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1
Pilbeam, C. J., J. R. Okalebo, L. P. Simmonds, and K. W. Gathua. "Analysis of maize–common bean intercrops in semi-arid Kenya." Journal of Agricultural Science 123, no. 2 (October 1994): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600068453.
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SummaryMaize (Zea mays L.) and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were each sown at four plant densities, including zero, in a bivariate factorial design at Kiboko Rangeland Research Station, Kenya during the long and short rains of 1990. The design gave nine intercrops with different proportions of maize and beans, and six sole crops, three of maize and three of beans. Seed yields in both the sole crops were not significantly affected by plant density, so the mean yield was used to calculate the Land Equivalent Ratio (LER), which averaged 1·09 in the long rains but only 0·87 in the short rains. These low values were apparently due to the fact that beans failed to nodulate and fix nitrogen in the study area. The difference in LER between seasons was probably caused by differences in the amount and distribution of rain in relation to crop growth. Maize was more competitive than bean, each maize plant being equivalent to between 0·7 and 3·4 bean plants depending upon the treatment and the season.
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Rochester, I. J., M. B. Peoples, G. A. Constable, and R. R. Gault. "Faba beans and other legumes add nitrogen to irrigated cotton cropping systems." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 38, no. 3 (1998): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea97132.
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Summary. Legumes have become common rotation crops in cotton cropping systems in northern New South Wales. Levels of nitrogen fixation and yield achieved on-farm were measured in commercial faba beans and other winter and summer legume crops sown after cotton over 3 years to assess the relative inputs of fixed nitrogen (N) into this system. Faba bean crops fixed up to 350 kg N/ha, removed up to 160 kg N/ha in harvested grain and contributed up to 270 kg fixed N/ha to soil N after harvest. Grain yields, N2 fixation and dry matter production were reduced in late-sown crops and those water-stressed during pod-filling, but most faba bean crops fixed almost 3 times as much N as was removed in grain. Below-ground legume N, determined with 15N shoot feeding techniques, accounted for 40% of the total crop N at peak biomass, or about 100 kg N/ha for the average faba bean crops. Residual fixed N after harvest was predicted from crop dry matter and grain yield, and this could be used to assess the contribution to soil N from faba beans. Amounts of nitrogen fixed by other legume crops ranged from 20 kg N/ha for adzuki bean and droughted lablab to more than 450 kg N/ha by irrigated soybean. Soybean, peanut and Dolichos lablab contributed more fixed N to the soil than adzuki bean, mung bean or pigeon pea under irrigated conditions. Winter crops including field peas, lentils and lupins and green-manured pasture species fixed up to 240 kg N/ha.
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Reis Jr, Roberto Dos Anjos, Tarcício Cobucci, and Darci Sonego. "NITROGEN FERTILIZATION OF RICE, COMMON BEAN AND CORN WITH ENHANCED-EFFICIENCY FERTILIZER." BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE - Revista de Agricultura 94, no. 3 (December 23, 2019): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.37856/bja.v94i3.3516.
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Nitrogen (N), a mineral element required in greater quantity by plants, has a low efficiency use in agriculture, resulting in economic and environmental problems. N enhanced efficiency fertilizers use is one of the strategies to increase N fertilization efficiency. Polymer urea coating has been used to produce enhanced efficiency fertilizers. However, there are a lot of polymers for this type of coating, which may lead to divergence of results. Validation of this technology to guarantee its viability in agriculture is necessary. This study aimed to evaluate rice, common bean and corn morphological characteristics, foliar N contents and yields and N fertilization efficiency in response to N rates and sources. Field experiments were carried out on these crops, comparing N fertilizers performance. Each experiment was formed by a factorial design comparing N sources (urea and Policote coated urea) and rates, besides Control. N fertilization influenced rice, common bean and corn morphological characteristics, foliar N contents, yields and N fertilization efficiency. Increasing N rates increased rice, common bean and corn morphological characteristics and yields. Policote coated urea showed higher agronomic efficiency of nitrogen fertilization and higher yields than urea in rice, common beans and corn crops.
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Pauletti, Volnei, Beatriz Monte Serrat, Antonio Carlos Vargas Motta, Nerilde Favaretto, and Adilson dos Anjos. "Yield response to fertilization strategies in no-tillage soybean, corn and common bean crops." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 53, no. 3 (June 2010): 563–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132010000300009.
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Two research fields were conducted on a Haplohumox from 1998 and to 2005. The study aimed to evaluate the strategies for starter fertilizer application on corn, soybean and common bean yield as well as the accumulation of earlier dry matter for corn in a no-tillage crop rotation system in south of Brazil. There was no increase in the yield of soybean with phosphorus and potassium application for at least seven seasons, while corn and common bean showed increased yields with phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen application. For soybean, corn and common beans in no-tillage systems with high levels of phosphorus and medium of potassium, the starter fertilizer can be applied in any of the methods evaluated and in any of the period considered. The presence or absence of potassium in the furrow, phosphorus sources and row preparation components provided similar yields to corn, soybean and common bean.
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Oliveira, Renato Augusto de, Wilian Henrique Diniz Buso, Leandro Lopes Gomes, Pedro Henrique Marques Martins, Renato Souza Rodovalho, and Henrique Fonseca Elias de Oliveira. "Application of controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer in irrigated common bean crops." Comunicata Scientiae 10, no. 1 (April 17, 2019): 158–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/cs.v10i1.2995.
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The use of adequate management practices and high nitrogen fertilizer rates have contributed to increase the common bean grain yield, however, the application of nitrogen fertilizer at sowing still requires evaluations for irrigated crops in the Brazilian Cerrado biome region. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of application of different rates of controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer—dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP)—at sowing and as top-dressing on agronomic performance and leaf area index of irrigated common bean crops grown in the Brazilian Cerrado biome region. A randomized block design in a 4×3 factorial arrangement with four replications was used. The treatments consisted of four nitrogen rates (0, 60, 120, and 180 kg ha-1) and three application forms (100% at sowing, 100% as top-dressing, and 50% at sowing + 50% as top-dressing). Irrigation was managed with class A tanks and two-day intervals. The nitrogen applied at the different stages of the crop did not affect the production components of the common bean plants. The highest grain yields were found with the nitrogen rates of 180 kg ha-1 in 2015 (1,756.37 kg ha-1), and 123.98 kg ha-1 in 2016 (1,799.63 kg ha-1).
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Bueno, Amanda Magalhães, Rilner Alves Flores, Enderson Petrônio de Brito Ferreira, Aline Franciel de Andrade, Frederico Raimundo Simões de Lima, Marco Aurélio Pessoa de Souza, José Alves Júnior, and Marcio Mesquita. "Productivity and gas exchanges of the common bean subjected to inoculation and nitrogen fertilization." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 4 (April 22, 2021): e54910414399. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i4.14399.
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Beans are one of the main foods consumed in Brazil. It is considered an essential ingredient in the basic diet of Brazilians. As a management practice, aiming to supply N and increase crop productivity, producers have used the association of seed inoculation with nitrogen fertilization. Thus, the objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of split nitrogen fertilization and seed inoculation on common bean productivity. The experiment was carried out in completely randomized blocks and a 2x2x3 factorial design with four replications. The first factor was seed inoculation (presence or absence) with peat inoculant containing the strains SEMIA 4077 and SEMIA 4080 from R. tropici and the strain SEMIA 4088 from R. freirei. The second factor was the parceling of nitrogen cover fertilization (80+40 and 60+60 kg ha-1 of N at 20 and 40 days after emergence (DAE)). The third factor was time of assessment (50, 65 and 80 DAE). The inoculated bean showed a 5% higher leaf N content than non-inoculated ones. Transpiration and liquid photosynthesis rates were higher in inoculated plants and in those with 60+60 kg ha-1 of N. However, productivity was 13% higher in uninoculated beans regardless of nitrogen fertilization.
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Garé, Lucas Martins, Letícia Martins e. Martins, Orivaldo Arf, Fernando de Souza Buzo, José Roberto Portugal, Nayara Fernanda Siviero Garcia, Tayná Lara Serantoni da Silveira, and Leticia Zylmennith Souza Sales. "Effects of green and nitrogen fertilization on the yield and yield components of irrigated winter beans." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 41, no. 4 (May 13, 2020): 1165. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2020v41n4p1165.
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The contribution of plant residues to the soil is an essential requirement for the success of no-tillage systems, especially in areas with a tropical climate where the organic material decomposition rate is high. The type of straw present on the soil surface can influence the culture implanted subsequently, mainly with regard to the availability of nitrogen (N). The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of cultural remains of maize (exclusive or intercropped with cover crops) on the development and productivity of the common bean grown in succession and fertilized with different N doses. The experimental design was a randomized block arranged in a factorial scheme (5 × 4), with four replications. The treatments consisted of combinations of cultural remains of exclusive maize, maize + Crotalaria spectabilis, maize + Cajanus cajan, maize + Canavalia ensiformis, and maize + Urochloa ruziziensis cultivated previously and of four N rates (0, 40, 80, and 120 kg ha-1) applied to bean crops. The plots consisted of seven lines of 7.5 m length with 0.45 m spacing between the lines. The evaluated parameters were: dry matter of the plant cover, dry matter of the aerial part (beans), production components, weight of 100 grains, and grain yield. The intercropping of maize and cover crops promoted an increase in dry matter over the soil, compared to the exclusive maize crop. There was an increase in the dry matter of bean plants with the increase in N rates in the two years of cultivation; regarding productivity, there was an increment only in the first year of cultivation. The maize consortium with cover plants provided adequate soil cover, but did not influence the productivity of beans cultivated in succession in the two years of cultivation.
