on phonological STM, phonological awareness in Polish and in English, and on three tasks, which involved learning novel word forms in Polish (first language), in English (second language), and in a language that did not resemble any language known to participants (an unknown language). Participants’ English proficiency was controlled through a vocabulary task. The results suggest that word learning engages different mechanisms for familiar and unfamiliar languages. Phonological awareness in English predicted learning second language and unknown language words, and phonological STM predicted learning words of the unknown language. We propose that universal segmentation facilitates word learning only in an unfamiliar language, while in familiar languages speakers use phonological mapping in order to learn new words.
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Dupont, Maïté. "Word order in English and French." English Text Construction 8, no. 1 (July 10, 2015): 88–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/etc.8.1.04dup.
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Drawing upon the theoretical framework of Systemic Functional Linguistics, this paper compares the word order patterns of English and French adverbial connectors of contrast in a comparable bilingual corpus of quality newspaper editorials. The study shows that the two languages offer the same possibilities in terms of connector positioning but differ markedly in the preferred patterns that they display. In both languages, connector placement proves to be influenced by three main types of factors: language-specific syntactic, rhetorical and lexical factors. The notion of Rheme, which tends to be under-researched in the literature in comparison to that of Theme, plays a key role in the analysis.
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Garman, Michael, and Richard Hudson. "English Word Grammar." Modern Language Review 88, no. 1 (January 1993): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3730805.
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Biemiller, Andrew. "Words for English-Language Learners." TESL Canada Journal 29 (October 3, 2012): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.18806/tesl.v29i0.1117.
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It is well-established that vocabulary is the strongest predictor of reading comprehension from grades 2 or 3 on. In this article, I argue (a) that English vocabulary is acquired in a similar sequence by native-English speakers and English-language learners; and (b) that it is possible to identify words that both lower-vocabulary English-speakers and English-language learners need to acquire. At least one published listing of these needed word meanings is available.
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DAVIDSON, Denise, Sandra B. VANEGAS, Elizabeth HILVERT, Vanessa R. RAINEY, and Ieva MISIUNAITE. "Examination of monolingual (English) and bilingual (English/Spanish; English/Urdu) children's syntactic awareness." Journal of Child Language 46, no. 04 (March 14, 2019): 682–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000919000059.
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AbstractIn this study, monolingual (English) and bilingual (English/Spanish, English/Urdu) five- and six-year-old children completed a grammaticality judgment test in order to assess their awareness of the grammaticality of two types of syntactic constructions in English: word order and gender representation. All children were better at detecting grammatically correct and incorrect word order constructions than gender constructions, regardless of language group. In fact, bilingualism per se did not impact the results as much as receptive vocabulary range. For example, children with the highest receptive vocabulary scores were more accurate in detecting incorrect word order constructions (i.e., word order violations, semantic anomalies) and incorrect gender agreement than children in the lower receptive vocabulary ranges. However, no differences were found between the ranges for ambiguous gender constructions. These results highlight the importance of receptive vocabulary ability on syntactic awareness performance, regardless of language group.
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Sokolović-Perović, Mirjana, Bene Bassetti, and Susannah Dillon. "English orthographic forms affect L2 English speech production in native users of a non-alphabetic writing system." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 23, no. 3 (July 12, 2019): 591–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136672891900035x.
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AbstractThere is growing evidence that the orthographic forms (spellings) of second language words affect second language (L2) speech production, but it is not known whether orthography affects L2 phonology in native users of a non-alphabetic writing system. To answer this question, this study tested the effects of number of letters on the duration of consonants and vowels in the EnglishL2 speech production of Japanese–English sequential bilinguals. JapaneseL1–EnglishL2 bilinguals and English native speakers (both n = 16) performed a delayed word repetition task, producing 16 English word pairs in which the same consonant or vowel was spelled either with a single letter or with double letters, as in city-kitty. The bilinguals produced the same English sound as longer or shorter depending on the number of letters in its spelling, confirming that L2 orthographic forms affect L2 speakers’ phonological representations of L2 words even when their L1 writing system is not alphabetical.
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Ploux, Sabine, and Hyungsuk Ji. "A Model for Matching Semantic Maps between Languages (French/English, English/French)." Computational Linguistics 29, no. 2 (June 2003): 155–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089120103322145298.
