Academic literature on the topic 'Beans – Diseases and pests – Kenya'
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Journal articles on the topic "Beans – Diseases and pests – Kenya"
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Muthomi, James, A. M. Fulano, J. M. Wagacha, and A. W. Mwang’ombe. "Management of Snap Bean Insect Pests and Diseases by Use of Antagonistic Fungi and Plant Extracts." Sustainable Agriculture Research 6, no. 3 (June 17, 2017): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v6n3p52.
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Use of synthetic pesticides reduces the competitiveness of Kenyan snap bean pods due to stringent regulations by importers as a result of presence of chemical residues. This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of local biopesticides in managing insect pests and diseases of snap beans. Field experiments were set up in farmer's field where Trichoderma spp. and Paecilomyce spp. and plant extracts from turmeric, garlic, ginger and lemon were applied weekly as foliar sprays. Plant extracts reduced the population of whiteflies and thrips by up to 58% and 41% while antagonistic fungi had a corresponding 30% and 18% reduction, respectively. Trichoderma spp. reduced severity of angular leaf spot (37.5%), rust (67%) and anthracnose (20.7%). Plant extracts and antagonistic fungi increased marketable pod yield by 25.6% and 17.3%, respectively. Results demonstrated that local environments are potential sources of biopesticides that can be exploited for integrated management of pests and diseases.
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Wainaina, James M., Elijah Ateka, Timothy Makori, Monica A. Kehoe, and Laura M. Boykin. "A metagenomic study of DNA viruses from samples of local varieties of common bean in Kenya." PeerJ 7 (March 15, 2019): e6465. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6465.
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Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is the primary source of protein and nutrients in the majority of households in sub-Saharan Africa. However, pests and viral diseases are key drivers in the reduction of bean production. To date, the majority of viruses reported in beans have been RNA viruses. In this study, we carried out a viral metagenomic analysis on virus symptomatic bean plants. Our virus detection pipeline identified three viral fragments of the double-stranded DNA virus Pelargonium vein banding virus (PVBV) (family, Caulimoviridae, genus Badnavirus). This is the first report of the dsDNA virus and specifically PVBV in legumes to our knowledge. In addition two previously reported +ssRNA viruses the bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNVA) (Potyviridae) and aphid lethal paralysis virus (ALPV) (Dicistroviridae) were identified. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of the Badnavirus (PVBV) using amino acid sequences of the RT/RNA-dependent DNA polymerase region showed the Kenyan sequence (SRF019_MK014483) was closely matched with two Badnavirus viruses: Dracaena mottle virus (DrMV) (YP_610965) and Lucky bamboo bacilliform virus (ABR01170). Phylogenetic analysis of BCMNVA was based on amino acid sequences of the Nib region. The BCMNVA phylogenetic tree resolved two clades identified as clade (I and II). Sequence from this study SRF35_MK014482, clustered within clade I with other Kenyan sequences. Conversely, Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of ALPV was based on nucleotide sequences of the hypothetical protein gene 1 and 2. Three main clades were resolved and identified as clades I–III. The Kenyan sequence from this study (SRF35_MK014481) clustered within clade II, and nested within a sub-clade; comprising of sequences from China and an earlier ALPV sequences from Kenya isolated from maize (MF458892). Our findings support the use of viral metagenomics to reveal the nascent viruses, their viral diversity and evolutionary history of these viruses. The detection of ALPV and PVBV indicate that these viruses have likely been underreported due to the unavailability of diagnostic tools.
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KARTIWA, NUR ANNISA RIZKITA, and ENDAH DJUWENDAH. "FAKTOR PENYEBAB KETIDAKMAMPUAN PETANI MEMENUHI PERMINTAAN BABYBUNCIS UNTUKPT. ALAMANDA SEJATI UTAMA SERTASTRATEGI UNTUK MENGATASINYA (Studi Kasus Kelompok Tani Tauhid, Kabupaten Bandung Barat)." Jurnal Social Economic of Agriculture 5, no. 1 (May 3, 2016): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.26418/j.sea.v5i1.15057.
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Baby Kenya bean is a bean types that has a good prospects, it has successfully entered the export market. Poktan Tauhid which is a part of the Farmers Group (Gapoktan) Lembang Agri are the farmers group who grows baby kenya bean. The aim of this research are to know the causative factors of farmer that led to an inability to meet the demand for the baby kenya bean for PT. Alamanda Sejati Utama and determine the accurate strategy which can be implemented in Poktan Tauhid to overcome the problems.The research design is qualitative with descriptive analysis technique with fishbone diagrams and analysis of operation strategies with QSPM. The results of the research indicates that a very problematic technical factors among others are the weather conditions, pest and plant disease. While non-technical factors that is very problematic isthe harvest labor. In addition, technical factors that enter into the troubled category are technology, seeds, water availability andthe wind. The alternative strategy that can be implemented in Poktan Tauhid Backward Integration.The implication of this alternative strategy is enabling Poktan Tauhid to better control the process to reschedule planting schedules for every babykenya bean farmer. Moreover, counseling should be given more frequently, related to technologies and the prevention of pests and diseases naturally.Keyword :Causative factors, alternative strategy, baby kenya bean
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Mukoye, Benard, Collins Mangeni, Jones Sue, Anthony Mabele, and Hassan Were. "Next generation sequencing as a tool in modern pest risk analysis: a case study of groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea) as a potential host of new viruses in western Kenya." African Phytosanitary Journal 2, no. 1 (November 1, 2020): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.52855/qgpx3332.