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OLIVEIRA, ANA PAULA SANTOS, CEITON MATEUS SOUSA, and ENDERSON PETRÔNIO DE BRITO FERREIRA. "PERFORMANCE OF INOCULATED COMMON BEAN IN RESPONSE TO DIFFERENT COVER CROPS AND DESICCATION TIMES." Revista Caatinga 30, no. 3 (September 2017): 642–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252017v30n312rc.
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ABSTRACT The common bean requires high levels of nitrogen (N) to achieve high productivity, which can be supplied, at least partially, by the biological nitrogen fixation (BFN). Two field experiments were carried out in the winter season of 2015 aiming to evaluate the effects of different cover crops, desiccation times and the agronomic performance of the common bean inoculated with rhizobia. The experiments were assembled in a randomized block design with four replications, in a factorial split-plot arrangement with two additional treatments (5x4x2+2). The factors were composed of five cover crops, four desiccation times, two seed inoculation treatments and two additional controls (TN = 90 Kg N ha-1 and T0 = without N and without inoculation). The variables analyzed in the cover crops were dry mass (DM) and total nitrogen (Total-N). With the common bean, the chlorophyll content (CC), the number of nodules (NN), the nodule dry weight (NDW), the shoot dry weight (SDW), the root dry weight (RDW) and the grain yield (GY) were evaluated. The results showed that the agronomic performance of the common bean was not affected by the desiccation times of the cover crops, although the amount of Total-N accumulated by cover crops was influenced by sowing times. Inoculation of the common bean promoted an increase in the NN, NDW, CC and SDW. Higher GY of the common bean was achieved with its cropping after Brachiaria brizantha, Brachiaria ruziziensis, millet and fallow.
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Tiraboschi Leal, Fábio, João Victor Trombeta Bettiol, Vinícius Augusto Filla, Anderson Prates Coelho, Fábio Luíz Checchio Mingotte, and Leandro Borges Lemos. "Grain quality of common bean cultivars under low and high nitrogen dose." Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias UNCuyo 53, no. 1 (July 7, 2021): 118–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.48162/rev.39.012.
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This study aimed to evaluate the effects of low and high topdressing doses of nitrogen (N) on the qualitative attributes of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars and indicate cultivars with better grain technological characteristics. The experimental design was randomized blocks in split plots, with four replicates. Plots comprised 16 common bean cultivars of the commercial grain ‘Carioca’, while subplots comprised two N doses: 20 and 120 kg ha-1 applied as topdressing. The following evaluations were carried out: sieve yield (SY), relative grain production on sieves (RGPS), crude protein content (PROT), final water volume absorbed (FVabs), time for maximum hydration (TMH), hydration ratio (HR), cooking time (CT) and resistance to cooking (RC). The results were subjected to analysis of variance by F test and means were grouped by the Scott-Knott test. Multivariate principal component analysis was used to identify processes. The grain quality of common bean is more dependent on the genotype studied than on agricultural management such as nitrogen fertilization. The increase in the N dose applied as topdressing increases the size of common bean grains and their protein content, but with little influence in grain hydration. FVabs and CT depend on the interaction between cultivar and N doses. CT had an inverse correlation with PROT, but it was little pronounced. The cultivars BRSMG Uai, IAC Alvorada, TAA Dama and TAA Bola Cheia have the best grain quality characteristics. Highlights: Cultivar interferes more in the common bean technological quality than nitrogen fertilization. Grains crude protein content had an inverse correlation with the cooking time. Nitrogen fertilization increases the grains size and crude protein content of common bean, but with little influence in grain hydration. The cultivars BRSMG Uai, IAC Alvorada, TAA Dama and TAA Bola Cheia have the best grain quality characteristics.
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Silva, Ricardo A., Sylvana N. Matsumoto, Ramon C. Vasconcelos, Franklin D. Carvalho, Luan S. Oiveira, and Rudieli M. Silva. "Morphological and Agronomic Characteristics of Common Beans Subjected to Seed Priming With Different Doses of N6-benzyladenine." Journal of Agricultural Science 11, no. 7 (May 31, 2019): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n7p178.
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In field conditions, the more usual application of cytokinins is based mainly on seed treatment and foliar spraying. Nowadays, seed priming with plant growth regulators is a successful agricultural practice due to its easy application in annual crops, resulting in a higher vigor and production. In order to evaluate the effect of the treatment of common bean seeds with N6-benzyladenine (6-BA), in the morphophysiology and crop yield, an experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, in a completely randomized design with four replicates and five doses of 6-BA (0, 0.0375, 0.075, 0.1125 and 0.15 g kg-1 of seed). The growth regulator was applied to the seeds in order to cover their entire surface. At 30 days after emergence, the physiological parameters were increased as a function of the doses of 6-BA. On the other hand, at 30 and 45 days after emergence of the crop, there was a drastic reduction in nodulation with increased 6-BA doses, which resulted in the lower accumulation of leaf nitrogen, pod number, and common bean yield. The ranging doses till 0.15 g kg-1 of seed of the cytokinin 6-BA are not recommended in seed priming of common beans. However, the effective recommendation of cytokinin as a seed priming is still not determined, and studies about products and doses must be improved before recommendation.
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Lisboa, Bruno Britto, Thomas Müller Schmidt, Arthur Henrique Ely Thomé, Raul Antonio Sperotto, Camila Gazolla Volpiano, Jackson Freitas Brilhante de São Jose, Luciano Kayser Vargas, and Camille Eichelberger Granada. "Indigenous rhizobial strains SEMIA 4108 and SEMIA 4107 for common bean inoculation: A biotechnological tool for cleaner and more sustainable agriculture." Experimental Agriculture 57, no. 1 (February 2021): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479721000041.
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SummaryInoculation of symbiotic N2-fixing rhizobacteria (rhizobia) in legumes is an alternative to reduce synthetic N fertiliser input to crops. Even though common bean benefits from the biological N2 fixation carried out by native rhizobia isolates, the low efficiency of this process highlights the importance of screening new strains for plant inoculation. Two rhizobial strains (SEMIA 4108 and SEMIA 4107) previously showed great potential to improve the growth of common beans under greenhouse conditions. Thus, this study evaluated the growth and grain yield of common bean plants inoculated with those strains in field experiments. The rhizobial identification was performed by 16S rRNA sequencing and the phylogeny showed that SEMIA 4108 and SEMIA 4107 are closely related to Rhizobium phaseoli, within a clade containing other 18 Rhizobium spp. type strains. Common bean plants inoculated with SEMIA 4107 showed similar productivity to N-fertilised (N+) plants in the first experiment (2016/17) and higher productivity in the second experiment (2018/19). The development of inoculated plants was different from that observed for N+. Nonetheless, comparing inoculated treatments with N-fertilised control, no yield or productivity losses at the end of the growing process were detected. Our results showed that inoculation of the rhizobial isolates SEMIA 4108 and SEMIA 4107 improved the growth and grain yield of common bean plants. The observed agronomical performance confirms that both strains were effective and can sustain common bean growth without nitrogen fertilisation under the edaphoclimatic conditions of this study.
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Oliveira, Serena Capriogli, Lorena R. S. Peres, Neriane Hijano, and Pedro Luis da C. A. Alves. "Period of Weed Interference in Bean With Nitrogen Fertilizer." Journal of Agricultural Science 11, no. 5 (April 15, 2019): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n5p381.
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The competition between weeds and bean plants, mainly by nutrients of the environment, is one of the main causes of low crop yield. Therefore, the objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of nitrogen fertilization on the extension of the period prior to interference (PPI) in common beans, cultivar TAA GOL. Sowing was performed in conventional system. The treatments were divided into two groups: cover nitrogen fertilization (200 kg urea ha-1) and no cover fertilization. Within each area, we established periods of cohabitation of the crop with weeds from the emergence up to seven times of its life cycle (0-10, 0-20, 0-30, 0-40, 0-50, 0-60, 0-70 days) and a control. The experiment design was randomized blocks with three replicates. Digitaria spp. presented a greater relative importance in both areas, followed by Eleusine indica. The period prior to weed interference (PPI) in the area with nitrogen fertilization occurred up to 46 days after emergence (DAE), and only up to 3 DAE for the area without cover fertilization. There was a 30% decrease in bean productivity by comparing the area with nitrogen fertilization (2,004.79 kg ha-1) and the area without nitrogen fertilization (1,412.43 kg ha-1). Therefore, nitrogen fertilization increased crop yield and favored it competitively in relation to weeds by increasing the weed PPI.
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Kiehl, J. C., R. I. Silveira, and J. Brito Neto. "Rates and methods of applying urea to common beans." Scientia Agricola 50, no. 2 (September 1993): 254–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90161993000200013.
