Journal articles on the topic 'Beach tennis'

INTRODUÇÃO: O Beach Tennis é uma modalidade esportiva recente no Brasil que vem aumentando o seu número de adeptos e simpatizantes, colaborando para o crescimento da modalidade. OBJETIVO: Esta pesquisa tem o intuito de mapear e discutir a produção de conhecimento no que se refere aos estudos de dissertações e artigos científicos que tratam especificamente do Beach Tennis. MÉTODOS: A pesquisa se caracteriza como de abordagem qualitativa do tipo de estado de conhecimento. Utilizou-se o descritor “Beach Tennis”, nas Bases de Dados on-line: Portal de Teses e Dissertações da CAPES e Google Acadêmico. RESULTADOS: Foram analisadas e interpretadas quatro pesquisas que abordaram o Beach Tennis como objeto de estudo, sendo que dois trabalhos apresentaram clareza e coerência teórico-metodológica ao longo do desenvolvimento das suas pesquisas, articulando a abordagem qualitativa com o aprofundamento crítico-reflexivo dos processos de investigação. Outros dois estudos demonstraram certa fragilidade nos aspectos teórico-metodológicos, nos instrumentos de coleta e nas técnicas de análise dos dados, consequentemente comprometendo os processos de construção dos resultados apresentados. CONCLUSÃO: Os estudos interpretados neste artigo foram de predominância de tipo descritivo-exploratório, de abordagem qualitativa, no qual contribuíram para o início de um campo investigativo da temática do Beach Tennis. Procuraram evidenciar as opiniões dos praticantes/professores dessa modalidade sobre as condições da prática, as instituições reguladoras, o perfil social dos praticantes, o processo da institucionalização da prática da modalidade em uma cidade não litorânea e a criação de possibilidades para a prática intergeracional. ABSTRACT. Reflections on Beach Tennis in Brazil: a state of knowledge. BACKGROUND: Beach Tennis is a recent sport in Brazil that has been increasing its number of fans and supporters, contributing to the growth of the sport. OBJECTIVE: This research aims to map and discuss the production of knowledge regarding the studies of dissertations and scientific articles that deal specifically with Beach Tennis. METHODS: The research is characterized as a qualitative approach to the type of state of knowledge. The descriptor “Beach Tennis” was used in the online databases: CAPES Theses and Dissertations Portal and Google Scholar. RESULTS: Four researches that approached Beach Tennis as an object of study were analyzed and interpreted, two of which presented clarity and theoretical and methodological coherence throughout the development of their research, articulating the qualitative approach with the critical-reflexive deepening of the processes of investigation. Two other studies showed a certain weakness in the theoretical and methodological aspects, in the collection instruments and in the data analysis techniques, consequently compromising the construction processes of the results presented. CONCLUSION: The studies interpreted in this article were predominantly descriptive-exploratory, with a qualitative approach, in which they contributed to the beginning of an investigative field on the theme of Beach Tennis. They sought to highlight the opinions of practitioners/teachers of this modality about the conditions of the practice, the regulatory institutions, the social profile of the practitioners, the process of institutionalizing the practice of the modality in a non-coastal city and about the creation of possibilities for the intergenerational practice.

Este estudo objetivou analisar a motivação e habilidades sociais em atletas de beach tennis. Participaram da pesquisa 72 atletas da modalidade, sendo 38 mulheres e 34 homens, com média de idade de 35,85 (± 12,17) anos, praticantes de beach tennis em Maringá/PR. Os dados foram analisados pelos Testes Kolmogorov Smirnov, U de Mann Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis e coeficiente de correlação de Spearman, adotando-se p

Using an established paradigm, we tested whether people derive motoric predictions about an actor’s forthcoming actions from prior knowledge about them and the context in which they are seen. In two experiments, participants identified famous tennis and soccer players using either hand or foot responses. Athletes were shown either carrying out or not carrying out their associated actions (swinging, kicking), either in the context where these actions are typically seen (tennis court, soccer Pitch) or outside these contexts (beach, awards ceremony). Replicating prior work, identifying non-acting athletes revealed the negative compatibility effects: viewing tennis players led to faster responses with a foot than a hand, and vice versa for viewing soccer players. Consistent with the idea that negative compatibility effects result from the absence of a predicted action, these effects were eliminated (or reversed) when the athletes were seen carrying out actions typically associated with them. Strikingly, however, these motoric biases were not limited to In-Context trials but were, if anything, more robust in the Out-of-Context trials. This pattern held even when attention was drawn specifically to the context (Experiment 2). These results confirm that people hold motoric knowledge about the actions that others typically carry out and that these actions are part of perceptual representations that are accessed when those others are re-encountered, possibly in order to resolve uncertainty in person perception.

Abstract Lake Ełk as an important element of the urban landscape is associated with tourism and active recreation and because of it with the economy of the town. Since 1999 the renovation method with the use of artificial aeration with simultaneous phosphorus inactivation and also as a biological filter – BIO-HYDRO structures were applied on the lake. This process was lasting 10 years and brought only a short-term improvement. At the same time, the shores of the lake were managed to develop of lake tourism: beach, swimming pool, tennis courts, a promenade, and two a water equipment rentals. The illuminated fountain, the road bridge and well – developed catering – accommodation base were made as well.

