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Muthomi, James, A. M. Fulano, J. M. Wagacha, and A. W. Mwang’ombe. "Management of Snap Bean Insect Pests and Diseases by Use of Antagonistic Fungi and Plant Extracts." Sustainable Agriculture Research 6, no. 3 (June 17, 2017): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v6n3p52.
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Use of synthetic pesticides reduces the competitiveness of Kenyan snap bean pods due to stringent regulations by importers as a result of presence of chemical residues. This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of local biopesticides in managing insect pests and diseases of snap beans. Field experiments were set up in farmer's field where Trichoderma spp. and Paecilomyce spp. and plant extracts from turmeric, garlic, ginger and lemon were applied weekly as foliar sprays. Plant extracts reduced the population of whiteflies and thrips by up to 58% and 41% while antagonistic fungi had a corresponding 30% and 18% reduction, respectively. Trichoderma spp. reduced severity of angular leaf spot (37.5%), rust (67%) and anthracnose (20.7%). Plant extracts and antagonistic fungi increased marketable pod yield by 25.6% and 17.3%, respectively. Results demonstrated that local environments are potential sources of biopesticides that can be exploited for integrated management of pests and diseases.
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Wainaina, James M., Elijah Ateka, Timothy Makori, Monica A. Kehoe, and Laura M. Boykin. "A metagenomic study of DNA viruses from samples of local varieties of common bean in Kenya." PeerJ 7 (March 15, 2019): e6465. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6465.
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Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is the primary source of protein and nutrients in the majority of households in sub-Saharan Africa. However, pests and viral diseases are key drivers in the reduction of bean production. To date, the majority of viruses reported in beans have been RNA viruses. In this study, we carried out a viral metagenomic analysis on virus symptomatic bean plants. Our virus detection pipeline identified three viral fragments of the double-stranded DNA virus Pelargonium vein banding virus (PVBV) (family, Caulimoviridae, genus Badnavirus). This is the first report of the dsDNA virus and specifically PVBV in legumes to our knowledge. In addition two previously reported +ssRNA viruses the bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNVA) (Potyviridae) and aphid lethal paralysis virus (ALPV) (Dicistroviridae) were identified. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of the Badnavirus (PVBV) using amino acid sequences of the RT/RNA-dependent DNA polymerase region showed the Kenyan sequence (SRF019_MK014483) was closely matched with two Badnavirus viruses: Dracaena mottle virus (DrMV) (YP_610965) and Lucky bamboo bacilliform virus (ABR01170). Phylogenetic analysis of BCMNVA was based on amino acid sequences of the Nib region. The BCMNVA phylogenetic tree resolved two clades identified as clade (I and II). Sequence from this study SRF35_MK014482, clustered within clade I with other Kenyan sequences. Conversely, Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of ALPV was based on nucleotide sequences of the hypothetical protein gene 1 and 2. Three main clades were resolved and identified as clades I–III. The Kenyan sequence from this study (SRF35_MK014481) clustered within clade II, and nested within a sub-clade; comprising of sequences from China and an earlier ALPV sequences from Kenya isolated from maize (MF458892). Our findings support the use of viral metagenomics to reveal the nascent viruses, their viral diversity and evolutionary history of these viruses. The detection of ALPV and PVBV indicate that these viruses have likely been underreported due to the unavailability of diagnostic tools.
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KARTIWA, NUR ANNISA RIZKITA, and ENDAH DJUWENDAH. "FAKTOR PENYEBAB KETIDAKMAMPUAN PETANI MEMENUHI PERMINTAAN BABYBUNCIS UNTUKPT. ALAMANDA SEJATI UTAMA SERTASTRATEGI UNTUK MENGATASINYA (Studi Kasus Kelompok Tani Tauhid, Kabupaten Bandung Barat)." Jurnal Social Economic of Agriculture 5, no. 1 (May 3, 2016): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.26418/j.sea.v5i1.15057.
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Baby Kenya bean is a bean types that has a good prospects, it has successfully entered the export market. Poktan Tauhid which is a part of the Farmers Group (Gapoktan) Lembang Agri are the farmers group who grows baby kenya bean. The aim of this research are to know the causative factors of farmer that led to an inability to meet the demand for the baby kenya bean for PT. Alamanda Sejati Utama and determine the accurate strategy which can be implemented in Poktan Tauhid to overcome the problems.The research design is qualitative with descriptive analysis technique with fishbone diagrams and analysis of operation strategies with QSPM. The results of the research indicates that a very problematic technical factors among others are the weather conditions, pest and plant disease. While non-technical factors that is very problematic isthe harvest labor. In addition, technical factors that enter into the troubled category are technology, seeds, water availability andthe wind. The alternative strategy that can be implemented in Poktan Tauhid Backward Integration.The implication of this alternative strategy is enabling Poktan Tauhid to better control the process to reschedule planting schedules for every babykenya bean farmer. Moreover, counseling should be given more frequently, related to technologies and the prevention of pests and diseases naturally.Keyword :Causative factors, alternative strategy, baby kenya bean
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Mukoye, Benard, Collins Mangeni, Jones Sue, Anthony Mabele, and Hassan Were. "Next generation sequencing as a tool in modern pest risk analysis: a case study of groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea) as a potential host of new viruses in western Kenya." African Phytosanitary Journal 2, no. 1 (November 1, 2020): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.52855/qgpx3332.
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Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea, L.) is grown in diverse environments throughout the semi-arid and sub-tropical regions of the world. Poor yields of 500-800kg/ha are attributed to poor agronomic practices, pests and diseases. The major disease reported in Kenya is Groundnut rosette disease (GRD). But recent observations in the field showed that the crop has varied and severe symptoms in addition to those caused by GRD. This required deeper analysis to establish the causal agents. Groundnut samples with virus-like symptoms were collected from western Kenya in 2016. Total RNA was extracted using All Prep RNA Mini Kit. Five mRNA libraries were prepared using the Illumina TrueSeq stranded mRNA library Prep Kit and pooled for multiplexed sequencing using an Illumina HiSeq 2500 to generate paired end reads (FastQ Sanger). The reads were analysed in the Galaxy project platform (customized). Quality reads were first mapped onto plant genome Refseq and unmapped reads isolated and mapped onto virus Refseq using Bowtie 2 (v2.2.3). Groundnut rosette virus satellite RNA, Groundnut rosette virus, Groundnut rosette assistor virus, Ethiopian tobacco bushy top virus, Cowpea polerovirus 2, Chickpea chlorotic stunt virus, Melon aphid-borne yellow virus, Phasey bean mild yellow virus, Beet mild yellowing virus, White clover mottle virus and Cotton leafroll dwarf virus were identified in four libraries. Other viruses (with less than 100 reads) including Bean common mosaic virus, Bean common mosaic necrosis virus, Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus RNA 3, Broad bean mottle virus RNA 3, Passion fruit woodiness virus among others were also mapped. Some of the viruses common in western Kenya were confirmed by PCR. The presence of at least three viruses in groundnuts in Western Kenya highlights the importance of starting a germplasm clean-up program of the plant material used as seed in this crop. Key words: Groundnuts, NGS, RefSeq, Viruses.
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Ochieng, Hannington O., John O. Ojiem, Simon M. Kamwana, Joyce C. Mutai, and James W. Nyongesa. "Multiple-bean varieties as a strategy for minimizing production risk and enhancing yield stability in smallholder systems." Experimental Agriculture 56, no. 1 (March 20, 2019): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479719000085.
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AbstractCommon bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is perhaps the most important grain legume in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) smallholder systems for food security and household income. Although a wide choice of varieties is available, smallholder farmers in western Kenya realize yields that are low and variable since they operate in risky production environments. Significant seasonal variations exist in rainfall and severity of pests and diseases. This situation is worsened by the low and declining soil fertility, coupled with low capacity of farmers to purchase production inputs such as fertilizers, fungicides and insecticides, and land scarcity. The objective of this study was to investigate whether growing multiple-bean varieties instead of a single variety can enable farmers enhance yield stability over seasons and ensure food security. Five common bean varieties were evaluated in multiple farms for 11 seasons at Kapkerer in Nandi County, western Kenya. Data were collected on grain yield, days to 50% flowering and major diseases. In addition, daily rainfall was recorded throughout the growing seasons. The five varieties were combined in all possible ways to create 31 single- and multiple-bean production strategies. The strategies were evaluated for grain yield performance and yield stability over seasons to determine the risk of not attaining a particular yield target. Results indicated that cropping multiple-bean varieties can be an effective way for reducing production risks in heterogeneous smallholder systems. Yield stability can be greatly enhanced across diverse environments, leading to improved food security, especially for the resource-poor smallholder farmers operating in risk-prone environments. Although the results show that some of the single-bean variety strategies were high yielding, their yield stability was generally lower than those of multiple strategies. Resource-poor risk averse farmers can greatly increase the probability of exceeding their yield targets by cropping multiple-bean varieties with relatively low yields but high grain yield stability. Trading-off high grain yield for yield stability might be an important strategy for minimizing bean production risks.
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Medvecky, Beth A., Quirine M. Ketterings, and Eric B. Nelson. "Relationships among soilborne bean seedling diseases, Lablab purpureus L. and maize stover residue management, bean insect pests, and soil characteristics in Trans Nzoia district, Kenya." Applied Soil Ecology 35, no. 1 (January 2007): 107–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2006.05.011.
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Were, H. K., J. N. Kabira, Z. M. Kinyua, F. M. Olubayo, J. K. Karinga, J. Aura, A. K. Lees, G. H. Cowan, and L. Torrance. "Occurrence and Distribution of Potato Pests and Diseases in Kenya." Potato Research 56, no. 4 (December 2013): 325–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11540-013-9246-9.
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Ondieki, Joseph Atanga, Peter Sirmah, and Joseph Hitimana. "Incidence of Pests and Diseases in Tree Nurseries and Plantations in Kimondi Forest, Nandi County, Kenya." East African Journal of Forestry and Agroforestry 3, no. 1 (March 5, 2021): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajfa.3.1.287.
