Journal articles: 'Beam Steering Antennas'

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Khan, Muhammad Irshad, Muhammad Anab, Muhammad Kabir Khan, Saeed Ur Rahman, and Aamir Sultan. "A Survey on Beam Steering Techniques in Printed Antennas." International Journal of Recent Contributions from Engineering, Science & IT (iJES) 9, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijes.v9i2.21691.

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Beam steering antennas is essential part of various WCN (Wireless Communication Networks) such as radar and satellite communication. The increasing demand of high data rate, high SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio) and high gain, therefore pattern reconfigurable antennas are required to improve such properties. Beam steering is the technique of changing the main lobe direction of radiation. The constructive and distractive interference are used to steer the lobe in specific direction. Beam steering is necessary in various communications such as localization, satellite, tracking system and airborne application. Beam steering antenna decreases interference and power consumption and also increases directivity and gain. Beam steering antenna transmit and receive signals in specific direction. Beam steering antenna decreases interference and power consumption and also increases directivity and gain. The researchers are interested to find optimal beam steering solution for single and multi-point application. In past various techniques are used to achieve beam reconfigurable antennas. This paper presents, beam steering principle and their theory, beam steering techniques such as; Mechanical Steering, Beamforming, Switching Pin Diodes, Reflector and array antenna (Reflectarray), Parasitic Steering, Phase Shifters, Switched Beam Antennas, Metamaterial Antennas, Traveling Wave Antennas, Retro-directive Antennas, Integrated Lens Antennas (ILAS), merits and demerits and comparison among various techniques.

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Mathew, Jestin John, Nitish HS, Dr Jayavrinda V. V, and Dr Raghunandan S. "Implementation of Beam Steering using Phased Array Antennas." International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology 5, no. 6 (July 9, 2020): 1006–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt20jun716.

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Beam steering is a phenomenon of varying the direction of the main lobe in the radiation pattern, so in radar systems it can be achieved by changing the relative phases of the antenna being implemented.But,some of the setbacks of implementing beam steering in mechanical antennas like microstrip antenna is that the directivity and, gain is low,and interference is very high.Whereas,in our project we have implemented beam steering using phased array antennas which has produced better results.So,an phased array antenna is electronically scanned antenna ,which produces a beam of radio waves that can be steered to different points based on our requirements by keeping the antenna stationary.Also,these type of antennas require less maintenance as compared to mechanical antennas

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Kang, Seonghun, and Chang Won Jung. "Wearable Fabric Reconfigurable Beam-Steering Antenna for On/Off-Body Communication System." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/539843.

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This paper presents a comparison of on-body performances between omnidirectional (loop antenna) and reconfigurable beam-steering antennas. Both omnidirectional and reconfigurable antennas were manufactured on the same fabric substrate and operated at the frequency band of the WLAN 802.11a (5.725–5.85 GHz). The reconfigurable antenna was designed to steer the beam directions. In order to implement the beam-steering capability, the antenna used two PIN diodes. The maximum beam directions of three states (states 0, 1, and 2) were steerable in theYZ-plane (h=2°, 28°, and 326°, resp.). The measured peak gains were 5.9–6.6 dBi and the overall half power beam width (HPBW) was 102°. The measured results of total radiated power (TRP) and total isotropic sensitivity (TIS) indicated that the communication efficiency of the reconfigurable beam steering antenna was better than that of the loop antenna. When the input power was 0.04 W (16 dBm), the simulated specific absorption rate (SAR) values of the reconfigurable beam steering antenna on the body were less than 0.979 W/kg (1 g tissue) in all states, satisfying the SAR criteria of the US.

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Wijayanto, Yusuf Nur, Atsushi Kanno, Hiroshi Murata, Tetsuya Kawanishi, Naokatsu Yamamoto, and Yasuyuki Okamura. "Array of patch-antennas with meandering-gaps on optical modulator for wireless millimeter-wave beam-steering." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 8, no. 4-5 (March 16, 2016): 759–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078716000210.

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An array of patch-antennas with meandering-gaps on an optical modulator is proposed for wireless millimeter-wave beam-steering through high-speed radio-over-fiber systems. Wireless millimeter-wave can be received by the array of patch-antennas and directly modulated to lightwave by the optical modulator. The wireless millimeter-wave can be steered using the meandering-gaps at the patch-antennas by controlling interaction between millimeter-wave and lightwave electric fields in electro-optic modulation. The basic operation and analysis of the proposed device are discussed. In the experiment, 5 × 5 antenna array in 40 GHz millimeter-wave bands was designed and realized for device characterization and demonstration to wireless millimeter-wave beam-steering. There were five variations of wireless millimeter-wave beam-steering for one-dimensional in xz- or yz-planes that can be obtained with wireless millimeter-wave steerable beams of about ±30°. Additionally, 25 variations of wireless beam-steering can be obtained for two dimension in xyz-space through orthogonal optical modulation. The proposed device is promising to be applied in millimeter-wave/tera-hertz bands for future directional wireless communication and sensing with high-speed and high-resolution operation.