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This article describes a spatial model for matching semantic values between two languages, French and English. Based on semantic similarity links, the model constructs a map that represents a word in the source language. Then the algorithm projects the map values onto a space in the target language. The new space abides by the semantic similarity links specific to the second language. Then the two maps are projected onto the same plane in order to detect overlapping values. For instructional purposes, the different steps are presented here using a few examples. The entire set of results is available at the following address: http://dico.isc.cnrs.fr .
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Schane, Sanford. "Understanding English word accentuation." Language Sciences 29, no. 2-3 (March 2007): 372–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2006.12.014.
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Ghimire, Nani Babu. "Nepalese English (Nenglish): Diverse and expanded assortment of Standard English." Siddhajyoti Interdisciplinary Journal 2, no. 01 (August 21, 2021): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/sij.v2i01.39237.
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Nepalese English is a new version of Standard English which is developed due to the effect of the Worlds Englishes. When the English language is expanded, the consequence has been seen in the use of English according to the socio-cultural context of the countries. The use of English either in spoken or written form is also seen differently from the Standard English in Nepal. To uncover this change in the use of English in Nepal, I studied two fictions (novels) written by two Nepalese literary figures in English based on qualitative analysis of the authors’ practice in the use of Nepalese English in writing fiction and found that there is the influence of Nepalese socio-cultural, socio-political, social norms and values in English literature. The finding also illustrated that Nepalese words (characters, location, kinship and taboos terms) are making their entries, complete sentences in Nepali are written, English suffixes are being attached to Nepalese words and vice versa, the word order of English is changed in Nepalese English (Nenglish), the literal translation of Nepalese proverbs are being introduced in English literature. The practice of writing English literature using Nepalese English is being extended to create its own features in English language which leads to develop Nepalese English as a separate variety in the field of language study.
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Leech, Robin. "WORD CLONES, OR BALL WORDS, IN ENGLISH USAGE." Canadian Entomologist 126, no. 3 (June 1994): 921–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent126921-3.
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Except for emphasis (as in “. . .very, very good”), it is usual in languages that every following word in a sentence is different. The preceding sentence, this sentence, and the following sentence, are examples of this.Chinese has double, triple, and quadruple juxtaposed characters, most often for emphasis, but also for changing the meanings (G.-C. Lo, T. Mah, J. Yu, pers. comm.; Fig. la, b, c, and d). The Czech, Slovak, and German languages (M. Pospisil, pers. comm.), and the Ukrainian language each have at least one pair of juxtaposed identical words (see below).
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LAM, SZE-MAN, and JANET H. HSIAO. "Bilingual experience modulates hemispheric lateralization in visual word processing." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 17, no. 3 (December 13, 2013): 589–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728913000734.
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Previous studies showed reduced hemispheric asymmetry in face perception in bilinguals compared with monolinguals, suggesting that hemispheric asymmetry in visual stimulus processing may be modulated by language reading experience. Here we examined whether this phenomenon can also be observed in bilinguals with different language backgrounds. We compared English monolinguals, European–English bilinguals (who know two alphabetic languages), and Chinese–English bilinguals (who have mastered a logographic and an alphabetic language) in an English word sequential matching task. We showed that European–English bilinguals had a stronger right visual field/left hemispheric advantage than the other two groups, suggesting that different language experiences can influence how visual words are processed in the brain. In addition, by using a computational model that implements a theory of hemispheric asymmetry in perception, we showed that this lateralization difference could be accounted for by the difference in participants’ vocabulary size and the difference in word-to-sound mapping between alphabetic and logographic languages.
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Zhou, Qian, Yonghong Li, and Lei Guo. "An Acoustic Study of English Word Stress of Amdo English Learners." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 10, no. 1 (December 24, 2019): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1001.17.
