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Journal articles on the topic 'Bearing life'
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1
Yang, Jiapeng, and Qi An. "Calculating method of the fatigue life for the main supporting bearing of mixing drum in concrete mixing truck when considering drum’s vibration." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part K: Journal of Multi-body Dynamics 233, no. 2 (April 23, 2018): 223–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464419318770893.
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It has been observed that there are many studies focusing on the vibration properties of bearings caused by manufacturing errors, assembly related errors, out-of-balance rotor rotation, cage instability, etc. But there are fewer research studies on the effect of rotor’s vibration on double-row rolling element bearings’ mechanical properties. In this paper, a calculating method has been established for bearing’s roller load and fatigue life when considering rotor’s vibration. And this model is applied to study the main supporting bearing of the mixing drum of a certain type of concrete mixing truck with the consideration of the mixing drum’s vibration. The effects of rotating speed, inclination angle, concrete liquid level, and rolling wheels’ supporting position on the roller load and bearing’s fatigue life are studied with a specific example with and without considering the mixing drum’s vibration. Results show that with the increase in the rotating speed, the bearing roller’s maximum load decreases, while the fatigue life of main supporting bearing increases. With the decrease of the concrete liquid level, there is increase in the inclination angle and the movement of rolling wheel from left to right, and the bearing roller’s maximum load increases, while the fatigue life of main supporting bearing decreases. The changes of the mixing drum’s inclination angle have tremendous effect on bearing’s fatigue life, while the change in the rolling wheel’s supporting position has little influence on the fatigue life of the main supporting bearing. When considering the mixing drum’s vibration, the roller’s maximum load is larger than that without considering mixing drum’s vibration, while the fatigue life of the main supporting bearing is shorter than that without considering mixing drum’s vibration.
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SPM Instrument UK Ltd. "Maximizing bearing life." NDT & E International 25, no. 2 (1992): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0963-8695(92)90624-p.
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Tallian, T. E. "Rolling Bearing Life Prediction. Corrections for Material and Operating Conditions. Part I: General Model and Basic Life." Journal of Tribology 110, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 2–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3261570.
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Computer based rolling bearing analysis programs exist which provide models for load and stress distribution, EHD conditions, heat balance and fatigue life prediction for rolling bearings and machine assemblies comprising such bearings. Fatigue life prediction is generally based on the ANSI standard. This two-part paper offers correction factors for refining the life prediction by modeling effects of material and operating variables. The corrections can be applied to the ANSI-predicted life of a complete bearing or to predicted lives of stressed volume elements in the bearing, with subsequent summation over the stressed volumes. Formulations are presented with a view to their incorporation into dynamic bearing analysis computer programs. This first part of the paper comprises the general model, basic life calculation and the nomenclature for both parts of the paper.
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Yang, Jian Xi, Fa Yu Zhang, Jian Ting Liu, and Jian Fang Zhou. "Load-Carrying Capacity Analysis for Sinusoidal Surfaces Hydrodynamic Bearing." Advanced Materials Research 295-297 (July 2011): 1244–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.295-297.1244.
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To obtain a new method to improve hydrodynamic bearing carrying capacity, hydrodynamic journal bearing’s characteristics as well as the current study direction are analyzed. According to the calculation of general cylindrical hydrodynamic journal bearing, the mathematic model for sinusoidal surface hydrodynamic bearing’s carrying capacity is established. It is used to calculate, analyze and compare these two bearings’ carrying capacity with example. The bearing, which has the characteristic of sinusoidal surface, has stronger carrying capacity than general cylindrical hydrodynamic bearing. What’s more, the improvement is more obvious when the number of waves is 3, also it has wider carrying area. Compared with other journal bearings, the journal bearing with sinusoidal surfaces has stronger carrying capacity, smaller friction moment and longer life-span. Therefore, it has extensive prospect.
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Guo, Wei, Hongrui Cao, Zhengjia He, and Laihao Yang. "Fatigue Life Analysis of Rolling Bearings Based on Quasistatic Modeling." Shock and Vibration 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/982350.