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He, Xinyu, Tao Dong, Jingwen He, and Yue Xu. "A Design Approach of Optical Phased Array with Low Side Lobe Level and Wide Angle Steering Range." Photonics 8, no. 3 (February 25, 2021): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics8030063.

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In this paper, a new design approach of optical phased array (OPA) with low side lobe level (SLL) and wide angle steering range is proposed. This approach consists of two steps. Firstly, a nonuniform antenna array is designed by optimizing the antenna spacing distribution with particle swarm optimization (PSO). Secondly, on the basis of the optimized antenna spacing distribution, PSO is further used to optimize the phase distribution of the optical antennas when the beam steers for realizing lower SLL. Based on the approach we mentioned, we design a nonuniform OPA which has 1024 optical antennas to achieve the steering range of ±60°. When the beam steering angle is 0°, 20°, 30°, 45° and 60°, the SLL obtained by optimizing phase distribution is −21.35, −18.79, −17.91, −18.46 and −18.51 dB, respectively. This kind of OPA with low SLL and wide angle steering range has broad application prospects in laser communication and lidar system.

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Kang, Seonghun, and Chang Won Jung. "Dual Band and Beam-Steering Antennas Using Reconfigurable Feed on Sierpinski Structure." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/492710.

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Fractal patch antennas based on the Sierpinski structure are studied in this paper. The antennas operate at dual bands (around 2 and 5 GHz) and are designed to steer the beam directions at around 5 GHz band (the first harmonic). The antennas use reconfigurable triple feeds on the same antenna plane to have three beam directions. The same scale factor defines the geometrical self-similarity of the Sierpinski fractal. The proposed antennas are fabricated through three iterations from 1st order to 3rd order and utilize FR-4 (εr= 4.4) for the microwave substrate. The performances of the antennas, such as reflection coefficients and radiation patterns are verified by simulation and measurement. The results show that the properties of the proposed antennas in three orders are similar.

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Song, Chaoyun, Elliot L. Bennett, Jianliang Xiao, Tianyuan Jia, Rui Pei, Kwai-Man Luk, and Yi Huang. "Passive Beam-Steering Gravitational Liquid Antennas." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 68, no. 4 (April 2020): 3207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tap.2019.2937362.

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Zainud-Deen, S. H., H. A. Malhat, S. M. Gaber, and K. H. Awadalla. "Beam Steering Plasma Reflectarray/Transmitarray Antennas." Plasmonics 9, no. 2 (December 4, 2013): 477–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11468-013-9645-4.

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Gong, Liang, Rodica Ramer, and King Yuk “Eric” Chan. "Beam steering spiral antenna reconfigured by PIN diodes." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 6, no. 6 (March 11, 2014): 619–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078714000130.

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The paper proposes a new design for a single-arm, rectangular, spiral antenna (SARSA) with a wide azimuth space coverage. The antenna, operating at around 3.3 GHz, is capable of steering the beam in four separate directions in the azimuth plane. Only three DC signals are required to control the seven PIN diodes attached along the spiral arm. The antenna has a 200-MHz-bandwidth around 3.3 GHz with stable maximum beam directions that are defined by setting of the switches. Considerations required in selecting switch positions when designing such antennas for other frequencies, are presented. The measured return loss, radiation pattern and gain, all have close correlation with the simulation results. A detailed comparison of our design with those already proposed in the literature is given.

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Vidal, B., T. Mengual, and J. Martí. "Fast Optical Beamforming Architectures for Satellite-Based Applications." Advances in Optical Technologies 2012 (October 15, 2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/385409.

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Photonic technology offers an alternative implementation for the control of phased array antennas providing large time bandwidth products and low weight, flexible feeding networks. Measurements of an optical beamforming network for phased array antennas with fast beam steering operation for space scenarios are presented. Experimental results demonstrate fast beam steering between 4 and 8 GHz without beam squint.

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Le, Minh Thuy, Quoc Cuong Nguyen, and Tan Phu Vuong. "Design of High-Gain and Beam Steering Antennas Using a New Planar Folded-Line Metamaterial Structure." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2014 (2014): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/302580.