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Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea, L.) is grown in diverse environments throughout the semi-arid and sub-tropical regions of the world. Poor yields of 500-800kg/ha are attributed to poor agronomic practices, pests and diseases. The major disease reported in Kenya is Groundnut rosette disease (GRD). But recent observations in the field showed that the crop has varied and severe symptoms in addition to those caused by GRD. This required deeper analysis to establish the causal agents. Groundnut samples with virus-like symptoms were collected from western Kenya in 2016. Total RNA was extracted using All Prep RNA Mini Kit. Five mRNA libraries were prepared using the Illumina TrueSeq stranded mRNA library Prep Kit and pooled for multiplexed sequencing using an Illumina HiSeq 2500 to generate paired end reads (FastQ Sanger). The reads were analysed in the Galaxy project platform (customized). Quality reads were first mapped onto plant genome Refseq and unmapped reads isolated and mapped onto virus Refseq using Bowtie 2 (v2.2.3). Groundnut rosette virus satellite RNA, Groundnut rosette virus, Groundnut rosette assistor virus, Ethiopian tobacco bushy top virus, Cowpea polerovirus 2, Chickpea chlorotic stunt virus, Melon aphid-borne yellow virus, Phasey bean mild yellow virus, Beet mild yellowing virus, White clover mottle virus and Cotton leafroll dwarf virus were identified in four libraries. Other viruses (with less than 100 reads) including Bean common mosaic virus, Bean common mosaic necrosis virus, Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus RNA 3, Broad bean mottle virus RNA 3, Passion fruit woodiness virus among others were also mapped. Some of the viruses common in western Kenya were confirmed by PCR. The presence of at least three viruses in groundnuts in Western Kenya highlights the importance of starting a germplasm clean-up program of the plant material used as seed in this crop. Key words: Groundnuts, NGS, RefSeq, Viruses.
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Ochieng, Hannington O., John O. Ojiem, Simon M. Kamwana, Joyce C. Mutai, and James W. Nyongesa. "Multiple-bean varieties as a strategy for minimizing production risk and enhancing yield stability in smallholder systems." Experimental Agriculture 56, no. 1 (March 20, 2019): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479719000085.
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AbstractCommon bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is perhaps the most important grain legume in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) smallholder systems for food security and household income. Although a wide choice of varieties is available, smallholder farmers in western Kenya realize yields that are low and variable since they operate in risky production environments. Significant seasonal variations exist in rainfall and severity of pests and diseases. This situation is worsened by the low and declining soil fertility, coupled with low capacity of farmers to purchase production inputs such as fertilizers, fungicides and insecticides, and land scarcity. The objective of this study was to investigate whether growing multiple-bean varieties instead of a single variety can enable farmers enhance yield stability over seasons and ensure food security. Five common bean varieties were evaluated in multiple farms for 11 seasons at Kapkerer in Nandi County, western Kenya. Data were collected on grain yield, days to 50% flowering and major diseases. In addition, daily rainfall was recorded throughout the growing seasons. The five varieties were combined in all possible ways to create 31 single- and multiple-bean production strategies. The strategies were evaluated for grain yield performance and yield stability over seasons to determine the risk of not attaining a particular yield target. Results indicated that cropping multiple-bean varieties can be an effective way for reducing production risks in heterogeneous smallholder systems. Yield stability can be greatly enhanced across diverse environments, leading to improved food security, especially for the resource-poor smallholder farmers operating in risk-prone environments. Although the results show that some of the single-bean variety strategies were high yielding, their yield stability was generally lower than those of multiple strategies. Resource-poor risk averse farmers can greatly increase the probability of exceeding their yield targets by cropping multiple-bean varieties with relatively low yields but high grain yield stability. Trading-off high grain yield for yield stability might be an important strategy for minimizing bean production risks.
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Medvecky, Beth A., Quirine M. Ketterings, and Eric B. Nelson. "Relationships among soilborne bean seedling diseases, Lablab purpureus L. and maize stover residue management, bean insect pests, and soil characteristics in Trans Nzoia district, Kenya." Applied Soil Ecology 35, no. 1 (January 2007): 107–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2006.05.011.
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Were, H. K., J. N. Kabira, Z. M. Kinyua, F. M. Olubayo, J. K. Karinga, J. Aura, A. K. Lees, G. H. Cowan, and L. Torrance. "Occurrence and Distribution of Potato Pests and Diseases in Kenya." Potato Research 56, no. 4 (December 2013): 325–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11540-013-9246-9.
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Ondieki, Joseph Atanga, Peter Sirmah, and Joseph Hitimana. "Incidence of Pests and Diseases in Tree Nurseries and Plantations in Kimondi Forest, Nandi County, Kenya." East African Journal of Forestry and Agroforestry 3, no. 1 (March 5, 2021): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajfa.3.1.287.
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Increasing demand for wood is putting pressure on forest resources that are equally under threat from insect pests and diseases. Reported average annual forest loss stands at 0.2% globally, 0.8% in Africa, and 1.6% in Kenya. To meet the increasing demand for forest products in Kenya, the government and private sector have established plantations of non-native tree species dominated by Eucalyptus species, Cupressus lusitanica, and Pinus patula. To ensure successful forest plantation establishment and management schemes, there is a need for sufficient knowledge and understanding of tree growth conditions and threats including pests and diseases. This study aimed at determining the incidence of plantation and tree nurseries in Kimondi Forest, Kenya. Tree plantations were mapped into 2.5 Ha rectangular portion transects parallel to the forest roads. In randomly selected portions, observations were carried out for disease and pest signs and symptoms on various tree parts (leaves, stem, roots, fruits, and twigs). In the tree nurseries, 3 m × 1 m rectangular quadrants were placed on seedling beds and similar observations were made. Collected data indicated a high incidence of nursery seedling pests (5.3 % leaves and 5.1% stems) on Eucalyptus species and least on P. patula (2.4% leaves and 3% stems). Higher incidence of plantation pests (35.0% leaves of Eucalyptus sps.) and least on P. patula stems (1.2%) were recorded. On the other hand, twelve (12.0%) of C. lusitanica and (1.8%) Eucalyptus species plantation twigs were infested by pests. A high incidence of nursery seedling disease (9.8%) was observed on C. lusitanica leaves and least on P. patula stems (3.6%). Higher incidence of plantation diseases (32 %) on leaves of Eucalyptus sps. and least on C. lusitanica stem (1.4%) was recorded. In both tree nurseries and plantations, roots and fruits remained free from pests and disease. Major tree pests and diseases identified in Kimondi forests include (Human, wildlife, livestock, Cinara cupressi, Gonipterus scutellatus, Pinus pini, and Leptocybe invasa) and (damping-off, Fusarium wilt, Botryosphaeria canker, cypress canker, and Mycosphaerella spp.) respectively. These results suggest a need for regular monitoring and intervention measures to control pest and disease infestation in the Kimondi forest.