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Increasing demand for wood is putting pressure on forest resources that are equally under threat from insect pests and diseases. Reported average annual forest loss stands at 0.2% globally, 0.8% in Africa, and 1.6% in Kenya. To meet the increasing demand for forest products in Kenya, the government and private sector have established plantations of non-native tree species dominated by Eucalyptus species, Cupressus lusitanica, and Pinus patula. To ensure successful forest plantation establishment and management schemes, there is a need for sufficient knowledge and understanding of tree growth conditions and threats including pests and diseases. This study aimed at determining the incidence of plantation and tree nurseries in Kimondi Forest, Kenya. Tree plantations were mapped into 2.5 Ha rectangular portion transects parallel to the forest roads. In randomly selected portions, observations were carried out for disease and pest signs and symptoms on various tree parts (leaves, stem, roots, fruits, and twigs). In the tree nurseries, 3 m × 1 m rectangular quadrants were placed on seedling beds and similar observations were made. Collected data indicated a high incidence of nursery seedling pests (5.3 % leaves and 5.1% stems) on Eucalyptus species and least on P. patula (2.4% leaves and 3% stems). Higher incidence of plantation pests (35.0% leaves of Eucalyptus sps.) and least on P. patula stems (1.2%) were recorded. On the other hand, twelve (12.0%) of C. lusitanica and (1.8%) Eucalyptus species plantation twigs were infested by pests. A high incidence of nursery seedling disease (9.8%) was observed on C. lusitanica leaves and least on P. patula stems (3.6%). Higher incidence of plantation diseases (32 %) on leaves of Eucalyptus sps. and least on C. lusitanica stem (1.4%) was recorded. In both tree nurseries and plantations, roots and fruits remained free from pests and disease. Major tree pests and diseases identified in Kimondi forests include (Human, wildlife, livestock, Cinara cupressi, Gonipterus scutellatus, Pinus pini, and Leptocybe invasa) and (damping-off, Fusarium wilt, Botryosphaeria canker, cypress canker, and Mycosphaerella spp.) respectively. These results suggest a need for regular monitoring and intervention measures to control pest and disease infestation in the Kimondi forest.
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Wasilwa, Lusike A., Joseph K. Njuguna, Violet Kirigua, Charles N. Waturu, Richelle A. Stafne, Lusike A. Wasilwa, and Teddy E. Morelock. "Impact of Anthracnose on Avocado Production in Kenya." HortScience 40, no. 4 (July 2005): 1103D—1104. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1103d.
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Avocado is the leading horticultural export in Kenya. In 2003, Kenya exported about 19,000 t, compared to 23 t in 1970. Most of the fruit is exported to the European markets. There are several constraints limiting production of avocado in Kenya, including limited superior varieties or planting material, poor infrastructure, poor market information, and poor tree crop management. Although several diseases infect avocado, the most important are fruit rot pathogens, such as anthracnose, cercospora, and scab. However, diseases and pests have not been important to avocado production in Kenya. Recently (2004), the constraint limiting avocado production in Kenya is anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum gloeospoirioides. Little is known in Kenya on the impact of this disease on production and income realized by small-(<1 acre) or large-scale growers. The objectives of this research were to quantify losses attributed to anthracnose in Kenya, determine the current disease control measures, and recommend good agricultural practice in conformance with EUREP-GAP. A survey was conducted in the avocado growing areas to identify and document constraints limiting avocado production in 2004. The highest losses were reported from central Kenya, where exporters reported up to 100% losses. Because all avocado varieties growing in Kenya are susceptible to anthracnose, it is recommended that good management, i.e., control of pests and diseases and good postharvest handling of fruit to minimize injury used as an entry point by anthracnose, should be enforced.
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Pole F.N., B. Nguma, and N. Mohammed. "Status of Coconut Farming and the Associated Challenges in Kenya." CORD 30, no. 2 (October 1, 2014): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.37833/cord.v30i2.79.
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Coconuts (Cocos nucifera) have been grown in Coastal Kenya for many centuries and are an integral part of the farming systems in the region. Over 80% of the coastal farm households derive their livelihoods either directly or indirectly from the coconut tree that is considered as both cash and a food crop. The coconut tree on the other hand has a tremendous potential of helping Kenya’s poor in the coastal region and the rest of the country due to its multi-purpose uses that can be strategically harnessed to generate employment and income, reduce edible oil imports and generate foreign exchange for the country. The tree population stands at 7.5 million palms. Nut production is however very low (a minimum of 30 nuts per tree per year) owing to a number of challenges that include high incidences of pests and diseases, poor agronomic practices, low quality planting materials and a narrow genetic base. In order to address the major challenge of coconut pests, a baseline survey was undertaken in the major coconut producing counties of coastal lowland Kenya, targeting the smallholder coconut farmers. A total 170 farmers were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. A literature review was also conducted to contextualize and benchmark findings of the survey. Results showed that the rhinoceros beetle was the major pest on coconut trees, causing damage of up to 80% of the palms. The Coreid bug (Pseudotheraptus wayi) and the Eriophyid mites (Aceria guerreronis) were the major nut destructive pests with a resultant nut loss of 30% and 40% respectively. The study stresses the need to address the challenges posed by pests and diseases on coconut by adopting the Integrated Pest and Disease Management (IPDM) practices.
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Fulano, Alex M., Geraldin M. W. Lengai, and James W. Muthomi. "Phytosanitary and Technical Quality Challenges in Export Fresh Vegetables and Strategies to Compliance with Market Requirements: Case of Smallholder Snap Beans in Kenya." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (February 2, 2021): 1546. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031546.
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Kenya is one of the leading exporters of snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) to Europe, but the export volume has remained below potential mainly due to failure to meet the market quality standards. The quality concerns include the presence of regulated and quarantine pests, pesticide residues, harmful organisms, and noncompliance with the technical standards. These challenges call for the development of alternative approaches in overcoming the phytosanitary and quality challenges in the export of snap beans and other fresh vegetables. These may include integrated pest management (IPM) approaches that incorporate non synthetic chemical options, such as diversified cropping systems, plant and microbial-based pesticides, varieties with multiple disease and pest resistance, insecticidal soaps, pheromones and kairomones, entomopathogens and predators. These approaches, coupled with capacity-building and adherence to the set quality standards, will improve compliance with export market requirements. The aim of this paper is to increase knowledge on implementing good practices across the value chain of fresh vegetables that would lead to improved quality and thereby meeting institutional requirements for the export market. The novelty of the current review is using snap beans as a model vegetable to discuss the challenges that must be mitigated for the quest of achieving high quality and increased volume of fresh export products. Whilst many of the publications have focused on alternatives to synthetic pesticides in addressing MRLs in fresh vegetable exports, there is a disconnect between research and industry in achieving chemical residue and pest free export vegetables. This review describes the phytosanitary and technical challenges faced by smallholder farmers in accessing export markets, evaluates the phytosanitary and quality requirements by the niche markets, and explores the strategies that could be used to enhance compliance to the institutional and market requirements for fresh vegetables.
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Pertiwi, Sarah Kristi, Khairul Rizal, and Yudi Triyanto. "Pengaruh Pupuk Organik Cair Urin Kambing dan Pestisida Alami terhadap Pertumbuhan Tanaman Kacang Panjang Beda Varietas di Desa Gunung Selamat." Indonesian Journal of Community Services 3, no. 1 (May 31, 2021): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/ijocs.3.1.19-30.
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Kacang Panjang (Vigna sinensis L.) merupakan salah satu tanaman sayuran sebagai sumber vitamin dan mineral. Kacang panjang (Vigna sinensis L.) juga merupakan jenis kacang-kacangan yang banyak diusahakan di Indonesia. Desa Gunung Selamat merupakan salah satu desa dengan penghasilan tanaman palawija yang beragam salah satunya kacang panjang (Vigna sinensis L.). Namun, pengabdian masyarakat ini dilakukan karena banyak permasalahan yang dihadapi oleh petani sehingga menyebabkan pertumbuhan kacang panjang (Vigna sinensis L.)� menurun. Turunnya produksi ini antara lain disebabkan oleh iklim, tanah, pupuk, hama dan penyakit. Maka dari itu pengabdian masyarakat ini dilakukan untuk meningkatkan pertumbuhan tanaman serta mengurangi penggunaan pupuk sintetik yang dapat merusak ekosistem tanah, maka dari itu diberi perlakuan penyiraman pupuk organik cair pada tanah serta penyemprotan pestisida nabati dari daun pepaya untuk mencegah hama dan penyakit yang menyerang tanaman kacang panjang (Vigna sinensis L.). Perlakuan ini dibuat untuk melihat hasil respon tingkat pertumbuhan pada tanaman kacang panjang (Vigna sinensis L.).Long beans (Vigna sinensis L.) are a vegetable plant as a source of vitamins and minerals. Long beans (Vigna sinensis L.) are also a type of legume that is widely cultivated in Indonesia. Gunung Selamat Village is one of the villages with a variety of agricultural crops, one of which is long beans (Vigna sinensis L.). However, this community service was carried out because of the many problems faced by farmers, which caused the growth of long beans (Vigna sinensis L.) to decline. The decline in production was caused, among others, by climate, soil, fertilizers, pests and diseases. Therefore, this community service is carried out to increase plant growth and reduce the use of synthetic fertilizers that can damage the soil ecosystem, therefore it is given the treatment of sprinkling liquid organic fertilizers on the soil and spraying vegetable pesticides from pepaya leaves to prevent pests and diseases that attack long bean plants (Vigna sinensis L.). This treatment was designed to see the results of the growth rate response in long bean plants (Vigna sinensis L.).
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KEESING, FELICIA, and TARA CRAWFORD. "Impacts of density and large mammals on space use by the pouched mouse (Saccostomus mearnsi) in central Kenya." Journal of Tropical Ecology 17, no. 3 (April 26, 2001): 465–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467401001328.
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Rodents in tropical Africa have been recognized for decades both as important pests of agriculture and as reservoirs of numerous diseases that affect humans and livestock (Keesing 2000). Despite this recognition, however, little is known about the ecology and behaviour of these abundant and widespread animals. Because the impacts of small mammals as pests are expected to be some function of their population density, most ecological research on African rodents has focused on their population dynamics (Delany 1972, 1986; Leirs et al. 1994, 1996a).