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In the last few years, there has been growing interest in employing metamaterials (MTMs) to enhance antenna gain. In this paper we proposed a novel structure of planar folded-line left-handed metamaterial (FL-LHM) and applied it to improve the gain of three 5.8 GHz microstrip antenna types: a circularly polarized patch antenna, an antenna array, and a beam steering antenna. The planar FL-LHM structure was designed based on transmission line analysis. Their scattering parameters were obtained using a numerical model; the negative effective permittivity and permeability were then calculated from these parameters for the assessment of negative refraction index region. The S11and radiation patterns of three fabricated antennas were measured; these results matched well with the simulation. We observed that the gain was increased up to 3 dBi for all the antennas. In addition, we were also able to maintain the circular polarization as well as the steering of the antenna without changing its dimensions.

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Venneri, F., S. Costanzo, and G. Di Massa. "Tunable Reflectarray Cell for Wide Angle Beam-Steering Radar Applications." Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/325746.

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An electronically tunable reflectarray element is proposed in this work to design beam-steering antennas useful for radar applications. A reduced size reflectarray unit cell is properly synthesized in order to extend the antenna beam scanning capabilities within a wider angular region. The radiating structure is accurately optimized to provide a full phase tuning range by adopting a single varactor load as phase shifter element. A 0.46λ-reflectarray cell is designed at the frequency of 11.5 GHz, obtaining a phase agility of about 330°. The cell is successfully adopted for the design of a21 × 21reconfigurable reflectarray. The antenna is numerically tested for different configurations of the varactors capacitance values, and good beam-steering performances are demonstrated within a wide angular range.

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Sharma, Satish K., and Mukund R. Thyagarajan. "Performance Comparison of Symmetric and Offset Reflector Antennas Adaptively Illuminated by Novel Triple Mode Feedhorn." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/870318.

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Parabolic symmetric and offset reflector antennas adaptively illuminated using a novel triple-mode feedhorn (TE11+TM01+TE21) with different mode combinations and impedance and radiation performances are presented. The combination of the radiating modes in a feedhorn with proper amplitude and fixed phase values helps in electronically pointing the main beam of the radiating patterns such as that obtained in a beam-steering antenna with limited beam-scan range. This type of radiation performance virtually creates a displaced phase center location for the feedhorn, which, consequently, adaptively illuminates the reflector antenna surface. Impedance-matching bandwidths are preserved for both reflector antennas similar to the case of feedhorn alone. The copolarization gain and peak cross-polarization levels are far better with the offset reflector antenna than the symmetric reflector antenna. Such reflector antennas find applications in ground moving target indicator (GMTI) and space based radars. The investigation results are solely computed using FEKO full-wave analysis tool.

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Sarabalis, Christopher J., Raphaël Van Laer, and Amir H. Safavi-Naeini. "Optomechanical antennas for on-chip beam-steering." Optics Express 26, no. 17 (August 10, 2018): 22075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.26.022075.

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Bogdan, Grzegorz, Konrad Godziszewski, and Yevhen Yashchyshyn. "Experimental investigation of beam-steering applied to 2 × 2 MIMO system with single receiving RF chain and time-modulated antenna array." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 12, no. 6 (June 19, 2020): 504–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078720000744.

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AbstractMultiple antennas and multiple radio frequency (RF) chains in both the transmitter and receiver are required in conventional radio systems employing the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) method. This paper presents an experimental investigation of a beam-steering time-modulated MIMO receiver with a single RF chain. Implementation of the receiver is based on a time-modulated antenna array (TMAA) and a software-defined radio. The sidebands generated inherently by the TMAA are utilized as virtual spatial channels with the beam-steering functionality. Performance of the system is investigated experimentally. The bit error rate and condition number of the channel matrix are examined for different radiation patterns in order to determine favorable configurations in a given multipath environment. Obtained results show a considerable impact of the beam-steering on the performance of MIMO transmission.

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Kelechi, Anabi Hilary, Mohammed H. Alsharif, Damilare Abdulbasit Oluwole, Philip Achimugu, Osichinaka Ubadike, Jamel Nebhen, Atayero Aaron-Anthony, and Peerapong Uthansakul. "The Recent Advancement in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Tracking Antenna: A Review." Sensors 21, no. 16 (August 23, 2021): 5662. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21165662.

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Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) antenna tracking system is an electromechanical component designed to track and steer the signal beams from the ground control station (GCS) to the airborne platform for optimum signal alignment. In a tracking system, an antenna continuously tracks a moving target and records their position. A UAV tracking antenna system is susceptible to signal loss if omnidirectional antenna is deployed as the preferred design. Therefore, to achieve longer UAV distance communication, there is a need for directional high gain antenna. From design principle, directional antennas are known to focus their signal energy in a particular direction viewed from their radiation pattern which is concentrated in a particular azimuth direction. Unfortunately, a directional antenna is limited by angle, thus, it must always be directed to the target. The other limitation of a UAV mechanical beam steering system is that the system is expensive to maintain and with low reliability. To solve this problem, we are proposing the use of MIMO technology as a readily available technology for UAV beyond line of sight technology. Although UAV antenna tracking is domiciled in the mechanical beam steering arrangement, this study shows that this native technology could be usurped by MIMO beam forming.