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Wasilwa, Lusike A., Joseph K. Njuguna, Violet Kirigua, Charles N. Waturu, Richelle A. Stafne, Lusike A. Wasilwa, and Teddy E. Morelock. "Impact of Anthracnose on Avocado Production in Kenya." HortScience 40, no. 4 (July 2005): 1103D—1104. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1103d.
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Avocado is the leading horticultural export in Kenya. In 2003, Kenya exported about 19,000 t, compared to 23 t in 1970. Most of the fruit is exported to the European markets. There are several constraints limiting production of avocado in Kenya, including limited superior varieties or planting material, poor infrastructure, poor market information, and poor tree crop management. Although several diseases infect avocado, the most important are fruit rot pathogens, such as anthracnose, cercospora, and scab. However, diseases and pests have not been important to avocado production in Kenya. Recently (2004), the constraint limiting avocado production in Kenya is anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum gloeospoirioides. Little is known in Kenya on the impact of this disease on production and income realized by small-(<1 acre) or large-scale growers. The objectives of this research were to quantify losses attributed to anthracnose in Kenya, determine the current disease control measures, and recommend good agricultural practice in conformance with EUREP-GAP. A survey was conducted in the avocado growing areas to identify and document constraints limiting avocado production in 2004. The highest losses were reported from central Kenya, where exporters reported up to 100% losses. Because all avocado varieties growing in Kenya are susceptible to anthracnose, it is recommended that good management, i.e., control of pests and diseases and good postharvest handling of fruit to minimize injury used as an entry point by anthracnose, should be enforced.
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Pole F.N., B. Nguma, and N. Mohammed. "Status of Coconut Farming and the Associated Challenges in Kenya." CORD 30, no. 2 (October 1, 2014): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.37833/cord.v30i2.79.
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Coconuts (Cocos nucifera) have been grown in Coastal Kenya for many centuries and are an integral part of the farming systems in the region. Over 80% of the coastal farm households derive their livelihoods either directly or indirectly from the coconut tree that is considered as both cash and a food crop. The coconut tree on the other hand has a tremendous potential of helping Kenya’s poor in the coastal region and the rest of the country due to its multi-purpose uses that can be strategically harnessed to generate employment and income, reduce edible oil imports and generate foreign exchange for the country. The tree population stands at 7.5 million palms. Nut production is however very low (a minimum of 30 nuts per tree per year) owing to a number of challenges that include high incidences of pests and diseases, poor agronomic practices, low quality planting materials and a narrow genetic base. In order to address the major challenge of coconut pests, a baseline survey was undertaken in the major coconut producing counties of coastal lowland Kenya, targeting the smallholder coconut farmers. A total 170 farmers were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. A literature review was also conducted to contextualize and benchmark findings of the survey. Results showed that the rhinoceros beetle was the major pest on coconut trees, causing damage of up to 80% of the palms. The Coreid bug (Pseudotheraptus wayi) and the Eriophyid mites (Aceria guerreronis) were the major nut destructive pests with a resultant nut loss of 30% and 40% respectively. The study stresses the need to address the challenges posed by pests and diseases on coconut by adopting the Integrated Pest and Disease Management (IPDM) practices.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Beans – Diseases and pests – Kenya"
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Dennis, Jeremy Ian. "Chocolate spot of faba beans in South Australia." Title page, contents and summary only, 1991. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09A/09ad411pdf.pdf.
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Bibliography: leaves 81-100. Entry of inoculum into a crop and disease development in the crop cannot be prevented because spores are airborne and there is a lack of highly resistant varieties. This makes complete control of chocolate spot unlikely. It should however, be possible to improve current levels of disease control through the integration of the factors identified in the study.
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Lawsawadsiri, Somporn. "Variation in resistance to Ascochyta blight in faba beans." Title page, contents and summary only, 1994. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phl425.pdf.
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Yakop, Uyek Malik. "Resistance of faba beans to Ascochyta blight." Title page, contents and summary only, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09APSM/09apsmy15.pdf.
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Bibliography: leaves 111-120. This study investigated various aspects of genetic resistance in fava beans to Ascochta blight (A. fabae) with the objective to facilitate an efficient breeding strategy for long-term control. Pathogenic variability of A. fabae was found to be high, as was genetic variation between resistant fava bean accessions. A number of alternative resistance genes to that of Ascot cultivar were identified.
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Noronha, Christine M. (Christine Mary). "Effects of density and host plant type on fecundity and survival of Delia radicum (Bouché), D. Antiqua (Meigen) and D. Platura (Meigen) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=41017.