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Ogallo, L. J. "CONTROL OF NEMATODES AND OTHER SOIL BORNE PESTS AND DISEASES OF FRENCH BEANS BY PHENAMIPHOS AND CARBOFURAN." Acta Horticulturae, no. 218 (January 1988): 305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1988.218.38.
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Nguyen, Sy Dinh, and Hunseung Kang. "Gene cloning and transformation of Arabidopsis plant to study the functions of the Early Responsive to Dehydration gene (ERD4) in coffee genome." Science and Technology Development Journal 19, no. 2 (June 30, 2016): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v19i2.789.
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Coffee plant is one of the most important industrial crops, and the two popular cultivars, Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora, contribute to the production of almost all coffee beans around the world. Although the demand for coffee beans is continually increasing, the steady production of coffee beans is hampered by many factors, such as environmental stresses, insect pests, and diseases. Traditional breeding could be used to develop new coffee cultivars with a higher productivity under these harsh conditions, and a biotechnological approach can also be used to improve coffee plants in a relatively short period of time. To develop new coffee cultivars via a biotechnological approach, it is necessary to discover potential candidate genes and determine their functions in coffee plants. However, it is technically difficult to introduce foreign genes into coffee genome and takes long time to analyze gene function in coffee plants. To overcome these technical difficulties, the potential coffee genes could be cloned and introduced into Arabidopsis for the rapid analysis of its biological functions under harsh environmental conditions.
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Macharia, Isaac, Fredrick Koome, Thomas Kosiom, Florence Munguti, Benard Mukoye, Esther Kimani, and Kimenju J. W. "Pest Incursions Pose a Serious Threat To Food Security and the Kenyan Economy." African Phytosanitary Journal 2, no. 1 (November 1, 2020): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.52855/vakd4164.
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Although Kenya has a well-developed phytosanitary system to regulate introduction of plant and plant products, several pest incursions have been reported in the last two decades. The incursions have culminated in devastating impact on agriculture, biodiversity and the entire Kenyan economy. The objective of this review is to consolidate information on the pests involved, their distribution, estimate the economic losses associated with them and management measures in place. A total of 11 major pests and diseases namely Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Bactrocera dorsalis, Banana xanthomonas wilt (BXW), Cassava brown streak disease (CBSD), Cassava mosaic disease (CMD), Fall army worm (FAW), Maize lethal necrosis disease (MLND), Papaya mealybug (PMB), Parthenium hysterophorus, potato cyst nematode (PCN) and tomato leaf miners (Tuta absoluta) have been reported in the last two decades. Some of the pests are persistent, invasive, vicious and fast spreading. For instance, the FAW has now spread to nearly all maize growing areas in Kenya in one year after the pest was first reported in 2017. The incursion pests are a major threat to food security, expensive to control and are a barrier to international market access. Integrated measures including improvement of diagnostic potential, increased pest and disease surveillance, improvement in rapid response and pest containment are needed in view of the dangers posed by incursion pests to the entire Kenyan economy whose mainstay is agriculture. Key words: Bactrocera dorsalis, maize lethal necrosis disease, Parthenium hysterophorus, Tuta absoluta
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Mulaa, M., A. Cherunya, J. Wanyama, and A. Mugita. "SCREENING CITRUS ROOTSTOCK/SCION COMBINATIONS FOR TOLERANCE TO MAJOR PESTS AND DISEASES IN NORTH RIFT KENYA." Acta Horticulturae, no. 911 (October 2011): 223–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2011.911.22.
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Pinotti, Maria Margareth Zamboni, and Julio Cesar Pires Santos. "From the ancient times of the agriculture to the biological control in plants: a little of the history." Ciência Rural 43, no. 10 (October 2013): 1797–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782013001000011.
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The advancement of technology in agriculture driven by the need to increase efficiency in production transformed agriculture in an eminently anti-ecological activity, with large-scale use of industrialized products. Human beans still live the paradigm of agriculture based on the use of chemical inputs, which often brings harmful consequences to the environment. As an alternative to u the use of pesticides to control pests and diseases, biological control is a practice that has been increasingly encouraged. With it, it is possible to think on changes that promote the conservation of natural resources and of the planet humans live in, contributing to strength the new era in biotechnology education.
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Muthee, Arphaxard Ireri, Bernard Mukiri Gichimu, and Paul Njiruh Nthakanio. "Analysis of Banana Production Practices and Constraints in Embu County, Kenya." Asian Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development 9, no. 1 (June 24, 2019): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.1005/2019.9.1/1005.1.123.132.
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This study was carried out to determine banana production constraints in Embu County in order to seal this production gap. A survey was conducted in the four sub-counties in Embu County namely, Runyenjes, Manyatta, Mbeere North and Mbeere South, to assess the production constraints limiting banana production. Respondents were smallholder banana farmers selected using cluster sampling method from 22 farmers’ groups in the County. The cluster sampling was based on a number of operational irrigation schemes in each of the four sub-counties, and with at least 15 – 30 active members. The study established that banana production in Embu County is highly constrained by poor husbandry practices, pests and diseases, lack of clean planting materials, and lack of adequate extension services.
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Rosas, Juan C., Aracely Castro, and Edwin Flores. "Mejoramiento genético del frijol rojo y negro mesoamericano para Centroamérica y El Caribe." Agronomía Mesoamericana 11, no. 2 (July 1, 2006): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/am.v11i2.17305.
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Bean production in Central America is mainly a small farm operation on hillside, marginal areas, limited by several biotic and abiotic constraints. More than 350,000 t of beans are produced in nearly 0.5 millions of hectáreas, with a rather low yield average of 678 kg/ha. The majority of bean producers utilize low inputs and few farms are mechanized. Autoconsumption is rather high; however, a great portion of the beans is sold by intermediaries. In Honduras, beans are the 7th most important crop in economic value, and has the highest economic return among corn, rice and sorghum. The major market classes in Central America are small red and black (race Mesoamerican) beans. Improvement of these bean types is focused in developing resistance to diseases (common mosaic, golden mosaic, anthracnose, angular leaf spot, rust, web blight, and common bacterial blight) and pests (mainly pod weevil); and tolerance to low fertility, drought and heat. Appropriate hybridization and selection programs are utilized for developing multiple resistant, high yielding, well adapted and commercially accepted cultivars. A broad genetic base is accomplished by using Andean and Mesoamerican sources of germplasm in the hybridization stage. Simultaneous selection for various traits and multilocation testing of advanced lines are practiced. Yield and adaptation nurseries and trials of improved lines are distributed to Central America, Mexico, Panama and Caribbean countries. Testing of advanced lines and on-farm validation and varietal release, are carried out by National Bean Programs and institutions, members of the PROFRIJOL regional program, in collaboration with Zamorano, CIAT and the Bean/Cowpea CRSP.
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Gilang, Rama Ginanjar, Nenet Susniahti, and Danar Dono. "The effectiveness of soursop seed (Annona muricata L.) agains Callosobruchus maculatus F. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)." CROPSAVER - Journal of Plant Protection 1, no. 1 (January 18, 2019): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/cropsaver.v1i1.16994.
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Callosobruchus maculatus F. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) one of the main pests that cause damage to mung beans in storage areas. This research was conducted to determine the effective dose from soursop seed (Annona muricata) powder resulting mortality and emphasizing the amount of imago on the first-generation C. Maculatus. This research was conducted at Plant Pest Laboratory, Department of Plant Pests and diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor using experimental method of Complete Random Design (CRD) with 6 treatments and 5 replications. The treatments were tested using 5 doses of A. muricata seed powder with 1 grams, 3 grams, 5 grams, 7 grams, and 9 grams doses, and added with control or without treatment. The results showed that the dose of 5 grams A. muricata seed powder showed the mortality of C. maculatus by 94% at 8 days after infestation, emphasizing the amount of eggs which is placed C. maculatus of mungbean seed 77,64%. Emphasis on the emergence of the first generation of imago in the mung bean seeds is 74.67%. The lowest of loss weight mung beed seed amount 1,33%.Keywords: Annona muricata, Callosobruchus maculatus, Soursop Seed Powder, Mortality
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Goldman, Abe. "Pest and Disease Hazards and Sustainability in African Agriculture." Experimental Agriculture 32, no. 2 (April 1996): 199–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700026107.
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SUMMARYSurveys of the relationship between pests and diseases and crop sustainability in several areas of Kenya, Nigeria, and other regions of Africa indicate that the production of numerous crops has declined sharply as a result of major pest and disease outbreaks, and others are threatened with major decline because of a surge in virulence of an endemic pest or disease, the introduction of a virulent exotic pest or pathogen, or because a system of control used previously has collapsed. Many of the crops that have declined were already experiencing reduced economic demand. In other cases, crop sustainability has been preserved by vigorous farmer responses or by the intervention of national and international research institutions. Most pests and pathogens, however, remain within tolerable bounds most of the time, though this often requires the use of chemical or cultural controls, or the availability of adequate land to compensate for losses. As land availability declines, more strenuous management efforts may be needed to sustain productivity.
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Titova, A. E. "Complex selection of the best collection of chick-peaby method of multi-criterian optimization anh Harrington's reliable function." Bulletin of Kharkiv National Agrarian University named after V.V. Dokychaiev. The series “Crop production, selection and seed production, fruit and vegetable growing” 2019, no. 1 (June 25, 2019): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.35550/visnykagro2019.01.081.
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A comprehensive selection of the best collection sample of chickpeas by the method of multicriteria optimization and by the Harrington desirability function in seven varieties of chickpeas - Cicer arietinum L., C. Reticulatum Labizinsky., C. Judaicum Boiss., C. Bijugum K.N. Rech., C. Pinnatifidum Jaub., C. chorassinicum (Bge) M. Pop., C. yamashitae Kitam by the comparative evaluation of the alternatives by a set of the indicators of resistance to diseases and pests, the number of beans per plant, the number of grains in the bean, the number of grains per plant, the mass of grains per plant, the weight of 1000 grains, plant height, height of the lower bean, protein and oil content has been made. A set of evaluation criteria has been defined. The analysis of similar criteria at application of a method of multicriteria optimization (geometrical check of criteria) has been used. The importance of selections on a number of the indicators of productivity and adaptability to the environmental conditions for successful selection work in order to improve the economically valuable signs of chickpeas has been analyzed. Key words: complex selection, multicriteria optimization method, Harrington desirability function, plant height, lower bean attachment height, number of beans, number of grains per plant, weight of grain per plant, number of grains in a bean, weight of 1000 grains.