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Wang, Quanxin, Zhongxiang Shen, and Erping Li. "Modal-Expansion Analysis of Multiple Monopole Antennas." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2007 (2007): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/76930.

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The modal-expansion method is employed to analyze an array of multiple monopole antennas. A perfectly conducting plate is introduced at the top of the monopole array to facilitate the modal-expansion analysis. Expansion coefficients in the field expressions are found by enforcing continuity conditions of the tangential field components across the regional surfaces. Cylindrical function's addition theorem is employed to realize the transformation of field expressions in different coordinate systems. Numerical results for theS-parameters of a two-monopole antenna are presented and they are in good agreement with experimental ones. Also examined is the effect of the distance between two monopoles on the antenna's mutual coupling and radiation pattern. A four-monopole antenna is studied for its beam-steering capability and simulated results for its radiation properties are compared with those obtained by high frequency structure simulator (HFSS).

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Taam, Hussein Abou, Georges Zakka El Nashef, Eric Arnaud, Nicolas Chevalier, Bertrand Lenoir, Bernard Jecko, and Mohamed Rammal. "Design development and experimental validation of an EBG matrix antenna for tracking application." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 9, no. 1 (September 3, 2015): 231–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078715001245.

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Today's increase of functions, improvement of performances, and cost reductions required on an agile electronically scanned antenna, drive researchers to develop an innovative antennas’ concept in order to deal with the proposed challenge. In this context, this article describes and demonstrates an experimental prototype to show the reliability and efficiency of the electromagnetic band gap(EBG)matrix antenna theoretical aspect, for beam forming and beam steering applications. The originality of this work is the antenna itself which constitutes the subject of an accepted national and international patent. In fact, the proposed antenna is based on the equivalent radiating surface approach and used special EBG antennas called “pixels” to overcome some of the array approach defects. The antenna has demonstrated different electromagnetic behaviors, such as low mutual coupling, high gain preservation for high scanning angles values, etc.

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Gahley, Ruchi, and Banani Basu. "A Time Modulated Printed Dipole Antenna Array for Beam Steering Application." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2017 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3687293.

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This paper presents time modulated beam steered antenna array without phase shifters. The beam steering is analyzed considering a two-element time modulated antenna array (TMAA) of printed dipoles with microstrip via-hole balun. The proposed array resonates at the Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) radio bands, 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz, and offers wide bandwidth inherited due to modified structure of ground plane. Array elements are excited by complex exponential excitation signal through broadband power divider and radio frequency (RF) switches to achieve amplitude and phase variation without phase shifters. Differential Evolution algorithm is used to modify the time sequences of the RF switches connected to the antennas to generate radiation pattern with optimum dynamic efficiency by suppressing sideband radiations. Also switch-on time instant of RF switch connected to the subsequent element is modulated to steer the beam towards different directions. The proposed prototype is fabricated followed by parametric optimization. The fabrication results agree significantly well with simulated results.

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Bakhtiari, Asghar, Ramezan Ali Sadeghzadeh, and Mohammad Naser-Moghaddasi. "Millimeter-wave beam-steering high gain array antenna by utilizing metamaterial zeroth-order resonance elements and Fabry-Perot technique." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 10, no. 3 (April 2018): 376–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078717001301.

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Millimeter-wave (mm-wave) beam-steering antennas are preferred for reducing the disruptive effects, such as those caused by high atmospheric debilitation in wireless communications systems. In this work, a compact broadband antenna array with a low loss feed network design is introduced. To overcome the short-range effects on mm-wave frequencies, a feed network – with a modified Butler matrix and a compact zeroth-order resonance antenna element – has been designed. Furthermore, the aperture feed technique has been utilized to provide a broadside stable pattern and improve the delivered gain. A Fabry-Perot layer without the height of the air layer is used. Taking advantage of this novel design, a broadband and compact beam-steering array antenna – capable of covering impedance bandwidths (from 33.84 to 36.59 GHz) and scanning a solid angle of about ~94°, with a peak gain of 17.6 dBi – is attained.

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Vincenti Gatti, Roberto, Luca Marcaccioli, Elisa Sbarra, and Roberto Sorrentino. "Flat Array Antennas for Ku-Band Mobile Satellite Terminals." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2009 (2009): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/836074.