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Rolling bearings are widely used in aeroengine, machine tool spindles, locomotive wheelset, and so forth. Rolling bearings are usually the weakest components that influence the remaining life of the whole machine. In this paper, a fatigue life prediction method is proposed based on quasistatic modeling of rolling bearings. With consideration of radial centrifugal expansion and thermal deformations on the geometric displacement in the bearings, the Jones’ bearing model is updated, which can predict the contact angle, deformation, and load between rolling elements and bearing raceways more accurately. Based on Hertz contact theory and contact mechanics, the contact stress field between rolling elements and raceways is calculated. A coupling model of fatigue life and damage for rolling bearings is given and verified through accelerated life test. Afterwards, the variation of bearing life is investigated under different working conditions, that is, axial load, radial load, and rotational speed. The results suggested that the working condition had a great influence on fatigue life of bearing parts and the order in which the damage appears on bearing parts.
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Zheng, Yuhuang. "Predicting Remaining Useful Life Based on Hilbert–Huang Entropy with Degradation Model." Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2019 (February 3, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3203959.
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Prognostics health management (PHM) of rotating machinery has become an important process for increasing reliability and reducing machine malfunctions in industry. Bearings are one of the most important equipment parts and are also one of the most common failure points. To assess the degradation of a machine, this paper presents a bearing remaining useful life (RUL) prediction method. The method relies on a novel health indicator and a linear degradation model to predict bearing RUL. The health indicator is extracted by using Hilbert–Huang entropy to process horizontal vibration signals obtained from bearings. We present a linear degradation model to estimate RUL using this health indicator. In the training phase, the degradation detection threshold and the failure threshold of this model are estimated by the distribution of 600 bootstrapped samples. These bootstrapped samples are taken from the six training sets. In the test phase, the health indicator and the model are used to estimate the bearing’s current health state and predict its RUL. This method is suitable for the degradation of bearings. The experimental results show that this method can effectively monitor bearing degradation and predict its RUL.
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Zhang, Jie, Ying Hua Liao, and Bo Huang. "Prediction on the Wear Life of Bearings for Planetary Gears." Applied Mechanics and Materials 397-400 (September 2013): 470–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.397-400.470.
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In this paper, firstly, a dynamic model of planetary gears involving the bearing wear and a model to calculation of the bearing wear capacity will be established. And then the basic flow for prediction on the wear life of bearings for planetary gears will be given by the proposed two models. Finally, the influences of the bearing wear on the bearing wear life will be studied and the methods to improve the bearing wear life will also be discussed. The simulation and analysis results show that with the increase of the limit wear capacity, the bearing wear will experience three periods, such as rapid increasing, steady increasing and constant, and there are also a significant impact of the bearing clearance and stiffness on the bearing wear life.
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Li, Chun Shu, Guang Ming Yuan, and Hao Feng. "Stress Analysis and Fatigue Life Estimation of Bridge Rubber Bearing." Advanced Materials Research 748 (August 2013): 345–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.748.345.
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Rubber bearings are used widely in small and medium-span highway bridge structure. In this paper the transient dynamics of the plate rubber bearing and the pot rubber bearing which are widely used in practical engineering is analyzed. And the fatigue life of bridge bearing is estimated using reliability theory
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Gao, Tianhong, Yuxiong Li, Xianzhen Huang, and Changli Wang. "Data-Driven Method for Predicting Remaining Useful Life of Bearing Based on Bayesian Theory." Sensors 21, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21010182.