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The effect of rate and method of urea application on the yield of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L., cv. IPA-1) was evaluated on a Red-Yellow Latosol (Psamentic Haplortox) of Arapiraca and on a Solodic Planosol (Ustalf) of Igaci, both sandy-clay-loams located in the State of Alagoas, Brazil. Rates of 30,60 and 90 kg N/ha were applied placing the urea totally in the furrow at planting time; totally sidedressed twenty days after planting, mixed or not with the soil; or 1/3 of the amount in the furrow at planting plus 2/3 sidedressed twenty days after planting, mixed or not with the soil. Bean yield responses to nitrogen followed quadratic equations. In the Red-Yellow Latosol response to nitrogen occurred up to the rate of 66 kg N/ha, while in the Solodic Planosol the yield increased up to the highest applied rate of 90 kg N/ha. The relative yield increase for each site was 22% and 16%, respectively. Sidedressed application of the total amount of urea resulted in the lowest yields, whereas split application and furrow fertilization were the best and equally effective methods. No significant yield increase was observed by mixing the urea with the soil.
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Tkachuk, Oleksander, and Vitalii Ovcharuk. "ECOLOGICAL POTENTIAL OF GRAIN PEGULUM CROPS IN MODERN INTENSIVE CROP ROTATIONS." Agriculture and Forestry, no. 3 (October 30, 2020): 161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2707-5826-2020-3-14.
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The article discusses the ecological significance of leguminous crops grown in modern intensive crop rotation. In particular, the area under crops of common leguminous crops in Ukraine and the level of their productivity have been analyzed. A comparison is made with the acreage of the most widespread grain crops. The emphasis of the article is aimed at establishing the level of nitrogen fixation of leguminous crops, which have the largest sown areas in Ukraine. The volume of accumulation by these leguminous crops of by-products in the form of their straw and stubble is also calculated. A comparison is made according to these indicators with the most widespread grain crops grown in Ukraine. The data on the content of the main nutrients in the by-products of leguminous crops - nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium are given. On the basis of these indicators, a calculation was made of the accumulation of the main nutrients in the soil, which can come with the by-products of leguminous crops with an average yield of their seeds. We also compared the obtained indicators with the input of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium into the soil with by-products of the most common grain crops. Based on this, a conclusion was made about the most effective leguminous crops, the cultivation of which in the modern intensive crop rotation contributes most to the stabilization of the agro-ecological state of the soil. According to the State Statistics Service in Ukraine in 2019, the largest sown area among leguminous crops belonged to peas - 347.0 thousand hectares, which is 61.3% in the structure of all leguminous crops. In total, the sown area for leguminous crops in Ukraine is 566.0 thousand hectares, which is about 2% of the total sown area and this is a very low indicator. Considering the average yield in Ukraine, beans can return more by-products to the soil - 3.5 t/ha, soybeans and peas - by 8.6% less, beans - by 37.1%, and least of all - chickpeas and lentils - 1.7 - 1.8 t/ha. The content of the main macronutrients in the by-products of all leguminous crops is similar and is: nitrogen - 10.0-12.0 kg/t, phosphorus - 3.4-3.6 kg/t, potassium - 4.6-5.0 kg/t. It has been proven that an increase in the area of leguminous crops in an intensive crop rotation will have a positive effect on the agro-ecological state of the soil. In particular, growing beans allows you to get the highest mass of by-products that can be ploughed into the soil - 3.5 t/ha. Also, by-products of beans are characterized by a high content of mineral phosphorus - 3.6 kg/t, which ensures the supply of all mineral phosphorus to the soil - 12.6 kg/ha of all leguminous crops, as well as potassium - 16.5 kg/ha. Soybean by-products are characterized by a high nitrogen content - 12.0 kg/t, phosphorus - 3.6 kg/t and potassium - 5.0 kg/t. This allows, after growing soybeans, to accumulate in the soil with by-products more mineral nitrogen - 38.4 kg/ha. Also, soybeans are characterized by a high symbiotic nitrogen-fixing ability among all leguminous crops - 120 kg/ha. By-products of leguminous crops have a high content of nitrogen - 2.3-2.7 times, phosphorus - 1.5-1.6 times compared to by-products of grain crops. Also, when plowing soybean by-products into the soil, there will be 2 times more mineral nitrogen and 1.1-1.3 times more phosphorus than when plowing winter wheat by-products. Key words: egumes, by-products, nitrogen fixation, nutrients, accumulation, soil.
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Massawe, Prosper I., Kelvin M. Mtei, Linus K. Munishi, and Patrick A. Ndakidemi. "Improving Soil Fertility and Crops Yield through Maize-Legumes (Common bean and Dolichos lablab) Intercropping Systems." Journal of Agricultural Science 8, no. 12 (November 6, 2016): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v8n12p148.
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Declining crops yield in the smallholder farmers cropping systems of sub-Saharan African (SSA) present the need to develop more sustainable production systems. Depletion of essential plant nutrients from the soils have been cited as the main contributing factors due to continues cultivation of cereal crops without application of organic/ inorganic fertilizers. Of all the plant nutrients, reports showed that nitrogen is among the most limiting plant nutrient as it plays crucial roles in the plant growth and physiological processes. The most efficient way of adding nitrogen to the soils is through inorganic amendments. However, this is an expensive method and creates bottleneck to smallholder farmers in most countries of sub-Saharan Africa. Legumes are potential sources of plant nutrients that complement/supplement inorganic fertilizers for cereal crops because of their ability to fix biological nitrogen (N) when included to the cropping systems. By fixing atmospheric N2, legumes offer the most effective way of increasing the productivity of poor soils either in monoculture, intercropping, crop rotations, or mixed cropping systems. This review paper discuses the role of cereal legume intercropping systems on soil fertility improvement, its impact on weeds, pests, diseases and water use efficiency, the biological nitrogen fixation, the amounts of N transferred to associated cereal crops, nutrients uptake and partition, legume biomass decomposition and mineralization, grain yields, land equivalent ratio and economic benefits.
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Castellanos, J. Z., J. J. Peña-Cabriales, and J. A. Acosta-Gallegos. "15N-determined dinitrogen fixation capacity of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivars under water stress." Journal of Agricultural Science 126, no. 3 (May 1996): 327–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600074888.
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SUMMARYThe effect of water stress on nitrogen fixation in seven common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes was investigated in Celaya, Gto., Mexico, in 1991. Beans were grown under four moisture regimes: (1) well-irrigated, control, (2) with water stress during the vegetative stage, (3) with water stress during the reproductive stage and (4) with water stress during the whole growing cycle. Biological nitrogen fixation was measured by 15N-isotope dilution using sorghum as a reference crop. Nodulation and N2-fixation data showed genotypic differences in response to water stress. Under non-stressed conditions, cv. Bayocel fixed the most nitrogen (85 kg/ha) and cultivar Flor de Mayo Baji'o the least (33 kg/ha). Under water stress at the reproductive stage, these cultivars fixed 9 and 6 kg N/ha, respectively. Water stress during the reproductive stage reduced nodulation by an average of 43% with no recovery after rewatering. Water stress during the reproductive stage had a greater effect on N2-fixation than on grain yield; in comparison to the control, N2-fixation was reduced to one sixth while grain yield was only reduced by 50%.
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Zoffoli, Bárbara Cavalheiro, Luciana Fernandes Brito, Rosângela Straliotto, and Adelson Paulo de Araújo. "Early nitrogen supplementation stimulates the nodulation and growth of common bean plants inoculated with rhizobium." Acta Scientiarum. Agronomy 43 (July 5, 2021): e55105. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actasciagron.v43i1.55105.
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The initial development of common bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) relying on symbiotic nitrogen (N) can be limited by delayed active N2 fixation, requiring supplemental N which in turn may inhibit the symbiosis. Five experiments were carried out in hydroponics to identify the initiation of nodulation and nitrogenase activity in common bean cultivars, and the effects of additions of mineral N on plant nodulation and growth. Three experiments evaluated the initial growth of five inoculated bean cultivars in the absence or presence of mineral N, and two experiments evaluated the effect of the moment of mineral N addition until the beginning of reproductive stage. The first root nodules appeared 10 days after plant transplant (DAT) and nitrogenase activity initiated 11 DAT. Cultivars of large seeds had lower initial nodulation and nitrogenase activity than those of small seeds. Inoculated plants showed limited shoot growth that lasted until 21-25 DAT as compared to inoculated plants receiving mineral N. Addition of mineral N reduced nodule mass more intensively than nodule number and more strongly nitrogenase activity. Nitrogen applied until 15 DAT enhanced nodulation and nitrogenase activity without limiting shoot growth, as compared to plants receiving N throughout their growth. Otherwise, plants that received N after 15 DAT had lower nodule mass and nitrogenase activity than plants only inoculated. The results indicate that symbiotic N did not suffice to an adequate growth of common beans and some supplemental N is necessary. This N should be added in the beginning of growth cycle to stimulate plant growth without inhibiting further nodulation and N fixation.
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Ciancio, Nathalia Riveros, Carlos Alberto Ceretta, Cledimar Rogério Lourenzi, Paulo Ademar Avelar Ferreira, Gustavo Trentin, Felipe Lorensini, Tadeu Luis Tiecher, Lessandro De Conti, Eduardo Girotto, and Gustavo Brunetto. "Crop response to organic fertilization with supplementary mineral nitrogen." Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 38, no. 3 (June 2014): 912–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-06832014000300023.