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Silva, Anderson Gonçalves da, Arlindo Leal Boiça Junior, Bruno Henrique Sardinha de Souza, Eduardo Neves Costa, James da Silva Hoelhert, Anderson Martinelli Almeida, and Loryene Botelho Dos Santos. "Mosca-Branca, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) em feijoeiro: Características gerais, bioecologia e métodos de controle." EntomoBrasilis 10, no. 1 (April 28, 2017): 01–08. http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v10i1.616.
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Resumo. A cultura do feijoeiro pode ser infestada por insetos que afetam a produção antes e após a colheita, tendo como estimativa de perdas causadas nos rendimentos pelas pragas variando de 33 a 86%. Dentre essas pragas a mosca-branca Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) Autor merece destaque. Esta ocasiona danos diretos decorrentes de sua alimentação e indiretos que ocorrem por meio da excreção açucarada de honeydew ou “mela” e simbiose com a fumagina. No entanto, o dano mais sério causado pela B. tabaci é a transmissão de viroses como o mosaico-dourado-do-feijoeiro, provocando perdas econômicas que podem variar de 30% a 100%. Desse modo, o objetivo do presente estudo é disponibilizar informações a respeito de aspectos importantes de B. tabaci, como: histórico e distribuição geográfica, bioecologia e dinâmica populacional, plantas hospedeiras, métodos de controle adotados, dentre outros, a fim de se fornecer subsídios para futuras pesquisas sobre a mosca-branca em feijão.Whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in common beans: General characteristics, bioecology, and methods of controlAbstract. Common bean plants are infested by insects, which can ultimately affect the crop production before and after harvest, with estimated losses ranging from 33 to 86%. Among the insect pests infesting the common beans the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) stands out. This species cause direct injury by feeding on the plants and indirect injury by excreting sugary honeydew that is after colonized by the sooty mold. In addition, the most serious damage caused by B. tabaci is the transmission of virus diseases, especially the common bean golden mosaic, responsible for economic losses varying from 30 to 100%. This review aims at providing information on important aspects of B. tabaci including its geographical distribution, bioecology, population dynamics, host plants, and methods of pest control. We expect that this review can provide valuable subsidies for future studies on the whitefly in common beans.
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Silva, Anderson Gonçalves da, Arlindo Leal Boiça Junior, Bruno Henrique Sardinha de Souza, Eduardo Neves Costa, James Da Silva Hoelhert, Anderson Martinelli Almeida, and Loryene Botelho Dos Santos. "Mosca-Branca, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) em feijoeiro: Características gerais, bioecologia e métodos de controle." EntomoBrasilis 10, no. 1 (April 28, 2017): 01. http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v10i1.64116.
Full textAbstract:
Resumo. A cultura do feijoeiro pode ser infestada por insetos que afetam a produção antes e após a colheita, tendo como estimativa de perdas causadas nos rendimentos pelas pragas variando de 33 a 86%. Dentre essas pragas a mosca-branca Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) Autor merece destaque. Esta ocasiona danos diretos decorrentes de sua alimentação e indiretos que ocorrem por meio da excreção açucarada de honeydew ou “mela” e simbiose com a fumagina. No entanto, o dano mais sério causado pela B. tabaci é a transmissão de viroses como o mosaico-dourado-do-feijoeiro, provocando perdas econômicas que podem variar de 30% a 100%. Desse modo, o objetivo do presente estudo é disponibilizar informações a respeito de aspectos importantes de B. tabaci, como: histórico e distribuição geográfica, bioecologia e dinâmica populacional, plantas hospedeiras, métodos de controle adotados, dentre outros, a fim de se fornecer subsídios para futuras pesquisas sobre a mosca-branca em feijão.Whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in common beans: General characteristics, bioecology, and methods of controlAbstract. Common bean plants are infested by insects, which can ultimately affect the crop production before and after harvest, with estimated losses ranging from 33 to 86%. Among the insect pests infesting the common beans the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) stands out. This species cause direct injury by feeding on the plants and indirect injury by excreting sugary honeydew that is after colonized by the sooty mold. In addition, the most serious damage caused by B. tabaci is the transmission of virus diseases, especially the common bean golden mosaic, responsible for economic losses varying from 30 to 100%. This review aims at providing information on important aspects of B. tabaci including its geographical distribution, bioecology, population dynamics, host plants, and methods of pest control. We expect that this review can provide valuable subsidies for future studies on the whitefly in common beans.
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Ngugi, C. N., P. M. Wachira, J. N. Mbaka, S. Okoth, S. Haukeland, and E. G. Thuranira. "Biocontrol Potential of Four Indigenous Entomopathogenic Nematodes From Kenya." Journal of Agricultural Science 13, no. 10 (September 15, 2021): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v13n10p107.
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Globally, vegetable production including tomato is constrained by pests and diseases. The tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick.), is a major pest of tomato, mainly managed using chemical pesticides. There is a need for integrated pest management (IPM), approaches that are human and environmentally friendly. The study aimed at molecular identification and virulence evaluation of four entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) against T. absoluta larvae. The DNA was extracted, sequenced, and phylogeny analyzed. The EPNs virulence was evaluated using the insect baiting technique at different nematode concentrations (0-Control, 100, 150, 200, and 250 infective juveniles/ml of distilled water). Larval mortality data were collected for five days. Molecular identification resulted in nucleotide sequence lengths of 877-895 base pairs (bp). All the isolates were found to be Steinernema species of EPNs. The % similarity of the isolates and their close relatives ranged between 82-100%. The isolates closely matched Steinernema spp. AY230184 (Sri Lanka); AY230186 (Kenya), JN651414 (Ethiopia), and MW151701 (Kenya). The sequences were deposited to Genbank as Steinernema sp. Isolate Kalro 75 (MW150871), Steinernema sp. Isolate Kalro S86 (MW150872), Steinernema sp. isolate Kalro97 (MW150873) and Steinernema sp. Isolate KalroR52 (MW150874). All the EPN isolates were virulent against T. absoluta. Isolate Kalro R52 and Kalro S86 recorded the highest mortality of 76±7.5%; 72±15.0% respectively in the 48 h. There was a significant difference (P < 0.001), between all the isolates and the Control. The four EPNs were virulent and have bio-control potential against, T. absoluta. Research on their virulence against T. absoluta in the field is recommended.
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Msenya, Happiness Nyambuge, Getrude Okutoyi Alworah, Stephen Runo, Douglas Watuku Miano, Mary Wanjiku Gikungu, Elijah Kathurima Gichuru, and Cecilia Wagikondi Kathurima. "Diversity of Fungi Isolated From Coffee Farms in Kenya." Current Agriculture Research Journal 9, no. 2 (August 31, 2021): 120–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/carj.9.2.06.
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Diversity of biological species confers benefits to the sustainability of the ecosystem. This study was aimed at determining the diversity of fungi to show the status of soil and coffee plant richness of fungi for sustainable coffee cultivation and future sustainable disease management. Soil and plant tissue samples were collected from coffee farms in Kirinyaga County, while laboratory studies were done at the Plant Pathology Laboratory, Coffee Research Institute, Ruiru, Kenya. The fungal species were isolated from soil and coffee berries. Berries were washed and the fungi allowed to sporulate for 24 hrs. Lesions were excised and serial dilutions made. Fungi were isolated from soil by serial dilution of 10-3. Using the spread plate method, 1 ml of the dilution was plated on potato dextrose agar and incubated at room temperature for ten days. Identification of fungi at the genus level was carried out by using macroscopic and microscopic features. The results showed diverse fungi in both soil and berries which included Aspergillus, Trichoderm, Penicillium, Epicoccum, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Alternaria, Phoma, Rhizopu, Colletotrichum kahawae.The results further showed that Colletotrichum and Cladosporium were the most abundant in the berries at 76% for both species. Fusarium was the most prevalent microorganism in soil at 50% followed by Cladosporium and Penicillium at 20% each. The farms were generally less rich in prevalence of economic important fungi having Trichoderma and Epicoccum at less than 10%. This is a contributing factor to low productivity of coffee due to the lack of growth promoting fungi. This study recommends further studies on the Biocontrol potential of the isolated fungi against coffee insect pests and diseases.
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Білявська, Л. Г. "НОВИЙ РАННЬОСТИГЛИЙ СОРТ СОЇ АНТРАЦИТ." Вісник Полтавської державної аграрної академії, no. 2 (June 28, 2012): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31210/visnyk2012.02.10.
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Висвітлено сучасні напрями та завдання в селекціїсої, що безпосередньо пов’язані з ґрунтово-кліматичними умовами, сортовою адаптивністюта значним генетичним потенціалом. Проведеніпошук і виявлення джерел адаптивності сої донесприятливих факторів навколишнього середо-вища. Створено новий сорт сої Антрацит. Наво-дяться дані господарсько цінних ознак та насіннє-вої продуктивності цього сорту. Новостворенийвисокопродуктивний сорт Антрацит занесений додержавного Реєстру сортів рослин України. Сортсої Антрацит відрізняється стійкістю проти за-хворювань і шкідників, не вилягає. При дозріваннінасіння боби не розтріскуються. Особливістюсорту є швидка віддача вологи на час дозріваннянасіння, високий вміст протеїну та олії.
The new modern tasks in soybean selection, which are connectedwith soil-climatic conditions, varietal adaptability and considerablegenetic culture potential are presented. Using sources ofadaptability to limiting factors of environment by hybridizationsome new material has been created. This helped raise newsoybean variety Anthracite. Early ripening highly productivevariety Anthracite has been registered in the State Register ofplants variety of Ukraine. Morphological description and economicaptitude of this sort are presented. The sort differs with itsresistance to diseases and pests. The beans don’t burst. Highcapacity of protein and oil in seeds, quick moisture efficiencyduring ripening are particular qualities of the variety.