The aim of the study was to assess the interest in physical activities in first year students of second (LF 2) and third (LF 3) medical faculty of Charles University. The sample of 407 students took part in the survey where 182 students were from LF 2 and 225 from LF 3. Students of both faculties (LF 2 and LF 3) practice a sport less than 2 hours per week (37 %, respective 38 %) and 2-4 hours (38 % respective 34 %). There are 14.5 % of students who regularly compete in a sport discipline and 4.6 % of students do not practice any physical activity at all. Cycling is practised by 111, swimming by 98, running by 63, volleyball by 62, skiing by 47, fitness and „turistika“ by 40 students. Interest in participating in physical activities is focused among traditional activities like swimming, volleyball, fitness, tennis, cycling, health oriented physical education and among „new“ activities like sport climbing, squash, beach volleyball,in-line skating, nordic walking, slackline, golf, floorball. It was showed that including „new“physical activities in curriculum may enhance the interest of students in physical education.

Eating disorders in young female athletes is a serious psychological and health disease which could become an early problem on Female Athlete Triad. Eating disorders are influenced by internal and external factors. This study aimed to determine the risk factors for eating disorders in young female athletes. An observational study with a crosssectional design on eighty-six young female athletes was conducted with consecutive sampling method. Subjects in this study were athletes in athletics, weightlifting, volleyball, beach volleyball, swimming, rowing, fencing, Pencak Silat, karate, taekwondo, judo, sepak takraw, table tennis, and boxing. The inclusion criteria of the subject athletes were young female athletes aged 11-21 years registered at the study site, did not consume alcohol, and voluntary. The nutritional status of the subjects was measured by their Body Mass Index for age score. Eating disorder was measured using the Eating Attitude Test-26 questionnaire and Eating Disorder Diagnostic Scale for the type of eating disorders, Rosenberg Self Esteem for Self Confidence, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-42 for stress level, and Body Shape Questionnaire for body image perception. This study used univariate analysis, bivariate analysis with chi-square and multivariate analysis with logistic regression test. The prevalence of eating disorders risk among the young female athletes in this study was approximately 37.2%, where 9.3% of subjects were bulimia, 5.8% were on the binge of eating disorder, and 22.1% subjects experienced eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS). The multivariate analysis showed that the risk factor of eating disorders in young female athletes was the negative body image perception (p = <0.001; RP:10.5) and stress (p = 0.023; RP:3.5). Nutritional status, self-confidence, and type of exercise were not proven as the risk factors of eating disorder among young female athletes. Based on this study, it can be concluded that the negative body image perception and stress are the risk factors of eating disorders among young female athletes.

Purpose: To examine the postactivation potentiation effect on serve velocity and accuracy in young competition tennis players using complex training, and comparing different upper and lower body heavy-load resistance exercises (HLRE). Methods: Fifteen competition tennis players (9 boys and 6 girls; age 15.6 [1.5] y) performed 1 control session and 3 experimental sessions using HLRE in a crossover randomized design: (1) bench press, (2) half squat, (3) bench press plus half squat, and (4) control trial. HLRE were performed by accomplishing 3 sets of 3 repetitions when bench press or half squat conditions were performed and 2 sets of 3 repetitions of each exercise when bench press plus half squat condition was performed at 80% 1-repetition maximum, lifting the load at maximum speed. To assess the serve velocity and accuracy, all participants performed 32 flat serves after the HLRE, divided into 4 sets of 8 serves (0, 5, 10, and 15 min postexercise), resting 20 seconds between serves, and 2 minutes and 40 seconds between sets. Results: There were no significant (P > .05) differences in ball velocity and accuracy following each recovery time and exercise, compared with the basal situation. Conclusions: These results suggest that complex training using HLRE is not a useful method for eliciting the postactivation potentiation effect in tennis serve and does not have any effect in serve accuracy in young competition tennis players.

AbstractThis paper describes the use of cognitive-behavioural therapy to assist a very experienced Special Olympics tennis player control his unacceptable on-court behaviour. In 10 weekly sessions he was taught to relax both on and off court, change his gloomy self statements and negative predications of his future behaviour, analyse and learn three essential elements of good sporting behaviour and practised these skills under low stress conditions. He assisted in the writing of a book, which described all the stages of his therapy, and he looked at the book often between therapy sessions. At an interstate championship held 3 months later the player won all his early matches but lost in the final series. However he was able to practise relaxation skills and positive self-statements, and perform all the elements of good sporting behaviour.

Abstract California Grunion Leuresthes tenuis (Atherinopsidae), an indigenous endemic marine fish, makes spectacular midnight spawning runs onto sandy beaches on the Pacific coast of California and Baja California. In a unique recreational fishery, people capture the fish out of water with bare hands. Grunion hunters are not required to report their catch, and there is no bag limit. California Grunion rarely appear in trawls and do not take a hook, so population status for this species is impossible to obtain by traditional fishery methods. With citizen scientists, the “Grunion Greeters,” we monitored spawning runs along most of their habitat range. California Grunion recently underwent a northward range extension, but runs appear to be declining broadly across the core habitat. Noisy activities of recreational grunion hunters on shore disrupt spawning runs, preventing fish from reproducing before capture. Leuresthes tenuis has been identified as a Key Indicator Species for the South and Central regions of California Marine Protected Areas, and as an indicator species for climate change on beaches. Gear restrictions, license requirements, and a two-month closed season are rarely enforced late at night. We recommend continued monitoring for L. tenuis in California and increased protections for this unique charismatic fish.