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Animal manure is applied to the soil as a nutrient source, especially of nitrogen, to plants. However, manure application rates can be reduced with the use of N fertilizer in topdressing. The aim of this study was to evaluate crop responses to different application rates of animal manure sources, used alone and supplemented with mineral N topdressing, in a no-tillage system. The study was carried out from 2005 to 2008 on a Hapludalf soil. The treatments consisted of rates of 10, 20 and 30 m³ ha-1 of pig slurry (PS), and of 1 and 2 t ha-1 of turkey manure (TM), applied alone and supplemented with topdressed N fertilizer (TNF), as well as two controls, mineral fertilization (NPK) and one control without fertilizer application. Grain yield in common bean and maize, and dry matter yield and nutrient accumulation in common bean, maize and black oat crops were evaluated. Nitrogen application in topdressing in maize and common bean, especially when PS was used at rates of 20 and 30 m³ ha-1, and TM, at 2 t ha-1, proved effective in increasing the crop grain yields, showing the viability of the combined use of organic and industrialized mineral sources. Nitrogen accumulation in maize and common bean tissues was the indicator most strongly related to grain yield, in contrast with the apparent nutrient recovery, which was not related to the N, P and K quantities applied in the organic sources. No clear residual effect of N topdressing of maize and common bean was observed on the dry matter yield of black oat grown in succession to the main crops with PS and TM applications.
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Balbinot Junior, Alvadi Antonio, Milton da Veiga, Anibal de Moraes, Adelino Pelissari, Álvaro Luiz Mafra, and Cristiano Dela Piccolla. "Winter pasture and cover crops and their effects on soil and summer grain crops." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 46, no. 10 (October 2011): 1357–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2011001000032.
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The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of winter land use on the amount of residual straw, the physical soil properties and grain yields of maize, common bean and soybean summer crops cultivated in succession. The experiment was carried out in the North Plateau of Santa Catarina state, Brazil, from May 2006 to April 2010. Five strategies of land use in winter were evaluated: intercropping with black oat + ryegrass + vetch, without grazing and nitrogen (N) fertilization (intercropping cover); the same intercropping, with grazing and 100 kg ha-1 of N per year topdressing (pasture with N); the same intercropping, with grazing and without nitrogen fertilization (pasture without N); oilseed radish, without grazing and nitrogen fertilization (oilseed radish); and natural vegetation, without grazing and nitrogen fertilization (fallow). Intercropping cover produces a greater amount of biomass in the system and, consequently, a greater accumulation of total and particulate organic carbon on the surface soil layer. However, land use in winter does not significantly affect soil physical properties related to soil compaction, nor the grain yield of maize, soybean and common bean cultivated in succession.
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Suárez, Ramón, Arnoldo Wong, Mario Ramírez, Aarón Barraza, María del Carmen Orozco, Miguel A. Cevallos, Miguel Lara, Georgina Hernández, and Gabriel Iturriaga. "Improvement of Drought Tolerance and Grain Yield in Common Bean by Overexpressing Trehalose-6-Phosphate Synthase in Rhizobia." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 21, no. 7 (July 2008): 958–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-21-7-0958.
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Improving stress tolerance and yield in crops are major goals for agriculture. Here, we show a new strategy to increase drought tolerance and yield in legumes by overexpressing trehalose-6-phosphate synthase in the symbiotic bacterium Rhizobium etli. Phaseolus vulgaris (common beans) plants inoculated with R. etli overexpressing trehalose-6-phosphate synthase gene had more nodules with increased nitrogenase activity and higher biomass compared with plants inoculated with wild-type R. etli. In contrast, plants inoculated with an R. etli mutant in trehalose-6-phosphate synthase gene had fewer nodules and less nitrogenase activity and biomass. Three-week-old plants subjected to drought stress fully recovered whereas plants inoculated with a wild-type or mutant strain wilted and died. The yield of bean plants inoculated with R. etli overexpressing trehalose-6-phosphate synthase gene and grown with constant irrigation increased more than 50%. Macroarray analysis of 7,200 expressed sequence tags from nodules of plants inoculated with the strain overexpressing trehalose-6-phosphate synthase gene revealed upregulation of genes involved in stress tolerance and carbon and nitrogen metabolism, suggesting a signaling mechanism for trehalose. Thus, trehalose metabolism in rhizobia is key for signaling plant growth, yield, and adaptation to abiotic stress, and its manipulation has a major agronomical impact on leguminous plants.
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ALMEIDA, OLIVIA MACHADO DE, HYRANDIR CABRAL DE MELO, and TOMÁS DE AQUINO PORTES. "GROWTH AND YIELD OF THE COMMON BEAN IN RESPONSE TO COMBINED APPLICATION OF NITROGEN AND PACLOBUTRAZOL." Revista Caatinga 29, no. 1 (March 2016): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252016v29n115rc.
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ABSTRACT: Nitrogen fertilization is a common practice used to increase the yield of winter bean crops. However, this practice leads to excessively tall and prostrate plants that have too many leaves, resulting in self-shading, and low yield and grain quality. The use of growth regulators could minimize the undesired effects of nitrogen fertilization. This study aims to determine the optimal concentration of paclobutrazol (PBZ) for inhibiting bean growth using the cultivars BRS Pontal and BRS Supremo. The plants were treated with PBZ at different concentrations, and also in combination with ammonium sulfate ten days after fertilization. The height and yield of plants were evaluated. It was observed that PBZ at 8 mg L-1 effectively inhibits the growth of bean plants, and increases the number of pods and grains. Higher concentrations of PBZ proved to be phytotoxic. Additionally, the application of PBZ ten days after fertilization with ammonium sulfate did not suppress the overgrowth of bean plants, and did not affect their yield.
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González, Tehuni Orlando, João Carlos Campanharo, and Eliana Gertrudes de Macedo Lemos. "Genetic characterization and nitrogen fixation capacity of Rhizobium strains on common bean." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 43, no. 9 (September 2008): 1177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2008000900012.
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This study aimed to genetically characterize four new Rhizobium strains, and to evaluate their nodulation and fixation capacity compared to commercial strains and to native rhizobia population of a Brazilian Rhodic Hapludox. Two experiments were carried out in randomized blocks design, under greenhouse conditions, in 2007. In the first experiment, the nodulation and nitrogen fixation capacity of new strains were evaluated, in comparison to the commercial strains CIAT-899 and PRF-81 and to native soil population. It was carried out in plastic tubes filled with vermiculite. DNA extractions and PCR sequencing of the intergenic space were made from the isolated pure colonies, in order to genetically characterize the strains and the native rhizobia population. In the second experiment, the nodulation and productivity of common beans Perola cultivar were determined, with the use of evaluated strains, alone or in mixture with PRF-81 strain. It was carried out in pots filled with soil. The native soil population was identified as Rhizobium sp. and was inefficient in nitrogen fixation. Three different Rhizobium species were found among the four new strains. The LBMP-4BR and LBMP-12BR new strains are among the ones with greatest nodulation and fixation capacity and exhibit differential responses when mixed to PRF-81.
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Cunha, Tatiana Pagan Loeiro da, Fábio Luiz Checchio Mingotte, Antonio Carlos de Almeida Carmeis Carmeis Filho, Fernando Marcelo Chiamolera, Leandro Borges Lemos, and Domingos Fornasieri Filho. "Agronomic performance of common bean in straw mulch systems and topdressing nitrogen rates in no-tillage." Revista Ceres 62, no. 5 (October 2015): 489–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-737x201562050010.
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ABSTRACTIn no-tillage systems, straw coverage on soil surface is the key to success, and the choice of crops for rotation is crucial to achieve the sustainability and quality that conservation agriculture requires. The objective of this study was to evaluate the agronomic performance of the common bean cultivar IAC Formoso sown in succession to three straw mulch systems (corn alone, corn/Urochloa ruziziensisintercrop and U. ruziziensisalone) and topdress nitrogen rates (0; 40; 80; 120 and 160 kg ha-1N), at the four-leaf stage, three years after the implementation of no-tillage. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block split plot design, with three replications. Common bean highest yields were achieved in succession to U. ruziziensisalone and intercropped with corn. The corn/U. ruziziensisintercrop provided both straw and seed production, allowing for quality no-tillage. Topdressed nitrogen influenced the common bean yield when in succession to corn alone, U. ruziziensisalone and corn/U. ruziziensisintercrop in no-tillage.
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Araújo, Adelson Paulo, and Marcelo Grandi Teixeira. "Relationships between grain yield and accumulation of biomass, nitrogen and phosphorus in common bean cultivars." Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 32, no. 5 (October 2008): 1977–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-06832008000500019.