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Sukmawati, Sukmawati, Nurul Kusuma Dewi, and Melda Yunita. "The measurement of indole acetic acid from rhizosphere bacteria." JPBIO (Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi) 6, no. 1 (April 29, 2021): 108–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31932/jpbio.v6i1.872.
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In Indonesia, synthetic chemical fertilizers are generally used to spur plant growth. The use of synthetic chemical fertilizers is known to reduce soil quality, causing resistance to pests and plant diseases. One of the natural potencies that can be used as growth promoters is Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) producing bacteria. The objective of this study was to measure the levels of Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) from the rhizosphere bacterial isolate of green beans which is thought to be able to produce Indole Acetic Acid (IAA). The method used was a descriptive approach, including the isolation of green bean rhizosphere bacteria, measurement of Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) levels in bacterial isolate, and data analysis. Green bean rhizosphere bacterial isolate produced Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) with an indication of a color change after the addition of the Salkowski reagent, and quantitatively the results of calculations in the standard curve equation for Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) obtained a value of Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) levels was 50.91 ppm.Keywords: Indole acetic acid, rhizosphere, bacteria
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Shattock, Richard. "Pests of Fruit Crops - by D.V. Alford, Pests, Diseases and Disorders of Peas and Beans - by A.J. Biddle & N.D. Cattlin, Plant Nematodes of Agricultural Importance - by J. Bridge & J.L. Starr and Vegetable Diseases - by S.T. Koike, P. Gladders, A.O. Paulus." Plant Pathology 56, no. 6 (December 2007): 1036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2007.01678.x.
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Vishnyakova, M. A., T. G. Aleksandrova, T. V. Buravtseva, M. O. Burlyaeva, G. P. Egorova, E. V. Semenova, I. V. Seferova, and G. N. Suvorova. "SPECIES DIVERSITY OF THE VIR COLLECTION OF GRAIN LEGUME GENETIC RESOURCES AND ITS USE IN DOMESTIC BREEDING." Proceedings on applied botany, genetics and breeding 180, no. 2 (October 13, 2019): 109–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.30901/2227-8834-2019-2-109-123.
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The world’s genebanks hold 7.5 million germplasm accessions of plant genetic resources (PGR). One of the qualitative characteristics of the PGR collections is the species diversity, in particular, the presence of crop wild relatives (CWR), which makes it possible to widen the use of gene pools in the breeding process. The collection of the Vavilov Institute (VIR) is one of the most diverse holdings in the number of plant species. A survey is provided here of the species diversity in VIR’s grain legume collection, and its use in domestic breeding practice is analyzed. Comparison of this diversity with the state of PGR exploitation in the world makes it possible to assess the prospects of more efficient utilization of gene pool potential, especially for species that are unjustifiably cultivated on a too small scale or even neglected as crops in this country. The VIR collection of grain legumes incorporates 196 species from 9 genera of the family Fabaceae. This number includes cultigens and CWR. The cultivars of 21 species of grain legumes listed in the State Register of Breeding Achievements (2018) are adapted to the soil and climate conditions of this country. However, the species diversity of the collection could be used more efficiently in domestic plant breeding and crop production. This concerns both underutilized crops in Russia (broad beans, lima beans and grass pea) and those whose adaptive potential is adjusted only to certain and limited areas of the Russian Federation (Tepary beans and Vigna spp.). It is also necessary to exploit more efficiently species of the wild flora, both for direct utilization as pastures, green manure or phytoremediation crops and for introgressive breeding and domestication (Vicia benghalensis L., V. narbonensis L., Lathyrus sylvestris L., Lupinus hartwegii Lindl., etc.). Incorporation of crop wild relatives into the breeding process is promising for crop improvement in a number of aspects: for example, to increase resistance to diseases, pests, abiotic stressors, etc.
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Syahri, Yolanda Fitria, and H. Hastuti. "EMPOWERMENT OF COCOA FARMERS (THEOBROMA CACAO L.) DURING PRE AND POST-HARVEST IN EFFORT OF QUALITY IMPROVEMENT OF COCOA COMMODITY IN KOLAKA." Agrotech Journal 2, no. 2 (November 30, 2017): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31327/atj.v2i2.316.
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Kolaka is known as "Kolaka Cocoa City". Cocoa is the main commodity of Kolaka Regency. Kolaka is one of the cities in Southeast Sulawesi. Southeast Sulawesi is one of the provisions in Sulawesi which is the center of cocoa production after South Sulawesi with total area of 260,458 ha and with production 142,156 tons (Ditjenbun, 2012). Cocoa production centers in southeast sulawesi are located in Latambaga and Samaturu Sub-districts. Partners in the IbM program are cocoa farmers of Induha Urban Village, Latambaga Sub-district and cocoa farmer in Samaturu Sub-district. Various cooperation programs have been conducted to improve the quality of cocoa commodities in Kolaka District. In its development, classical problems remain faced by partner farmers both in terms of production and business management. In terms of production, pre-harvest problems faced by farmers are cocoa pests and diseases, which cause the farmers’ dependence on pesticides and chemical fungicides as well as the age of plants, therefore, it is important to reduce the use of pesticides and chemical fungicides because in the long term it can have adverse impact on environmental sustainability and health. The problem of post-harvest for partner farmers is a low quality of cocoa production. Most cocoa farmers process cocoa fruits to be dried beans in a rough way so that ± 90% of the cocoa beans produced by farmers have a low quality with the main characteristic is not fermented. The problem faced by farmers in the marketing chain is the oligopsoni market structure, where farmers are at the lowest position so that farmers do not have bargaining position. The objectives of IbM program were to 1) Reduce farmers’ dependence on pesticides and chemical fungicides with the utilization of environmentally friendly pesticides 2) Design the fermentor to improve the quality of cocoa beans 3) Enhance the bargaining position of farmers through the active role of Farmer group (Gapoktan) in the marketing chain of cocoa
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Kidambasi, Kevin O., Daniel K. Masiga, Jandouwe Villinger, Mark Carrington, and Joel L. Bargul. "Detection of blood pathogens in camels and their associated ectoparasitic camel biting keds, Hippobosca camelina: the potential application of keds in xenodiagnosis of camel haemopathogens." AAS Open Research 2 (May 20, 2020): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/aasopenres.13021.2.
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Background: Major constraints to camel production include pests and diseases. In northern Kenya, little information is available about blood-borne pathogens circulating in one-humped camels ( Camelus dromedarius) or their possible transmission by the camel haematophagous ectoparasite, Hippobosca camelina, commonly known as camel ked or camel fly. This study aimed to: (i) identify the presence of potentially insect-vectored pathogens in camels and camel keds, and (ii) assess the potential utility of keds for xenodiagnosis of camel pathogens that they may not vector. Methods: In Laisamis, northern Kenya, camel blood samples (n = 249) and camel keds (n = 117) were randomly collected from camels. All samples were screened for trypanosomal and camelpox DNA by PCR, and for Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Brucella, Coxiella, Theileria, and Babesia by PCR coupled with high-resolution melting (PCR-HRM) analysis. Results: In camels, we detected Trypanosoma vivax (41%), Trypanosoma evansi (1.2%), and “ Candidatus Anaplasma camelii” (68.67%). In camel keds, we also detected T. vivax (45.3%), T. evansi (2.56%), Trypanosoma melophagium (1/117) (0.4%), and “ Candidatus Anaplasma camelii” (16.24 %). Piroplasms ( Theileria spp. and Babesia spp.), Coxiella burnetii, Brucella spp., Ehrlichia spp., and camel pox were not detected in any samples. Conclusions: This study reveals the presence of epizootic pathogens in camels from northern Kenya. Furthermore, the presence of the same pathogens in camels and in keds collected from sampled camels suggests the potential use of these flies in xenodiagnosis of haemopathogens circulating in camels.
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Kidambasi, Kevin O., Daniel K. Masiga, Jandouwe Villinger, Mark Carrington, and Joel L. Bargul. "Detection of blood pathogens in camels and their associated ectoparasitic camel biting keds, Hippobosca camelina: the potential application of keds in xenodiagnosis of camel haemopathogens." AAS Open Research 2 (November 5, 2019): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/aasopenres.13021.1.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Major constraints to camel production include pests and diseases. In northern Kenya, little information is available about disease pathogens circulating in one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius) or their possible transmission by the camel haematophagous ectoparasite, Hippobosca camelina, commonly known as camel ked or camel fly. This study aimed to: (i) identify the presence of potentially insect-vectored pathogens in camels and camel keds, and (ii) assess the potential utility of keds for xenodiagnosis of camel disease pathogens that they may not vector. Methods: In Laisamis, northern Kenya, camel blood samples (n = 249) and camel keds (n = 117) were randomly collected from camels. All samples were screened for trypanosomal and camelpox DNA by PCR, and for Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Brucella, Coxiella, Theileria, and Babesia by PCR coupled with high-resolution melting (PCR-HRM) analysis. Results: In camels, we detected Trypanosoma vivax (102/249) (41%), Trypanosoma evansi (3/249) (1.2%), and “Candidatus Anaplasma camelii” (137/200) (68.5%). In camel keds, we also detected T. vivax (53/117) (45.3%), T. evansi (3/117) (2.56%), Trypanosoma melophagium (1/117) (0.4%), and “Candidatus Anaplasma camelii” (19/117) (16.24 %). Piroplasms (Theileria spp. and Babesia spp.), Coxiella burnetii, Brucella spp., Ehrlichia spp., and camel pox were not detected in any samples. Conclusions: This study reveals the presence of epizootic pathogens in camels from northern Kenya. Furthermore, the presence of the same pathogens in camels and in keds collected from sampled camels suggests the potential use of these flies in xenodiagnosis of haemopathogens circulating in camels.
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FARROW, ANDREW, DIDACE MUSONI, SIMON COOK, and ROBIN BURUCHARA. "ASSESSING THE RISK OF ROOT ROTS IN COMMON BEANS IN EAST AFRICA USING SIMULATED, ESTIMATED AND OBSERVED DAILY RAINFALL DATA." Experimental Agriculture 47, no. 2 (March 25, 2011): 357–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479710000980.