Abstract This study examined the effects of a 6-week non-failure strength training program in youth tennis players. Twenty tennis players (age: 15.0 ± 1 years, body height: 170.9 ± 5.1 cm, body mass: 63.3 ± 9.1 kg) were divided into experimental and control groups. Pre and post-tests included half squats, bench press, squat jumps, countermovementjumps and side-ball throws. Salivary cortisol samples were collected, and the Profile of Mood States questionnaire was used weekly during an anatomical adaptation period, a main training period and after a tapering week. The results showed that, after the main training period, the experimental group significantly improved (p<0.05) in mean and peak power output and in the total number of repetitions during the half-squat endurance test; mean force, power and velocity in the half-squat power output test; Profile of Mood States (in total mood disturbance between the last week of the mean training period and the tapering week); and in squat-jump and countermovement-jump height. Moreover, significant differences were found between the groups at the post-tests in the total number of repetitions, mean and peak power during the half-squat endurance test, mean velocity in the half-squat power output test, salivary cortisol concentration (baselines, first and third week of the mean training period) and in the Profile of Mood States (in fatigue subscale: first and third week of the mean training period). In conclusion, a non-failure strength training protocol improved lower-limb performance levels and produced a moderate psychophysiological impact in youth elite tennis players, suggesting that it is a suitable program to improve strength. Such training protocols do not increase the total training load of tennis players and may be recommended to improve strength.

Topicality . On the territory of Ukraine in the coastal areas various spheres and types of economic activity are developing, representing a complex of seafarers, and polyfunctional natural resources of these territories are not always used rationally in the directions of activity; their recreational value and uniqueness are not taken into account; their socioeconomic and ecological damage, in fact, property rights are violated. Natural coastal areas resources are used by subjects of economic activity of various forms and ownership rights to man-made production factors. Lack of economic substantiation of the property rights specification, their blurriness, lead to a conflict of interests of various users with natural recreational resources and the need to transform the state regulation processes in this area. Aim and tasks. The purpose of the article is the substantiation of requirements in the transformation processes concerning the regulation of property relations on the natural recreational and tourist resources of the coastal areas as a basis for rational and environmentally safe use of them. Research results. The article deals with the institutional aspects of the state regulation development in the field of property relations on recreational and tourist resources. The imperfection of the regulatory and legislative framework concerning the legal status and economic relations with regard to the ownership of beach areas located in coastal zones. The coastal beach areas of southern Ukraine are highlighted and described. The necessity of transformation of institutes and institutions of property management on natural recreational and tourist resources at the state and regional levels is substantiated. The lease relations regarding the use of beach areas are described. The institutional directions of property relations improvement on the natural recreational and tourist resources of the coastal areas are substantiated. Conclusions. There are many potential recreational beach areas in our country, which can be mastered and used with the maximum social, ecological and economic effect, but the lack of state and local budget funds causes the need for the tenants to use beach resources, with the obligatory carrying out of protective, restorative and other measures for the arrangement of the territories. The process of state regulation of economic relations of recreational coastal resources ownership is not sufficiently effective as a result of the imperfection of the existing legislative and regulatory framework, the mechanisms of control by the state on the state of resources. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the institutional mechanisms of development of property relations on the recreational and tourist resources of the coastal areas.

Catiniid copepods are characterized by the presence of a pedunculate sucker on the antenna. Four genera are currently included in the family Catiniidae: Catinia, Cotylemyzon, Cotylomolgus and Myzomolgus, the most speciose. Within the framework of the Special Research Program "Conservation and Sustainable Use of the Biodiversity of the State of São Paulo - Biota/FAPESP", a new species of Myzomolgus was found as an external associate of Sipunculus nudus and S. phalloides phalloides. The sipunculan worms were collected during the low tide in Araçá Beach, State of São Paulo, Brazil (23º49’02"S, 45º24’19"W). The new species differs from its three congeners, namely M. stupendus from France and M. tenuis and M. orientalis from Korea, by the peculiar ornamentation of the third antennal segment, morphology of mandible and leg 6 and presence of denticulate area between maxillipeds. The description of this new species raises to four the number of catiniid species (one of Catinia and two of Myzomolgus) associated with the widely distributed S. nudus. In Brazil, this is the first record of Myzomolgus and the second species associated with sipunculan worms (a new species of Catinia found on S. phalloides phalloides is under description).

Multi-tenancy is one of the key components of cloud computing environment. Multi-tenant database system in SaaS (Software as a Service) has gained a lot of attention in academics, research and business arena. These database systems provide scalability and economic benefits for both cloud service providers and customers(organizations/companies referred as tenants) by sharing same resources and infrastructure in isolation of shared databases, network and computing resources with Service level agreement (SLA) compliances. In a multitenant scenario, active tenants compete for resources in order to access the database. If one tenant blocks up the resources, the performance of all the other tenants may be restricted and a fair sharing of the resources may be compromised. The performance of tenants must not be affected by resource-intensive activities and volatile workloads of other tenants. Moreover, the prime goal of providers is to accomplish low cost of operation, satisfying specific schemas/SLAs of each tenant. Consequently, there is a need to design and develop effective and dynamic resource sharing algorithms which can handle above mentioned issues. This work presents a model embracing a query classification and worker sorting technique to efficiently share I/O, CPU and Memory thus enhancing dynamic resource sharing and improvising the utilization of idle instances proficiently. The model is referred as Multi-Tenant Dynamic Resource Scheduling Model (MTDRSM) .The MTDRSM support workload execution of different benchmark such as TPC-C(Transaction Processing Performance Council), YCSB(The Yahoo! Cloud Serving Benchmark)etc. and on different database such as MySQL, Oracle, H2 database etc. Experiments are conducted for different benchmarks with and without SLA compliances to evaluate the performance of MTDRSM in terms of latency and throughput achieved. The experiments show significant performance improvement over existing Mute Bench model in terms of latency and throughput.

