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1
Xiang, Qianyi, Nan Li, Xingfan Chen, Cheng Liu, and Huizhu Hu. "Miniaturized Dual-Beam Optical Trap Based on Fiber Pigtailed Focuser." Photonics 10, no. 9 (September 3, 2023): 1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10091007.
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Optical traps, utilizing a laser to confine and manipulate microscopic particles, are widely employed in various scientific applications. We propose a miniaturized dual-beam fiber optical trap for acceleration sensing. It comprises two counter-propagating beams’ output from a customized pair of single-mode fiber pigtailed focusers (SMFPF). We investigate the correlation between the misalignment and the coupling efficiency of the SMFPF pair. By maximizing the coupling efficiency, the optimal alignment is achieved. A multimode fiber (MMF) is introduced to collect and transmit side-scattered light of a trapped microsphere for motion detection. By analyzing the experimental output signal, we acquire displacement information of the trapped microspheres under both aligned and misaligned conditions. This paper provides a simple and practical solution for the alignment of dual beams and the integration of the optical traps’ levitation and detection structure, which lay a solid foundation for the further miniaturization of dual-beam optical traps.
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Manthos, I., S. Aune, J. Bortfeldt, F. Brunbauer, C. David, D. Desforge, G. Fanourakis, et al. "Precise timing and recent advancements with segmented anode PICOSEC Micromegas prototypes." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 10 (October 1, 2022): C10009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/10/c10009.
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Abstract Timing information in current and future accelerator facilities is important for resolving objects (particle tracks, showers, etc.) in extreme large particles multiplicities on the detection systems. The PICOSEC Micromegas detector has demonstrated the ability to time 150 GeV muons with a sub-25 ps precision. Driven by detailed simulation studies and a phenomenological model which describes stochastically the dynamics of the signal formation, new PICOSEC designs were developed that significantly improve the timing performance of the detector. PICOSEC prototypes with reduced drift gap size (∼119 µm) achieved a resolution of 45 ps in timing single photons in laser beam tests (in comparison to 76 ps of the standard PICOSEC detector). Towards large area detectors, multi-pad PICOSEC prototypes with segmented anodes has been developed and studied. Extensive tests in particle beams revealed that the multi-pad PICOSEC technology provides also very precise timing, even when the induced signal is shared among several neighbouring pads. Furthermore, new signal processing algorithms have been developed, which can be applied during data acquisition and provide real time, precise timing.
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Davì, F., W. Erni, B. Krusche, M. Steinacher, N. Walford, H. Liu, Z. Liu, et al. "Technical design report for the endcap disc DIRC *." Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics 49, no. 12 (December 1, 2022): 120501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6471/abb6c1.
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Abstract PANDA (anti-proton annihiliation at Darmstadt) is planned to be one of the four main experiments at the future international accelerator complex FAIR (Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research) in Darmstadt, Germany. It is going to address fundamental questions of hadron physics and quantum chromodynamics using cooled antiproton beams with a high intensity and and momenta between 1.5 and 15 GeV/c. PANDA is designed to reach a maximum luminosity of 2 × 1032 cm−2 s. Most of the physics programs require an excellent particle identification (PID). The PID of hadronic states at the forward endcap of the target spectrometer will be done by a fast and compact Cherenkov detector that uses the detection of internally reflected Cherenkov light (DIRC) principle. It is designed to cover the polar angle range from 5° to 22° and to provide a separation power for the separation of charged pions and kaons up to 3 standard deviations (s.d.) for particle momenta up to 4 GeV/c in order to cover the important particle phase space. This document describes the technical design and the expected performance of the novel PANDA disc DIRC detector that has not been used in any other high energy physics experiment before. The performance has been studied with Monte-Carlo simulations and various beam tests at DESY and CERN. The final design meets all PANDA requirements and guarantees sufficient safety margins.
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Liu, Wen, Jinsong Zhao, Tieyan Wang, Xiangcheng Dong, Justin C. Kasper, Stuart D. Bale, Chen Shi, and Dejin Wu. "The Radial Distribution of Ion-scale Waves in the Inner Heliosphere." Astrophysical Journal 951, no. 1 (July 1, 2023): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acd53b.
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Abstract Determining the mechanism responsible for plasma heating and particle acceleration is a fundamental problem in the study of the heliosphere. Due to efficient wave–particle interactions of ion-scale waves with charged particles, these waves are widely believed to be a major contributor to ion energization, and their contribution considerably depends on the wave occurrence rate. By analyzing the radial distribution of quasi-monochromatic ion-scale waves observed by the Parker Solar Probe, this work shows that the wave occurrence rate is significantly enhanced in the near-Sun solar wind, specifically 21%–29% below 0.3 au, in comparison to 6%–14% beyond 0.3 au. The radial decrease of the wave occurrence rate is not only induced by the sampling effect of a single spacecraft detection, but also by the physics relating to the wave excitation, such as the enhanced ion beam instability in the near-Sun solar wind. This work also shows that the wave normal angle θ, the absolute value of ellipticity ϵ, the wave frequency f normalized by the proton cyclotron frequency f cp, and the wave amplitude δ B normalized by the local background magnetic field B 0 slightly vary with the radial distance. The median values of θ, ∣ϵ∣, f, and δ B are about 9°, 0.73, 3f cp, and 0.01B 0, respectively. Furthermore, this study proposes that the wave mode natures of the observed left-handed and right-handed polarized waves correspond to the Alfvén ion cyclotron mode wave and the fast magnetosonic whistler mode wave, respectively.
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Wolfenden, Joseph, Alexandra S. Alexandrova, Frank Jackson, Storm Mathisen, Geoffrey Morris, Thomas H. Pacey, Narender Kumar, Monika Yadav, Angus Jones, and Carsten P. Welsch. "Cherenkov Radiation in Optical Fibres as a Versatile Machine Protection System in Particle Accelerators." Sensors 23, no. 4 (February 16, 2023): 2248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23042248.
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Machine protection systems in high power particle accelerators are crucial. They can detect, prevent, and respond to events which would otherwise cause damage and significant downtime to accelerator infrastructure. Current systems are often resource heavy and operationally expensive, reacting after an event has begun to cause damage; this leads to facilities only covering certain operational modes and setting lower limits on machine performance. Presented here is a new type of machine protection system based upon optical fibres, which would be complementary to existing systems, elevating existing performance. These fibres are laid along an accelerator beam line in lengths of ∼100 m, providing continuous coverage over this distance. When relativistic particles pass through these fibres, they generate Cherenkov radiation in the optical spectrum. This radiation propagates in both directions along the fibre and can be detected at both ends. A calibration based technique allows the location of the Cherenkov radiation source to be pinpointed to within 0.5 m with a resolution of 1 m. This measurement mechanism, from a single device, has multiple applications within an accelerator facility. These include beam loss location monitoring, RF breakdown prediction, and quench prevention. Detailed here are the application processes and results from measurements, which provide proof of concept for this device for both beam loss monitoring and RF breakdown detection. Furthermore, highlighted are the current challenges for future innovation.
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Segui, L., I. Dolenc Kittelmann, T. Papaevangelou, S. Aune, F. Benedetti, F. Gougnaud, C. Lahonde, et al. "Detector design and performance tests of the ESS-neutron Beam Loss Monitor detectors." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 01 (January 1, 2023): P01013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/01/p01013.