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The effects of intraspecific and interspecific competition, host plant, and prior host plant experience on fecundity, rate of oviposition and mortality of adults and larval survival of Delia radicum Bouche (Cabbage Maggot (CM)), D. antiqua Meigen (Onion Maggot (OM)), and D. platura Meigen (Seed Corn Maggot (SCM)), were studied on cabbage, onion and bean plants.An optimum density for maximum fecundity per female was observed when the four experimental densities were compared. This optimum density was higher on host than on non-host plants. CM females were host specific and did not oviposit on non-host plants. Rates of oviposition and mortality over a 30-day period were calculated for each density. The rate of oviposition was slower at higher densities on host plants for CM, OM and SCM. The rate of mortality increased at the highest density for CM (cabbage), OM (bean) and SCM (cabbage), but remained unaffected for OM on onion and cabbage and for SCM on onion and bean, when densities were compared. For OM, a delay in the rate of oviposition and mortality on cabbage (non-host plant) when compared with onion (host plant), suggests that cabbage was not as readily accepted as an oviposition site. Interspecific competition experiments at six density ratio's of SCM:OM indicated increased fecundity, or an increase in the rate of oviposition for OM, at the lower densities when single and mixed species were compared. For SCM no effects on fecundity were recorded, but the rate of oviposition was slower and rate of mortality faster at the lowest density in the presence of OM. Similar studies with SCM and CM showed no such effects of competition.
Host plant exposure of SCM females during the pre-oviposition period resulted in a delay in initial acceptance of subsequent host plants as oviposition sites. This happened only when females were exposed to a secondary host during the pre-oviposition period. Once oviposition began, host discrimination ceased and a switch in oviposition sites to the preferred host did not alter the rate of oviposition. In CM, the rate of larval development increased at density 6 (optimum density). Above this density a decrease in the rate of development and a significant reduction in pupal weight was observed. Time required for fly emergence was not affected by increasing larval densities.
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Jimenez, Garcia Emilio. "ETIOLOGY, PATHOLOGY AND CHARACTERIZATION OF VIRUSES FROM BEANS GROWING IN THE SONORA DESERT OF MEXICO (COWPEA, CHLOROTIC MOTTLE)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/187907.
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Survey of crops of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Sonora, Mexico revealed the presence of two isometric viruses and one flexuous rod virus on the basis of host reaction, particle morphology, serology and physico-chemical properties. The isometric viruses were identified as Bean Southern Mosaic Virus (BSMV) and Cowpea Chlorotic Mottle Virus (CCMV); the flexuous rod virus was identified as Bean Common Mosaic Virus (BCMV). Using bean cultivar differentials, two strains of the potyvirus BCMV were identified, NY-15 and a previously undescribed strain designated YV-1. Host range, serological tests, and RNA electrophoresis indicated that the Sonoran BSMV cultures are similar to BSMV-strain A. Serology and RNA-electrophoresis indicated that the Sonoran CCMV isolates are identical to CCMV-strain A. BSMV and CCMV were always isolated as a mixture from seed lots and from field collected bean tissue. BCMV occurred alone or in mixed infections with BSMV and CCMV. BCMV was seed transmitted with an average efficiency of 58 percent. The BSMV-CCMV mixture was transmitted with an efficiency of 6 percent. BSMV and CCMV were seed transmitted together, but separate transmission of BSMV or CCMV was not detected. Commercial seed lots from two major bean growing regions of Sonora (Hermosillo Coast, Sonora River) were contaminated with the BSMV-CCMV mixture but not with BCMV. The average contamination level was 13 percent. Two common weeds present in Sonoran agricultural areas were found to be potential alternate hosts of CCMV. Both Sisymbrium irio L. and Melilotus indica L. were infected systemically, although the infection in M. indica was latent. Potential losses due to Sonoran bean viruses were measured in greenhouse experiments with the cultivar Pinto 111. BCMV strains caused a 29.4 to 60.1% reduction, whereas BSMV-CCMV mixtures induced a 22.5 to 74.6% yield reduction. A synergism occurred between the BSMV-CCMV mixture and BCMV resulting in more severe symptoms and a yield reduction of 92.7%. Synergistic effects were also observed between BSMV and CCMV. Actual yield reduction resulted from impaired flower production and, consequently, reduced pod production. Significant effects on plant tissue production, flower fertilization and seed quality were not observed. Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus infected mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) a previously unreported host. Infection of mung bean by BSMV was only possible when CCMV was present in the inoculum. Both BSMV and CCMV could be isolated from symptomatic plants infected with the BSMV-CCMV mixture, however, symptoms on mung bean were unchanged from infection by CCMV alone.
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Cieslik, Lucas Fernando. "Interferência de fatores morfoambientais e horários de aplicação de fluazifop-p-butyl e fomesafen no controle de infestantes, seletividade e lucratividade da cultura do feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2012. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/263.