Introductory courses of physics should provide engineering students – especially mechanical engineering students – with a working knowledge of the laws of conservation of mechanical quantities, plus the capability of analyzing the kinematics and dynamics of simple mechanical systems (for instance, rolling wheels, which are a basic component of innumerable machines). Moreover, introductory courses of physics should teach the principle of relativity of classical mechanics which – within limits – allows to switch from an inertial reference frame to another. Experience proves that this is not always the case. The braking car problem is a challenging exercise which stimulates the ingenuity of beginning mechanical engineering students with its paradoxical nature. At the same time, the problem stress-tests their understanding of the basic tenets of mechanics and thermodynamics, preparing them for more advanced technical topics such as gears, cams, hydraulic machines, jet propellers.

In an attempt to understand the public and private roles of medieval women in the English countryside, historians have devoted growing attention to widows as villein tenants and transmitters of land in manorial communities. Villein women are often recorded in manorial sources as co-tenants and recipients of property rights on their husbands' deaths. Although in Common Law the widow's share ranged from one-third to one-half of a free husband's lands, the villein widow often received a right to life usage of the whole of the conjugal estate upon her husband's death as her “free bench.” The extensive property-holding rights of these villein widows have made them rich subjects for study of their legal, social, and economic status and activities.Case studies based on manorial estates, however, have often focused exclusively on the widow as a transmitter of property and have subordinated the study of widows within a framework governed by considerations of land markets and property transmission. Medieval historiography contrasts with studies of early-modern and modern populations that have put elements such as age at widowhood, number of dependents, social status, personal choice in connection with widow remarriage, and provisions for widows at the forefront of study. By connecting work on widows and the landmarket with these other concerns it is possible to study medieval peasant widows within broader comparative perspective.

In this article we ask in what way can the notion of care, collectivizing and the collective become a primary part of contemporary art practice? And further, what types of art practices address these central tenets of democracy? We do this by reflecting on the political potential of care and its importance as a tool for achieving an equal society. Uniting the action of care and collectivity, we conclude that together these two undertakings represent a political force of commoning within the public sphere. Utilizing the writing of Beech, Hutchinson and Timberlake, who argue for collectivism over collaboration as a way towards societal change, we reflect upon the political implications for art when artists work collectively. We consider the practices and function of other art collectives examining their key purpose for acting collectively. We employ our previous practice as the Freee Art Collective, as well as our more recent work as the Partisan Social Club to consider in what ways our practice can be deemed collective.

The Building Tune-up process has been in incorporated into the mindset of building owners in Seattle. Every five years this process needs to be implemented for all buildings that are over 50,000 square feet. Boulder, Colorado, and New York City, New York, have had similar programs in place longer than Seattle has had its program. There are many similarities between all three programs in regards to lowering carbon emissions through building maintenance and upgrades. Each city has specific bench marking goals as per what size of the building and when their specific tune-up should occur. There are also similar concerns from both building owners in regards to the costs of building upgrades versus the benefits that align with improved building performance. Within all three cities, tenants also share similar concerns mostly about increased rent due to having these buildings be improved. Both Boulder, Colorado, and New York City, New York, despite population size or location, have seen dramatic carbon decreases due to their tune-up policies being in effect. This gives great promise that Seattle&rsquo;s similar tune-up process will also yield positive results.

Abstract Background Different physical activities are widely recommended as non-pharmacological therapies to reduce blood pressure. However, the effectiveness of exercise programs is associated with its continuity and regularity, and the long-term adherence to traditional exercise interventions is often low. Recreational sports emerge as an alternative, being more captivating and able to retain individuals for longer periods. Besides, sport interventions have demonstrated improvements in physical fitness components that are associated with a lower incidence of hypertension. However, no studies have investigated the effects of recreational sports on 24 h ambulatory blood pressure. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effect of beach tennis training on ambulatory blood pressure and physical fitness in individuals with hypertension. Methods This study will be a randomized, single-blinded, two-arm, parallel, and superiority trial. Forty-two participants aged 35–65 years with previous diagnosis of hypertension will be randomized to 12 weeks of beach tennis training group (two sessions per week lasting 45–60 min) or a non-exercising control group. Ambulatory (primary outcome) and office blood pressures, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength/power and quality of life will be assessed at baseline and after the intervention period. Discussion Our conceptual hypothesis is that beach tennis training will reduce ambulatory blood pressure and improve fitness parameters in middle-aged individuals with hypertension. The results of this trial are expected to provide evidences of efficacy of recreational beach tennis practice on blood pressure management and to support sport recommendations for clinical scenario in higher risk populations. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03909321. Registered on April 10, 2019.

The article examines the theoretical issues of the travel services market in the United States. The United States has a huge domestic tourism market and a highly developed infrastructure with a large hotel chain and transportation industry. Today it is important to determine the current state of the market of tourist services in the country in order to further be able to analyze and identify effective ways to develop the tourism sector in the region. The current state of development of the tourism sector of the United States of America, where the main types of tourism are beach, sports, sightseeing, business tourism is quite developed. The results of the study showed that revenues from international tourism reach 10-20% of total export revenues. In terms of the level of development of international tourism, the United States lags far behind Europe. It is investigated that domestic tourism, a highly developed "hospitality industry", including car service, has received a very large development. Tourism in the United States has become a powerful industry that annually serves millions of foreign and domestic tourists, whose goal is to see the wonders of nature, cities, attractions, so-called tourist and recreational resources. The main problems and patterns of development of the market of tourist services are revealed. The analysis of functioning of the market of tourist services is carried out, the factors influencing its territorial organization, in particular demographic, social and economic, natural, historical and cultural and infrastructural are analyzed. The dynamics of tourist flows of the country is analyzed. The structure of hotel and restaurant business is investigated. The tourist market of the United States of America was monitored with the help of SWOT-analysis. The results of the study showed that the United States has prospects in the development of tourism with neighboring countries, in improving the development of ecological tourism on the basis of numerous national parks, in the development of event and business tourism by organizing sports competitions in international forums. The United States is considered an important center of educational tourism. Here are prestigious universities that attract many foreign students: Harvard, Yale, Stanford, Princeton. The United States is the center of world sports. National hockey and basketball leagues, prestigious international tennis tournaments and ski slopes attract athletes and fans from many countries.