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This paper analyses the mastery of English word stress of China’s Tibetan Amdo English learners, by means of acoustic phonetics. According to the “Negative Transfer” theory, as the mother language of Amdo doesn’t have word stress, this will put negative influence to the learning of English stress and their pronunciation of it will be poor. However, the result of this study shows that these learners’ grasp of English word stress is better than prediction, with an overall accuracy of 70% percent. Among the findings, two noticeable research result was discovered, which are the Amdo speakers’ pronunciation of English words with stress on the first syllable (for words with multi-syllables), compound words with stress on the first word are quite problematic, and these speakers has no awareness of “stress shift”. These findings are very helpful to Amdo English learners and their eachers and could be further used in pedagogy designs.
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Shelvador, Crosley, and Bertil Sundby. "English Word-Formation as Described by English Grammarians 1600-1800." Language 73, no. 3 (September 1997): 685. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/415947.
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Hansen Edwards, Jette G. "Sociolinguistic variation in Asian Englishes." English World-Wide 37, no. 2 (June 24, 2016): 138–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.37.2.02han.
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This paper examines coronal stop deletion (CSD), the deletion of word-final /-t, -d/ in consonant clusters, in three new varieties of Asian English: China English, Hong Kong English, and Viet Nam English. The study seeks to determine to which extent the linguistic and extralinguistic constraints found to govern CSD in other varieties of English also impact CSD in emerging Englishes such as those examined in the current study. A total of 60 tertiary students, 20 from each variety of English, participated in the study. Results indicate that, while new Englishes such as China English, Hong Kong English, and Viet Nam English are affected by constraints such as linguistic environment and morphological conditioning, the proficiency level of speakers impacts CSD rates and the effects of the various constraints.
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YEONG, STEPHANIE H. M., JANET FLETCHER, and DONNA M. BAYLISS. "Impact of early home language exposure on phonological and orthographic skills and their contributions to English literacy abilities in English monolingual and Chinese–English bilingual adults." Applied Psycholinguistics 38, no. 1 (May 5, 2016): 181–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716416000151.
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ABSTRACTRelatively little is known about the importance of phonological and orthographic processing skills for reading and spelling in monolingual and bilingual adults. We compared these underlying skills, using a series of phonological and orthographic tasks, in English monolingual (n = 28), English first language and Chinese second language bilingual (n = 21), and Chinese first language and English second language bilingual adults (n = 22) who were equally proficient in reading and spelling English, and examined the contributions of these skills to English word reading and spelling for each group. The results showed group differences in phonological processing, with English monolingual adults having better phonological skills than both groups of bilingual adults. No significant group differences were found for orthographic processing. Regression analyses showed phonological skills were a unique predictor of English word reading for both bilingual groups, but not for the English monolingual group. Orthographic skills were a significant predictor of English word spelling, but only for the English monolingual adults. This suggests there may be a long-lasting influence of being exposed to two contrasting languages on skills underlying literacy in bilingual individuals.
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Nyein, May Kyi, and Khin Mar Soe. "Source side pre-ordering using recurrent neural networks for English-Myanmar machine translation." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, no. 5 (October 1, 2021): 4513. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i5.pp4513-4521.
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Word reordering has remained one of the challenging problems for machine translation when translating between language pairs with different word orders e.g. English and Myanmar. Without reordering between these languages, a source sentence may be translated directly with similar word order and translation can not be meaningful. Myanmar is a subject-objectverb (SOV) language and an effective reordering is essential for translation. In this paper, we applied a pre-ordering approach using recurrent neural networks to pre-order words of the source Myanmar sentence into target English’s word order. This neural pre-ordering model is automatically derived from parallel word-aligned data with syntactic and lexical features based on dependency parse trees of the source sentences. This can generate arbitrary permutations that may be non-local on the sentence and can be combined into English-Myanmar machine translation. We exploited the model to reorder English sentences into Myanmar-like word order as a preprocessing stage for machine translation, obtaining improvements quality comparable to baseline rule-based pre-ordering approach on asian language treebank (ALT) corpus.
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Palupi, Muji Endah. "Analisis Google Terjemahan Yang Menggandung Ungkapan Bahasa Seksisme Terjemahan Bahasa Inggris." Wanastra: Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra 11, no. 1 (March 5, 2019): 01–06. http://dx.doi.org/10.31294/w.v11i1.4652.