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Abstract A new type of beam loss monitor has been developed based on the detection of fast neutrons produced by beam losses in hadron linear accelerators. This neutron sensitive Beam Loss Monitor (nBLM) has been concieved to fulfil the requirements of the European Spallation Source (ESS) and it will be part of the ESS neutron sensitive BLM system (ESS-nBLM). It has been specifically designed for the low energy part, where only neutrons and gammas produced by the loss can exit the accelerator vessel. Here other types of BLM, based on charged particle detection, suffer from the lack of signal compared to the photon background induced by the radio-frequency cavities. However, it can also be operated in regions of higher energy. The detector is of the Micromegas type and have been designed at IRFU to be able to detect fast neutrons while having a small sensitivity to gammas and thermal neutrons. In this work we focus on the proof of neutron-to-gamma rejection and the first operation of the detector in real beam conditions during the commissioning of LINAC4 (CERN). Controlled beam losses were provoked and have been detected by the nBLM detector installed, demonstrating also the discrimination of the neutron signal from RF x-ray background.
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Ascencio-Sosa, M., Z. Bagdasarian, J. F. Beacom, M. Bergevin, M. Breisch, G. Caceres Vera, S. Dazeley, et al. "Deployment of Water-based Liquid Scintillator in the Accelerator Neutrino Neutron Interaction Experiment." Journal of Instrumentation 19, no. 05 (May 1, 2024): P05070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/05/p05070.
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Abstract The Accelerator Neutrino Neutron Interaction Experiment (ANNIE) is a 26-ton water Cherenkov neutrino detector installed on the Booster Neutrino Beam (BNB) at Fermilab. Its main physics goals are to perform a measurement of the neutron yield from neutrino-nucleus interactions, as well as a measurement of the charged-current cross section of muon neutrinos. An equally important focus is the research and development of new detector technologies and target media. Specifically, water-based liquid scintillator (WbLS) is of interest as a novel detector medium, as it allows for the simultaneous detection of Cherenkov light and scintillation. This paper presents the deployment of a 366 L WbLS vessel in ANNIE in March 2023 and the subsequent detection of both Cherenkov light and scintillation from the WbLS. This proof-of-concept allows for the future development of reconstruction and particle identification algorithms in ANNIE, as well as dedicated analyses within the WbLS volume, such as the search for neutral-current events and the hadronic scintillation component.
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Zhu, Xunmin, Nan Li, Jianyu Yang, Xingfan Chen, and Huizhu Hu. "Displacement Detection Decoupling in Counter-Propagating Dual-Beams Optical Tweezers with Large-Sized Particle." Sensors 20, no. 17 (August 31, 2020): 4916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20174916.
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As a kind of ultra-sensitive acceleration sensing platform, optical tweezers show a minimum measurable value inversely proportional to the square of the diameter of the levitated spherical particle. However, with increasing diameter, the coupling of the displacement measurement between the axes becomes noticeable. This paper analyzes the source of coupling in a forward-scattering far-field detection regime and proposes a novel method of suppression. We theoretically and experimentally demonstrated that when three variable irises are added into the detection optics without changing other parts of optical structures, the decoupling of triaxial displacement signals mixed with each other show significant improvement. A coupling detection ratio reduction of 49.1 dB and 22.9 dB was realized in radial and axial directions, respectively, which is principally in accord with the simulations. This low-cost and robust approach makes it possible to accurately measure three-dimensional mechanical quantities simultaneously and may be helpful to actively cool the particle motion in optical tweezers even to the quantum ground state in the future.
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Botermann, B., C. Novotny, D. Bing, C. Geppert, G. Gwinner, T. W. Hänsch, G. Huber, et al. "Preparatory measurements for a test of time dilation in the ESRThis paper was presented at the International Conference on Precision Physics of Simple Atomic Systems, held at École de Physique, les Houches, France, 30 May – 4 June, 2010." Canadian Journal of Physics 89, no. 1 (January 2011): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p10-117.
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We present preparatory measurements for an improved test of time dilation at the experimental storage ring (ESR) at GSI in Darmstadt. A unique combination of particle accelerator experiments and laser spectroscopy is used to perform this test with the highest precision. 7Li+ ions are accelerated to 34% of the speed of light at the GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung and stored in the experimental storage ring. The forward and backward Doppler shifts of an electric dipole transition of these ions are measured with laser spectroscopy techniques. From these Doppler shifts, both the ion velocity β = ν/c and the time dilation factor [Formula: see text] can be derived for testing Special Relativity. Two laser systems have been developed to drive the 3S1→3P2 transition in 7Li+. Moreover, a detector system composed of photomultipliers, both to monitor the exact laser ion beam overlap as well as to optimize fluorescence detection, has been set up and tested. We investigate optical-optical double-resonance spectroscopy on a closed Λ-type three-level system to overcome Doppler broadening. A residual, broadened fluorescence background caused by velocity-changing processes in the ion beam is identified, and a background subtraction scheme implemented. At the present stage the experimental sensitivity, although already comparable with previous measurements on slower ion beams at the TSR storage ring that led to [Formula: see text] < 8.4 × 10–8, suffer from a poor signal-to-noise ratio. Modifications of the ion source as well as the detection system are discussed that promise to improve the sensitivity by one order of magnitude.
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Prasad, Rajendra. "Precision laser diagnostics for LUXE." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2249, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2249/1/012017.
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Abstract Strong field QED is an active research frontier. The investigation of fundamental phenomena such as pair creation, photon-photon and photon-electron interactions in the nonlinear QED regime are a formidable challenge both experimentally and theoretically. Several experiments around the world are being planned or in preparation to probe this strong field regime. LUXE (Laser Und XFEL Experiment) is an experimental platform which envisages the collision of the high quality 16.5 GeV electron beam from the European XFEL accelerator with a 100 TW class high power laser. One of the unique features of LUXE is to measure the key observables such as pair rates (e + e −) with unprecedented accuracy in the characterization of both beams together with ample statistics. The state-of-art detector technologies for high energy particle/photon detection enable percent level precision. The state-of-art high power lasers offer high quality laser beams, however, the residual shot-to-shot fluctuations coupled with the large nonlinearity of the processes under investigation form a particular challenge. An uncertainty of 5% on the absolute laser intensity already leads to a very large ( about 40%) uncertainty in the pair rate. Hence it becomes essential to control the laser parameters precisely. To mitigate this issue a full suite of laser diagnostics is being currently developed at the JETI 40 laser in Jena with the aim of tagging the shot intensity to < 1%. In this presentation, details of the laser and the diagnostics suit for the single shot tagging of all the laser parameters will be presented. Moreover, results from an ongoing campaign to properly relay image the beam without significant distortion of the laser beam parameters for post-diagnosis will be discussed.
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Zacharakis, Ilias, and Dimitrios Giagopoulos. "Vibration-Based Damage Detection Using Finite Element Modeling and the Metaheuristic Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm." Sensors 22, no. 14 (July 6, 2022): 5079. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22145079.