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Shoot biomass is considered a relevant component for crop yield, but relationships between biological productivity and grain yield in legume crops are usually difficult to establish. Two field experiments were carried out to investigate the relationships between grain yield, biomass production and N and P accumulation at reproductive stages of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivars. Nine and 18 cultivars were grown on 16 m² plots in 1998 and 1999, respectively, with four replications. Crop biomass was sampled at four growth stages (flowering R6, pod setting R7, beginning of pod filling R8, and mid-pod filling R8.5), grain yield was measured at maturity, and N and P concentrations were determined in plant tissues. In both years, bean cultivars differed in grain yield, in root mass at R6 and R7 stages, and in shoot mass at R6 and R8.5, whereas at R7 and R8 differences in shoot mass were significant in 1998 only. In both years, grain yield did not correlate with shoot mass at R6 and R7 and with root mass at R6. Grain yield correlated with shoot mass at R8 in 1999 but not in 1998, with shoot mass at R8.5 and with root mass at R7 in both years. Path coefficient analysis indicated that shoot mass at R8.5 had a direct effect on grain yield in both years, that root mass at R7 had a direct effect on grain yield in 1998, and that in 1999 the amounts of N and P in shoots at R8.5 had indirect effects on grain yield via shoot mass at R8.5. A combined analysis of both experiments revealed that biomass accumulation, N and P in shoots at R6 and R7 as well as root mass at R6 were similar in both years. In 1998 however bean accumulated more root mass at R7 and more biomass and N and P in shoots at R8 and R8.5, resulting in a 57 % higher grain yield in 1998. This indicates that grain yield of different common bean cultivars is not intrinsically associated with vegetative vigor at flowering and that mechanisms during pod filling can strongly influence the final crop yield. The establishment of a profuse root system during pod setting, associated with the continuous N and P acquisition during early pod filling, seems to be relevant for higher grain yields of common bean.
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Buttery, B. R., S. J. Park, and D. J. Hume. "Potential for increasing nitrogen fixation in grain legumes." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 72, no. 2 (April 1, 1992): 323–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps92-038.
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This review considers the main factors determining the level of nitrogen fixation in the major grain-legume crops (chickpea, common bean, cowpea, faba bean, lentil, pea, peanut, pigeon pea and soybean) and discusses the possibilities and means for improving symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Methods of determining whether nitrogen is limiting growth and yield are discussed, and responses of the various crops to both the addition of nitrogen fertilizer and inoculation with effective strains of rhizobia are described. The present situation and future prospects for increasing nitrogen fixation through plant breeding, development of superior strains, superior host–strain combinations, improved inoculation techniques, bioengineering and other non-traditional methods are discussed. The general conclusions are that increases in nitrogen-fixation potential should be possible in all grain legumes through both plant breeding and strain improvement. Major increases in the quantity of nitrogen fixed could be achieved simply by improving general cultural practices; however, in developing countries, where the gap between actual and potential crop yield is so large, such improvements are likely to occur very slowly.Key words: legumes (grain), nitrogen fixation, nodulation, Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, breeding, strain selection
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Barraza, Aarón, Juan Carlos Vizuet-de-Rueda, and Raúl Alvarez-Venegas. "Highly diverse root endophyte bacterial community is driven by growth substrate and is plant genotype-independent in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)." PeerJ 8 (June 26, 2020): e9423. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9423.
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The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is the most important grain legume in the human diet with an essential role in sustainable agriculture mostly based on the symbiotic relationship established between this legume and rhizobia, a group of bacteria capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the roots nodules. Moreover, root-associated bacteria play an important role in crop growth, yield, and quality of crop products. This is particularly true for legume crops forming symbiotic relationships with rhizobia, for fixation of atmospheric N2. The main objective of this work is to assess the substrate and genotype effect in the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) root bacterial community structure. To achieve this goal, we applied next-generation sequencing coupled with bacterial diversity analysis. The analysis of the bacterial community structures between common bean roots showed marked differences between substrate types regardless of the genotype. Also, we were able to find several phyla conforming to the bacterial community structure of the common bean roots, mainly composed by Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Acidobacteria, and Firmicutes. Therefore, we determined that the substrate type was the main factor that influenced the bacterial community structure of the common bean roots, regardless of the genotype, following a substrate-dependent pattern. These guide us to develop efficient and sustainable strategies for crop field management based on the soil characteristics and the bacterial community that it harbors.
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Beebe, Stephen E., Idupulapati M. Rao, Mura Jyostna Devi, and José Polania. "Common beans, biodiversity, and multiple stresses: challenges of drought resistance in tropical soils." Crop and Pasture Science 65, no. 7 (2014): 667. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13303.
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Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is the grain legume with the highest volume of direct human consumption in the world, and is the most important legume throughout Eastern and Southern Africa, cultivated over an area of ~4 million ha. In Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) drought is the most important production risk, potentially affecting as much as one-third of the production area. Both terminal and intermittent drought prevail in different production regions. The Pan-African Bean Research Alliance (PABRA), coordinated by the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT by its Spanish acronym), has participated in projects for both strategic and applied research to address drought limitations, with research sites in six SSA countries. Bean originated in the mid-altitude neo-tropics, and by its nature is not well adapted to warm, dry climates. Efforts at genetic improvement of drought resistance have a long history, exploiting variability among races of common bean, as well as through interspecific crosses. Useful traits are found both in roots and in shoots. Many authors have stressed the importance of harvest index and related parameters to sustain yield of common bean under drought stress, and our field studies substantiate this. Additionally, in tropical environments, soil-related constraints can seriously limit the potential expression of drought resistance, and it is especially important to address multiple stress factors to confront drought effectively in farmers’ fields. Poor soil fertility is widespread in the tropics and constrains root and shoot growth, thus limiting access to soil moisture. Phosphorus and nitrogen deficiencies are especially common, but are not the only limiting soil factors. Soil acidity and accompanying aluminium toxicity limit root development and inhibit access to moisture in lower soil strata. Soil physical structure can also limit root development in some soils, as can poor soil management that leads to compaction. We review efforts to address each of these constraints through genetic means in combination with drought resistance per se.
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PAMPANA, SILVIA, ALESSANDRO MASONI, MARCO MARIOTTI, LAURA ERCOLI, and IDUNA ARDUINI. "NITROGEN FIXATION OF GRAIN LEGUMES DIFFERS IN RESPONSE TO NITROGEN FERTILISATION." Experimental Agriculture 54, no. 1 (October 11, 2016): 66–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479716000685.
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SUMMARYLegume crops are not usually fertilised with mineral N. However, there are at least two agronomic cases when it would be advantageous to distribute N fertiliser to legume crops: at sowing, before the onset of nodule functioning, and when a legume is intercropped with a cereal. We highlight the impact of various levels of fertiliser nitrogen on grain yield, nodulation capacity and biological nitrogen fixation in the four most common grain legume crops grown in central Italy. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), field bean (Vicia faba L. var. minor), pea (Pisum sativum L.) and white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) were grown in soil inside growth boxes for two cropping seasons with five nitrogen fertilisation rates: 0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg ha−1. In both years, experimental treatments (five crops and five levels of N) were arranged in a randomised block design. We found that unfertilised plants overall yielded grain, total biomass and nitrogen at a similar level to plants supplied with 80–120 kg ha−1 of mineral nitrogen. However, above those N rates, the production of chickpea, pea and white lupin decreased, thus indicating that the high supply of N fertiliser decreased the level of N2 fixed to such an extent that the full N2-fixing potential might not be achieved. In all four grain legumes, the amount of N2 fixed was positively related to nodule biomass, which was inversely related to the rate of the N fertiliser applied. The four grain legumes studied responded differently to N fertilisation: in white lupin and chickpea, the amount of nitrogen derived from N2 fixation linearly decreased with increasing N supply as a result of a reduction in nodulation and N2 fixed per unit mass of nodules. Conversely, in field bean and pea, the decrease in N2 fixation was only due to a reduction in nodule biomass since nodule fixation activity increased with N supply. Our results suggest that the legume species and the N rate are critical factors in determining symbiotic N2-fixation responses to N fertilisation.
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Ouma, Ernest Wandera, Anne Mercy Asango, John Maingi, and Ezekiel Mugendi Njeru. "Elucidating the Potential of Native Rhizobial Isolates to Improve Biological Nitrogen Fixation and Growth of Common Bean and Soybean in Smallholder Farming Systems of Kenya." International Journal of Agronomy 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4569241.
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Identification of effective indigenous rhizobia isolates would lead to development of efficient and affordable rhizobia inoculants. These can promote nitrogen fixation in smallholder farming systems of Kenya. To realize this purpose, two experiments were conducted under greenhouse conditions using two common bean cultivars; Mwezi moja (bush type) and Mwitemania (climbing type) along with soybean cultivar SB 8. In the first experiment, the common bean cultivars were treated with rhizobia inoculants including a consortium of native isolates, commercial isolate (CIAT 899), a mixture of native isolates and CIAT 899, and a control with no inoculation. After 30 days, the crop was assessed for nodulation, shoot and root dry weights, and morphological features. In the second experiment, soybean was inoculated with a consortium of native isolates, commercial inoculant (USDA 110), and a mixture of commercial and native isolates. Remarkably, the native isolates significantly (p<0.001) increased nodulation and shoot dry weight across the two common bean varieties compared to the commercial inoculant, CIAT 899. Mixing of the native rhizobia species and commercial inoculant did not show any further increase in nodulation and shoot performance in both crops. Further field studies will ascertain the effectiveness and efficiency of the tested indigenous isolates.
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Dall’Agnol, Rebeca Fuzinatto, Renan Augusto Ribeiro, Jakeline Renata Marçon Delamuta, Ernesto Ormeño-Orrillo, Marco Antonio Rogel, Diva Souza Andrade, Esperanza Martínez-Romero, and Mariangela Hungria. "Rhizobium paranaense sp. nov., an effective N2-fixing symbiont of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) with broad geographical distribution in Brazil." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 64, Pt_9 (September 1, 2014): 3222–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.064543-0.