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Bearings are some of the most critical industrial parts and are widely used in various types of mechanical equipment. Bearing health status can have a significant impact on the overall equipment performance, and bearing failures often cause serious economic losses and even casualties. Thus, estimating the remaining useful life (RUL) of bearings in real time is of utmost importance. This paper proposes a data-driven RUL prediction method for bearings based on Bayesian theory. First, time-domain features are extracted from the bearing vibration signal and data are fused to build a health indicator (HI) and a state model of bearing degradation. Then, according to Bayesian theory, a Bayesian model of state parameters and bearing life is established. The parameters of the Bayesian model are updated and bearing RUL is predicted by the Metropolis–Hastings algorithm. The method was validated by the XJTU-SY bearing open datasets and the prediction results are compared with the existing methods. Accuracy of the proposed method was demonstrated.
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Oh, Se Doo, and Young Ze Lee. "Tribological Performance of Two Oilless Sintered-Metal Bearings for the Geared Motor in a Refrigerator." Key Engineering Materials 321-323 (October 2006): 1552–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.321-323.1552.
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The tribological performances of two types of oilless sintered-metal bearings with varying loads were investigated. One is the Cu-based bearing and the other is Fe-based bearing. The frictional forces of the bearings were measured using the bearing tester. By measuring the change of weight before and after sliding tests, the oil losses of the bearings were surveyed. Also, PV curves, which could be used to predict the life of the oilless bearing, were plotted. By observing the roundness, the cylindericity and the images of scanning electron microscopy of bearings before and after sliding tests, the tribological characteristics of the bearings were evaluated. It was found that Fe-based bearing show lower friction, more oil loss, less wear and longer life than Cu-based bearing.
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Zhang, Yu, Mengqi Zhang, Yawen Wang, and Liyang Xie. "Fatigue Life Analysis of Ball Bearings and a Shaft System Considering the Combined Bearing Preload and Angular Misalignment." Applied Sciences 10, no. 8 (April 16, 2020): 2750. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10082750.
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Bearing preload significantly affects the running performance of a shaft-bearing system including the fatigue life, wear, and stiffness. Due to the mounting error, the bearing rings are often angularly misaligned. The effects of the combined bearing preload and angular misalignment on the fatigue life of ball bearings and a shaft-bearing system are analyzed in this paper. The contact force distribution of angular contact ball bearings in the shaft-bearing system is investigated based on the system model. The system model includes the bearing model, and the shaft model is verified by comparing with the manufacturer’s manual and the results from other theoretical models, with the difference between the results from the present bearing model and manufacturer manual within 3%. The global optimization method is used to replace the Newton–Raphson algorithm to solve the ball elements’ displacements and friction coefficients, which improves the computation efficiency of the system model. The fatigue life of each bearing is evaluated with the consideration of the two preload methods and two angular misalignment cases. The fatigue life results show that the system life at the optimal angular misalignment is more than 1.5 times that without angular misalignment at the low preload value, and this ratio decreases as the preload value increases. The optimal angular misalignment of both the shaft-bearing system and the misaligned bearing is not always consistent, which depends on the preload value and bearing life. Both the constant-displacement preload and constant-force preload do not cause a significant difference in the highest system life. The different misaligned bearings can lead to different highest system lives as the preload value is low.
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Wang, Hao, Xiao Chu Liu, Chuan Jian Liu, and Wen Xiong Li. "A New Strengthening-Polishing Bearings Equipment Based on the Anti-Fatigue Manufacturing Technology." Advanced Materials Research 328-330 (September 2011): 2211–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.328-330.2211.
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Aimed to eliminate the harmful residual tensile stress produced on the surface of bearing ring in the conventional bearing processing and join the automatically strengthen and polished technology together, the paper provide a set of new strengthening-polishing bearings equipment, designed to effectively improve the bearing surface’s quality and produce the surface residual stress which can extend the bearing’s fatigue life. The prototype, based on the pre-theoretical design, has been successfully developed, and now is in field testing.
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Rai, Akhand, and Sanjay H. Upadhyay. "Intelligent bearing performance degradation assessment and remaining useful life prediction based on self-organising map and support vector regression." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 232, no. 6 (March 24, 2017): 1118–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406217700180.