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The continuous development of new materials and larger and/or more complex structures drives the need for the development of more robust, accurate, and sensitive Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) techniques. In the present work, a novel vibration-based damage-detection method that contributes into the SHM field is presented using Metaheuristic algorithms coupled with optimal Finite Element Models that can effectively localize damage. The proposed damage-detection framework can be applied in any kind of detailed structural FE model, while requiring only the output information of the dynamic response of the structure. It can effectively localize damage in a structure by highlighting not only the affected part of the structure but also the specific damaged area inside the part. First, the optimal FE model of the healthy structure is developed using appropriate FE model updating techniques and experimental vibration measurements, simulating the undamaged condition. Next, the main goal of the proposed method is to create a damaged FE model that approximates the dynamic response of the damaged structure. To achieve this, a parametric area is inserted into the FE model, changing stiffness and mass to simulate the effect of the physical damage. This area is controlled by the metaheuristic optimization algorithm, which is embedded in the proposed damage-detection framework. On this specific implementation of the framework, the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm is selected which has been used for a wide variety of optimization problems in the past. On the PSO’s search space, two parameters control the stiffness and mass of the damaged area while additional location parameters control the exact position of the damaged area through the FE model. For effective damage localization, the Transmittance Functions from acceleration measurements are used which have been shown to be sensitive to structural damage while requiring output-only information. Finally, with proper selection of the objective function, the error that arises from modeling a physical damage with a linear damaged FE model can be minimized, thus creating a more accurate prediction for the damaged location. The effectiveness of the proposed SHM method is demonstrated via two illustrative examples: a simulated small-scale model of a laboratory-tested vehicle-like structure and a real experimental CFRP composite beam structure. In order to check the robustness of the proposed method, two small damage scenarios are examined for each validation model and combined with random excitations.
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Romagnani, L., M. Borghesi, C. A. Cecchetti, S. Kar, P. Antici, P. Audebert, S. Bandhoupadjay, et al. "Proton probing measurement of electric and magnetic fields generated by ns and ps laser-matter interactions." Laser and Particle Beams 26, no. 2 (May 6, 2008): 241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034608000281.
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AbstractThe use of laser-accelerated protons as a particle probe for the detection of electric fields in plasmas has led in recent years to a wealth of novel information regarding the ultrafast plasma dynamics following high intensity laser-matter interactions. The high spatial quality and short duration of these beams have been essential to this purpose. We will discuss some of the most recent results obtained with this diagnostic at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (UK) and at LULI - Ecole Polytechnique (France), also applied to conditions of interest to conventional Inertial Confinement Fusion. In particular, the technique has been used to measure electric fields responsible for proton acceleration from solid targets irradiated with ps pulses, magnetic fields formed by ns pulse irradiation of solid targets, and electric fields associated with the ponderomotive channelling of ps laser pulses in under-dense plasmas.
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Jiao, J., B. Zhang, J. Yu, Z. Zhang, Y. Yan, S. He, Z. Deng, J. Teng, W. Hong, and Y. Gu. "Generating high-yield positrons and relativistic collisionless shocks by 10 PW laser." Laser and Particle Beams 35, no. 2 (March 6, 2017): 234–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034617000106.
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AbstractRelativistic collisionless shock charged particle acceleration is considered as a possible origin of high-energy cosmic rays. However, it is hard to explore the nature of relativistic collisionless shock due to its low occurring frequency and remote detecting distance. Recently, there are some works attempt to solve this problem by generating relativistic collisionless shock in laboratory conditions. In laboratory, the scheme of generation of relativistic collisionless shock is that two electron–positron pair plasmas knock each other. However, in laboratory, the appropriate pair plasmas have been not generated. The 10 PW laser pulse maybe generates the pair plasmas that satisfy the formation condition of relativistic collisionless shock due to its ultrahigh intensity and energy. In this paper, we study the positron production by ultraintense laser high Z target interaction using numerical simulations, which consider quantum electrodynamics effect. The simulation results show that the forward positron beam up to 1013/kJ can be generated by 10 PW laser pulse interacting with lead target. The estimation of relativistic collisionless shock formation shows that the positron yield satisfies formation condition and the positron divergence needs to be controlled. Our results indicate that the generation of relativistic collisionless shock by 10 PW laser facilities in laboratory is possible.
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Zacharakis, Ilias, and Dimitrios Giagopoulos. "Model-Based Damage Localization Using the Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm and Dynamic Time Wrapping for Pattern Recreation." Sensors 23, no. 2 (January 4, 2023): 591. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23020591.
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Vibration-based damage detection methods are a subcategory of Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) methods that rely on the fact that structural damage will affect the dynamic characteristic of a structure. The presented methodology uses Finite Element Models coupled with a metaheuristic optimization algorithm in order to locate the damage in a structure. The search domains of the optimization algorithm are the variables that control a parametric area, which is inserted into the FE model. During the optimization procedure, this area changes location, stiffness, and mass to simulate the effect of the physical damage. The final output is a damaged FE model which can approximate the dynamic response of the damaged structure and indicate the damaged area. For the current implementation of this Damage Detection Framework, the Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm is used. As an effective metric of the comparison between the FE model and the experimental structure, Transmittance Functions (TF) are used that require output only acceleration signals. As with most model-based methods, a common concern is the modeling error and how this can be surpassed. For this reason, the Dynamic Time Wrapping (DTW) algorithm is applied. When damage occurs in a structure it creates some differences between the Transmittance Functions (TF) of the healthy and the damaged state. With the use of DTW, the damaged pattern is recreated around the TF of the FE model, while creating the same differences and, thus, minimizing the modeling error. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is tested on a small truss structure that consists of Carbon-Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) filament wound beams and aluminum connectors, where four cases are examined with the damage to be located on the composite material.
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Zhang, Yan-Wen, Gang Guo, Shu-Yan Xiao, Qian Yin, and Xin-Yu Yang. "Measurement of medium-energy proton flux." Acta Physica Sinica 71, no. 1 (2022): 012902. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.71.20211561.
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<sec>Proton is the main particle component in the space radiation environment. The proton single event effect cannot be ignored with the continuous development of semiconductor technology. Accelerator simulation is the most important method to evaluate the single event effect caused by proton radiation, and the accurate measurement of proton flux is the most critical aspect in the device evaluation process. The research is based on the 100 MeV proton single-event irradiation device of the Atomic Energy Institute, which breaks through the wide-range mid-energy proton fluence rate measurement technology. The detection tools are developed such as Faraday cup, plastic scintillator detectors and secondary electron emission monitors, which can be used for measuring the proton beam current in a wide range. Faraday cup and plastic scintillator detector can be used for measuring the high flux proton and the low flux proton, respectively. Secondary electron emission monitor can be used for conducting the online real-time measurement. The proton fluxes in a range of 10<sup>6</sup>– 10<sup>7</sup> p·cm<sup>–2</sup>·s<sup>–1</sup> are measured by using two separate detectors.</sec><sec>The analysis of the fluence rate uncertainty is carried out. The uncertainty of measurement results mainly include three aspects: measurement method, measuring instrument and equipment, and repeatability of multiple measurement results. Here in this work, the Faraday cup is taken for example to analyze the uncertainty sources in the proton flux measurement. The measurement methods include the calculation of the collection efficiency of the Faraday cup (collection efficiency + escape rate = 1) and the calculation method of flux (flux = current/collection area). For the measuring instruments and equipment, mainly including 6517A and other electronic devices, their errors are determined by the accuracies of the instruments themselves. Repeatability of multiple measurement results mainly from the error caused by the instability of the accelerator beam output, the error caused by randomness of multiple measurement results, and the error given by the statistical method. The analysis shows that the uncertainty of flux measurement by Faraday cup is 7.26%, and the uncertainty of flux measurement by plastic scintillator detector is 1.64%.</sec><sec>The flux measurement of the proton fluence rate has reached the level of similar devices in the world, filling the gap in this field in China. It has a certain reference and guiding significance for the follow-up study of medium- and high-energy proton beam measurement in China. The mid-energy proton flux measurement system and uncertainty analysis method established in this study lay the foundation for accurately evaluating the component radiation effects.</sec>
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Ackermann, Dieter. "Nuclear structure of superheavy nuclei - state of the art and perspectives (@ S3)." EPJ Web of Conferences 193 (2018): 04013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201819304013.