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SUMMARYThis paper seeks to establish the concept that the analysis of high temporal resolution meteorological data adds value to the investigation of the effect of climatic variability on the prevalence and severity of agricultural pests and diseases. Specifically we attempt to improve disease potential maps of root rots in common beans, based on a combination of inherent susceptibility and the risk of exposure to critical weather events. We achieve this using simulated datasets of daily rainfall to assess the probability of heavy rainfall events at particular times during the cropping season. We then validate these simulated events with observations from meteorological stations in East Africa. We also assess the utility of remotely sensed daily rainfall estimates in near real time for the purposes of updating the risks of these events over large areas and for providing warnings of potential disease outbreaks. We find that simulated rainfall data provide the means to assess risk over large areas, but there are too few datasets of observed rainfall to definitively validate the probabilities of heavy rainfall events generated using rainfall simulations such as those generated by MarkSim. We also find that selected satellite rainfall estimates are unable to predict observed rainfall events with any power, but data from a sufficiently dense network of rain gauges are not available in the region. Despite these problems we show that remotely sensed rainfall estimates may provide a more realistic assessment of rainfall over large areas where rainfall observations are not available, and alternative satellite estimates should be explored.
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López, Marlon, Massimo Gori, Lorenzo Bini, Erick Ordoñez, Erick Durán, Osman Gutierrez, Alberto Masoni, Edgardo Giordani, Stefano Biricolti, and Enrico Palchetti. "Genetic Purity of Cacao Criollo from Honduras Is Revealed by SSR Molecular Markers." Agronomy 11, no. 2 (January 26, 2021): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020225.
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The cultivation of cacao represents an income option and a source of employment for thousands of small producers in Central America. In Honduras, due to the demand for fine flavor cacao to produce high-quality chocolate, the number of hectares planted is increasing. In addition, cacao clones belonging to the genetic group named Criollo are in great demand since their white beans lack of bitterness and excellent aroma are used in the manufacturing of premium chocolate. Unfortunately, the low resistance to pests and diseases and less productive potential of Criollo cacao leads to the replacement with vigorous new cultivars belonging to the other genetic groups or admixture of them. In this study, 89 samples showing phenotypic traits of Criollo cacao from four regions of Honduras (Copán, Santa Bárbara, Intibucá, and Olancho) were selected to study their genetic purity using 16 SSR molecular markers. The results showed that some samples belong to the Criollo group while other accessions have genetic characteristics of “Trinitario” or other admixtures cacao types. These results confirm the genetic purity of Criollo cacao in Honduras, reaffirming the theory that Mesoamerica is a cacao domestication center and also serves to generate interest in the conservation of this genetic wealth both in-situ and ex-situ.
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Tegli, Stefania, Carola Biancalani, Aleksandr N. Ignatov, and Ebrahim Osdaghi. "A Powerful LAMP Weapon against the Threat of the Quarantine Plant Pathogen Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens." Microorganisms 8, no. 11 (October 31, 2020): 1705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8111705.
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Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens (Cff) is a Gram-positive phytopathogenic bacterium attacking leguminous crops and causing systemic diseases such as the bacterial wilt of beans and bacterial spot of soybeans. Since the early 20th century, Cff is reported to be present in North America, where it still causes high economic losses. Currently, Cff is an emerging plant pathogen, rapidly spreading worldwide and occurring in many bean-producing countries. Infected seeds are the main dissemination pathway for Cff, both over short and long distances. Cff remains viable in the seeds for long times, even in field conditions. According to the most recent EU legislation, Cff is included among the quarantine pests not known to occur in the Union territory, and for which the phytosanitary inspection consists mainly of the visual examination of imported bean seeds. The seedborne nature of Cff combined with the globalization of trades urgently call for the implementation of a highly specific diagnostic test for Cff, to be routinely and easily used at the official ports of entry and into the fields. This paper reports the development of a LAMP (Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification) specific for Cff, that allows the detection of Cff in infected seeds, both by fluorescence and visual monitoring, after 30 min of reaction and with a detection limit at around 4 fg/μL of pure Cff genomic DNA.
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Muniroh, Euis Faizatul, Gina Safitri, Siti Dilah Fadilah, and Sa’diyah Sa’diyah. "PEMBERDAYAAN KELOMPOK TANI MELALUI PENYULUHAN BUDIDAYA TANAMAN KAKAO DAN PENGENDALIAN HAMA PENYAKIT KAKAO." Lembaran Masyarakat: Jurnal Pengembangan Masyarakat Islam 6, no. 1 (June 27, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.32678/lbrmasy.v6i1.3711.
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This article aims to identify and analyze the empowerment program for farming groups through countering cultivation and cocoa pest control, and to empower farmer groups by increasing broader insight into the cocoa plant, as well as the pests and diseases that attack these plants. The method of study used Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) approach to obtain the local community efforts in conducting their own assessments, analysis and planning. The study results showed that in the last few years, most of the people of Padasuka Village, Sub- District of Petir have planted many cocoa trees. Because it has a normal height of 400 meters above sea level, it makes cacao trees thrive in this village. However, even so, there are still many people who do not really understand how to plant and care for cocoa trees which results in many experiencing crop failures. When viewed in the market, the price of cocoa beans is quite stable so that it can help the community's economy. Therefore, this is inseparable from the role of extension workers who provide education and empowerment of farmers. We together with the Agricultural Extension Center (BPP) have provided education through socialization programs to the community, especially the Harapan Sejahtera III farmer group. Activities carried out include counseling on cocoa cultivation, pest control in cocoa, and field practice of making pest traps.
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Gogo, Elisha O., Mwanarusi Saidi, Francis M. Itulya, Thibaud Martin, and Mathieu Ngouajio. "Microclimate Modification Using Eco-friendly Nets for High-quality Tomato Transplant Production by Small-scale Farmers in East Africa." HortTechnology 22, no. 3 (June 2012): 292–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.22.3.292.
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Unfavorable environmental conditions, pests, and viral diseases are among the major factors that contribute to poor growth and quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) seedlings in tropical areas. Improving crop microclimate and excluding insects that transmit viruses may improve transplant quality and yield in production fields. This study was carried out in two seasons at the Horticulture Research and Teaching Field of Egerton University in Njoro, Kenya, to investigate the effects of agricultural nets herein called eco-friendly nets (EFNs) on germination and performance of tomato seedlings. Tomato seeds were either raised in the open or under a permanent fine mesh net (0.4-mm pore diameter). Eco-friendly net covers modified the microclimate resulting in significantly higher day temperatures and relative humidity, compared with the open treatment. Nets increased temperature and relative humidity by 14.8% and 10.4%, respectively. Starting seeds under a net advanced seedling emergence by 2 days and resulted in higher emergence percentage, thicker stem diameter, more leaves, and faster growth leading to early maturity of seedlings and readiness for transplanting. Netting improved root development by increasing root quantity and length. Stomatal conductance (gS) and estimates of chlorophyll content were higher in seedlings under net covering compared with those in the noncovered control treatment. Insect pests and diseases were also reduced under net covering. The use of the net in the production of tomato transplants presented a 36.5% reduction in the cost of seeds, through improved emergence and reduced pest damage. All other factors held constant, healthy and quality transplants obtained under a net covering also translate into better field performance; hence, increasing economic returns for commercial transplants growers, as well as for tomato farmers. Results of this study suggest that EFNs can be customized not only for their effective improvement on growth and quality of tomato transplants but also for their pest and disease management in the nursery alone or as a component of integrated pest and disease management.
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Akoto, Evans Mutange, Caleb O. Othieno, and Julius O. Ochuodho. "Influence of Phosphorus Fertilizer on “Ware” Potato Production in Acid Soils in Kenya." Sustainable Agriculture Research 9, no. 2 (April 12, 2020): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v9n2p118.
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One of the major challenges facing potato (Solanum Tuberosum L) production in Kenya is low and declining yield. This trend is caused by several factors which include low quality and quantity of seed, climate change, inadequate extension services, pests and diseases and more importantly low and declining soil fertility, particularly phosphorus (KEPHIS, 2016 and Karanja et al., 2014). Unfortunately, the current phosphorus fertilizer rate recommendation available for “ware” potato production in Kenya is “blanket” or general (90 kg phosphorus ha-1) and has not been updated for a long time to address the declining soil fertility. This prevents proper utilization of phosphorus fertilizers in achieving optimal production of “ware” potatoes. Therefore, this study investigated influence of different rates of phosphorus (TSP) fertilizer on “ware” potato yield and quality in three acidic (pH ≤ 5.8) test sites: Lari, Ainabkoi and Saboti sub Counties. Two varieties, Unica and Shangi, were tested. The field experiment was a split plot arrangement in Randomised Complete Block Design (RCBD) with six treatments (0 N & 0 P), 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 kg ha-1 phosphorus, replicated three times. Data collected included weight, quantity and quality of tubers. The data was analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) at 5 % confidence levels with General Statistics (GENSTAT) and excel soft wares. Results indicated that phosphorus fertilizer influenced “ware” potato yield. At Saboti application of 120 and 90 kg phosphorus ha-1 for Shangi and Unica resulted in highest “ware” yield of 19.6 and 40.2 t ha-1, respectively. At Ainabkoi application of 120 kg ha-1 phosphorus produced highest “ware” potato yields of 10.7 t ha-1 and 26.8 t ha-1 of Shangi and Unica, respectively. At Lari, application of 90 and 120 kg ha-1 phosphorus produced highest “ware” potato yield of 7.0 t ha-1 and 17.5 t ha-1 for Shangi and Unica, respectively. During the season, there was a build-up of soil available phosphorus. Thus, there is need for farmers to test their soil at the beginning of every potato growing season.
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Gao, Gary. "382 The Southwest Ohio Fruit and Vegetable School—A Successful Multi-county Program." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 458D—458. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.458d.