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Rolling element bearings are critical components of rotating machines since the failure of rolling element bearings may cease the functioning of the entire equipment. The damages observed due to bearing failures are expeditious in nature and hence the need to develop an effective prognostic methodology becomes a requisite to prevent the sudden machinery breakdown. The performance degradation assessment and accurate determination of remaining useful life are the two key issues in prognostics of rolling element bearings. This paper proposes a degradation indicator based on self-organising map for the performance degradation assessment of bearings and later support vector regression is utilised to estimate the remaining useful life of bearings. The time-domain and frequency domain features extracted from the raw bearing vibration signals are supplied to the self-organising map classifier to achieve the degradation index termed as self-organising map-minimum quantisation error evolution in the paper. For estimating the remaining useful life of bearings, first the central trend of minimum quantisation error is extracted to achieve the feature vector defined as bearing health index in this work. The bearing health index is then used as input and the life percentage of the bearing is set to output in order to build the support vector regression prediction model for remaining useful life estimation of bearings. The proposed method is validated on the vibration signatures collected in a bearing test rig. The results show that the advocated method can efficiently track the evolution of deterioration and predict the remaining useful life of bearings.
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Pape, Florian, Oliver Maiss, Berend Denkena, and Gerhard Poll. "Enhancement of roller bearing fatigue life by innovative production processes." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 71, no. 8 (October 14, 2019): 1003–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-07-2018-0254.
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Purpose The efficient and economical use of natural resources is a big issue. Machine elements with a rolling contact are highly relevant because of their wide application in technical systems and a large production quantity. Innovative hard machining can reduce the friction and increase the fatigue strength of rolling element bearings. The purpose of this study is to focus on the surface properties of such parts. Design/methodology/approach A new model to predict bearing fatigue life is presented which takes compressive residual stresses in the bearing subsurface area into consideration. The investigated bearings were machined by the processes of hard turning, hard turning with subsequent deep rolling and a combination of hard turning and deep rolling (turn-rolling) in one process step. Changes in the residual stress state during bearing fatigue tests were investigated and the influence of residual stresses on the bearings fatigue life was researched. Findings Both combinations including the deep rolling process decrease the surface roughness and induce compressive residual stresses. As a result, the L10 fatigue life of roller bearings was increased by the factor of 2.5. Owing to the developed models, this effect can be considered within the design process. Originality/value In the context of the research program “Resource efficient Machine Elements (SPP1551),” machining processes of bearings were investigated regarding the bearing fatigue life. By inducing beneficial residual stresses on the bearings’ subsurface area, the fatigue life could be increased. Thus higher resource efficiency was achieved. To increase the productivity, a combination of hard turning and deep rolling was evaluated.
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Cui, Li. "A new fatigue damage accumulation rating life model of ball bearings under vibration load." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 72, no. 10 (June 1, 2020): 1205–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-05-2019-0180.
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Purpose Bearings in electric machines often work in high speed, light load and vibration load conditions. The purpose of this paper is to find a new fatigue damage accumulation rating life model of ball bearings, which is expected for calculating fatigue life of ball bearings more accurately under vibration load, especially in high speed and light load conditions. Design/methodology/approach A new fatigue damage accumulation rating life model of ball bearings considering time-varying vibration load is proposed. Vibration equations of rotor-bearing system are constructed and solved by Runge–Kutta method. The modified rating life and modified reference rating life model under vibration load is also proposed. Contrast of the three fatigue life models and the influence of dynamic balance level, rotating speed, preload of ball bearings on bearing’s fatigue life are analyzed. Findings To calculate fatigue rating life of ball bearings more accurately under vibration load, especially in high speed and light load conditions, the fatigue damage accumulation rating life model should be considered. The optimum preload has an obvious influence on fatigue rating life. Originality/value This paper used analytical method and model that is helpful for design of steel ball bearing in high speed, light load and vibration load conditions. Peer review The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/ILT-05-2019-0180/
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Oh, Se Doo, Yun Ha Shin, and Young Ze Lee. "Experimental Study on Frictional Force and Wear Life of Oilless Sintered-Metal Bearings for the Reliability of the Geared Motor." Key Engineering Materials 326-328 (December 2006): 585–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.326-328.585.