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Decay spectroscopy is a powerful tool to study the low lying nuclear structure of heavy and superheavy nuclei (SHN). Single particle levels and other structure features like K isomerism, being important in the fermium-nobelium region as well as for the spherical shell stabilized SHN, can be investigated. The new separator-spectrometer combination S3, presently under construction at the new SPIRAL2 facility of GANIL, Caen, France, together with the high intensity beams of SPIRAL2’s superconducting linear accelerator (SC LINAC), will offer exciting perspectives for a wide spectrum of nuclear and atomic physics topics. The installation is designed to employ nuclear physics methods like decay spectroscopy after separation or atomic physics methods like laser spectroscopy and mass measurements. The nuclear physics studies will include particle and photon correlation studies, attacking the open questions in the field, which have been revealed in earlier studies at facilities like e.g. GSI in Darmstadt, Germany, with the velocity filter SHIP and the gas-filled separator TASCA, the cyclotron accelerator laboratory of the University of Jyväskylä, Finland, with RITU and its numerous auxiliary detection set-ups, and FLNR/JINR in Dubna with the DGFRS and VASSILISSA/SHELS separators.
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Andringa, S., J. Asaadi, J. T. C. Bezerra, F. Capozzi, D. Caratelli, F. Cavanna, E. Church, et al. "Low-energy physics in neutrino LArTPCs." Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics 50, no. 3 (January 1, 2023): 033001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6471/acad17.
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Abstract In this paper, we review scientific opportunities and challenges related to detection and reconstruction of low-energy (less than 100 MeV) signatures in liquid argon time-projection chamber (LArTPC) neutrino detectors. LArTPC neutrino detectors designed for performing precise long-baseline oscillation measurements with GeV-scale accelerator neutrino beams also have unique sensitivity to a range of physics and astrophysics signatures via detection of event features at and below the few tens of MeV range. In addition, low-energy signatures are an integral part of GeV-scale accelerator neutrino interaction final-states, and their reconstruction can enhance the oscillation physics sensitivities of LArTPC experiments. New physics signals from accelerator and natural sources also generate diverse signatures in the low-energy range, and reconstruction of these signatures can increase the breadth of Beyond the Standard Model scenarios accessible in LArTPC-based searches. A variety of experimental and theory-related challenges remain to realizing this full range of potential benefits. Neutrino interaction cross-sections and other nuclear physics processes in argon relevant to sub-hundred-MeV LArTPC signatures are poorly understood, and improved theory and experimental measurements are needed; pion decay-at-rest sources and charged particle and neutron test beams are ideal facilities for improving this understanding. There are specific calibration needs in the low-energy range, as well as specific needs for control and understanding of radiological and cosmogenic backgrounds. Low-energy signatures, whether steady-state or part of a supernova burst or larger GeV-scale event topology, have specific triggering, DAQ and reconstruction requirements that must be addressed outside the scope of conventional GeV-scale data collection and analysis pathways. Novel concepts for future LArTPC technology that enhance low-energy capabilities should also be explored to help address these challenges.
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STAROSTIN, ALEKSANDR. "HADRON PHYSICS WITH THE CRYSTAL BALL AT MAMI." International Journal of Modern Physics A 24, no. 02n03 (January 30, 2009): 287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x09043596.
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The physics program of the Crystal Ball spectrometer at MAMI-C began in early 2007. Experiments utilize the upgraded electron accelerator that provides high intensity beams of circularly and linearly polarized real photons with maximum energy of 1.5 GeV. The highly segmented nearly 4π acceptance detection system consists of the Crystal Ball, particle identification detector and versatile endcap TAPS. A wide range of physics topics is under study including the production and decay of η, ω, and η' mesons, the investigation of coherent meson photoproduction on nuclei, measurements of polarization and double polarization observables in meson photoproduction on proton and neutron. The current status of the experiment and some preliminary results are reported.
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Wing, M. "Particle physics experiments based on the AWAKE acceleration scheme." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 377, no. 2151 (June 24, 2019): 20180185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2018.0185.
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New particle acceleration schemes open up exciting opportunities, potentially providing more compact or higher-energy accelerators. The AWAKE experiment at CERN is currently taking data to establish the method of proton-driven plasma wakefield acceleration. A second phase aims to demonstrate that bunches of about 10 9 electrons can be accelerated to high energy, preserving emittance and that the process is scalable with length. With this, an electron beam of O (50 GeV) could be available for new fixed-target or beam-dump experiments searching for the hidden sector, like dark photons. The rate of electrons on target could be increased by a factor of more than 1000 compared to that currently available, leading to a corresponding increase in sensitivity to new physics. Such a beam could also be brought into collision with a high-power laser and thereby probe the completely unmeasured region of strong fields at values of the Schwinger critical field. An ultimate goal is to produce an electron beam of O (3 TeV) and collide with an Large Hadron Collider proton beam. This very high-energy electron–proton collider would probe a new regime in which the structure of matter is completely unknown. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Directions in particle beam-driven plasma wakefield acceleration’.
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Fedyanin, V. V., I. S. Vavilov, P. S. Yachmenev, K. I. Zharikov, A. I. Lukyanchik, and P. V. Stepen’. "Determination of the ion beam velocity of an accelerator two-gap ion thruster." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2182, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 012051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2182/1/012051.
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Abstract The article is devoted to the measurement of the ion beam velocity of an accelerator two-gap ion thruster. A theoretical representation of the physical process of capturing charged particles using a cylindrical sensing element is given. A schematic diagram and a printed circuit board for detecting an accelerated ion beam have been developed. The expression for calculating the signal current of the sensing element is defined. A condition for capturing charged particles using the critical mobility of charges is formulated.
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OVSYANNIKOV, ALEXANDER D., DMITRI A. OVSYANNIKOV, MIKHAIL YU. BALABANOV, and SHENG-LUEN CHUNG. "ON THE BEAM DYNAMICS OPTIMIZATION PROBLEM." International Journal of Modern Physics A 24, no. 05 (February 20, 2009): 941–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x09044401.
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The problem of dynamics optimization for charged particle beams in RFQ accelerators is discussed in this article. The problems of the optimization of particle capture into the acceleration mode are analyzed. Accelerators with low injection energies are considered.
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Bonatto, A., G. Xia, O. Apsimon, C. Bontoiu, E. Kukstas, V. Rodin, M. Yadav, C. P. Welsch, and J. Resta-López. "Exploring ultra-high-intensity wakefields in carbon nanotube arrays: An effective plasma-density approach." Physics of Plasmas 30, no. 3 (March 2023): 033105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0134960.