The variable '(Olympic) sports' identifies (Olympic) sports that are the subject of communication. Field of application/theoretical foundation: The variable can be used in all fields of sports communication, but is particularly interesting with regard to communication about the Olympic Games. It is based on the current list of Olympic sports (IOC, 2020a) and the list of sports recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC, 2020b). References/combination with other methods of data collection: The list on which the category is based can also be used in surveys. In this way, it is possible, for example, to investigate whether the perception of relevance of (certain) sports in the population correspond or differ from the relevance journalists attribute to (certain) sports by the extent of their reporting. Example study: In a study by Vögele and Schäfer (2020) on the use of content analyses in sports communication, the category was used in a slightly adapted form. They coded sports that were the subject of the respective content analyses. In this way, it was possible to determine which sports are in the focus of sports communication research (and which are not; RH=1.0). (Olympische) Sportarten In dieser Kategorie werden die Sportarten verschlüsselt, über die der Beitrag berichtet. Sind die Olympischen Spiele allgemein Gegenstand der Berichterstattung, sind die übergeordneten Ausprägungen „100“ (Sommerspiele) bzw. „200“ (Winterspiele) zu codieren. Werden im Beitrag keine Sportarten oder olympischen Sportereignisse thematisiert, wird „0“ codiert. Sonstige Sportarten werden mit „9999“ verschlüsselt. 000 keine (olympische) Sportart oder olympischen Sportereignisse thematisiert 1000 Olympische Sommerspiele 1010 American Football 1020 Automobilsport 1030 Badminton 1040 Bandy 1050 Baseball/Softball 1060 Basketball 1070 Beach Volleyball 1080 Bergsteigen 1090 Billard 1100 Bogenschießen 1110 Boules 1120 Bowling 1130 Boxen 1140 Bridge 1150 Cheerleading 1160 Cricket 1170 Fechten 1180 Floorball 1190 Flugsport 1200 Fußball 1210 Frisbee 1220 Gewichtheben 1230 Golf 1240 Handball 1250 Hockey 1260 Judo 1270 Kanusport 1271 Kanu Slalom 1272 Kanu Sprint 1280 Karate 1290 Kickboxen 1300 Korfball 1310 Lacrosse 1320 Leichtathletik 1330 Moderner Fünfkampf 1340 Motorbootsport 1350 Motorradsport 1360 Muaythai 1370 Netball 1380 Orientierungslauf 1390 Pelota 1400 Polo 1410 Radsport 1411 Bahnradsport 1412 BMX 1413 Mountain Bike 1414 Straßenradsport 1420 Racquetball 1430 Reitsport 1431 Dressurreiten 1432 Springreiten 1433 Vielseitigkeitsreiten 1440 Ringen 1441 Freistilringen 1442 Griechisch-römisches Ringen 1450 Rudern 1460 Rugby 1470 Rollsport 1471 Rollhockey 1472 Rollkunstlauf 1473 Inlineskaten 1474 Inlinehockey 1480 Sambo 1490 Schach 1500 Schießen 1510 Schwimmsport 1511 Freiwasserschwimmen 1512 Schwimmen (Bahn) 1513 Synchronschwimmen 1514 Rettungsschwimmen 1520 Segeln 1530 Skateboarding 1540 Sportklettern 1550 Surfen 1560 Taekwondo 1570 Tanzen 1580 Tauziehen 1590 Tennis 1600 Tischtennis 1610 Trampolinsport 1620 Turmspringen 1630 Turnsport 1631 Geräteturnen 1632 Rhythmische Sportgymnastik 1640 Triathlon 1650 Squash 1660 Sumoringen 1670 Unterwassersport 1680 Volleyball 1690 Wasserball 1700 Wasserski 1710 Wushu 2000 Olympische Winterspiele 2010 Biathlon 2020 Bobsport 2030 Curling 2040 Eishockey 2050 Eiskunstlauf 2060 Eisschnellauf 2070 Eisstock 2080 Nordische Kombination 2090 Rodeln 2100 Short Track 2110 Skeleton 2120 Ski Alpin 2130 Skibergsteigen 2140 Ski Freestyle 2150 Skilanglauf 2160 Skispringen 2170 Snowboard 9999 Sonstige Sportart References The International Olympic Committee (IOC) (2020a). Recognised federations. Abgerufen von https://www.olympic.org/recognised-federations The International Olympic Committee (IOC) (2020b). Sports. Abgerufen von https://www.olympic.org/sports Vögele, C. & Schäfer, M. (2020). Inhaltsanalysen in der Sportkommunikation. In F. Oehmer, S. H. Kessler, K. Sommer, E. Humprecht & L. Castro Herrero (Hrsg.), Handbook of Standardized Content Analysis: Applied Designs to Research Fields of Communication Science.