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This work presents the advances in the development of two innovative flat array antennas for Ku-band mobile satellite terminals. The first antenna is specifically conceived for double-deck trains to allow a bi-directional high data rate satellite link. The available circular surface (diameter 80 cm) integrates both a transmitting and a receiving section, operating in orthogonal linear polarizations. The TX frequency range is fully covered while the RX bandwidth is around 1 GHz arbitrarily allocated on the DVB range depending on requirements. The beam is steered in elevation through a phased array architecture not employing costly phase shifters, while the steering in azimuth is mechanical. Active BFNs allow excellent performance in terms of EIRP and G/T, maintaining extremely low profile. High antenna efficiency and low fabrication cost are ensured by the employment of innovative SIW (Substrate Integrated Waveguide) structures. The second antenna, receiving-only, is designed for radio/video streaming services in mobile environment. Full DVB coverage is achieved thanks to cavity-backed patches operating in double linear polarization. Two independent broadband active BFNs allow simultaneous reception of both polarizations with full tracking capabilities and a squintless beam steering from to in elevation. A minimum gain of 20 dBi and G/T > dB/ are achieved, while maintaining extremely compact size and flat profile. In the design of both antennas fabrication cost is considered as a driving factor, yet providing high performance with a flat profile and thus resulting in a great commercial potentiality.

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Frank, Martin, Benedict Scheiner, Fabian Lurz, Robert Weigel, and Alexander Koelpin. "Low-Cost Transmitarray Antenna Designs in V-Band based on Unit-Cells with 1 Bit Phase Resolution." Frequenz 73, no. 11-12 (November 26, 2019): 355–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/freq-2019-0140.

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Abstract This paper presents the design and characterization of linearly polarized low-cost transmitarray antennas with ± 70° azimuth beamforming range in V-band in order to add beam steering functionality to existing radar front ends. The transmitarray antennas are composed of 13 × 13 planar unit-cells. The unit-cells consist of two layers of RO4350B laminate and provide a one bit phase resolution. The desired unit-cell behavior has been validated by simulations and measurements. Eight transmitarrays with different phase distributions have been designed and fabricated to realize different beam steering angles in azimuth. The experimental characterization of the radiation patterns shows the desired performance in the frequency range from 59 GHz to 63 GHz. Additionally, steering angle combinations in azimuth and elevation up to 40° have been realized and successfully demonstrate by measuring the 2D radiation pattern.

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Ghasemi, A., S. N. Burokur, A. Dhouibi, and A. de Lustrac. "High Beam Steering in Fabry–Pérot Leaky-Wave Antennas." IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 12 (2013): 261–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2013.2248052.

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Latteck, R., W. Singer, M. Rapp, and T. Renkwitz. "MAARSY – the new MST radar on Andøya/Norway." Advances in Radio Science 8 (October 1, 2010): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-8-219-2010.

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Abstract. The Leibniz-Institute of Atmospheric Physics in Kühlungsborn, Germany (IAP) is installing a new powerful VHF radar on the North-Norwegian island Andøya (69.30° N, 16.04° E) in 2009/2010. The new Middle Atmosphere Alomar Radar System (MAARSY) replaces the existing ALWIN radar which has been operated continuously on Andøya for more than 10 years. The new system is a monostatic radar operated at 53.5 MHz with an active phased array antenna consisting of 433 Yagi antennas. The 3-element Yagi antennas are arranged in an equilateral triangle grid forming a circular aperture of approximately 6300 m2. Each individual antenna is connected to its own transceiver with independent phase control and a scalable output up to 2 kW. This arrangement allows very high flexibility of beam forming and beam steering with a symmetric radar beam of a minimum half power beam width of 3.6°, a maximum directive gain of 33.5 dB and a total transmitted peak power of approximately 800 kW. The IF signals of each 7 transceivers connected to each 7 antennas arranged in a hexagon are combined to 61 receiving channels. Selected channels or combinations of IF signals are sent to a 16-channel data acquisition system with 25 m sampling resolution and 16-bit digitization specified which will be upgraded to 64 channels in the final stage. The high flexibility of the new system allows classical Doppler beam swinging as well as experiments with simultaneously formed multiple beams and the use of modern interferometric applications for improved studies of the Arctic atmosphere from the troposphere up to the lower thermosphere with high spatiotemporal resolution.

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Kumar, Raj, Pramendra Kumar Verma, and M. V. Kartikeyan. "A Wide Beam Printed Quadrifilar Helix based Circularly Polarised Radiating Element for Electronically Steered Antenna." Defence Science Journal 71, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.71.16100.

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Wide beam and low axial ratio performance of printed quadrifilar antennas result in very attractive circularly polarised radiating element for wide scanned Electronically Steered Antenna. A compact printed quadrifilar Helix antenna (PQHA) has been designed and realised at S-Band frequency. Simulation and optimisation of designed antenna has been performed using ANSYS’s high frequency structure simulation (HFSS) software for its impedance, axial ratio (AR) performance and radiation characteristics. The developed circularly polarised antenna has 3-dB beam width of 130° and peak gain of 3.4dBic at 2.6 GHz. The developed antenna shows excellent AR performance over the frequency band as well as over the radiated beam. Half power axial ratio bandwidth of developed antenna is 27.4% (2.2 GHz - 2.9 GHz) while the impedance bandwidth is 32% (2.1 GHz - 2.9 GHz). Design has been validated through measured results. Designed wide band PQHA can be used as radiating element for electronically steered antenna for large beam steering application.