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Fundação Araucária, CNPQPlantas daninhas competem com as cultivadas e dentre as influências negativas desse convívio está a redução da produtividade das culturas. O controle químico é a principal forma de gestão das infestantes na cultura do feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Sua eficácia depende de uma série de fatores, entre eles: condições ambientais (em função dos horários de aplicação) no momento da aspersão do herbicida e doses utilizadas. Um programa de pesquisa foi desenvolvido no curso de Agronomia da UTFPR, Pato Branco, PR, durante a safra 2010/11 com os objetivos gerais de analisar o impacto de horários de aplicação (e por consequência das variáveis ambientais) e de doses de fluazifop-p-butyl e de fomesafen sobre: o desempenho desses herbicidas no controle de plantas daninhas mono e dicotiledôneas, respectivamente; a seletividade do feijoeiro ao fomesafen e; a lucratividade da lavoura de feijão. As variáveis ambientais, de acordo com o horário do dia ou a época do ano em que os produtos foram aplicados, influenciaram no controle das infestantes. Fluazifop-p-butyl teve atividade favorecida quando aspergido às 06:00h, com umidade relativa do ar e ângulo foliar das gramíneas influenciando de maneira mais significativa no resultado. Para esse mesmo herbicida, aplicação noturna foi eficaz em mitigar os efeitos negativos da aplicação vespertina. O desempenho de fomesafen no controle das plantas daninhas dicotiledôneas foi máximo quando o produto foi aspergido às 11:00h e às 16:00h. Nesse caso, a irradiância e a temperatura do ar foram os principais determinantes da eficácia do herbicida. As doses de fluazifop-p-butyl + fomesafen que propiciaram maior controle da infestação resultaram em aumento da produtividade do feijoeiro e da rentabilidade da produção. Em alguns casos, a maximização da renda líquida foi obtida com dose menor do que a recomendada no rótulo do produto e aquela necessária para a obtenção da máxima eficácia do produto. Fomesafen provocou toxicidade nas plantas de feijão, as quais recuperaram-se das injúrias com o decorrer do tempo. O grau de fitointoxicação foi mais acentuado com doses elevadas do produto e quando esse foi aspergido às 11:00h e às 16:00h. Nesses horários, a temperatura do ar e a irradiância estavam mais acentuadas. Pode-se sintetizar que a eficácia no controle das plantas infestantes e a toxicidade dos herbicidas ao feijoeiro foram dependentes dos herbicidas utilizados, das condições ambientais em função do horário do dia em que os herbicidas foram aplicados e das doses utilizadas. A escolha correta do horário e da dose de aplicação favorece a eficiência do controle das plantas daninhas, minimiza os prejuízos à cultura em função da competição e eleva a lucratividade da lavoura.
The weeds compete with the cultivated crops and among the negative effects of this interaction is the reduction of the crop yields. The chemical method is the main weed control technic in the common bean crop (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The efficacy of the herbicides depends on a number of factors, including: environmental conditions (in function of the time of application) at the moment of spraying of the herbicide and doses used. A research program was developed on the Agronomy course of UTFPR, Pato Branco, PR, during the 2010-11 with the main objectives to evaluate the impact of the application time (and therefore environmental variables) and doses of fluazifop-p-butyl and fomesafen on the: performance of these herbicides in the control of mono and dicotyledonous weeds, respectively; selectivity of bean crop to fomesafen; and the lucrativity of the common bean crop. The environmental variables, according to the time of day or season of year in which herbicides were applied, influence the control of weeds. Fluazifop-p-butyl activity has been favored when sprayed at 06:00h. The relative humidity and grass leaf angle were the factors most important affecting this herbicide performance. For this same compound, night application has been effective to mitigate the negative effects of the afternoon application. The performance of fomesafen to control broadleaf weeds has been maximum when the product was sprayed at 11:00h and 16:00h. In this case, the irradiance and the air temperature have been the main factors to affect the herbicide efficacy. The doses of fluazifop-p-butyl + fomesafen which allowed best weed control have increased grain yield and profitability of the common bean crop production. In some cases, the maximum net return has been obtained with a dose lower than that needed for maximum herbicide efficacy. Fomesafen has injured the common bean plants, but they have recovered with time. The degree of phytointoxication has increased at high fomesafen doses and when it has been sprayed at 11:00h and 16:00h. During these times, the air temperature and irradiance were the highest. It can be summarized that the efficacy on weed control and on the common bean injury was dependent on the herbicide used, on the environmental conditions during the time of the herbicide spray, and on the rates applied. The selection of the correct time of the day and rate of application can optimize the weed control, can reduce the crop yield losses due to competition, and can optimize the crop profitability.
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Machado, Adriano Bressiani. "Impacto agronômico e dano econômico da interferência entre leiteiro (Euphorbia heterophylla) e feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris) em intervalos distintos de semeadura." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2012. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/265.
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A cultura do feijoeiro apresenta grande importância econômica para o Brasil e especificamente para a região do Sudoeste do Paraná, onde é cultivado principalmente em pequenas e médias propriedades. Constitui-se em um dos alimentos mais ricos consumido pelo povo brasileiro, principalmente para as populações mais pobres. É imprescindível o estudo cientifico dos sistemas de produção e o avanço tecnológico para aumentar sua produtividade e rentabilidade. Entre os gargalos limitantes à cultura, está a necessidade de estudar melhor os níveis populacionais de plantas daninhas que justificam o seu controle atendendo a critérios econômicos, o que resultaria em maior segurança para tomada de decisões de controle e, conseqüentemente, maior economia aos produtores rurais. Nesse contexto, realizou-se um experimento na área experimental da Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Campus Pato Branco, com objetivo de verificar o nível de dano econômico e competitivo de Euphorbia heterophylla sob diferentes densidades e épocas de semeadura desta infestante em relação à cultura do feijoeiro. O experimento foi conduzido a campo em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, em parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. Nas parcelas principais foram locadas oito densidades esperadas de E. heterophylla (0, 6, 10, 17, 29, 49, 83 e 142 pl m-2) e nas subparcelas duas épocas de semeadura de E. heterophylla (12 dias antes da semeadura do feijão e simultaneamente a cultura). Foram realizadas avaliações das características agronômicas das plantas de feijão e morfológicas de E. heterophylla e feijão durante o período de desenvolvimento e no momento da colheita da cultura. No cálculo das perdas de rendimento foi empregado o modelo da hipérbole retangular e pelo método de segmentação linear, sendo extraídos os parâmetros “i” (perda