Between the years 1200 and 1600, vast quantities of sand were brought inshore from offshore bars as a result of centuries of ferocious storms, to form a series of dune systems along the South Wales coastline. Today, as a result of many housing, leisure, and industrial developments only a few remnants exist. On one such remnant at Porthcawl, Wales, UK, became a caravan site in the 1930s, which was abandoned in 1993 for political reasons. Within 27 years a minimum of 120,000 m3 of sand was transported from the adjacent beach and formed dunes >4 m in height along a 400- m frontal edge that extended some 130 m inland, approximately a third of the site. Typical vegetation found along the frontal part of the system are Ammophila arenaria (marram), Agropyron junceiforme (sand couch grass) and Euphorbia maritimum (spurge). To the rear of the system, vegetation included Agrostis tenuis and stolonifera, (bent and creeping bent grass), Cirsium avense (creeping thistle), and Caluna vulgaris (heather). A 4-m-high and c. 3000m2 area of a vigorous stand of Hippophae rhamnoides (sea buckthorn) has also formed. The rapidity of dune formation and vegetation colonization is staggering.

Blaise Pascal once offered the following advice to those perennially worried about knowing fact from fiction: “how few things can be demonstrated! Proofs only convince the mind; custom provides the strongest and most firmly held proofs” (148). The concern about whether or not God existed was for Pascal an unnecessary anxiety: the question couldn’t be answered by human knowledge, and so ultimately one just had to “wager” on whatever stood to be most beneficial, act as if this chosen answer was true, and the mind would eventually fall into line. For Pascal, if one stood to gain from believing in the truth of an idea then the great problems of epistemology could be reduced to a relatively simple and pragmatic calculation of benefit. Doubt, suspicion, and all the attendant epistemological worries would only count as wasted time.It might at first seem surprising that this somewhat antiquated idea of Pascal’s, conceived in seventeenth-century France, appears at the core of a novel by a writer considered to be the quintessential “modern” author, David Foster Wallace. But consider the following advice offered to a recovering drug addict in Wallace’s 1996 novelInfinite Jest. To reap the benefits of the AA program, Don Gately, one of the central characters of the novel, is told by resident counsellor Gene M to imagine he is holding a box of Betty Crocker Cake Mix. The box of cake mix represents Boston AA. Gately is advised that the “box came with directions on the side any eight-year-old could read”: Gene M. said all Gately had to do was for fuck’s sake give himself a break and relax and for once shut up and just follow the directions on the side of the fucking box. It didn’t matter one fuckola whether Gately like believed a cake would result, or whether he understood the like fucking baking-chemistry of howa cake would result: if he just followed the motherfucking directions, and had sense enough to get help from slightly more experienced bakers to keep from fucking the directions up if he got confused somehow, but basically the point was if he just followed the childish directions, a cake would result. He’d have his cake. (467) This advice indeed seems lifted from Pascal almost verbatim (plus or minus a few turns of phrase, of course):Learn from those who have been bound like you, and who now wager all they have. They are people who know the road you want to follow and have been cured of the affliction of which you want to be cured. Follow the way by which they began ... (Pascal 156).While the Pascalian influence on Wallace’s work is perhaps interesting in its own right, and there are certainly more extensive and capable analyses of it to be done than mine, I invoke it here to highlight a particular emphasis in Wallace’s work that I think exceeds the framework through which it is usually understood. Wallace’s fiction is commonly considered an attack on irony, being supposedly at the vanguard of a movement in recent American literature that Adam Kelly, in an illuminating analysis, has called the “New Sincerity” (131). But before anything else irony is a particular trope of understanding, a way of situating oneself in regards to an object of knowledge, and so Wallace’s work needs not only to be understood in terms of what a culture considers unhip, trite, and sentimental, but how it comes to decide upon those things at all, how it chooses to understand its reality. Inspired by the Pascalian influence apparent in Wallace’s portrayal of the Alcoholics Anonymous program, I intend to shift the focus away from issues of irony and sincerity and instead consider the importance of the epistemological tropes of suspicion and trust in reading Infinite Jest. More than anything else Wallace’s depiction of the AA program tells us he is interested, like Pascal, in the existential implications of suspicion, in what might be lost in following doubt to its most “radical” conclusions. I SuspicionIt is fruitful to view Western intellectual practice as exhibiting suspicious tendencies. From Descartes’s “hyperbolic doubt,” the “hermeneutics of suspicion” that Ricœur and Foucault see coming out of the legacy of Marx, Nietzsche, and Freud, to the endless “paranoia of the postmodern” that typifies recent academic trends (Bywater 79), the refusal to trust the veracity of surfaces has been a driving force in post-Enlightenment thought, becoming largely inextricable from how we understand the world. As a mode of critique, suspicion has a particular anxiety about the way fiction masquerades as truth. When a suspicious mind reads a given object, be it an advertisement, a novel, a film, a supermarket, or an egg carton, it most often proceeds by first separating the text into what Paul Ricœur calls an “architecture of meaning” (18), defining those elements it considers fictive and those it considers truer, more essential, in order to locate what it considers “the intentional structure of double meaning” (Ricœur 9). Beneath the fictive surface of a novel, for example, it might find hidden the “truer” forces of social repression and patriarchy. Behind the innocence of a bedtime tale it might discern the truth of the placating purpose of story, or the tyranny of naïve narrative closure, the fantasies of teleology and final consonance. And behind Pascal’s wager it might find a weak submission to ideological fictions, a confirmation of the processes of social conditioning.Over the years suspicion has doubtless proved itself a crucial resource for various politics of resistance, for challenging ossified structures of knowledge, and for exposing heinous fictions that definitely needed exposing. But some contend that these once fruitful intellectual practices have become so deeply entrenched that they are now the things to be suspiciously