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Southwest Ohio Fruit and Vegetable School is a regional training program for both commercial growers and amateur gardeners. The program has been sponsored by four county Extension offices in Southwest Ohio and has attracted a total attendance of 571 since 1995. We have offered two concurrent sessions, one for commercial fruit and vegetable growers, and one for amateur gardeners. This combination has proven to be the key factor in the success of the program. Attendees are allowed to move between the commercial and amateur sessions. Many commercial growers brought their spouses along since there were good topics for both of them. Backyard gardeners benefitted from the commercial session since the information was very applicable to their situation. Commercial growers also receive their pesticide recertification credits. Some of the popular topics for the commercial session included: management of diseases, insects, and weeds of fruits and vegetables; production of fresh market tomatoes, green beans, peppers, sweet corn, and pumpkins; production of herbs and specialty crops; production of apples, raspberries, strawberries, and blueberries. Popular topics for the non-commercial session included: growing tree fruits and small fruits in home gardens; raised bed gardening; growing giant pumpkins; nuisance wildlife damage control; growing and using culinary herbs; beneficial insects; and managing garden pests without using conventional insecticides. The Southwest Ohio Fruit and Vegetable School has been a very successful training program and could serve as a good model for other county Extension educators.
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Wahome, Caroline N., John M. Maingi, Omwoyo Ombori, Jacinta M. Kimiti, and Ezekiel M. Njeru. "Banana Production Trends, Cultivar Diversity, and Tissue Culture Technologies Uptake in Kenya." International Journal of Agronomy 2021 (February 16, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6634046.
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Banana (Musa acuminate L) is the world’s most widely known and distributed fruit and is a great contributor to food security in the developing world. However, many limiting factors affect banana farming, which cut across sociodemographic factors and agronomic and management practices. The current study was carried in three counties, including Kisii, Nyamira, and Embu. The study aimed to assess agronomic practices, banana production practices (main banana cultivars, source of planting materials), market information, and awareness of tissue culture bananas. Sample size was determined using the Snedecor and Cochran formula, and data were collected using structured questionnaires, observation, and face to face interviews from 90 smallholder farmers. Data obtained were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0, and Microsoft Excel was used to generate tables and graphs. Results indicated that banana production in Kisii, Nyamira, and Embu were limited by several factors including pests and diseases, limited access to quality disease-free planting materials, access to extension services, especially in Kisii and Nyamira, as well as access to agrochemicals. Declining production as well as limited market access also adversely affected production in these regions. Most farmers chose cultivars according to the availability of planting materials, suitability to the region, productivity, as well as market demand. The most predominant cultivar in Kisii and Nyamira was the Ng’ombe which was planted by about 90% and 73.3% of the respondents, respectively. In Embu, the most common cultivar was Israel and was planted by 96% of the respondents. More than 50% of the farmers in Kisii, Nyamira, and Embu cited lack of awareness of tissue-cultured bananas. None of the respondents in the study sites carried out any value addition processes on bananas thus limiting exploitation of a major revenue source. There was low adoption of tissue-cultured banana cultivation with the highest recorded number of respondents growing tissue-cultured banana reported in Embu (36%), followed by Kisii (10%) and lastly Nyamira (3.3%), as well as limited knowledge of tissue culture technology in three counties with 60% of the respondents in Kisii, Nyamira, and Embu indicating limited knowledge of the tissue-cultured banana varieties. This could potentially lead to a decline in production due to the use of potentially diseased planting materials. Creating awareness with the aid of relevant authorities on the potential benefits of utilizing disease-free tissue-cultured bananas and adopting low-cost tissue culture technology will significantly boost banana production in these regions and the country as a whole. The results of this study could be used by relevant stakeholders to increase banana productivity in the study areas.
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Matsishina, N. V., A. S. Shaybekova, N. G. Boginskaya, O. A. Sobko, D. I. Volkov, and I. V. Kim. "Preliminary study of traditional selection potato varieties resistance for potatoes ladybug Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata Motch. (Fabricius, 1775) in the Primorsky territory." Vegetable crops of Russia, no. 6 (December 18, 2019): 116–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18619/2072-9146-2019-6-116-119.
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Relevance. Potato ladybug is a polyphagous pest. Its distributed throughout the Far East, in India, Korea, Japan and the countries of South America. Most affected by it are potatoes, tomatoes, eggplant, zucchini, peppers, cucumbers, pumpkin, melon, beans. Leaving the veins intact pest eats the soft tissue of the leaf. Such leaves die quickly. Potato ladybug is a carrier of some diseases of potato and it also causes damage to plants. But insecticides pollute products and sustainable insect populations. The use of varieties with high resistance to pest damage eliminates the need for mass application of insecticides.Methods. The data on a preliminary assessment of potato varieties of domestic and foreign selection for resistance to a twenty-eight-point potato ladybug Henosepilachna vigintiomaculata Motch. (Fabricius, 1775) in the Primorye Territory. This work aim work was a preliminary assessment of the traditional potato breeding resistance factors to pest damage. The experiment out using generally accepted methods for the study and evaluation of potato varieties for pests with minor modifications was carried.Results. As a study result it was found that Belmonda, Labella, Red Lady, Queen Anna, Lilly, Sante varieties were the least suitable for passing the stages of ontogenesis and nutritional nutrition of the pest. The most tolerant to the pest – varieties Smak, Casachok, Yantar. The maximum mortality of potato ladybug larvae was observed in varieties Belmonda, Dachny, Augustin, Yubilyar, Labella, Sante, Koroleva Anna, Laperla in laboratory experiment. Minimum on varieties Smak, Casachok, Yantar, Red Lady. The data indicate the manifestation of an antibiotic barrier in potatoes, which must be confirmed by a field experiment.
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Muriithi, Beatrice W., Nancy G. Gathogo, Gracious M. Diiro, Michael M. Kidoido, Michael Nyangánga Okal, and Daniel K. Masiga. "Farmer perceptions and willingness to pay for novel livestock pest control technologies: A case of tsetse repellent collar in Kwale County in Kenya." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 8 (August 17, 2021): e0009663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009663.
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Tsetse-transmitted Animal African Trypanosomosis (AAT) is one of the most important constraints to livestock development in Africa. Use of trypanocides has been the most widespread approach for the management of AAT, despite the associated drug resistance and health concerns associated with drug metabolites in animal products. Alternative control measures that target tsetse fly vectors of AAT, though effective, have been hard to sustain in part because these are public goods applied area-wide. The International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe) and partners have developed and implemented a novel tsetse repellent collar (TRC) applied on animals to limit contact of tsetse flies and livestock, thereby reducing AAT transmission. The TRC has now advanced to commercialization. A household-level survey involving 632 cattle keeping households, was conducted in Shimba Hills region of Kwale County, where field trials of the TRC have been previously conducted to assess farmers’ knowledge, perception, and practices towards the management of tsetse flies, their willingness to pay (WTP) for the TRC, and factors affecting the WTP. Almost all the respondents (90%) reported that tsetse flies were the leading cattle infesting pests in the area. About 22% of these correctly identified at least four AAT clinical signs, and even though many (68%) used trypanocidal drugs to manage the disease, 50% did not perceive the drug as being effective in AAT management (50%). Few respondents (8%) were aware of the harmful effects of trypanocidal drugs. About 89% of the respondents were aware of icipe TRC, and 30% of them were using the field trial collars during the survey. Sixty-three (63%) of them were willing to pay for the TRC at the same cost they spend treating an animal for AAT. On average farmers were willing to pay KES 3,352 per animal per year. Male educated household heads are likely to pay more for the TRC. Moreover, perceived high AAT prevalence and severity further increases the WTP. Wider dissemination and commercialization of the herd-level tsetse control approach (TRC) should be encouraged to impede AAT transmission and thus enhance food security and farm incomes among the affected rural communities. Besides the uptake of TRC can be enhanced through training, especially among women farmers.
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Boykin, Sseruwagi, Alicai, Ateka, Mohammed, Stanton, Kayuki, et al. "Tree Lab: Portable genomics for Early Detection of Plant Viruses and Pests in Sub-Saharan Africa." Genes 10, no. 9 (August 21, 2019): 632. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10090632.
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In this case study we successfully teamed the PDQeX DNA purification technology developed by MicroGEM, New Zealand, with the MinION and MinIT mobile sequencing devices developed by Oxford Nanopore Technologies to produce an effective point-of-need field diagnostic system. The PDQeX extracts DNA using a cocktail of thermophilic proteinases and cell wall-degrading enzymes, thermo-responsive extractor cartridges and a temperature control unit. This closed system delivers purified DNA with no cross-contamination. The MinIT is a newly released data processing unit that converts MinION raw signal output into nucleotide base called data locally in real-time, removing the need for high-specification computers and large file transfers from the field. All three devices are battery powered with an exceptionally small footprint that facilitates transport and setup. To evaluate and validate capability of the system for unbiased pathogen identification by real-time sequencing in a farmer’s field setting, we analysed samples collected from cassava plants grown by subsistence farmers in three sub-Sahara African countries (Tanzania, Uganda and Kenya). A range of viral pathogens, all with similar symptoms, greatly reduce yield or destroy cassava crops. Eight hundred (800) million people worldwide depend on cassava for food and yearly income, and viral diseases are a significant constraint to its production. Early pathogen detection at a molecular level has great potential to rescue crops within a single growing season by providing results that inform decisions on disease management, use of appropriate virus-resistant or replacement planting. This case study presented conditions of working in-field with limited or no access to mains power, laboratory infrastructure, Internet connectivity and highly variable ambient temperature. An additional challenge is that, generally, plant material contains inhibitors of downstream molecular processes making effective DNA purification critical. We successfully undertook real-time on-farm genome sequencing of samples collected from cassava plants on three farms, one in each country. Cassava mosaic begomoviruses were detected by sequencing leaf, stem, tuber and insect samples. The entire process, from arrival on farm to diagnosis, including sample collection, processing and provisional sequencing results was complete in under 3 h. The need for accurate, rapid and on-site diagnosis grows as globalized human activity accelerates. This technical breakthrough has applications that are relevant to human and animal health, environmental management and conservation.