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The phenomenon of sexist language is closely related to the concept of gender that has been structured at the level of language correctionalism. Therefore, this sexist word or phrase is actually made by people who are influenced by views on both types of gender. Often in language sexism more gender-oriented or degrading. One language that is considered to contain a lot of vocabulary and expression of Sexist is English Language. This is because English Language is an International Language. English Language that is rich in vocabulary and many elements of language are absorbed. This research will be explain types of sexist language found in the results of the English Translation. Analysis of the accuracy of translations in English language will be studied in the science of learning foreign languages. That actually English Language is a language that is more inclined to sexism than other languages. This is evident in most translations which are considered inaccurate and ambiguous which contain sexist elements in the results of the translation into other languages. Keywords: Google Translation, Sexism Language, English Translation
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Lazebna, Nataliia. "ENGLISH-LANGUAGE BASIS OF PYTHON PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE." Research Bulletin Series Philological Sciences 1, no. 193 (April 2021): 371–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.36550/2522-4077-2021-1-193-371-376.
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The dynamic nature of the Python programming language, the accumulation of a certain linguosemiotic basis indicates the similarity of this language with the English language, which is the international one and mediates human communication in both real and virtual worlds. In this study, the English language is positioned as the linguistic basis of Python language of programming, which is widely used in industry, research, natural language processing, textual information retrieval, textual data processing, texts corpora, and more. English language, its lexical features, text representation and interaction with logical and functional basis in the context of Python programming language are considered further in this research. Thus, the unity of verbal units and symbols in the modern English-language digital discourse indicates both the order and variability of the constituents therein. The functionality of linguosemiotic elements produces a network of relationships, where each of these integrated elements can produce from a word or symbol a holistic set of units, which are extrapolated in the English-language digital discourse and mediates human communication with a machine. An overview of the basic properties of Python language, such as values, types, expressions, and operations are in focus of the study. Though users understand the responses of Python interpreter, there is a need to follow certain instructions and codes. To facilitate work with this programming language and prescribed English-language commands, it is necessary to involve linguists to cooperate with programmers to invent a certain logical and reasonable principle of Python commands operation.
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Sun, Dongyun. "A Contrastive Analysis between English Vocabulary Profile and College English Wordlist." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 7, no. 9 (September 1, 2017): 729. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0709.04.
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This paper makes a contrastive analysis between English Vocabulary Profile (EVP) and College English Wordlist (CEW) from the aspects of philosophy, vocabulary, criteria and word frequency. Results show that the latter has a numerical advantage in the mere term of vocabulary, but these words are mainly passive ones. By contrast, the former attaches greater importance to the number of active words and usage, and is more concerned with learners' actual word power. This study sheds light on the reform of college English teaching and the preparation of the vocabulary syllabus.
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Kalindi, Sylvia C., Catherine McBride, Shingfong Chan, Kien Hoa Kevin Chung, Chia-Ying Lee, Urs Maurer, and Xiuhong Tong. "A Short Test of English Silent Word Reading for English Language Learners." Child Studies in Asia-Pacific Contexts 5, no. 2 (August 30, 2015): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.5723/csac.2015.5.2.095.
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Mair, Christian. "Response to Davies and Fuchs." English World-Wide 36, no. 1 (February 10, 2015): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.36.1.02mai.
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Commentary to: Davies, Mark, and Robert Fuchs. 2015. "Expanding horizons in the study of World Englishes with the 1.9 billion word Global Web-based English Corpus (GloWbE)". English World-Wide 36:1–28 (This issue). DOI:10.1075/eww.36.1.01dav
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Mukherjee, Joybrato. "Response to Davies and Fuchs." English World-Wide 36, no. 1 (February 10, 2015): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.36.1.02muk.
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Commentary to: Davies, Mark, and Robert Fuchs. 2015. "Expanding horizons in the study of World Englishes with the 1.9 billion word Global Web-based English Corpus (GloWbE)". English World-Wide 36:1–28 (This issue). DOI:10.1075/eww.36.1.01dav
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Nelson, Gerald. "Response to Davies and Fuchs." English World-Wide 36, no. 1 (February 10, 2015): 38–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.36.1.02nel.