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Flores-Vidal, X., P. Flament, R. Durazo, C. Chavanne, and K. W. Gurgel. "High-Frequency Radars: Beamforming Calibrations Using Ships as Reflectors*." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 30, no. 3 (March 1, 2013): 638–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-12-00105.1.

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Abstract Linear array antennas and beamforming techniques offer some advantages compared to direction finding using squared arrays. The azimuthal resolution depends on the number of antenna elements and their spacing. Assuming an ideal beam pattern and no amplitude taper across the aperture, 16 antennas in a linear array spaced at half the electromagnetic wavelength theoretically provide a beam resolution of 3.5° normal to the array, and up to twice that when the beam is steered within an azimuthal range of 60° from the direction normal to the array. However, miscalibrated phases among antenna elements, cables, and receivers (e.g., caused by service activities without recalibration) can cause errors in the beam-steering direction and distortions of the beam pattern, resulting in unreliable ocean surface current and wave estimations. The present work uses opportunistic ship echoes randomly received by oceanographic high-frequency radars to correct an unusual case of severe phase differences between receiver channels, leading to a dramatic improvement of the surface current patterns. The method proposed allows for simplified calibrations of phases to account for hardware-related changes without the need to conduct the regular calibration procedure and can be applied during postprocessing of datasets acquired with insufficient calibration.

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Yang, Lingsheng, Peijie Wang, Biyu Cheng, and Jianping Fang. "Design of Hybrid Antenna System for User Terminal Applications." Frequenz 72, no. 9-10 (August 28, 2018): 407–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/freq-2017-0197.

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Abstract An eight-element hybrid Smart antenna-MIMO system for user terminal application is proposed in this paper. The hybrid antenna system is based on an eight elements antenna array. When operate with respective feed ports, by using radiation pattern diversity, more than 15 dB isolation among antenna elements can be achieved. After designing the feed networks based on maximum power transmission optimization between the transmit and receive antennas, beam steering performance can be obtained, the eight elements work together as a smart antenna array. The hybrid system has both the advantages of MIMO and smart antenna, and is competitive for future wireless communication applications.

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Renkwitz, T., W. Singer, R. Latteck, G. Stober, and M. Rapp. "Validation of the radiation pattern of the Middle Atmosphere Alomar Radar System (MAARSY)." Advances in Radio Science 10 (September 18, 2012): 245–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-10-245-2012.

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Abstract. In 2009/2010 the Leibniz-Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP) installed a new powerful VHF radar on the island Andøya in Northern Norway (69.30° N, 16.04° E). The Middle Atmosphere Alomar Radar System (MAARSY) allows studies with high spatial and temporal resolution in the troposphere/lower stratosphere and in the mesosphere/lower thermosphere of the Arctic atmosphere. The monostatic radar is operated at 53.5 MHz with an active phased array antenna consisting of 433 Yagi antennas. Each individual antenna is connected to its own transceiver with independent phase control and a scalable power output of up to 2 kW, which implies high flexibility of beam forming and beam steering. During the design phase of MAARSY several model studies have been carried out in order to estimate the radiation pattern for various combinations of beam forming and steering. However, parameters like mutual coupling, active impedance and ground parameters have an impact on the radiation pattern, but can hardly be measured. Hence, experiments need to be designed to verify the model results. For this purpose, the radar has occasionally been used in passive mode, monitoring the noise power received from both distinct cosmic noise sources like e.g. Cassiopeia A and Cygnus A, and the diffuse cosmic background noise. The analysis of the collected dataset enables us to verify beam forming and steering attempts. These results document the current status of the radar during its development and provide valuable information for further improvement.

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Turk, Melih, and Fikret Tokan. "Broadband, Beam-Steering Asymmetric Stacked Microstrip Phased Array with Enhanced Front-to-Back Ratio." Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society 36, no. 3 (April 20, 2021): 273–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.47037/2020.aces.j.360307.