percentual por cada planta de E. heterophylla), que foram empregados no cálculo do nível de dano econômico. A antecipação da semeadura de E. heterophylla, bem como o incremento na densidade acarretaram redução da produtividade da cultura do feijão, devido principalmente à redução do número de legumes por planta. A interferência de plantas de E. heterophylla com a cultura do feijão determinou redução da estatura de plantas, índice de área foliar, massa seca, número de trifólios, número de ramificações produtivas, mas houve aumento da altura de inserção de legumes da cultura. A semeadura antecipada de E. heterophylla proporciona maior desenvolvimento desta espécie em relação à época de semeadura simultânea com a cultura do feijão, refletindo-se no aumento da área foliar, da massa seca e da cobertura do solo pela espécie daninha. A perda percentual por planta daninha pode ser estimada adequadamente através dos diferentes modelos utilizados. Tanto o modelo hiperbólico quanto o linear indicam maior perda percentual quando a semeadura de E. heterophylla ocorre antecipadamente à cultura do feijão comum. O modelo hiperbólico superestima os valores de nível crítico de dano em relação ao modelo linear. O aumento na perda de rendimento por unidade de planta daninha, rendimento da cultura, eficiência do herbicida e no valor do produto colhido ocasionam diminuição dos valores dos níveis de dano econômico. No entanto, o aumento do custo de controle de plantas de E. heterophylla aumenta os valores do nível de dano econômico.Bean crop has great economic importance to Brazil and specifically for the South West of Parana, where it is grown mainly in small and medium farms. It constitutes one of the richest foods consumed by the Brazilian people, especially for the poorest populations. In this context, the scientific study of production systems and technological advances are essential to increase productivity and profitability. Among the factors that limit crop development, is the need to better understand the weed population levels that justify its control attending economic aspects, which would result in better control decision-making and, consequently, lower costs to farmers. In this context, an experiment was carried out at the experimental area of the Federal Technologic University of Paraná, Campus Pato Branco, in order to verify the economic injury level and competitive potential of the Euphorbia heterophylla under different sowing dates and densities of this weed in relation to the bean crop. The experiment was laid out as a randomized blocks arranged in a split-plots design with four replications. At the main plots were located eight expected densities of E. heterophylla (0, 6, 10, 17, 29, 49, 83 and 142 pl m-2) and at the subplots two sowing dates of E. heterophylla (12 days before bean sowing and at the crop sowing day). Evaluations were made on the agronomic characteristics of the bean plants during its development and at the harvest period. Moreover, morphological characteristics of the E. heterophylla and the beans were also evaluated at the same periods. To determine the crop yield losses was used the hyperbolic model and the linear segmentation method, and extracted the parameters "i" (percentage loss per plant of E. heterophylla), which were used in calculating the economic injury level. E. heterophylla sowed before the crop as well as its density increase led to reduced productivity of the bean, mainly due to reduction in the number of pods per plant. Moreover, the interference of the E. heterophylla on the bean crop resulted in lower plants, reduced leaf area index, lower dry weight, less number of leaves, less number of productive branches, however resulted in shorter height of the pods insertion on the crop. Early sowing of E. heterophylla results in better development of the weed specie in relation to the sowing data were both, weed and crop are sowed at the same day, resulting on higher leaf area, higher dry matter production and soil cover by the weed species. Percentage of yield losses due to the weed plant presence could be adequately estimated through the different models used. Both the linear and the hyperbolic model indicate a higher percentage loss when the sowing of E. heterophylla occurs before than the common bean crop. The hyperbolic model overestimates the values of the critical level of damage in relation to the linear model. Increases on the yield losses per unit weed, lower crop yield, lower herbicide efficiency and lower value of the harvested product resulted in smaller values of the economic injury level. Although, as the E. heterophylla control cost increase, the economic injury level also increases.
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Bressan, Dayanne Fabrício. "Uso dos eliciadores acibenzolar-s-metílico e harpina na indução de resistência em plantas de feijoeiro comum ao crestamento bacteriano." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2011. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/232.
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CAPESO crestamento bacteriano comum, causado por Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli, é uma das principais doenças da cultura do feijoeiro. Em busca por alternativas no controle de doenças em plantas, o uso de eliciadores/indutores de resistência tem sido explorado. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a eficiência dos eliciadores harpina e acibenzolar-S-metílico na indução de mecanismos de defesa em plantas de feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) ao crestamento bacteriano comum, causado por X. axonopodis pv. phaseoli, avaliandose possíveis alterações no processo de trocas gasosas e ativação das principais enzimas envolvidas na defesa vegetal - peroxidase, superóxido dismutase, além de proteínas e fenóis. Foram utilizadas sementes dos cultivares IAPAR 31 e IPR Colibri. Depois de emergidas as primeiras folhas trifoliadas na fase vegetativa (V3) as plantas, foram tratadas com os eliciadores acibenzolar-S-metílico, harpina e água destilada (controle). Sete dias após a primeira aplicação dos eliciadores, foi inoculado o patógeno nas folhas do feijoeiro. A avaliação da severidade foi realizada a cada 10 dias sendo a primeira avaliação realizada 15 dias após a inoculação do patógeno. As leituras de fotossíntese foram realizadas 40 dias após a inoculação quando os sintomas e danos da doença demonstravam-se estabelecidos. Para a realização das análises bioquímicas, amostras de tecidos foliares de cada tratamento foram coletadas 24 horas antes, 24, 48 e 72 horas após a aplicação dos eliciadores. Também, foram determinados o rendimento e seus componentes em ambas as cultivares.A aplicação de ASM e harpina proporcionou redução na severidade da doença do crestamento bacteriano comum nas plantas de feijoeiro da cultivar IPR-Colibri e a mesma tendência foi observada para a cultivar IAPAR 31 tratada com ASM. As plantas da cultivar IAPAR 31 tratadas com o eliciador ASM, apresentaram maiores taxas de assimilação de CO2 quando comparadas ao controle e a mesma tendência foi observada para a cultivar IPR-Colibri. A aplicação do ASM promoveu o aumento da atividade da enzima antioxidativa peroxidase e a indução da síntese de compostos fenólicos e especialmente na cultivar suscetível IPRColibri. Para o rendimento de grãos e seus componentes, não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre o controle e os eliciadores ASM e harpina. Os eliciadores ASM e harpina induziram os mecanismos de resistência em feijoeiro contra X. axonopodis pv. phaseoli, indicando a potencialidade do uso dos eliciadores na cultura do feijoeiro.