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Nitrogen (N), the nutrient most required for plant growth, is key for good yield of agriculturally important crops. Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) can benefit from bacteria collectively called rhizobia, which are capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen (N2) in root nodules and supplying it to the plant. Common bean is amongst the most promiscuous legume hosts; several described species, in addition to putative novel ones have been reported as able to nodulate this legume, although not always effectively in terms of fixing N2. In this study, we present data indicating that Brazilian strains PRF 35T, PRF 54, CPAO 1135 and H 52, currently classified as Rhizobium tropici , represent a novel species symbiont of common bean. Morphological, physiological and biochemical properties differentiate these strains from other species of the genus Rhizobium , as do BOX-PCR profiles (less than 60 % similarity), multilocus sequence analysis with recA, gyrB and rpoA (less than 96.4 % sequence similarity), DNA–DNA hybridization (less than 50 % DNA–DNA relatedness), and average nucleotide identity of whole genomes (less than 92.8.%). The novel species is effective in nodulating and fixing N2 with P. vulgaris, Leucaena leucocephala and Leucaena esculenta. We propose the name Rhizobium paranaense sp. nov. for this novel taxon, with strain PRF 35T ( = CNPSo 120T = LMG 27577T = IPR-Pv 1249T) as the type strain.
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Pereira, Sandra, Ângela Mucha, Berta Gonçalves, Eunice Bacelar, Aleš Látr, Helena Ferreira, Irene Oliveira, Eduardo Rosa, and Guilhermina Marques. "Improvement of some growth and yield parameters of faba bean (Vicia faba) by inoculation with Rhizobium laguerreae and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi." Crop and Pasture Science 70, no. 7 (2019): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp19016.
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The use of improved biofertilisers such as rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in legume crops is a promising technology that can be an alternative source of nitrogen and phosphorus. A common problem when growing faba bean (Vicia faba L.) and other leguminous plants is the low efficiency of native rhizobial strains. Consequently, there is a need to search for efficient nitrogen-fixing inoculant strains able to increase crop productivity. This study aimed to test the effects of single and dual inoculation with Rhizobium laguerreae and AMF on the growth and yield of faba bean plants. Several parameters were evaluated at flowering stage (number of flowers, stems and leaves, shoot and root biomass, leaf area, leaf mass per area and leaf area ratio, and gas-exchange parameters) and at harvesting stage (number and weight of pods and seeds). Plants receiving single inoculation with Rhizobium laguerreae showed a significant increase in number of leaves, leaf area, leaf mass per area and leaf area ratio, as well as in all yield parameters. Single inoculation with AMF also significantly increased the yield parameters of faba bean plants. Co-inoculation presented significant improvements in leaf area ratio and in all productivity parameters compared with the control, but co-inoculation was not significantly different from the individual inoculations.
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Silva, Rodrigo Ferreira da, Marcia Matsuoka, Gilvan Moisés Bertollo, Rudinei De Marco, Geomar Mateus Corassa, and Douglas Leandro Scheid. "Biological and microbiological attributes in Oxisol managed with cover crops." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 38, no. 2 (May 2, 2017): 649. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n2p649.
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The inclusion of winter cover crops and fertilization with nitrogen to the soil can have an effect on their biological and microbiological attributes. The aim of this study was to evaluate biological and microbiological attributes in soil under different winter cover crops and nitrogen doses. The experiment was conducted at the Frederico Westphalen-RS campus of the Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM) in a Rhodic Hapludox soil. The experimental design was a randomized block in factorial arrangement (2 x 10): 10 winter cover crops systems (Fallow [control], black oats, white oats, ryegrass, forage turnip, vetch, white lupine; black oat + forage turnip; black oat + vetch and black oat + vetch + fodder turnip), and two nitrogen rates in the form of urea applied in successive crops of beans common and maize, with four replications. We assessed the biological attributes (Margalef’s richness, Simpson’s dominance, Shannon’s diversity and abundance of organisms) and microbiological (carbon and nitrogen microbial biomass, basal respiration, metabolic quotient and microbial quotient of the soil). The fallow with wild species and white lupine showed greater Simpson’s dominance and abundance of organisms due to the increase in the number of individuals of the order Collembola. Vetch improved the biological attributes of the soil with increase in Collembola abundance and diversity of organisms of soil fauna. The application of nitrogen favored the microbial biomass carbon and reduced the metabolic quotient.
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Lloyd, M. G., N. McRoberts, and T. R. Gordon. "Cryptic Infection and Systemic Colonization of Leguminous Crops by Verticillium dahliae, the Cause of Verticillium Wilt." Plant Disease 103, no. 12 (December 2019): 3166–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-04-19-0850-re.
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Verticillium dahliae, the cause of Verticillium wilt, is a widespread pathogen that affects many crops in California and throughout the world. Cover cropping with leguminous species is often integrated into a rotation scheme for its contribution to soil nitrogen, and can contribute to management of Verticillium wilt provided the chosen crop does not support development of V. dahliae. Seven cool season legumes (faba bean, bell bean, field pea, hairy vetch, common vetch, purple vetch, and woollypod vetch), and three warm season legumes (sesbania, sunn hemp, and black-eyed pea) were evaluated as hosts for reproductive growth of V. dahliae. All 10 legumes were colonized by V. dahliae, while remaining symptomless, when subjected to a root-dip inoculation. Similar results were obtained when plants were grown in infested potting soil, albeit with a lower frequency of infection than in root-dip assays. All tested legumes were also infected in field trials, with the exception of bell bean. Overall, warm season legumes sustained higher rates of infection than cool season legumes. Common vetch was the most extensively colonized of the cool season legumes. Based on the results of this study, legumes may not be an appropriate rotation crop in fields where Verticillium wilt is a problem.
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Chagas, Eduardo, Adelson Paulo Araújo, Bruno José Rodrigues Alves, and Marcelo Grandi Teixeira. "Seeds enriched with phosphorus and molybdenum improve the contribution of biological nitrogen fixation to common bean as estimated by 15n isotope dilution." Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 34, no. 4 (August 2010): 1093–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-06832010000400009.
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Seeds with a high concentration of P or Mo can improve the growth and N accumulation of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), but the effect of enriched seeds on biological N2 fixation has not been established yet. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of seeds enriched with P and Mo on growth and biological N2 fixation of the common bean by the 15N isotope dilution technique. An experiment was carried out in pots in a 2 x 3 x 2 x 2 factorial design in randomized blocks with four replications, comprising two levels of soil applied P (0 and 80 mg kg-1), three N sources (without N, inoculated with rhizobia, and mineral N), two seed P concentrations (low and high), and two seed Mo concentrations (low and high). Non-nodulating bean and sorghum were used as non-fixing crops. The substrate was 5.0 kg of a Red Latosol (Oxisol) previously enriched with 15N and mixed with 5.0 kg of sand. Plants were harvested 41 days after emergence. Seeds with high P concentration increased the growth and N in shoots, particularly in inoculated plants at lower applied P levels. Inoculated plants raised from high P seeds showed improved nodulation at both soil P levels. Higher soil P levels increased the percentage of N derived from the atmosphere (%Ndfa) in bean leaves. Inoculation with the selected strains increased the %Ndfa. High seed P increased the %Ndfa in inoculated plants at lower soil P levels. High seed Mo increased the %Ndfa at lower soil P levels in plants that did not receive inoculation or mineral N. It is concluded that high seed P concentration increases the growth, N accumulation and the contribution of the biological N2 fixation in the common bean, particularly in inoculated plants grown at lower soil P availability.
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SALES, RAFAEL PEREIRA, RODINEI FACCO PEGORARO, ARLEY FIGUEIREDO PORTUGAL, JOSÉ ALOÍSIO ALVES MOREIRA, and MARCOS KOITI KONDO. "ORGANIC MATTER FRACTIONS OF AN IRRIGATED OXISOL UNDER NO-TILL AND CONVENTIONAL TILLAGE IN THE BRAZILIAN SEMI-ARID REGION." Revista Caatinga 30, no. 2 (June 2017): 303–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252017v30n205rc.
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ABSTRACT The replacement of natural vegetation by crop systems directly impacts the soil organic matter fractions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the total organic carbon (TOC) and nitrogen (TN) contents in different fractions of the soil organic matter (SOM) of an Oxisol of the Brazilian semiarid region under different irrigated crops and different soil management systems. Seven treatments were evaluated, which consisted of two soil management systems (no-till and conventional tillage) and three crops (maize, sunflower and sorghum), using as reference the soil under a native forest (NF). The summer crops preceded common bean crops in the autumn-winter. The total organic carbon content, total nitrogen, carbon content in humic substances and their constituents (fulvic acids, humic acids and humin) and labile, non-labile and water-soluble carbon contents were evaluated two years and three months after the experiment implementation to determine the carbon lability (L) lability index (LI), partitioning index (CPI) and management index (CMI). The greatest carbon, nitrogen and organic matter contents in the soil surface layer (0.00-0.05 m) were found in crops under no-till system (NTS), especially maize. The crops under NTS presented greater carbon content in humic substances than the conventional tillage system (CTS) ones in the layer 0.05-0.10 m. The crops under NTS presented greater sustainability in the Brazilian semiarid region compared with those under CTS, as shown by their higher CMI in the soil surface layer.