overcome. Rather than being a subversive tactic of liberation, the “routinisation” of suspicion can stand to mark a hermeneutic stasis. It can even, as Bruno Latour argues, mire important social and ecological issues in counterproductive doubt, the most obvious example being the tiresome “debates” about global warming:the danger would no longer be coming from an excessive confidence in ideological arguments posturing as matters of fact—as we have learned to combat so efficiently in the past—but from an excessive distrust of good matters of fact disguised as bad ideological biases! (Latour 227) The work of David Foster Wallace can be considered another example of such a discourse, one that definitely admits suspicion’s hermeneutic force, but is a little uneasy with its predominance. While Wallace’s work is most commonly understood in relation to irony, irony itself, as I have suggested, can in turn be understood as related to a subtending culture of suspicion and cynicism. In his 1993 essay “E Unibus Pluram: Television and U.S. Fiction,” Wallace notes a complex interaction between knowledge, suspicion, art, and televisual culture, in which a particular rendering of irony—a mistrust in clichéd sentiment and all those words we now so confidently put between “shudder” quotes—is commoditised and exploited in order to constantly provide the psychological payoffs of knowingness, those feelings of superiority, safety, and power that come from suspiciously seeing through to the “truth” of things. In Wallace’s reading, ostensibly postmodern advertisements draw attention to their fictive layers to make viewers feel attuned to the supposed truth of their intent. But this access to the “truth” is itself just another fiction aimed to mislead them into commercial pliancy:[TV can] ease that painful tension between Joe’s need to transcend the crowd and his status as Audience member. For to the extent that TV can flatter Joe about “seeing through” the pretentiousness and hypocrisy of outdated values, it can induce in him precisely the feeling of canny superiority it’s taught him to crave, and can keep him dependent on the cynical TV-watching that alone affords this feeling. (Wallace 180) The ironic viewer who would stand above these deliberately naive appeals would then also, and perhaps before anything else, be a suspicious reader, someone predisposed to seeing through the “surface” of a text. Irony, in these examples, would even be alike to the effect gained from “successful” suspicion, something like its reward, rather than an epistemological mode in itself. While in his essay Wallace ultimately intends that his critique of such tendencies will highlight the way much contemporary fiction struggles to subvert this culture, and thus we cannot help but look to his own work to see how it supposedly “attacks” irony, it is also just as crucial to consider its embedded critique of suspicious hermeneutics.II Trust In Infinite Jest’s portrayal of Boston’s Alcoholics and Narcotics Anonymous programs, Wallace attempts to propose a kind of neo-Pascalian “wager.” And like Pascal’s, Wallace’s is based on the willed performance of that most critically maligned of concepts, trust: that is, a willingness to become, like Pascal, blasé with truth as long as it stands to be beneficial. Within the novel the fictitious Ennet Drug and Alcohol House, along with the adjacent Enfield Tennis Academy, is staged as a school of personal (re)development, dramatising approaches to self-help in the damaged landscape of the Year of the Depend Adult Undergarment’s Boston. And it is here where Don Gately, the novel’s unlikely hero, has ended up on his quest to escape the “spider” of addiction. As it openly admits, Alcoholics Anonymous is an easy target for a suspicious mode of thought bent on locating fictions because it “literally makes no sense” (368). But like Pascal, Wallace’s AA submits the problem of truth and error to a more primary consideration of benefit, and celebrates the power of language and custom to create realities, rather than being suspicious of this process of linguistic mediation. So it is a system, like signification itself, that functions on “the carrot-and-donkey aspect of trudging to Meetings only to be told to trudge to still more Meetings” (1001); like any transcendental signifier, the revelations it hints at can never truly arrive. It is also based on assertions that “do not make anything resembling rational sense” (1002). For example, Joelle van Dyne battles with the AA precept “I’m Here But For the Grace of God.” She finds the phrase is literally senseless, and regardless of whether she hears it or not it’s meaningless, and that the foamy enthusiasm with which these folks can say what in fact means nothing at all makes her want to put her head in a Radarange. (366) But perhaps the strongest reason Joelle feels uncomfortable with the present example is that she senses in its obvious untruth the potential truth of all meaning’s fictitiousness, how all sense might just be made up of nonsense of one form or another. Within the AA program these words are a means to an end, rather than something to be resisted or deconstructed.To exist within Infinite Jest’s AA program is thus to be uncomfortably close to the linguistic production of reality, to work at meaning’s coalface, exposed to the flames of its fictitiousness, but all the while being forced to deny this very vista. So while AA is a process firmly against the mechanisms of denial (one of its favourite slogans is “Denial is not a river in Egypt” [272]), it is also based on a paradoxical imperative to deny the status of meaning as a production, as well as the denial of the significance of this paradox: For me, the slogan [Analysis-Paralysis] means there’s no set way to argue intellectual-type stuff about the Program [...] You can’t think about it like an intellectual thing [...] You can analyse it til you’re breaking tables with your forehead and find a cause to walk away, back Out There, where the Disease is. Or you can stay and hang in and do the best you can. (1002) Although it is common knowledge that its precepts are full of logical contradiction and impasse, that it is a blatantly fictitious enterprise, the difficulty which Wallace’s portrayal poses, both for his characters and for his readers schooled in suspicious hermeneutics, is that as a process of healing the AA program somehow seems to work with great efficacy. Enter the redemption of Don Gately.Despite his initial reluctance to embrace the program’s undertakings, much to his surprise Gately finds it having a definite effect: he “all of a sudden realised that quite a few days had gone by since he’d even thought about Demerol or Talwin or even weed” (467). The bracketing of the desire to know and interpret, and the willed trust in the efficacy of a process that one cannot know by necessity, initially frustrates him, and even makes him suspicious: “He couldn’t believe