The common bacterial blight, caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli is one of the major diseases of the bean crops. In search for alternatives to control the plant diseases, the use of the elicitors / inductors of resistance has been explored. Thus, the objective of this work was to verify the effectiveness of the elicitors harpina and acibenzolar-S-methyl in the induction of the defense mechanisms in bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) against common bacterial blight caused by X. axonopodis pv. phaseoli, evaluating the possible changes in the process of gas exchange and the activation of the key enzymes involved in the plant defense - peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, besides proteins and phenols. It was used seeds from IAPAR 31 and IPR Colibri cultivars. After emerged the first trifoliate leaves in the vegetative stage (V3) the plants were treated with the elicitors Acibenzolar-S-methyl and harpina, and distilled water (control). Seven days after the first application of the elicitors, the pathogen was inoculated on the leaves of bean plants. The severity assessment was performed every 10 days and the first evaluation 15 days after the pathogen inoculation. The measurement photosynthesis were performed 40 days after the inoculation when the symptoms and the damages of the disease showed themselves established. To carry out the biochemical analysis, samples of leaf tissue from each treatment were collected 24 hours before, 24, 48 and 72 hours after the application of the elicitors. Also, it was determined the yield and its components in both cultivars. The application of ASM and harpina provided the reduction in the severity of the common bacterial blight disease of the bean plants of IPR-Colibri cultivars and the same trend was observed for the IAPAR 31 cultivars treated with the elicitor ASM. Plants by IAPAR 31 treated with the elicitor ASM showed higher rates of assimilation of CO2 when compared to the control and the same trend was observed for cultivar IPR-Colibri. The application of ASM promoted the increase of the antioxidative enzyme peroxidase activity, and the induction of the phenolic compounds synthesis and, especially in the susceptible cultivar IPR-Colibri. For grain yield and its components, significant differences were not observed between the control and the elicitors ASM and harpina. The elicitors ASM and harpina induced the resistance mechanisms in bean plant against X. axonopodis pv. phaseoli, indicating the potentiality of the elicitor utilization in bean crops.
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Lagos, Frank Silvano. "Uso do leite de vaca no controle do oídio em feijão-de-vagem." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2009. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/239.
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A crescente procura por alimentos mais saudáveis demanda um aumento na produção isenta de agrotóxicos. O feijão-de-vagem é uma das principais olerícolas cultivadas no Brasil. Dentre as principais doenças que afetam essa cultura está o oídio, podendo ocasionar perdas de produção em até 69%, sendo de ocorrência comum em cultivos protegidos especialmente em períodos tardios. O uso do leite tem demonstrado boas perspectivas no controle desta doença em diversas culturas. Foram desenvolvidos na Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná – Campus de Pato Branco – PR, nos anos de 2007 e 2008, trabalhos com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do leite de vaca in natura e seus possíveis mecanismos de ação sobre o controle de oídio em feijão-de-vagem sob ambiente protegido. Conduziu-se experimento com aplicação de leite de vaca in natura nas concentrações de 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% e 20% em freqüência semanal e quinzenal, com e sem espalhante adesivo. Foi avaliada a severidade da doença e a produtividade. O delineamento foi em blocos ao acaso, com 4 repetições. Em outro experimento avaliou-se o efeito dos componentes químicos do leite, com aplicações foliares de Nitrato de Potássio (0,79 g L-1), Cloreto de Amônio (0,82 g L-1), Nitrato de Cálcio (0,96 g L-1), Fosfato de Amônio Monobásico (0,51 g L-1), Carbonato de Sódio (0,23 g L-1), mistura destes componentes, leite (200 ml L-1) e água. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado com 3 repetições. No terceiro experimento avaliou-se a atividade metabólica em tecidos foliares de feijão-de-vagem tratado com aplicações semanais de leite de vaca in natura nas concentrações do primeiro experimento. O cultivo foi em vasos, em casa de vegetação com ambiente controlado. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado com 4 repetições. Para realização das análises bioquímicas (proteínas, açúcares totais e redutores, peroxidases e FAL) foram coletados discos foliares de 0,2 g de cada unidade experimental, 24, 48 e 72 horas após a aplicação do leite de vaca in natura. O leite aplicado em freqüência semanal promoveu controle do oídio de 37,94 a 79,96%. Em freqüência quinzenal o controle variou de 22,32 a 28,59%, sendo mais efetivo no início da infestação. Sua aplicação não requer uso de espalhante adesivo. As concentrações mais viáveis foram entre 10 e 15%. Aplicação dos diferentes componentes químicos de forma combinada controlou a doença de forma semelhante à aplicação do leite de vaca in natura. Aplicações de concentrações crescentes de leite de vaca in natura interferiu nos parâmetros bioquímicos foliares de proteínas, açúcares totais e redutores, atividade de peroxidase e FAL, demonstrando ser um elicitor capaz de induzir a uma resposta de resistência, alterando a atividade de enzimas relacionadas com a defesa do feijão-de-vagem.The rising search for healthier food demands a rising in the production without fertilizers. The bean pod is one of the main plants from the vegetable gardens grown in Brazil. Among the main diseases which affect this culture is the powdery mildew which can cause losses in the production up to 69%, being a common occurrence in protected cultures especially in late periods. The usage of milk has shown good perspectives in this disease control in different cultures. Works with the aim of evaluate the effect of in natura milk and its possible mechanisms of action in the powdery mildew control in bean pods under a protected environment were developed during 2007 and 2008. In the Federal Technological University of Paraná – campus in Pato Branco- PR. The experience was conducted with the application of in natura milk in the concentrations of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% every week or every fifteen days with or without the adhesive spreader. The severity