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Oilless bearings, which are made with metal powders and then impregnated by oils, are widely used in rotating components. The friction coefficients and the oil loss rates of two types of oil-impregnated sintered-metal bearings (porous bearings, oilless bearings, or oilless metals) with varying loads were measured. One is the Cu-based bearing and the other is Fe-based bearing. The frictional forces of the bearings were measured using the journal bearing tester. By measuring the change of weight before and after sliding tests, the oil losses of oilless bearings were surveyed. Also, PV curves, which could be used to predict the life of the oilless bearing, were plotted. By observing the roundness, the cylindericity and the images of scanning electron microscopy of bearings before and after sliding tests, the tribological characteristics of the bearings were evaluated. It was found that Fe-based bearing show lower friction, more oil flow, less wear and longer life than Cu-based bearing.
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Zhang, Qian, and Gui Tao Du. "A Study on the Extending Life for Bearings." Advanced Materials Research 1049-1050 (October 2014): 970–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1049-1050.970.
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Nature works hard to destroy bearings, but their chances of survival can be improved by following a few simple guidelines. Extreme neglect in a bearing leads to overheating and possibly seizure or, at worst, an explosion. But even a failed bearing leaves clues as to what went wrong. After a little detective work, action can be taken to avoid a repeat performance.
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Wünsch, Henrik, Christopher Sous, and Christoph Broeckmann. "Multiaxial life prediction of hydrodynamic plain bearings." MATEC Web of Conferences 165 (2018): 16001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816516001.
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Journal bearings are installed in turbomachinery and in all kind of components related to drive technology. All of these applications expect a high degree of reliability. The functional interaction of shaft, lubricant and bearing shell result in a multiaxial stress state within the bearing lining. However, the life assessment of the bearing material exposed to these multiaxial loads is mostly neglected in the design process. The presented research work formulates a complete methodology for a long-term fatigue assessment, based upon the Quadratic Failure Hypothesis (QFH) This approach satisfies the invariant requirements of coordinate transformation, takes into account positive and negative stresses and is applicable to non-proportional multiaxial loads in 3-dimensional geometric configurations.
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Harris, T. A., and J. I. McCool. "On the Accuracy of Rolling Bearing Fatigue Life Prediction." Journal of Tribology 118, no. 2 (April 1, 1996): 297–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2831299.
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Ball and roller bearings are designed to meet endurance requirements basically determined according to the Standard fatigue life calculation method. This method is based on the Lundberg-Palmgren fatigue life theory as modified by reliability, material, and lubrication factors. As application load and spied requirements have increased, the Lundberg-Palmgren method has resulted in bearings of increased size, adding unnecessarily to the size and weight of mechanisms. This is a critical design situation for weight and size-sensitive components such as aircraft gas turbine engines and helicopter power transmissions. The bearing life prediction method developed by Ioannides and Harris recognizes the existence of a fatigue limit stress. If the stresses an operating bearing experiences do not exceed the limit stress, the bearing can achieve infinite life. In any case, the method tends to predict longer lives than the Lundberg-Palmgren method. This paper evaluates the life prediction accuracies of the Lundberg-Palmgren and Ioannides-Harris methods by comparing lives calculated according to these methods and to those actually experienced in 62 different applications. As a result of the investigation, the Ioannides-Harris method is shown to more accurately predict bearing fatigue endurance.
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Keller, Jonathan, Yi Guo, Zhiwei Zhang, and Doug Lucas. "Comparison of planetary bearing load-sharing characteristics in wind turbine gearboxes." Wind Energy Science 3, no. 2 (December 21, 2018): 947–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-947-2018.