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Commentary to: Davies, Mark, and Robert Fuchs. 2015. "Expanding horizons in the study of World Englishes with the 1.9 billion word Global Web-based English Corpus (GloWbE)". English World-Wide 36:1–28 (This issue). DOI:10.1075/eww.36.1.01dav
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Peters, Pam. "Response to Davies and Fuchs." English World-Wide 36, no. 1 (February 10, 2015): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.36.1.02pet.
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Commentary to: Davies, Mark, and Robert Fuchs. 2015. "Expanding horizons in the study of World Englishes with the 1.9 billion word Global Web-based English Corpus (GloWbE)". English World-Wide 36:1–28 (This issue). DOI:10.1075/eww.36.1.01dav
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Cignoni, Laura, Stephen Coffey, and Rosamund Moon. "Idiom variation in Italian and English." Languages in Contrast 2, no. 2 (December 31, 1999): 279–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lic.2.2.08cig.
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This article reports on two parallel but independent studies of idiom variation in corpora — one of Italian and one of English. In the Italian study, 324 idiomatic expressions were looked for in a corpus of 16 million words, while the English study investigated more than 2,800 idioms in an 18-million word corpus. A description is given of the search techniques employed to locate instances of variation. We present our findings by first describing the variation types common to both languages and thereafter examining cases where variation seemed to be wholly or predominantly language specific. Many similarities were found to exist between the two languages, and language specific variation could often be related to more general language specific features. We also comment on the overall frequency of idiom variation, which was found to be very similar in the two studies. In our concluding remarks we suggest that contrastive idiom analysis of the sort carried out, could and should be undertaken between other language pairs, and that the resulting interlingual descriptions would be of use in practical applications such as second language learning and computational tasks.
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Morford, Jill P., Judith F. Kroll, Pilar Piñar, and Erin Wilkinson. "Bilingual word recognition in deaf and hearing signers: Effects of proficiency and language dominance on cross-language activation." Second Language Research 30, no. 2 (April 2014): 251–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658313503467.
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Recent evidence demonstrates that American Sign Language (ASL) signs are active during print word recognition in deaf bilinguals who are highly proficient in both ASL and English. In the present study, we investigate whether signs are active during print word recognition in two groups of unbalanced bilinguals: deaf ASL-dominant and hearing English-dominant bilinguals. Participants judged the semantic relatedness of word pairs in English. Critically, a subset of both the semantically related and unrelated English word pairs had phonologically related translations in ASL, but participants were never shown any ASL signs during the experiment. Deaf ASL-dominant bilinguals (Experiment 1) were faster when semantically related English word pairs had similar form translations in ASL, but slower when semantically unrelated words had similar form translations in ASL, indicating that ASL signs are engaged during English print word recognition in these ASL-dominant signers. Hearing English-dominant bilinguals (Experiment 2) were also slower to respond to semantically unrelated English word pairs with similar form translations in ASL, but no facilitation effects were observed in this population. The results provide evidence that the interactive nature of lexical processing in bilinguals is impervious to language modality.
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Akbarov, Azamat, and Larisa Đapo. ""I am years seven old." Acquisition of English word order by Bosnian and Turkish children." English Studies at NBU 2, no. 1 (August 20, 2016): 59–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.33919/esnbu.16.1.5.
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This paper aims to investigate differences in the acquisition of English word order between Bosnian and Turkish students resulting from word order in these two languages (Bosnian and Turkish). In second language acquisition, the knowledge of the native language (L1) in acquisition of a foreign language (L2) can indeed have a facilitating or inhibiting effect on the learner’s progress in mastering a new language. Thirty children from the first grade at the International School of Sarajevo were tested. Some of them attended the kindergarten where English was a language of communication and the rest of them had six months of exposure of English in school settings. We wanted to find possible differences in acquiring word order in English in these groups of children as well. This study offers new results for acquiring correct word order in English.
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Šabec, Nada. "Slovene-English Language Contact and Language Change." ELOPE: English Language Overseas Perspectives and Enquiries 8, no. 1 (May 14, 2011): 31–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/elope.8.1.31-49.