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Gatsios, Anastasios, Georgia Ntatsi, Dionisios Yfantopoulos, Penelope Baltzoi, Ioannis C. Karapanos, Ioannis Tsirogiannis, Georgios Patakioutas, and Dimitrios Savvas. "Effects of Different Organic Soil Amendments on Nitrogen Nutrition and Yield of Organic Greenhouse Tomato Crop." Nitrogen 2, no. 3 (August 26, 2021): 347–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nitrogen2030024.
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Manure is a common source of nitrogen (N) in organic farming. However, manure is not always easily available, while the maximum N amount added as animal manure in organic agriculture is restricted by EU regulations. The present study was designed to test whether green manuring with a warm-season legume and intercropping with a cold-season legume can substitute farm-yard manure or compost as N sources in organic greenhouse tomato crops. To test this hypothesis, a winter-spring (WS) tomato crop was installed in February following the incorporation of crop residues of an autumn-winter (AW) tomato crop intercropped with faba bean, which had been fertilized with cowpea residues as green manure. This treatment, henceforth termed legume treatment (LT), was compared with the use of compost or manure as an N fertilization source in both tomato crops. In addition, a combination of compost and LT was also used as a fourth treatment. The results showed that green manuring with legumes and particularly cowpea can contribute a significant amount of N to the following organic tomato crop, through the biological fixation process. Nevertheless, legumes as green manure, or compost, or their combination cannot efficiently replace farmyard manure as an N fertilization source. Compost exhibited a slow mineralization course.
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Keatinge, J. D. H., N. Chapanian, and M. C. Saxena. "Effect of improved management of legumes in a legume-cereal rotation on field estimates of crop nitrogen uptake and symbiotic nitrogen fixation in northern Syria." Journal of Agricultural Science 110, no. 3 (June 1988): 651–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600082265.
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SummaryImproved management compared with traditional practices common in northern Syria for growing field bean (Vicia faba L.), chickpea (Cicer arietinum), lentil (Lens culinaris), peas (Pisum sativum) and vetch (Vicia sativa) was shown to increase significantly (P < 0·001) the crop nitrogen (N) uptake and subsequent protein yields in either hay, grain or straw. This intervention more than doubled N uptake in 1982–3 when averaged over crops and locations increasing from 31·8 kg N/ha under traditional management to 68·7 kg N/ha under improved management. Improved management also increased the proportion of nitrogen uptake that was derived from symbiotic nitrogen fixation by the crop from 55 to 69%. The treatments which gave improved crop N uptake were application of phosphate fertilizer, reduced row spacing and control of weeds. Seed inoculation with rhizobia had little or no effect on N uptake or on the proportion of N that was fixed biologically by the crop. Environmental effects on productivity, as expressed by seasonal and locational differences, were as, or more, important than management-imposed effects.Differences in N uptake by barley, following either a legume crop or barley, indicated that the residual effects of the legume crop amounted to approximately 10 kg N/ha. This represents a substantial contribution to the N nutrition of a barley crop in the dry areas of northern Syria.
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Hoang, Nhung T., Katalin Tóth, and Gary Stacey. "The role of microRNAs in the legume–Rhizobium nitrogen-fixing symbiosis." Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 5 (March 12, 2020): 1668–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa018.
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Abstract Under nitrogen starvation, most legume plants form a nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with Rhizobium bacteria. The bacteria induce the formation of a novel organ called the nodule in which rhizobia reside as intracellular symbionts and convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia. During this symbiosis, miRNAs are essential for coordinating the various plant processes required for nodule formation and function. miRNAs are non-coding, endogenous RNA molecules, typically 20–24 nucleotides long, that negatively regulate the expression of their target mRNAs. Some miRNAs can move systemically within plant tissues through the vascular system, which mediates, for example, communication between the stem/leaf tissues and the roots. In this review, we summarize the growing number of miRNAs that function during legume nodulation focusing on two model legumes, Lotus japonicus and Medicago truncatula, and two important legume crops, soybean (Glycine max) and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). This regulation impacts a variety of physiological processes including hormone signaling and spatial regulation of gene expression. The role of mobile miRNAs in regulating legume nodule number is also highlighted.
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Wunsch, E. M., L. W. Bell, and M. J. Bell. "Can legumes provide greater benefits than millet as a spring cover crop in southern Queensland farming systems?" Crop and Pasture Science 68, no. 8 (2017): 746. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp17223.
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Cover crops grown during fallows can increase organic matter inputs, improve soil surface cover to reduce erosion risk, and enhance rainfall infiltration. An experiment compared a chemical fallow control with six different cover crops terminated at either 60 or 90 days after sowing. The commercial choice of millet (Echinochloa esculenta) was compared with two summer legumes (lablab (Lablab purpureus) and soybean (Glycine max)), and three winter legumes (field pea (Pisum sativum), faba bean (Vicia faba) and common vetch (Vicia sativa)). Cover crop biomass growth, atmospheric nitrogen (N) fixation, surface residue cover, and soil water and mineral N dynamics during the growth period and subsequent fallow were measured. Soil water and N availability and yield of wheat crops following the experimental treatments were simulated over a 100-year climate record using APSIM. Both experiments and simulations found the legumes inferior to millet as spring-sown cover crops, because they were slower to accumulate biomass, required later termination and provided groundcover that was less persistent, resulting in lower soil water at the end of the fallow. After 90 days of growth, the summer legumes, lablab and soybean, produced the most biomass and fixed more N (up to 25 kg N/ha) but also extracted the most soil water and mineral N. Legume N fixation was low because of high soil mineral N status (>100 kg N/ha) and occurred only when this had been depleted. At the end of the subsequent fallow in April, soil water was 30–60 mm less and soil mineral N 80–100 kg/ha less after both millet and 90-day terminated summer legume cover crops than the chemical fallow control. Simulations predicted soil-water deficits following legume cover crops to be >50 mm in the majority of years, but soil mineral N was predicted to be lower (median 80 kg N/ha) after millet cover crops. In conclusion, monoculture legume cover crops did not provide advantages over the current commercial standard of millet, owing to less effective provision of groundcover, low N fixation and possibly delayed release of N from residues. Further work could explore how legumes might be more effectively used as cover crops to provide N inputs and soil protection in subtropical farming systems.
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Silva, Gisele C., Marcos Eduardo V. Araujo, Veridiana F. R. Almeida, Rodrigo S. L. Araújo, Amanda Cristina E. Lourenço, Cristiane F. Lisboa, Itamar R. Teixeira, Maryelle B. Silva, Westefann S. Sousa, and Alessandro G. Silva. "Nitrogen fertilization management in common bean and castor bean intercropping systems." MAY 2020, no. 14(05):2020 (May 20, 2020): 842–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.20.14.05.p2414b.
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The objective of this work was to evaluate the nutrition and agronomic characteristics of common bean and castor bean under intercropping subject of nitrogen fertilization in top dressing. A randomized block design in a 2×2×4 + 4 factorial scheme was used, and there were three replicates. The treatments consisted of two common bean cultivars (Pontal and Pérola), which were intercropped with two castor bean cultivars (Energia and Paraguaçu), and combined with four nitrogen treatments (0, 50, 100 and 200 kg ha-1). Four additional treatments involved bean and castor bean cultivars at a single dosage of 40 kg ha-1 nitrogen. The nitrogen, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sulfur contents in castor bean intercropped with common bean leaves were influenced by nitrogen treatments. For common bean applied as top dressing, the maximum grain yields were 1,122 and 1,024 kg ha-1 for cultivars (cvs.) Pontal and Pérola, respectively, with a dose of 100 kg ha-1 nitrogen. Similar results were observed for castor bean, for whom 100 kg ha-1nitrogen provided the largest number of bunches and number of berries per bunch and the highest grain yield. The maximum values observed were 38 and 27 bunches per plant, 27.6 and 35.4 berries per bunch and 1,474 and 1,286 kg ha-1 grain yield for cvs. Paraguaçu and Energia, respectively.
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Lynch, Jonathan, and J. W. White. "Shoot Nitrogen Dynamics in Tropical Common Bean." Crop Science 32, no. 2 (March 1992): 392–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1992.0011183x003200020023x.
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Ambrosano, Edmilson José, Paulo Cesar Ocheuze Trivelin, Heitor Cantarella, Gláucia Maria Bovi Ambrosano, and Takashi Muraoka. "Nitrogen mineralization in soils amended with sunnhemp, velvet bean and common bean residues." Scientia Agricola 60, no. 1 (February 2003): 133–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162003000100020.
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Nitrogen (15N) released from sunnhemp (Crotalaria juncea), velvet bean (Mucuna aterrima) and from Phaseolus bean residues was evaluated after incubation of the plant material in an Eutrudox and a Paleudalf, in a greenhouse experiment with pots containing 6 kg of air dried soil. Dry matter equivalent to 13 Mg ha-1 of Phaseolus bean residues and the same amount of above ground parts of the leguminous species, associated to 2.7 and 2.2 Mg ha-1 of roots of sunnhemp and velvet bean respectively, were incorporated into the soil. A completely randomized experimental design was adopted, with treatments arranged in a 2 <FONT FACE=Symbol>´</FONT> 3 + 1 factorial, replicated three times. The treatments were the following: two soils (Eutrudox and Paleudalf) and three plant materials: two green-manures (sunnhemp or velvet bean), and Phaseolus bean residues, besides one control without plant incorporation into the soil. For the green-manure treatments there were two sub-treatments for each legume species, with 15N labeling of either shoots or roots. Soil moisture was maintained relatively constant during the experiment al period and the treatments were sampled weekly during 49 days. Total mineral nitrogen in the soil, as well as that derived from the legume plants were determined by isotope dilution. Nitrogen from the velvet bean accounted for a greater proportion of the soil inorganic N; shoots were responsible for most of N accumulated. Dry bean residues caused immobilization of inorganic N. The leguminous species added were intensively and promptly mineralized preserving the soil native nitrogen. Mineralization of the legume plant N was greater in the Paleudalf soil than in the Eutrudox.