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Charged particle acceleration using solid-state nanostructures has attracted attention in recent years as a method of achieving ultra-high-gradient acceleration in the TV/m domain. More concretely, metallic hollow nanostructures could be suitable for particle acceleration through the excitation of wakefields by a laser or a high-intensity charged particle beam in a high-density solid-state plasma. For instance, due to their special channeling properties as well as optoelectronic and thermo-mechanical properties, carbon nanotubes could be an excellent medium for this purpose. This article investigates the feasibility of generating ultra-high-gradient acceleration using carbon nanotube arrays, modeled as solid-state plasmas in conventional particle-in-cell simulations performed in a two-dimensional axisymmetric (quasi-3D) geometry. The generation of beam-driven plasma wakefields depending on different parameters of the solid structure is discussed in detail. Furthermore, by adopting an effective plasma-density approach, existing analytical expressions, originally derived for homogeneous plasmas, can be used to describe wakefields driven in periodic non-uniform plasmas.
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Reichwein, L., A. Hützen, M. Büscher, and A. Pukhov. "Spin-Polarized Particle Beams from Laser-Plasma Based Accelerators." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2249, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2249/1/012018.
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Abstract Current laser-plasma based accelerators are promising options with respect to the acceleration of spin-polarized particle beams. We give an overview over the effects relevant during the acceleration process and more specifically discuss the acceleration of protons via Magnetic Vortex Acceleration (MVA). With the aid of particle-in-cell simulations we show that the length of the density down-ramp at the end of the plasma target affects the final beam quality regarding its collimation. The average spin-polarization of the obtained bunch remains largely robust at about 80% and only decreases for significantly longer ramps.
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Hidding, B., B. Foster, M. J. Hogan, P. Muggli, and J. B. Rosenzweig. "Directions in plasma wakefield acceleration." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 377, no. 2151 (June 24, 2019): 20190215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0215.
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This introductory article is a synopsis of the status and prospects of particle-beam-driven plasma wakefield acceleration (PWFA). Conceptual and experimental breakthroughs obtained over the last years have initiated a rapid growth of the research field, and increased maturity of underlying technology allows an increasing number of research groups to engage in experimental R&D. We briefly describe the fundamental mechanisms of PWFA, from which its chief attractions arise. Most importantly, this is the capability of extremely rapid acceleration of electrons and positrons at gradients many orders of magnitude larger than in conventional accelerators. This allows the size of accelerator units to be shrunk from the kilometre to metre scale, and possibly the quality of accelerated electron beam output to be improved by orders of magnitude. In turn, such compact and high-quality accelerators are potentially transformative for applications across natural, material and life sciences. This overview provides contextual background for the manuscripts of this issue, resulting from a Theo Murphy meeting held in the summer of 2018. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Directions in particle beam-driven plasma wakefield acceleration’.
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Ghotra, Harjit Singh, and Niti Kant. "TEM modes influenced electron acceleration by Hermite–Gaussian laser beam in plasma." Laser and Particle Beams 34, no. 3 (April 29, 2016): 385–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034616000239.
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AbstractElectron acceleration by a circularly polarized Hermite–Gaussian (HG) laser beam in the plasma has been investigated theoretically for the different transverse electromagnetic (TEM) mode indices (m, n) as (0, 1), (0, 2), (0, 3), and (0, 4). HG laser beam possesses higher trapping force compared with a standard Gaussian beam owing to its propagation characteristics during laser–electron interaction. A single-particle simulation indicates a resonant enhancement in the electron acceleration with HG laser beam. We present the intensity distribution for different TEM modes. We also analyze the dependence of beam width parameter on electron acceleration distance, which effectively influences the electron dynamics. Electron acceleration up to longer distance is observed with the lower modes. However, the higher electron energy gain is observed with higher modes at shorter distance of propagation.
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CHAUHAN, P. K., S. T. MAHMOUD, R. P. SHARMA, and H. D. PANDEY. "Effect of laser ripple on the beat wave excitation and particle acceleration." Journal of Plasma Physics 73, no. 1 (February 2007): 117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002237780600465x.
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Abstract.This paper presents the effect of ripple on the plasma wave excitation process and acceleration of electrons in a laser produced plasma. The plasma wave is generated by the beating of two coaxial lasers of frequencies ω1 and ω2, such that ω1-ω2≅ωp. One of the main laser beams also has intensity spikes. The nonlinearity due to the relativistic mass variation depends not only on the intensity of one laser beam but also on the second laser beam. Therefore the behavior of the first laser beam affects the second laser beam, hence cross-focusing takes place. Owing to the interaction of ripple and the main laser beams, the ripple grows inside the plasma. The behavior of the ripple in the plasma affects the excitation of the electron plasma wave as well as the electron acceleration. The amplitude of the electron plasma wave and the electron energy are calculated, in the presence of ripple.
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Del Dotto, A., A. C. Berceanu, A. Biagioni, M. Ferrario, G. Fortugno, R. Pompili, S. Romeo, et al. "Experimental observation of the transition between hose and self-modulation instability regimes." Physics of Plasmas 29, no. 10 (October 2022): 100701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0093769.
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Plasma-based acceleration is one of the most promising technologies for the development of compact accelerators providing high-quality beams for research, medical, and industrial applications. The interaction with the plasma, however, can produce detrimental effects on the particle beam, such as the hose-instability, and ultimately limit its implementation. Several methods have been proposed to suppress such a process, for instance, by triggering and bringing to saturation the self-modulation instability. In the framework of plasma acceleration, we present, for the first time, the experimental observation of the transition from hose to self-modulation instability regimes. The measurements are obtained by using an ultra-relativistic electron beam interacting with the plasma confined in a capillary. The results provide a more comprehensive picture of the beam–plasma interaction and are validated with complete particle-in-cell simulations.
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Salamin, Yousef I. "Low-diffraction direct particle acceleration by a radially polarized laser beam." Physics Letters A 374, no. 48 (November 2010): 4950–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2010.10.011.
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Fuchs, M., G. Andonian, O. Apsimon, M. Büscher, M. C. Downer, D. Filippetto, A. Lehrach, et al. "Plasma-based particle sources." Journal of Instrumentation 19, no. 01 (January 1, 2024): T01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/01/t01004.