of this disease was evaluated as well as the productivity. The design was in blocks at random, with four repetitions. In other experiment it was evaluated the milk chemical components effect with application leaf of Potassium Nitrate (0.79 g L-1), Ammonium Chloride (0.82 g L-1), Calcium Nitrate (0.96 g L-1), Ammonium Phosphate Monobasic (0.51 g L-1), Sodium Carbonate (0.23 g L-1), mixture of these components, milk (200 ml L-1) and water. The design was entirely developed with three repetitions. In the third experiment the metabolic activity was evaluated in the follicular tissue in bean pods treated with weekly applications of cow milk in natura in the concentrations of the first experiment. The cultivation was in vases in a vegetation house with controlled environment. The design was entirely developed with four repetitions. In order to make the biochemical analysis (proteins, total sugar and reductors, peroxidasis e PAL) Follicular disks of 0.2g were collected from each experimental unity, 24, 48 e 72 hours after the application of cow milk in natura. The milk applied weekly promoted the powdery mildew control of 37.94 to 79.96%. Being used every fifteen days the control varied from 22.32 to 28.59%, being more effective in the beginning of the infestation. Its application does not require the usage of adhesive spreader. The most variable concentrations were between 10 e 15%. The application of different chemical components in a combined form controlled the disease in a similar way to the application of cow Milk in natura. The applications of rising concentrations of cow milk in natura interfered in the follicular biochemical patterns of proteins, total sugar and reductors, activity of peroxidasis and PAL demonstrating to be an elicitor which is able to induct to an answer of resistance, alternating the enzymatic activity related to the bean pod defense.
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Sing, Sharlene E. "Suppression of bruchids infesting stored grain legumes with the predatory bug Xylocoris flavipes (Reuter) (hemiptera: anthocoridae)." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq29789.pdf.
Full textBooks on the topic "Beans – Diseases and pests – Kenya"
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Parker, Robert. Weed control in field beans. Pullman: Cooperative Extension, College of Agriculture & Home Economics, Washington State University, 1988.
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3
Biddle, A. J. Pests, diseases, and disorders of peas and beans: A colour handbook. London: Manson, 2007.
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Diekmann, Marlene. Seed-borne pests and diseases of faba beans (Vicia faba). Aleppo, Syria: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, 1994.
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Strausbaugh, C. A. Management of white mold of beans. [Moscow, Idaho]: University of Idaho Cooperative Extension System, 2003.
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Biddle, A. J. Pests, diseases, and disorders of peas and beans: A color handbook. Burlington, MA: Academic Press, 2007.
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Waters, Brenda M. Integrated weed management in dry edible beans. [Moscow, Idaho]: University of Idaho Cooperative Extension System ; [Corvallis, Or.], 2001.
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Waters, Brenda M. Integrated weed management in dry edible beans. [Moscow, Idaho]: University of Idaho Cooperative Extension System ; [Corvallis, Or.], 2001.
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Schwartz, Howard F. Dry bean production & pest management. Edited by Central High Plains Dry Bean and Beet Group and Colorado State University. Cooperative Extension Service. 2nd ed. Fort Collins, Colo: Cooperative Extension Resource Center, Colorado State University, 2004.
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Davidson, Roy M. Sclerotinia disease (white mold) of bean. Pullman, Wash: Cooperative Extension, Washington State University, 1994.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Beans – Diseases and pests – Kenya"
1
"Index." In Pests, Diseases and Disorders of Peas and Beans, 127–28. CRC Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b15137-10.
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"Seedling and Crop Disorders." In Pests, Diseases and Disorders of Peas and Beans, 119–25. CRC Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b15137-8.
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"Further Reading." In Pests, Diseases and Disorders of Peas and Beans, 126. CRC Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b15137-9.
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Biliavska, Liudmyla, and Yurii Biliavskyi. "BREEDING OF DROUGHT-RESISTANT SOYBEAN VARIETIES UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE." In European vector of development of the modern scientific researches. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-077-3-25.
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Thus, the primary task of breeding is to create varieties that combine high yield with drought resistance. It is important to have a sufficiently high level of adaptability of the variety to the conditions of the growing region, where the variety remains the main reserve for resource conservation and intensification of agricultural production in Ukraine. Generally accepted methods are used, namely scientific, special, laboratory, mathematical and statistical. In conditions of insufficient moisture, the use of early maturing and very early maturing varieties is relevant. Indicators of soybean yield in all oblasts of Ukraine are provided. According to the results of the analysis of 17-year meteorological observations, it was found that the climatic characteristics of Poltava oblast became more arid. The dynamics of indicators of the soybean gross yield in Poltava oblast (2002–2018) is analyzed against the background of the amount of precipitation during the growing season (4–8 months). In the research laboratory of Breeding, Seed Production and Varietal Soybean Agrotechnics of Poltava State Agrarian University, it was created Almaz, Antratsyt, Adamos, Aleksandryt, Akvamaryn, Avantiuryn soybean varieties, which were listed the State Register of Plant Varieties Suitable for Spreading in Ukraine. Indicators of agricultural suitability of these varieties and their advantages are presented. Varieties of Poltava breeding are distinguished by drought resistance, resistance to diseases and pests, non-lodging, when the seeds mature, the beans do not crack. These varieties are guaranteed predecessors for winter crops in the Steppe and Forest-Steppe of Ukraine.