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The backward radiation is a critical problem that may cause breakdown of the front-end circuits that are integrated behind the antenna. Thus, antennas having high Front to Back Ratio (FBR) are required. For phased arrays, the back lobe suppression is required for all scanning angles at all frequencies of the band. In this work, a stacked patch linear array with asymmetric configuration is proposed. It is capable of scanning the beam in ±40° with less than 1.34 dB scanning loss. Due to the usage of probe-fed stacked patches as the antenna elements, impedance matching in 8-10 GHz is achieved. More than 30 dB FBR is obtained for broadside radiation. It is above 20 dB when the beam is steered to θ = 40°. This is valid for all frequencies of the band. A prototype is fabricated and measured. Higher than 38 dB FBR is observed. With its broadband, high FBR and low scanning loss, the proposed asymmetrical stacked patch phased array is suitable as radar and base station antenna.

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Park, Hyunhee, and Chul-Hee Kang. "Dynamic beam steering using directional antennas in mmwave wireless networks." IEICE Electronics Express 8, no. 6 (2011): 378–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/elex.8.378.

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Wang, Yi, Jorn P. van Engelen, Sander F. G. Reniers, Manuel B. J. van Rijn, Xuebing Zhang, Zizheng Cao, Victor Dolores-Calzadilla, Kevin A. Williams, Meint K. Smit, and Yuqing Jiao. "InP-Based Grating Antennas for High-Resolution Optical Beam Steering." IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 27, no. 1 (January 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jstqe.2019.2958999.

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32

DANISH, NADEEM, KUMAR RAGHUWANSHI SANJEEV, and R. K. YADAV. "RECENT ADVANCEMENT ON PHOTONIC FEEDING ANTENNAS FOR MICROWAVE BEAM STEERING." i-manager's Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems 8, no. 1 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jcs.8.1.15888.

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33

Pal, A., A. Mehta, D. Mirshekar-Syahkal, and P. J. Massey. "Short-circuited feed terminations on beam steering square loop antennas." Electronics Letters 44, no. 24 (2008): 1389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:20082350.

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34

Younus, Karam Mudhafar, Ahmed Abdulbari Jasim, and Roger W. Clarke. "A Beam Steering System Design based on Phased Array Antennas." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1152, no. 1 (May 1, 2021): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1152/1/012002.

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35

Hummadi, Ali A., and Raad Sami Fyath. "Performance of Modified Silicon-Based Optical Leaky-Wave Antenna Structures." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 14, no. 3 (January 16, 2015): 5500–5516. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v14i3.2000.

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Conventional silicon-based optical leaky-wave antennas (OLWAs) have been investigated in the literature as high directivity narrow-beam radiators with steering capability and designed for 1550 nm operation using single-grating layer. In this paper, two modifications are introduced to the conventional silicon-based OLWA. The first modification is to redesign the structure for 1300 nm operation and to compare the radiation parameters with those of the 1550 nm counterpart. The second modification is to design and investigate the performance of a double-grating OLWA which is useful for double-beam steering.

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36

Younis, Marwan, Sigurd Huber, Anton Patyuchenko, Federica Bordoni, and Gerhard Krieger. "Performance Comparison of Reflector- and Planar-Antenna Based Digital Beam-Forming SAR." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2009 (2009): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/614931.

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The trend in the conception of future spaceborne radar remote sensing is clearly toward the use of digital beamforming techniques. These systems will comprise multiple digital channels, where the analog-to-digital converter is moved closer to the antenna. This dispenses the need for analog beam steering and by this the used of transmit/receive modules for phase and amplitude control. Digital beam-forming will enable Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) which overcomes the coverage and resolution limitations applicable to state-of-the-art systems. On the other hand, new antenna architectures, such as reflectors, already implemented in communication satellites, are being considered for SAR applications. An open question is the benefit of combining digital beam-forming techniques with reflector antennas. The paper answers this question by comparing the system architecture and digital beam-forming requirements of a planar and a reflector antenna SAR. Further elaboration yields the resulting SAR performance of both systems. This paper considers multiple novel aspects of digital beam-forming SAR system design, which jointly flow into the presented system performance.

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37

Gupta, Parul, Leeladhar Malviya, and S. V. Charhate. "5G multi-element/port antenna design for wireless applications:a review." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 11, no. 9 (May 28, 2019): 918–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078719000382.

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AbstractFifth generation (5G) is the current hot topic of the world's leading telecommunication companies. The compact designs of antennas made it possible for them to resonate at higher frequencies, thus to enable the devices to attain higher data rate as compared to 4G technology. Data rate of 5G technology for low mobility users is expected to be 50.0 Gbps and for high mobility users it is 5.0 Gbps. On the other hand, International telecommunication union's objective for 5G is 3 times more spectrally efficient thanlong-term evolution (LTE). The paper has carried out meticulous study over the impact of 5G antennas on the size of antenna, size/type of substrate, gain, efficiency, and isolation, etc. Also, different arrays andmultiple input multiple outputs (MIMOs) with patch antenna, magneto electric-dipole, microstrip grid array antenna, folded dipole, series-fed array, connected antenna array, MIMO are studied. The paper also includes the existing technology i.e 4G LTE and their isolation enhancement approaches. Many of the designs used the reflector plates to reduce the back lobe radiation problem in MIMO/array antennas to increase front-to-back ratio. The gain in 5G antennas can be increased by using balun, parasitic element as directors, multiple notch structures, three identical slot sub-arrays, etc. Mathematical equations of multi-element/port antennas are included to model the designed antennas. The beam steering is also included for the 5G technology in this paper.