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Abstract High-brightness particle beams generated by advanced accelerator concepts have the potential to become an essential part of future accelerator technology. In particular, high-gradient accelerators can generate and rapidly accelerate particle beams to relativistic energies. The rapid acceleration and strong confining fields can minimize irreversible detrimental effects to the beam brightness that occur at low beam energies, such as emittance growth or pulse elongation caused by space charge forces. Due to the high accelerating gradients, these novel accelerators are also significantly more compact than conventional technology. Advanced accelerators can be extremely variable and are capable of generating particle beams with vastly different properties using the same driver and setup with only modest changes to the interaction parameters. So far, efforts have mainly been focused on the generation of electron beams, but there are concepts to extend the sources to generate spin-polarized electron beams or positron beams. The beam parameters of these particle sources are largely determined by the injection and subsequent acceleration processes. Although, over the last decade there has been significant progress, the sources are still lacking a sufficiently high 6-dimensional (D) phase-space density that includes small transverse emittance, small energy spread and high charge, and operation at high repetition rate. This is required for future particle colliders with a sufficiently high luminosity or for more near-term applications, such as enabling the operation of free-electron lasers (FELs) in the X-ray regime. Major research and development efforts are required to address these limitations in order to realize these approaches for a front-end injector for a future collider or next-generation light sources. In particular, this includes methods to control and manipulate the phase-space and spin degrees-of-freedom of ultrashort plasma-based electron bunches with high accuracy, and methods that increase efficiency and repetition rate. These efforts also include the development of high-resolution diagnostics, such as full 6D phase-space measurements, beam polarimetry and high-fidelity simulation tools. A further increase in beam luminosity can be achieve through emittance damping. Emittance cooling via the emission of synchrotron radiation using current technology requires kilometer-scale damping rings. For future colliders, the damping rings might be replaced by a substantially more compact plasma-based approach. Here, plasma wigglers with significantly stronger magnetic fields are used instead of permanent-magnet based wigglers to achieve similar damping performance but over a two orders of magnitude reduced length.
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Vais, O. E., M. G. Lobok, A. A. Soloviev, S. Yu Mironov, E. A. Khazanov, and V. Yu Bychenkov. "Efficient Acceleration of Electrons by Moderate-Power Femtosecond Laser Pulses." JETP Letters 118, no. 12 (December 2023): 875–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0021364023603548.
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The relativistic self-trapping of a laser pulse is an efficient mechanism for the acceleration of electrons, which allows one to achieve an extreme charge of a high-energy particle beam and the corresponding conversion coefficient of laser energy. It has been shown that the compression of the femtosecond laser pulse in this regime using the innovative compression after compressor approach (CafCA) [E.A. Khazanov, S.Yu. Mironov, and G. Mourou, Phys. Usp. 62, 1096 (2019)] to extremely short durations keeping the energy of the laser beam significantly increases the efficiency of particle acceleration. This effect has been illustrated on the example of the Multitera laser facility for the project implemented at the Russian National Center for Physics and Mathematics.
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Zhao, Jie, Yan-Ting Hu, Hao Zhang, Yu Lu, Li-Xiang Hu, Fu-Qiu Shao, and Tong-Pu Yu. "Multistage Positron Acceleration by an Electron Beam-Driven Strong Terahertz Radiation." Photonics 10, no. 4 (March 24, 2023): 364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10040364.
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Laser–plasma accelerators (LPAs) have been demonstrated as one of the candidates for traditional accelerators and have attracted increasing attention due to their compact size, high acceleration gradients, low cost, etc. However, LPAs for positrons still face many challenges, such as the beam divergence controlling, large energy spread, and complicated plasma backgrounds. Here, we propose a possible multistage positron acceleration scheme for high energy positron beam acceleration and propagation. It is driven by the strong coherent THz radiation generated when an injected electron ring beam passes through one or more solid targets. Multidimensional particle-in-cell simulations demonstrated that each acceleration stage is able to provide nearly 200 MeV energy gain for the positrons. Meanwhile, the positron beam energy spread can be controlled within 2%, and the beam emittance can be maintained during the beam acceleration and propagation. This may attract one’s interests in potential experiments on both large laser facilities and a traditional accelerator together with a laser system.
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Wang, W. P., H. Dong, Z. Y. Shi, Y. X. Leng, R. X. Li, and Z. Z. Xu. "Collimated particle acceleration by vortex laser-induced self-structured “plasma lens”." Applied Physics Letters 121, no. 21 (November 21, 2022): 214102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0121973.
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A micrometer-scale “plasma lens” self-constructed by the prepulse and main pulse of the Laguerre–Gaussian (LG) laser is realized to enhance the collimation and acceleration of proton beams in a target normal sheath field acceleration mechanism. Hydrodynamic FLASH and particle-in-cell simulations are carried out and find that a collimated proton source with beam divergence ∼2.7° is generated by the LG laser, which is smaller than the case driven by the traditional Gaussian laser. It demonstrates that the curved sheath field on the “plasma lens” plays an important role in the beam collimation. Such an approach considerably relaxes the constraints of complex design for the target fabrication and auxiliary laser pulse, opening new doors for high-repetition-rate collimated proton accelerations for innovative applications in upcoming high-repetition-rate petawatt laser systems.
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Bailey, J. E., A. B. Filuk, A. L. Carlson, D. J. Johnson, P. Lake, E. J. McGuire, T. A. Mehlhorn, et al. "Basic and applied atomic spectroscopy in high-field ion diode acceleration gaps." Laser and Particle Beams 14, no. 4 (December 1996): 543–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600010260.
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Achieving inertial confinement fusion using a light-ion-beam driver requires continued improvement in understanding ion diode physics. The power delivered to a light-ion beam target is strongly influenced by the evolution of the charge-particle distributions across the ion beam acceleration gap. Our strategy is to determine this evolution from time- and space-resolved measurements of the electric field using Stark-shifted line emission. In addition to diode physics, the unique high-field (∼10 MV/cm, ∼6T) conditions in present experiments offer the possibility to advance basic atomic physics, for example by measuring field ionization rates for tightly bound low-principal-quantum-number levels. In fact, extension of atomic physics into the high-field regime is required for accurate interpretation of diode physics measurements. This paper describes progress in ion diode physics and basic atomic physics, obtained with visible-light atomic spectroscopy measurements in the ∼20 TW Particle Beam Fusion Accelerator II ion diode.
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Gilljohann, Max F., Yuliia Mankovska, Pablo San Miguel Claveria, Alexei Sytov, Laura Bandiera, Robert Ariniello, Xavier Davoine, et al. "Channeling acceleration in crystals and nanostructures and studies of solid plasmas: new opportunities." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 11 (November 1, 2023): P11008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/11/p11008.
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Abstract Plasma wakefield acceleration (PWFA) has shown illustrious progress and resulted in an impressive demonstration of tens of GeV particle acceleration in meter-long single structures. To reach even higher energies in the 1 TeV to 10 TeV range, a promising scheme is channeling acceleration in solid-density plasmas within crystals or nanostructures. The E336 experiment studies the beam-nanotarget interaction with the highly compressed electron bunches available at the FACET-II accelerator. These studies furthermore involve an in-depth research on dynamics of beam-plasma instabilities in ultra-dense plasma, its development and suppression in structured media like carbon nanotubes and crystals, and its potential use to transversely modulate the electron bunch.
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Orozco, E. A., J. D. González, J. R. Beltrán, and V. E. Vergara. "Simulation of bunched electron-beam acceleration by the cylindrical TE113 microwave field." International Journal of Modern Physics A 34, no. 36 (December 30, 2019): 1942030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x19420302.
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We report a detailed simulation of a bunched electron-beam accelerated in a TE[Formula: see text] cylindrical cavity immersed in a static inhomogeneous magnetic field using a relativistic full electromagnetic particle-in-cell (PIC). This type of acceleration concept is known as Spatial AutoResonance Acceleration (SARA) in which the magnetic field profile is such that it keeps the electron-beam in the acceleration regime along their trajectories. In this work, the numerical experiments are carried out including a bunched electron-beam with the concentrations in the range [Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]cm[Formula: see text] in a TE[Formula: see text] cylindrical microwave field, at a frequency of 2.45 GHz and an amplitude of 15 kV/cm. The electron energy reaches values up to 250 keV without significant unfocusing effect that can be used as a basis to produce hard X-ray. Additionally, a comparison between the data obtained from the full electromagnetic PIC simulations and the results derived from the relativistic Newton–Lorentz equation in a single particle approximation is carried out.