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Richard, Kyalo, Elfatih Abdel-Rahman, Samira Mohamed, Sunday Ekesi, Christian Borgemeister, and Tobias Landmann. "Importance of Remotely-Sensed Vegetation Variables for Predicting the Spatial Distribution of African Citrus Triozid (Trioza erytreae) in Kenya." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 7, no. 11 (November 3, 2018): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7110429.
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Citrus is considered one of the most important fruit crops globally due to its contribution to food and nutritional security. However, the production of citrus has recently been in decline due to many biological, environmental, and socio-economic constraints. Amongst the biological ones, pests and diseases play a major role in threatening citrus quantity and quality. The most damaging disease in Kenya, is the African citrus greening disease (ACGD) or Huanglongbing (HLB) which is transmitted by the African citrus triozid (ACT), Trioza erytreae. HLB in Kenya is reported to have had the greatest impact on citrus production in the highlands, causing yield losses of 25% to 100%. This study aimed at predicting the occurrence of ACT using an ecological habitat suitability modeling approach. Specifically, we tested the contribution of vegetation phenological variables derived from remotely-sensed (RS) data combined with bio-climatic and topographical variables (BCL) to accurately predict the distribution of ACT in citrus-growing areas in Kenya. A MaxEnt (maximum entropy) suitability modeling approach was used on ACT presence-only data. Forty-seven (47) ACT observations were collected while 23 BCL and 12 RS covariates were used as predictor variables in the MaxEnt modeling. The BCL variables were extracted from the WorldClim data set, while the RS variables were predicted from vegetation phenological time-series data (spanning the years 2014–2016) and annually-summed land surface temperature (LST) metrics (2014–2016). We developed two MaxEnt models; one including both the BCL and the RS variables (BCL-RS) and another with only the BCL variables. Further, we tested the relationship between ACT habitat suitability and the surrounding land use/land cover (LULC) proportions using a random forest regression model. The results showed that the combined BCL-RS model predicted the distribution and habitat suitability for ACT better than the BCL-only model. The overall accuracy for the BCL-RS model result was 92% (true skills statistic: TSS = 0.83), whereas the BCL-only model had an accuracy of 85% (TSS = 0.57). Also, the results revealed that the proportion of shrub cover surrounding citrus orchards positively influenced the suitability probability of the ACT. These results provide a resourceful tool for precise, timely, and site-specific implementation of ACGD control strategies.
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Susilowati, Lolita Endang, Uyek Malik Yakop, Lestari Ujianto, and Bambang Hari Kusumo. "The Nutrient Uptake Efficiency, Crop Productivity and Quality of Rice Bean in Dry Land." JOURNAL OF TROPICAL SOILS 20, no. 1 (January 29, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2015.v20i1.1-9.
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Rice bean is a group of beans that are rich in carbohydrates, proteins and fats. This plant is resistant to pests and diseases, as well as the broad adaptability. This study aims to obtain an efficient fertilization pattern on rice bean cultivation in dry land. The treatments consisted of 9 fertilization patterns which were RP0: no fertilizer (control); RP1: 100% recommendation fertilizer (50 kg Urea and 100 kg SP-36 ha-1); RP2: 5 Mg ha-1 manure plus 50% recommendation fertilizer; RP3: RP2 plus MVA; RP4: 5 Mg ha-1 Crotalaria sp compost plus 50% recommendation fertilizer; RP5: RP4 plus VAM; RP6: 2.5 t ha-1 manure, 2.5 Mg ha-1 Crotalaria sp compost plus 50% recommendation fertilizer; RP7: 1.5 Mg ha-1 manure, 1 Mg ha-1 Crotalaria sp compost plus 50% recommendation fertilizer; RP8: RP7 plus MVA. Fertilization treatments were arranged in RCBD and each treatment was repeated 3 times. The fertilization treatments had no significant effect on NUE. Productivity of rice bean in RP3 and RP5 reached 3.75 Mg ha-1, in RP2 and RP4 achieved 2.64 Mg ha-1, and in the control treatment reached 1.94 Mg ha-1. Carbohydrate content in seeds increased by 20% in the fertilization treatments compared to the control. Protein and anthocyanin content in all treatments were not significantly different. The combination of 5 Mg organic fertilizer (manure and / or Crotalaria compost), 50% recommendation fertilizer plus MVA was an efficient fertilization pattern to improve P fertilizer uptake efficiency (PUE), productivity and quality of rice bean crop in dry land. [How to Cite: Lolita ES, UM Yakop, L Ujianto, and B Hari Kusumo. 2015. The Nutrient Uptake Efficiency, Crop Productivity and Quality of Rice Bean in Dry Land. J Trop Soils 19: 1-9. Doi: 10.5400/jts.2015.20.1.1][Permalink/DOI: www.dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2015.20.1.1]
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Agbongiarhuoy, Anthony Eghe, and Ogbaraeno Pippy Fawole. "Determinants of Compliance with Standard Practices of Pesticide Use Among Cocoa Farmers in Southwestern Nigeria." Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) 36, no. 3 (December 31, 2020): 290–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v36i3.455.
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Cocoa production in Nigeria is limited due to pests and diseases. In an attempt to control these, farmers apply pesticides which leave chemical residue in cocoa beans. There are established standard practices to address the abuse in use of pesticides. However, there is dearth of information on factors that predispose cocoa farmers to comply with approved standard practices. Therefore, determinants of compliance with standard practices of pesticide use by cocoa farmers in Southwestern Nigeria were investigated. A three-stage sampling procedure was used to select respondents. Two cocoa producing States (Oyo and Ondo) were purposively selected. Two Local Government Areas (LGAs) known for cocoa production were selected from each state. Systematic random sampling was used to select 10% of registered farmers to give 354 respondents. Interview schedule was used to collect data on respondents’ variables. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and multiple regression at 0.05. Most farmers were male (70.3%) and had secondary education (31.9%). Respondents’ age and farmingexperience were 58.0 and 27.0 years, respectively. Farmers’ yield and annual income were 0.449 tonnes obtained from an average of 6.25 ha cocoa farm size andN1,331,519.60 equivalent to $3,698.67, respectively. Determinants of compliance with standard practices of pesticides use for both dosage and procedure were determined by age ( = -0.20), income ( = 0.15), exposure to information (= 0.36), constraints ( = -0.27) and accessibility to approved pesticides ( = -0.11). Exposure of farmers to information and realising more money motivates them to purchase approved pesticides that will aid compliance with standard practices. As age of farmer increases, the ability to comply will be limited. A farmer who is constraint with poor access to recommended pesticides will go for unapproved types which are against compliance. Concerted efforts should be put in place by relevant bodies to ensure sustainable income, information access for respondents in order to adhere to recommended protocols and enhanced cocoa yield.
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Hassan, Khadija N., Josphat C. Matasyoh, and Marc Stadler. "Screening for Antagonistic Tropical Fungi against Selected Maize and Bean Pathogens." International Journal of Phytopathology 5, no. 2 (August 31, 2016): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.005.02.1674.
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Phytopathogens are known to be the leading cause of important plant diseases which result in significant losses in agricultural crops. The need to maintain the level of yield both quantitatively and qualitatively is vital in order to curb the losses. So far there has been a positive advance recognized in research to the use of tropical fungi as biocontrol agents. The objective of this study was to screen for antagonistic tropical fungi against selected phytopathogens of maize (Zea mays L.) and beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) namely Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium moniliforme, Pythium ultimum, and Colletotrichum lindemuthianum in vitro. A total of 87 tropical fungi isolates were collected from Kakamega tropical rainforest, Kenya. Dual culture experiment was carried out to screen the tropical fungi against the selected phytopathogens. The bioassay was performed in a completely randomised design in triplicate and the inhibition zones recorded after every week for three weeks. Differential biocontrol ability among nine tropical fungi was noticed against F. moniliforme with the percentage inhibition increasing over time. Fusarium solani was the most active antagonist with an inhibition of 64% while Phaeomarasmius sp. had the lowest activity of 19.1% against F. moniliforme. Epicoccum sp. inhibited the mycelial growth of P. ultimum by 38% and also inhibited C. lindemuthianum by 58%. None of the fungal antagonists inhibited the mycelial growth of F. graminearum. The outcome of this study indicates that tropical fungi can be used as biocontrol agents and can be further explored and developed into effective fungicides for management of phytopathogens.
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Mudereri, B. T., T. Dube, E. M. Adel-Rahman, S. Niassy, E. Kimathi, Z. Khan, and T. Landmann. "A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PLANETSCOPE AND SENTINEL SENTINEL-2 SPACE-BORNE SENSORS IN MAPPING STRIGA WEED USING GUIDED REGULARISED RANDOM FOREST CLASSIFICATION ENSEMBLE." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W13 (June 4, 2019): 701–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w13-701-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Weeds are one of the major restrictions to sustaining crop productivity. Weeds often outcompete crops for nutrients, soil moisture, solar radiation, space and provide platforms for breeding of pests and diseases. The ever-growing global food insecurity triggers the need for spatially explicit innovative geospatial technologies that can deliver timely detection of weeds within agro-ecological systems. This will help pinpoint maize fields to be prioritized for weed control. Satellite remote sensing offers incomparable opportunities for precision agriculture, ecological applications and vegetation characterisation, with vast socioeconomic benefits. This work compares and evaluates the strength of Sentinel-2 (S2) satellite with the constellation of Dove nanosatellites i.e. PlanetScope (PS) data in detecting and mapping Striga (<i>Striga hermonthica</i>) weed within intercropped maize fields in Rongo sub-county in western Kenya. We applied the S2 and PS derived spectral data and vegetation indices in mapping the Striga occurrence. Data analysis was implemented, using the Guided Regularised Random Forest (GRRF) classifier. Comparatively, Sentinel-2 demonstrated slightly lower Striga detection capacity than PlanetScope, with an overall accuracy of 88% and 92%, respectively. The results further showed that the VNIR (Blue, Green Red and NIR) and the Atmospheric resistance Vegetation Index (ARVI) were the most fundamental variables in detecting and mapping Striga presence in maize fields. Findings from this work demonstrate that Sentinel-2 data has the capability to provide spatial explicit near real-time field level Striga detection &ndash; a previously daunting task with broadband multispectral sensors.</p>