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The paper focuses on Slovene - English language contact and the potential language change resulting from it. Both the immigrant context (the U.S. and Canada) and Slovenia, where direct and indirect language contact can be observed respectively, are examined from two perspectives: social on the one hand and linguistic on the other. In the case of Slovene Americans and Canadians the emphasis is on language maintenance and shift, and on the relationship between mother tongue preservation and ethnic awareness. The linguistic section examines different types of bilingual discourse (borrowing, code switching), showing how the Slovene inflectional system in particular is being increasingly generalized, simplified and reduced, and how Slovene word order is gradually beginning to resemble that of English. In the case of Slovenia we are witnessing an unprecedented surge in the influence of English on Slovene, especially in the media (both classic and electronic), advertising, science, and the language of the young. This influence will be discussed on a number of levels, such as lexical, syntactic and intercultural, and illustrated by relevant examples.
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Jaya, Made Suardika. "The Study of English Style: British English and American English Words." Yavana Bhasha : Journal of English Language Education 3, no. 2 (August 1, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.25078/yb.v3i2.1706.
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The British English and American English are most commonly used; which are usually referred as two ‘main’ accents for the English language. Both of them are having their own uniqueness and characteristics in terms of word choices. When the speaker utters the words in one particular accent, by some means the listener could recognise which English style is the speaker more familiar with. To obtain the data of which English style are the speaker more familiar with, a straightforward study was held. The respondents for this study are ten people who live in the city of Singaraja with various ages and social backgrounds. They are requested to determine which English words are more familiar for them by showing them a table of words list. Fine comprehension about English in cooperation with the vocabularies that the respondents have will lead them to English style that fits them in four English proficiencies
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Kaye, Alan S. "Persian loanwords in English." English Today 20, no. 4 (September 24, 2004): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078404004043.
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A survey of terms inherited from Persian, often through intermediate languages. ENGLISH may be considered a typical case of a European language indebted to Persian, often through the intermediary of another language, a point with which this survey seeks to deal. A comprehensive list of such loanwords, direct and indirect, can be found in Cannon and Kaye (2001), to which the reader is referred for the full list of the 811 items, including their etyma. One hundred and thirty three of these are distant loans, as with the word azure (‘a light purplish blue’), which comes into English through Old French, probably through Old Spanish azur ∼ azul, which comes in turn from Arabic lazaward ∼ lazuward, and ultimately from Persian lajuvard (‘azure; cobalt blue’). This thematically-organized article provides a general review of the field.
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Collins, Peter, and Xinyue Yao. "Colloquial features in Word Englishes." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 18, no. 4 (December 5, 2013): 479–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.18.4.02col.
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A powerful discourse-pragmatic agent of grammatical change in English since the mid-twentieth century has been the increasing acceptance of colloquialism. Little is known, however, about its influence on grammatical developments in regional varieties of World English other than the two inner circle ‘supervarieties’, British and American English. This paper reports findings from a corpus-based study of three grammatical categories known to be undergoing a colloquialism-related rise in contemporary English, across a range of registers in ten World Englishes: quasi-modals (have to, have got to, be going to, want to), get-passives, and first person plural inclusive let’s. In each case comparisons are drawn with non-colloquial variants: modals (must, should, will, shall), be-passives, and let us. Subsequent functional interpretation of the data is used to explore the effect upon the quantitative patterns identified of the phenomenon of colloquialism and of further factors with which it interacts (including Americanism, prescriptivism, and evolutionary status).
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ORTEGA-LLEBARIA, MARTA, MARITZA NEMOGÁ, and NORA PRESSON. "Long-term experience with a tonal language shapes the perception of intonation in English words: How Chinese–English bilinguals perceive “Rose?” vs. “Rose”." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 20, no. 2 (October 28, 2015): 367–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728915000723.
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Long-term experience with a tonal language shapes pitch perception in specific ways, and consequently Chinese speakers may not process pitch in English words – e.g., “Rose?” spoken as a question versus “Rose” spoken as a statement – in the same way as native speakers of non-tonal languages do. If so, what are those pitch processing differences and how do they affect Chinese recognition of English words? We investigated these questions by administering a primed lexical-decision task in English to proficient Chinese–English bilinguals and two control groups, namely, Spanish–English and native English speakers. Prime-target pairs differed in one sound and/or in pitch. Results showed specific cross-language differences in pitch processing between the Chinese speakers and the control groups, confirming that experience with a tonal language shaped the perception of English words' intonation. Moreover, such experience helps to incorporate pitch into models of word-recognition for bilinguals of tonal and non-tonal languages.