it. He wasn’t Grateful so much as kind of suspicious about it, the Removal [of his addiction]” (468). And all this can definitely be intellectually uncomfortable for a reader well-versed in suspicious hermeneutics, let alone the somewhat unintellectual Gately:It did, yes, tentatively seem maybe actually to be working, but Gately couldn’t for the life of him figure out how just sitting on haemorrhoid-hostile folding chairs every night looking at nose-pores and listening to clichés could work. Nobody’s ever been able to figure AA out, is another binding commonality. (349)Ultimately the AA program presents the novel’s hero and its readers with an impasse, a block to what one knows and can critique, refuting the basic assumption that links narrative progression and change with the acquisition of knowledge. While others in AA seek to understand and debunk it, they also significantly fail to achieve the kind of recovery experienced by Gately. As Elizabeth Freudenthal suggests, “despite the problems one may have with AA as a vehicle for healthy living, Gately’s mode of fighting addiction is the only one in the novel that actually works” (191). And while Freudenthal suggests that Gately’s success comes through a ritual “anti-interiority,” a “mode of identity founded in the material world of both objects and biological bodies and divested from an essentialist notion of inner emotional, psychological, and spiritual life” (192), to me it seems that were Gately unable to resist the pleasures of the suspicious mind then little of his “abiding” in the exterior world would be possible. Ultimately, what Gately achieves comes through a kind of epistemological “trust.”III Reading TrustfullyBy occupying such a central place in the narrative, this neo-Pascalian wager around which the novel’s AA program is built is obviously intended to bear not only on its characters, but on how the novel is read. So how might we also “learn” from such Pascalian gambits? How might we read the novel without suspicion? What might we gain by becoming Don Gately? What, on the other hand, might we lose? While this essay is far too short to conduct this kind of investigation in full, a few points might still be raised in lieu of a proper conclusion.By openly submitting to his ignorance of what his actions mean, Gately is able to approach success, conclusion, and fulfillment. What the novel’s ending has in store for him is another question altogether, but Freudenthal views Gately’s closing scenes as the apotheosis of his “anti-intellectual endeavor” (206). Gately’s narrative thus also presents a challenge to readers thoroughly led by suspicious hermeneutics, and encourages us, if we are to accept this notion that is key to Infinite Jest (but we can, of course, refuse not to), to place ourselves in the position of the AA attendee, as a subject of the text’s discourse, not in possession of knowledge through which to critique it and scale that “architecture of meaning.” Many aspects of the novel of course impel us to read suspiciously, to gather clues like detectives, to interrogate the veracity of claims. Consider, for example, the compounded conflicting accounts of whether Joelle van Dyne has been horribly disfigured by acid, or is sublimely beautiful (compare, for instance, the explanation given on 538 with that on 795). Yet ultimately, recalling the AA ethos, the narrative makes it difficult for us to successfully execute these suspicious reading practices. Similar to a text like Thomas Pynchon’s Gravity’s Rainbow, that for Brian McHale ultimately resists any attempt to answer the many questions it poses (90-91), Infinite Jest frequently invokes a logic of what we might call epistemological equivocation. Either the veil-wearing Joelle van Dyne is hideously and improbably deformed or is superlatively beautiful; either AA is a vapid institution of brainwashing or is the key to recovery from substance abuse; either the novel’s matriarch, Avril Incandenza, is a sinister “black widow” or a superlatively caring mother. The list goes on.To some extent, the plethora of conflicting accounts simply engages an “innocent” readerly curiosity. But regardless of the precise nature of this hermeneutic desire stimulated by the text, one cannot help but feel, as Marshall Boswell suggests, that “Wallace’s point seems to be that these issues are not the issue” (175). If we read the novel attempting to harmonise these elements, interrogating the reliability of the given textual evidence, we will be sorely disappointed, if not doomed to the “analysis paralysis” that is much feared in the novel’s AA program. While one of the pleasures Wallace’s novel offers readers is the encouragement to participate actively in the text, it is also something it is wary of. And this is where the rub of the book lies. Just like in AA, we can potentially keep analysing its ambiguities forever; it is indeed designed to be pleasurable in just this way. But it is also intended, at least so Wallace tells us, to resist the addictive nature of pure entertainment:The original title was A Failed Entertainment. The idea is that the book is structured as an entertainment that doesn’t work [...]. And the tension of the book is to try to make it at once extremely entertaining—and also sort of warped, and to sort of shake the reader awake about some of the things that are sinister in entertainment. (Wallace in Lipsky 79)If we consider what it might mean to view the book as a “Failed Entertainment,” and consider what it is we love to do when reading suspiciously, we can then see that it is perhaps intended to steer us away from trying to decode it, especially when it is constantly suggested to us that it is this effort of analysis that tends to move one out of the immediacy of a given moment. The fact that “nobody’s ever been able to figure AA out” (349), yet it still indubitably works, seems to suggests how we are to approach the novel.But what are we offered instead of these pleasures of suspicious reading? Perhaps, like the AA attendee, the novel wants us to learn to listen to what is already in front of us: for the AA member it is all those stories offered up at the “podium”; for us it is all the pain and joy written in the text. In place of a conclusive ending that gives us all that we want to know, that shows us everything that “happens,” in its final scene the novel instead tells the story of a man finding his “bottom,” his lowest ebb, waking up “flat on his back on the beach in the freezing sand” (981). This man, of course, is Don Gately. If we see this final moment only as a frustration of narrative desire, as a turning away from full understanding, from a revelation of the “truth” the narrative has been withholding, then we perhaps fail the task Wallace’s text, like AA, constantly asks of us: to listen, to accept, to trust.ReferencesBoswell, Marshall. Understanding David Foster Wallace. 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