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Granger, Pierre. "Time Projection Chambers instrumented with resistive MicroMegas for the SAND near detector of DUNE." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2156, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2156/1/012244.
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Abstract The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is a next-generation long-baseline neutrino accelerator experiment aiming for precise measurements of the neutrino oscillation parameters. DUNE will include a near detector complex regrouping three different detectors among which SAND (System for on-Axis Neutrino Detection) that will be the only one permanently on the neutrino beam axis in charge of monitoring in detail the emitted neutrino beam and its stability through time, a crucial characteristic to realize accurate oscillation measurements at the percent level. SAND will reuse the superconducting magnet and the electromagnetic calorimeter of the KLOE experiment. We will describe in the following the proposal of using, as inner tracker of SAND, a large 3D matrix of 1.5cm side scintillator cubes (3DST) surrounded by 3 gaseous Time Projection Chambers. This setup allows to realize accurate beam monitoring combining the 3DST unprecedented capability of neutron detection and energy measurement with the high precision momentum resolution for charged particles offered by the TPCs. The proposed TPC design allows to reach spatial resolutions of a few hundreds of micrometers using 1 cm pads by deploying the resistive MicroMegas technology for the charge readout.
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King, J. R., I. V. Pogorelov, K. M. Amyx, M. Borland, and R. Soliday. "GPU acceleration and performance of the particle-beam-dynamics code Elegant." Computer Physics Communications 235 (February 2019): 346–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.09.022.
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Diederichs, S., C. Benedetti, E. Esarey, M. Thévenet, J. Osterhoff, and C. B. Schroeder. "Stable electron beam propagation in a plasma column." Physics of Plasmas 29, no. 4 (April 2022): 043101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0087807.
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The stability of plasma-based accelerators against transverse misalignments and asymmetries of the drive beam is crucial for their applicability. Without stabilizing mechanisms, even small initial offsets of the drive beam centroid can couple coherently to the plasma wake, grow, and ultimately lead to emittance degradation or beam loss for a trailing witness beam. In this work, we demonstrate the intrinsic stability of a beam propagating in a plasma column. This result is relevant in the context of plasma-based positron acceleration, where a wakefield suitable for the transport and acceleration of a positron witness beam is generated in a plasma column by means of an electron drive beam. The stable propagation of the drive beam is a necessary condition for the experimental implementation of this scheme. The differences and similarities of stabilizing mechanisms in a plasma column compared to a homogeneous plasma are identified via theory and particle-in-cell simulations. Experimental tolerances are given, demonstrating the experimental feasibility of the scheme.
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Griffith, A., K. Qu, and N. J. Fisch. "Particle deceleration for collective QED signatures." Physics of Plasmas 29, no. 7 (July 2022): 073104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0095928.
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Frequency upshifts have been proposed as a first experimental signature of collective effects in quantum electrodynamic cascade generated electron–positron pair plasmas. Since the high effective masses of generated pairs will reduce any frequency change, stopped pairs at a minimal Lorentz factor in the lab frame were thought to be the dominant contribution to the laser upshift. However, we demonstrate that only considering stopped particles unduly neglects the contributions of particles re-accelerated in the laser propagation direction. Re-accelerated particles should, on a per particle basis, affect the laser more strongly and over a much longer timescale. To maximize particle contributions to the laser upshift, we consider a Laguerre–Gaussian (LG) mode laser beam to better reflect generated pairs. The LG mode does not have an advantage in particle deceleration and re-acceleration when compared against a Gaussian beam, but the LG mode can maintain particle contributions for a longer duration, allowing for more pair density accumulation. Deceleration with a structured beam to keep pairs within the laser should create a larger upshift, thereby lowering the demands on the driving laser.
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Joshi, C., and W. B. Mori. "The status and evolution of plasma wakefield particle accelerators." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 364, no. 1840 (January 24, 2006): 577–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2005.1723.
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The status and evolution of the electron beam-driven Plasma Wakefield Acceleration scheme is described. In particular, the effects of the radial electric field of the wake on the drive beam such as multiple envelope oscillations, hosing instability and emission of betatron radiation are described. Using ultra-short electron bunches, high-density plasmas can be produced by field ionization by the electric field of the bunch itself. Wakes excited in such plasmas have accelerated electrons in the back of the drive beam to greater that 4 GeV in just 10 cm in experiments carried out at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Centre.
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BAIWEN, LI, S. ISHIGURO, M. M. šKORIĆ, H. TAKAMARU, and T. SATO. "Acceleration of high-quality, well-collimated return beam of relativistic electrons by intense laser pulse in a low-density plasma." Laser and Particle Beams 22, no. 3 (July 2004): 307–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034604223151.
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The mechanism of electron acceleration by intense laser pulse interacting with an underdense plasma layer is examined by one-dimensional particle-in-cell (1D-PIC) simulations. The standard dephasing limit and the electron acceleration process are discussed briefly. A new phenomenon, of short high-quality, well-collimated return relativistic electron beam with thermal energy spread, is observed in the direction opposite to laser propagation. The process of the electron beam formation, its characteristics, and the time-history inxandpxspace for test electrons in the beam, are analyzed and exposed clearly. Finally, an estimate for the maximum electron energy appears in a good agreement with simulation results.
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Xie, Y. J., W. Wang, L. Zheng, X. P. Zhang, Q. Kong, Y. K. Ho, and P. X. Wang. "Field structure and electron acceleration in a slit laser beam." Laser and Particle Beams 28, no. 1 (January 25, 2010): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034609990528.
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AbstractThe electric field intensity distribution and the phase velocity distribution of a slit in laser beams with different parameters are analyzed. Using three-dimensional test particle simulation, the laser beam with a slit induced acceleration of electrons with different initial momenta is investigated. Contrary to anticipation, the maximum net energy gain is not monotone increasing as the incoming momentum increasing. Based on the field structure and analysis, we gave an explanation for this.
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Huang, Kai, Hideyuki Kotaki, Michiaki Mori, Yukio Hayashi, Nobuhiko Nakanii, and Masaki Kando. "Single-Shot Electro-Optic Sampling on the Temporal Structure of Laser Wakefield Accelerated Electrons." Crystals 10, no. 8 (July 24, 2020): 640. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10080640.
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Particle acceleration driven by a high power Ti: sapphire laser has invoked great interest worldwide because of the ultrahigh acceleration gradient. For the aspect of electron acceleration, electron beams with energies over GeV have been generated using the laser wakefield acceleration mechanism. For the optimization of the electron generation process, real-time electron parameter monitors are necessary. One of the key parameters of a high energy particle beam is the temporal distribution, which is closely related with the timing resolution in a pump-probe application. Here, we introduced the electro-optic sampling method to laser wakefield acceleration. Real-time multibunch structures were observed. Careful calculations on the physical processes of signal generation in an electro-optic crystal were performed. Discussions of the methodology are elaborated in detail.
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Rypdal, K. "Acceleration and heating in quasi-linear diffusion." Journal of Plasma Physics 35, no. 3 (June 1986): 413–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377800011430.