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Karttunen, Aki, Juha Ala-Laurinaho, Ronan Sauleau, and Antti V. Raisanen. "REDUCTION OF INTERNAL REFLECTIONS IN INTEGRATED LENS ANTENNAS FOR BEAM-STEERING." Progress In Electromagnetics Research 134 (2013): 63–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2528/pier12102206.

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., Amarnadh Poluri. "BEAM STEERING IN SMART ANTENNAS BY USING LOW COMPLEX ADAPTIVE ALGORITHMS." International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology 02, no. 10 (October 25, 2013): 545–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2013.0210085.

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40

Ratni, Badreddine, Jianjia Yi, Xumin Ding, André de Lustrac, Kuang Zhang, Gérard-Pascal Piau, and Shah Nawaz Burokur. "Gradient phase partially reflecting surfaces for beam steering in microwave antennas." Optics Express 26, no. 6 (March 6, 2018): 6724. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.26.006724.

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41

Artiga, Xavier. "Row–Column Beam Steering Control of Reflectarray Antennas: Benefits and Drawbacks." IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 17, no. 2 (February 2018): 271–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2017.2785864.

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42

Kingsley, S. P., and S. G. O'Keefe. "Beam steering and monopulse processing of probe-fed dielectric resonator antennas." IEE Proceedings - Radar, Sonar and Navigation 146, no. 3 (1999): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-rsn:19990307.

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43

Völker, M. "Coherent all-fibre optical beam-steering technique for phased-array antennas." IEE Proceedings J Optoelectronics 139, no. 4 (1992): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-j.1992.0052.

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44

Che, Ming, Yuki Matsuo, Haruichi Kanaya, Hiroshi Ito, Tadao Ishibashi, and Kazutoshi Kato. "Optoelectronic THz-Wave Beam Steering by Arrayed Photomixers With Integrated Antennas." IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 32, no. 16 (August 15, 2020): 979–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lpt.2020.3007415.

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45

Armenise, Mario N., Vittorio M. N. Passaro, and Giuseppe Noviello. "Lithium niobate guided-wave beam former for steering phased-array antennas." Applied Optics 33, no. 26 (September 10, 1994): 6194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.33.006194.

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46

Ourir, Abdelwaheb, Shah Nawaz Burokur, Riad Yahiaoui, and André de Lustrac. "Directive metamaterial-based subwavelength resonant cavity antennas – Applications for beam steering." Comptes Rendus Physique 10, no. 5 (June 2009): 414–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crhy.2009.01.004.

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47

Lu, Peng, Thomas Haddad, Jonas Tebart, Matthias Steeg, Benedikt Sievert, Jörg Lackmann, Andreas Rennings, and Andreas Stöhr. "Mobile THz communications using photonic assisted beam steering leaky-wave antennas." Optics Express 29, no. 14 (June 24, 2021): 21629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.427575.

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48

Al-Obaidi, Mohammed K., Ezri Mohd, Noorsaliza Abdullah, Samsul Haimi Dahlan, and Jawad Ali. "Design and implementation of microstrip rotman lens for ISM band applications." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 8, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 90–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v8i1.1392.

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This work presents the design and implementation of Rotman lens as a beam steering device for Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) applications. 2.45 GHz is considered as a center frequency design with (2-6) GHz frequency bandwidth. The beam steering is examined to cover ±21o scan angle with maximum main lobe magnitude 10.1 dBi, rectangular patch antennas are used as radiation elements to beam the output far field. The work is extended to compare between the tapered line which is used for matching between 50-Ω ports and lens cavity. CST microwave simulation studio results show that the rectangular taper line can yield 2 dB return loss less than linear taper line with a little bit shifting in responses for same input and load impedance.

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Fayad, Hazem, and Paul Record. "MUTUAL COUPLING BETWEEN A PAIR OF IDENTICAL BEAM STEERING DIELECTRIC RESONATOR ANTENNAS." Progress In Electromagnetics Research B 14 (2009): 23–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2528/pierb09021504.

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Karmokar, Debabrata K., Karu P. Esselle, and Stuart G. Hay. "Fixed-Frequency Beam Steering of Microstrip Leaky-Wave Antennas Using Binary Switches." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 64, no. 6 (June 2016): 2146–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tap.2016.2546949.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Beam Steering Antennas'

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