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Abstract. In this paper, the planetary load-sharing behavior and fatigue life of different wind turbine gearboxes when subjected to rotor moments are examined. Two planetary bearing designs are compared – one design using cylindrical roller bearings with clearance and the other design using preloaded tapered roller bearings to support both the carrier and planet gears. Each design was developed and integrated into a 750 kW dynamometer tests, the loads on each planet bearing row were measured and compared to finite-element models. Bearing loads were not equally shared between the set of cylindrical roller bearings supporting the planets even in pure torque conditions, with one bearing supporting up to 46 % more load than expected. A significant improvement in planetary bearing load sharing was demonstrated in the gearbox with preloaded tapered roller bearings with maximum loads 20 % lower than the gearbox with cylindrical roller bearings. Bearing life was calculated with a representative duty cycle measured from field tests. The predicted fatigue life of the eight combined planet and carrier bearings for the gearbox with preloaded tapered roller bearings is 3.5 times greater than for the gearbox with cylindrical roller bearings. The influence of other factors, such as carrier and planet bearing clearance, gravity, and tangential pin position error, is also investigated. The combined effect of gravity and carrier bearing clearance was primarily responsible for unequal load sharing. Reducing carrier bearing clearance significantly improved load sharing, while reducing planet clearance did not. Normal tangential pin position error did not impact load sharing due to the floating sun design of this three-planet gearbox.
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Morales-Espejel, Guillermo E., and Antonio Gabelli. "Application of a rolling bearing life model with surface and subsurface survival to hybrid bearing cases." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 233, no. 15 (May 8, 2019): 5491–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406219848470.
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A previously published rolling bearing life model that separates the surface and subsurface survival is briefly summarised. The model is applied to the case of hybrid bearings and discussed with regard to a selected set of application examples. Ball hybrid bearings under equal load condition show 12% higher Hertzian stress than all-steel bearings. However, field applications, typically under light load, poor lubrication and contamination, show that hybrid bearings have longer fatigue life than all-steel bearings. Traditional all-steel life models fail to predict this type of behaviour. In this paper, it is shown that hybrid bearing unique fatigue performance can be described using the idea of separation of surface and subsurface survival. The model applies the classical rolling contact fatigue in the subsurface region of the rolling contact while a newly developed tribologically dependent surface degradation models is used for the ceramic-steel raceway interface. It is found that the particular fatigue resistance of the ceramic-steel interface of the hybrid bearing raceway can, in most cases, compensate for the additional stress present in the subsurface region of the contact.
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Lewicki, D. G., J. D. Black, M. Savage, and J. J. Coy. "Fatigue Life Analysis of a Turboprop Reduction Gearbox." Journal of Mechanisms, Transmissions, and Automation in Design 108, no. 2 (June 1, 1986): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3260811.
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A fatigue life analysis of the Allison T56/501 turboprop reduction gearbox was developed. The life and reliability of the gearbox was based on the lives and reliabilities of the main power train bearings and gears. The bearing and gear lives were determined using the Lundberg-Palmgren theory and a mission profile. The five-planet-bearing set had the shortest calculated life among the various gearbox components, which agreed with field experience where the planet bearing had the greatest incidences of failure. The analytical predictions of relative lives among the various bearings were in reasonable agreement with field experience. The predicted gearbox life was in excellent agreement with field data when the material life adjustment factors alone were used. The gearbox had a lower predicted life in comparison with field data when no life adjustment factors were used or when lubrication life adjustment factors were used either alone or in combination with the material factors.
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Nistane, Vinod M. "Comparative performance of prognostics for remaining useful life of bearing." Noise & Vibration Worldwide 51, no. 11 (August 12, 2020): 208–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957456520947989.