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Endarto, Ignatius Tri. "A corpus-based lexical analysis of Indonesian English as a new variety." Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics 10, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ijal.v10i1.24993.
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The fact that English has been embraced globally by most countries as a second language has prompted its adoption in various media, such as television and newspaper. As a language is adopted by a community of non-native speakers, a new variety of it tends to emerge due to the influence of the linguistic features of those non-native speakers’ arterial language. In Indonesia, where English is spoken as a second or foreign language, there has been a growing number of newspapers published in it. Along with the trend of world Englishes, this raises a question about the possibility of a new variety called Indonesian English. Even though more and more Indonesian teachers start to realize that the goal of English language teaching is no longer to imitate native speakers’ variety, there is still little research done on the topic of Indonesian English. For that reason, by collecting online data from an English language newspaper published in the country, this research identified the lexical characteristics of English variety used by educated Indonesians. It is basically a corpus-based lexical study that employed Corpus Pattern Analysis (CPA) to describe contextualized data gathered from the online newspaper. The focuses of this study were contextual information about loanwords, word meanings, word forms, and collocations, which are pertinent to the Indonesian variety of English. The findings indicated that the lexical characteristics of Indonesian English could be categorized into roughly four groups, namely: Indonesian-origin loanwords, Indonesian English lexicon resulting from semantic shifts and those from morphological shifts, as well as Indonesian English collocations. By doing so, it is expected that this research can provide a theoretical basis for English teachers in Indonesia to embrace an English-as-a-lingua-franca approach in their instructions and anticipate a new variety that might exist in the future: Indonesian English.
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Sahib, Gadimova Laila. "The Conversion in the English Language." International Journal of English Linguistics 6, no. 1 (January 31, 2016): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v6n1p202.
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<p>The article deals with the investigation of the conversion in the English language. It states that the conversion is one of the main methods of enriching the vocabulary of a language. As the English language is an analytical one, the conversion is more specific for English. Many linguists have been interested in the problem of the conversion. The author claims that the conversion is a productive method of word forming in English. The author also investigates the study of new word forms from various parts of speech, such as <em>the nouns, the adjectives, the verbs, the conjunctions</em> and so on. Basing upon different sources the author comments on the term “conversion” and provides examples from such fields of linguistics as lexicon, grammar and phonetics. The phenomenon of conversion is widely spread in English. It is connected with the fact that there are not enough morphological indicators, flexions of parts of speech in this language. The author claims that conversion is one of the main reasons of the rich word stock of the English language.</p>
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Callies, Marcus. "Word-Formation in English (review)." Language 82, no. 1 (2006): 215–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lan.2006.0013.
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Baumgardner, Robert J. "Word-Formation In Pakistani English." English World-Wide 19, no. 2 (January 1, 1998): 205–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.19.2.04bau.
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The article discusses patterns of word-formation which are specifically characteristic of Pakistani English, providing ample documentation from a variety of indigenous sources. In particular, attention is paid to compounding, affixation, conversion, back-formation, clipping, abbreviation/acronyms, and blends. Also, results of an acceptability test of select word-formations are reported.
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Li, Xiaqing. "The Transition from Comprehensive to Analytical Characteristics of English Language." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 8, no. 9 (September 1, 2018): 1241. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0809.20.
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English belongs to the Indo-European language family. It is a language that achieves meaning expression through its own form of inflection, focusing on form, and it is one kind of comprehensive language. Analytical language expresses grammatical meaning through function words, word order, and so on. With the development of language, English has a tendency to develop from comprehensive language to analytical language. In this study, it explains the transitional characteristics of English language from comprehensive characteristics to analytical characteristics from following aspects: reduces or even disappears of English morphological change; the ability of English vocabulary meaning expansion; the multi-use of function words; the powerful grammatical function of the article; the fusion of English and Chinese language; the Chinese loanword in English; the Syntactical phenomenon of English and Chinese language, the complexity of English word formation, the theme-highlight sentence pattern.