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Mullins, C. A., and R. A. Straw. "SNAP BEAN FERTILIZATION." HortScience 27, no. 11 (November 1992): 1176f—1176. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.11.1176f.
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`Blue Ridge' snap beans were planted with no fertilizer or banded rates of 560 kg ha-1 of a 10-4.4-8.3 fertilizer on soils with medium fertility in 1990 and 1991. Foliar applications of water soluble fertilizers containing nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium were made at early bloom and in split applications at early bloom and repeated 10 days later. No response to fertilizer banded at planting or to foliar nutrient applications was found in snap bean yields or pod quality. Most fertilizer applications at planting increased plant size and lodging in 1990, but not in 1991. With the use of a rotation schedule and winter cover crops, snap beans showed no response to fertilization on soils of medium fertility.
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Silva, Matheus Gustavo da, Orivaldo Arf, Marco Eustáquio de Sá, Ricardo Antônio Ferreira Rodrigues, and Salatiér Buzetti. "Nitrogen fertilization and soil management of winter common bean crop." Scientia Agricola 61, no. 3 (June 2004): 307–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162004000300012.
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The adoption of appropriate cultural management, which includes nitrogen fertilization and soil tillage system, is very important to increase the efficiency of plant in the utilization of available resource. This research work was conducted for three years aiming at evaluating the effect of sidedressing nitrogen application (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 kg ha-1) on winter bean crop under different systems of soil management (conventional, minimal, and no-tillage systems). The experimental design was a randomized block arranged in strips relative to tillage systems, with random distribution of nitrogen doses into each strip, with four replications. Grain yield was affected by nitrogen rates and significant increases were obtained with the application of 75 to 100 kg N ha-1. Soil management did not affect grain yield, although the "minimum system" provided better results in the two first years.
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Madden, N. M., J. P. Mitchell, W. T. Lanini, M. D. Cahn, E. V. Herrero, S. Park, S. R. Temple, and M. Van Horn. "Evaluation of Conservation Tillage and Cover Crop Systems for Organic Processing Tomato Production." HortTechnology 14, no. 2 (January 2004): 243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.14.2.0243.
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Field experiments were conducted in 2000 and 2001 in Meridian, Calif. to evaluate the effects of cover crop mixtures and reduced tillage on yield, soil nitrogen (N), weed growth, and soil moisture content in organic processing tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) production. The trial was set up as a randomized complete-block design with eight treatments consisting of a 2 × 3 (cover crop × tillage) factorial design, a fallow control (F) and a single strip-till (ST) treatment. Cover crop mixtures were either legumes (L), common vetch (Vicia sativa), field pea (Pisum sativum) and bell bean (Vicia faba), or those legumes with grasses (GL), annual ryegrass/triticale (Lolium multiflorum/xTriticosecale) in 2000; cereal rye (Secale cereale)/triticale in 2001. Tillage treatments included an incorporation of the cover crop at planting (IP), a delayed incorporation (DI) (17 to 19 days after planting), and no-till (NT). Due to regrowth of the annual ryegrass in 2000, tomato fruit yields in 2000 were reduced by 50% to 97% within all GL treatments. However, regrowth of the cover crop was not a problem in 2001 and yields were not different among treatments. Total percent weed cover was 1.6 to 12.5 times higher in NT than IP treatments in 2000 and 2.4 to 7.4 times higher in 2001 as weed pressure was mainly affected by tillage practices and less by cover crop type. In 2000, available soil N was 1.7 to 9.4 times higher in L than GL treatments and was significantly influenced by tillage, but there were no treatment effects in 2001 due to a 60% reduction in weed pressure and minimal or no cover crop regrowth. Soil moisture content did not differ between treatments in either year. These results demonstrate the importance of appropriate selection and termination of cover crops for their successful adoption in organic conservation tillage systems.
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Hernandez‐Armenta, R., H. C. Wien, and A. R. J. Eaglesham. "Maximum Temperature for Nitrogen Fixation in Common Bean." Crop Science 29, no. 5 (September 1989): 1260–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1989.0011183x002900050034x.
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Souza, E. F. C., A. M. Fernandes, G. D. Souza-Schlick, and C. A. Rosolem. "Early growth of common bean cropped over ruzigrass residues." Planta Daninha 32, no. 4 (December 2014): 775–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-83582014000400012.
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Ruzigrass (Brachiaria ruziziensis, syn. Urochloa ruziziensis) is used as a cover crop in tropical regions because it has a high yield potential, is widely adapted and has a vigorous root system. However, it may affect early growth of the next crop due to allelopathy and competition for soil nitrate. A greenhouse experiment was conducted in glass-walled pots with soil to determine the effect of ruzigrass residues on the initial growth and mineral nutrition of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Ruzigrass was grown in the pots for 50 days and chemically desiccated. Then, common bean was grown: without ruzigrass residues; with ruzigrass shoots placed on the soil surface; with ruzigrass roots left in the soil; and with ruzigrass shoots and roots left undisturbed. Root growth of common bean was decreased by ruzigrass residues, but shoot biomass was not affected when it was grown in the presence of ruzigrass shoots or roots alone. In pots where ruzigrass residues were undisturbed, common bean biomass yield was decreased. Nitrogen concentration in common bean shoot was not affected by ruzigrass shoot on the soil surface, an evidence that the observed decrease in common bean growth probably was due to allelopathic effects rather than competition for nitrogen.
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Varfolomeyeva, Natalya, Elena Blagorodova, Anastasiya Zvyagina, and Tamara Nepshekueva. "The effect of mineral fertilizers on the yield of vegetable beans, depending on the competition between plants in crops." E3S Web of Conferences 273 (2021): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127301005.
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The sources of nutrient accumulation in beans and bean seeds are the process of photosynthesis, root nutrition during the seed filling period, as well as the reutilization of substances accumulated in the vegetative organs in the previous period. The close dependence of the competition intensity on the number of plants per unit area of sowing is revealed. It was found that although increased nitrogen doses significantly reduce the competitive mutual inhibition of plants, it begins earlier than with a low nitrogen nutrition level. The main factor for which bean plants compete during the emergence-beginning of flowering phase under normal cultivation conditions is the available soil nitrogen. Therefore, the nitrogen fertilizers rational use leads to a more complete phenotypic manifestation of the vegetable beans genetically determined productivity.
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Fernández-Luqueño, Fabián, David Espinosa-Victoria, Antonio Munive, Langen Corlay Chee, and Luis M. Serrano-Covarrubias. "NODULE SENESCENCE AND BIOMASS COMPONENTS IN COMMON BEAN CULTIVARS." Revista Fitotecnia Mexicana 31, no. 3 (September 30, 2008): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.35196/rfm.2008.3.195.
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Most legumes establish mutualistic symbiotic relationships with atmospheric nitrogen-fixing bacteria (rhizobia), giving origin to nodules. Nodules exhibit natural or induced aging which coincides with the drop in nitrogenase activity at the flowering period or at the pod filling stage. In this research, the onset of nodule senescence (NS) was evaluated under greenhouse conditions in five common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars of two growth habits, determined (Type I) and indeterminate (Type III), inoculated with Rhizobium etli CE-3. Weekly destructive samplings were taken to determine nitrogen fixation by the acetylene reduction assay, the number and fresh weight of nodules, as well as root and above ground biomass dry weight. It was found that NS in bean appears to be independent of host plant phenological stage (flowering or pod filling), the longer period the symbiotic system is fixing nitrogen the greater yield is obtained, and that the nodules number and fresh weight are reliable indicators of the nitrogen fixation capacity.
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Silva, Alinne da, Vinícius I. Franzini, Cristiano D. Piccolla, and Takashi Muraoka. "Molybdenum supply and biological fixation of nitrogen by two Brazilian common bean cultivars." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 21, no. 2 (February 2017): 100–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v21n2p100-105.
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ABSTRACT The common bean has been considered to have low biological nitrogen fixation capacity; however, this process can be made more effective with molybdenum (Mo) supplementation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of Mo rates on the growth and biological nitrogen fixation by two Brazilian common bean cultivars using the 15N isotope dilution technique. The experiment was performed in 2014 in a completely randomized design arranged in a 5 x 3 factorial scheme, corresponding to 5 rates of Mo (control, 40, 80, 120 and 240 g ha-1), the common bean cultivars Aporé, Ouro Negro and NORH-54 (a non-nodulating common bean cultivar), and three replicates. The application of Mo and the inoculation with rhizobia strains contributed to improving nitrogen fixation and grain weight. The cultivar Ouro Negro showed a higher number and weight of nodules and a higher amount of nitrogen derived from the atmosphere than the cultivar Aporé. The biological nitrogen fixation of Aporé was more dependent on the application of Mo. These results indicated that inoculation with Rhizobium strains and Mo supply effectively contributed to biological nitrogen fixation and improving grain production.