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Quasi-linear diffusion of charged particles due to a stationary and homogeneous spectrum of electrostatic field fluctuations is investigated via a Fokker-Planck approach. The energy of a given distribution of test particles is found to be conserved whenever the wave spectrum is isotropic and none of the spectral components of the field has a phase speed that equals the speed of any test particle. Quite generally, the energy is monotonically increasing for isotropic spectra. An interesting quantum mechanical interpretation of these results is given, and the special case of beam evolution in an isotropic spectrum of non-dispersive waves is studied in some detail. Conditions for isotropization of directed electron and ion beams from Coulomb collisions and collective oscillations are discussed in the context of the quasi-linear description. Some promising results from a beam-plasma experiment are quoted.
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RATZINGER, ULRICH, and RUDOLF TIEDE. "Low energy DTL sections for intense Bi1+ beams." Laser and Particle Beams 20, no. 3 (July 2002): 447–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026303460220316x.
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The beam dynamics design of the low energy DTL section of a fusion driver linac based on the IH-structure is presented. The acceleration of a 209Bi1+ beam by an IH-DTL operated at 27 MHz (54 MHz) is investigated for two specific injection energies at 60 A keV and at 200 A keV, respectively. Both cases are optimized separately, with the goal to find out the maximum achievable acceleration gradient, beam current, as well as the most attractive field strength range of the quadrupole lenses. Calculations are performed on one beamlet, but the results can be applied to build up multibeam cavities. H-mode cavities are very well suited for this purpose and provide high acceleration efficiency, especially at low particle velocity. In addition, the “Combined 0° structure” (“Kombinierte Null Grad Struktur–KONUS”) beam dynamics concept allows grouping into modular units consisting of short, simple rf cavities and of multiaperture quadrupole triplet lenses located in the intertank sections.
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Bingham, Robert. "Basic concepts in plasma accelerators." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 364, no. 1840 (February 2006): 559–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2005.1722.
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In this article, we present the underlying physics and the present status of high gradient and high-energy plasma accelerators. With the development of compact short pulse high-brightness lasers and electron and positron beams, new areas of studies for laser/particle beam–matter interactions is opening up. A number of methods are being pursued vigorously to achieve ultra-high-acceleration gradients. These include the plasma beat wave accelerator (PBWA) mechanism which uses conventional long pulse (∼100 ps) modest intensity lasers ( I ∼10 14 –10 16 W cm −2 ), the laser wakefield accelerator (LWFA) which uses the new breed of compact high-brightness lasers (<1 ps) and intensities >10 18 W cm −2 , self-modulated laser wakefield accelerator (SMLWFA) concept which combines elements of stimulated Raman forward scattering (SRFS) and electron acceleration by nonlinear plasma waves excited by relativistic electron and positron bunches the plasma wakefield accelerator. In the ultra-high intensity regime, laser/particle beam–plasma interactions are highly nonlinear and relativistic, leading to new phenomenon such as the plasma wakefield excitation for particle acceleration, relativistic self-focusing and guiding of laser beams, high-harmonic generation, acceleration of electrons, positrons, protons and photons. Fields greater than 1 GV cm −1 have been generated with monoenergetic particle beams accelerated to about 100 MeV in millimetre distances recorded. Plasma wakefields driven by both electron and positron beams at the Stanford linear accelerator centre (SLAC) facility have accelerated the tail of the beams.
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Gopal, A., A. H. Woldegeorgis, S. Herzer, G. G. Paulus, P. Singh, W. Ziegler, and T. May. "Smith–Purcell radiation in the terahertz regime using charged particle beams from laser–matter interactions." Laser and Particle Beams 34, no. 1 (January 13, 2016): 187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034615001093.
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AbstractWe report on the experimental observation of Smith–Purcell (SP) radiation generation by charged particle beam from laser–matter interactions. High-power laser pulses were focused onto a thin metal foil target to generate proton beams with energies up to 1.7 MeV via the target normal sheath acceleration (TNSA) process. The particle beam from the TNSA process was sent close to a periodic structure to generate SP radiation. Sub-μJ terahertz pulses were recorded using a pyroelectric detector. Simultaneous measurement of the ion spectra allowed us to estimate the power of the emitted radiation and compare it with the experimental results. The distance between the grating and the particle beam was varied and its effect on the emitted radiation was studied.
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Edalatfar, Fatemeh, Bahareh Yaghootkar, Abdul Qader Ahsan Qureshi, Soheil Azimi, Albert Leung, and Behraad Bahreyni. "Development of a micromachined accelerometer for particle acceleration detection." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 280 (September 2018): 359–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2018.07.058.
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Pakuza, Collette, Philip Burrows, Roberto Corsini, Wilfrid Farabolini, Pierre Korysko, Michal Krupa, Thibaut Lefevre, Stefano Mazzoni, Eugenio Senes, and Manfred Wendt. "A beam position monitor for electron bunch detection in the presence of a more intense proton bunch for the AWAKE Experiment." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2420, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 012067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2420/1/012067.
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Abstract The Advanced Proton Driven Plasma Wakefield Experiment (AWAKE) at CERN uses 6 cm long proton bunches extracted from the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) at 400 GeV beam energy to drive high gradient plasma wakefields for the acceleration of electron bunches to 2 GeV within a 10 m length. Knowledge and control of the position of both copropagating beams is crucial for the operation of the experiment. Whilst the current electron beam position monitoring system at AWAKE can be used in the absence of the proton beam, the proton bunch signal dominates when both particle bunches are present simultaneously. A new technique based on the generation of Cherenkov diffraction radiation (ChDR) in a dielectric material placed in close proximity to the particle beam has been designed to exploit the large bunch length difference of the particle beams at AWAKE, 200 ps for protons versus a few ps for electrons, such that the electron signal dominates. Hence, this technique would allow for the position measurement of a short electron bunch in the presence of a more intense but longer proton bunch. The design considerations, numerical analysis and plans for tests at the CERN Linear Electron Accelerator for Research (CLEAR) facility are presented.
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Ebisawa, Takashi, and Ken Takayama. "3D beam-envelope approach for an asymmetric beam in a high intensity linac with a solenoid channel." AIP Advances 13, no. 4 (April 1, 2023): 045316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0146071.
Full textAbstract:
Presented here is a theory model based on the beam-envelope approach to determine the global behavior of a charged beam propagating through a high intensity linac with a solenoid channel, namely, the orbital evolution of the root-mean-square beam size in the transverse and longitudinal direction. The model is applied to the Gaussian particle distribution, where the motion of an individual particle is governed by linear focusing/defocusing forces in the solenoid channel and RF fields, except for space-charge forces. In this model, highly nonlinear effects that originated from space-charge forces disappear by averaging over the harmonic motions such as the betatron motion and phase motion in the moving direction and the Gaussian distribution. All particles making up a 3D Gaussian bunch obey the same linear equations of motion where all information of nonlinearity in the space-charge forces and the particle distribution are carried in. The theory is validated using Gaussian macro-particle simulation and one of the widely used photonic integrated circuit codes, TraceWin. As an example, the model is applied to the case of an international fusion materials irradiation facility superconducting linac with solenoid guiding and half wave RF acceleration. The results are compared with results obtained by this model and other two approaches.