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The frequent failure components in rotary machinery are the rolling element bearings as it is important for prognostics of rolling element bearings. In this study, the data-driven technique was used to develop the prognostic models based on particle swarm optimization techniques. These models apply to estimate the rolling element bearing degradation and predict remaining useful life. Initially, the fault features were extracted by processing the vibration signals through wavelet packet decomposition based on the intensifying impulsive characteristics and superiority of features. Health indicators evaluate from fault features. The prognostic models are developed with the following approaches: Gated recurrent neural network, classification and regression tree, and Autoregressive-Moving Average models. Performances of models are verified on the basis of error in prediction. To verify the suggested methodology, an experiment on normal and faulty bearings was conducted using a bearing test rig. Experimental results clarify that the prognostic algorithms predict bearing remaining useful life with significant robustness. Outperformance of the proposed method and conformation of degree of accuracy from results indicate that remaining useful life is conjectured as inference compared with the published literature.
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Sun, Guangyoung. "Auxiliary Bearing Life Prediction Using Hertzian Contact Bearing Model." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 128, no. 2 (2006): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2159036.
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Dubinin, G. N., G. L. Oganesyan, V. P. Zhukov, and V. A. Boikov. "Chromizing of ball bearing steels for extending bearing life." Metal Science and Heat Treatment 28, no. 12 (December 1986): 861–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00706599.
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Balchugov, Evgeniy V. "The Influence of Finish Treatment on the Service Life of the Bearing." Elektrotekhnologii i elektrooborudovanie v APK 67, no. 1 (March 28, 2020): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2658-4859-2020-67-1-99-103.
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Roughness in rolling bearings plays a very important role. Improving the reliability of rubbing parts of equipment is an urgent task. Finishing, superfinishing and laping were used as finishing operations. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in investigating the effect of various finishing operations on the durability of the needle bearing of the cardan joint. (Materials and methods) Needle bearings of the GPP 704702K model (with a nominal dynamic load capacity of 160 kilonewtons) were studied. Tests were carried out on a test rig for four cups and spikes of bearings made of 20KhVG high-carbon chromium bearing steel. The article presents the results of measuring the roughness in the axial direction of the spike and the working surface of the bearing, carried out using a T1000 Basic portable semi-automatic device for measuring surface roughness of first accuracy class. (Results and discussion) As the roughness of the raceway increases, the bearing life decreases. It has been noted a difference in the increasing bearing temperature depending on the roughness of the raceway surface and finishing methods. The sample subjected to superfinishing or laping had the smallest temperature increase and there was a tendency to increase the bearing temperature as the surface roughness increased. (Conclusions) The roughness of the raceway has a close relationship with the service life, with a decrease in roughness, the service life increases by about 1.8 times. It was found that superfinishing or lapping with a sand paper after finishing to a certain roughness nmach = 3 micrometers by grinding is more effective than processing a smooth surface by grinding alone. It was found that when the surface roughness of the raceway decreases, the bearing temperature decreases.
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Tallian, T. E. "Rolling Bearing Life Prediction. Corrections for Material and Operating Conditions. Part II: The Correction Factors." Journal of Tribology 110, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3261579.
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Computer based rolling bearing analysis programs exist which provide models for load and stress distribution, EHD conditions, heat balance and fatigue life prediction for rolling bearings and machine assemblies comprising such bearings. Fatigue life prediction is generally based on the ANSI standard. This two-part paper offers correction factors for refining the life prediction by modeling effects of material and operating variables. The corrections can be applied to the ANSI-predicted life of a complete bearing or to predicted lives of stressed volume elements in the bearing, with subsequent summation over the stressed volumes. Formulations are presented with a view to their incorporation into dynamic bearing analysis computer programs. This second part of the paper comprises the equations for the correction factors, the complete life correction, an Appendix showing logic flow for the calculations, and figures illustrating the behavior of the correction factors.
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Lu, Li Ming. "The Stress Analysis about Rolling-Sliding Blend Bearing under Heavy Load." Advanced Materials Research 308-310 (August 2011): 1792–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.308-310.1792.
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In the paper a new kind of rolling-sliding blend bearing has been studied. In order to comparing the new bearings and rolling bearings in the carrying capacity and service life, the stresses on the inner ring, the outer ring and the roller of rolling bearing and rolling-sliding blend bearing are analyzed by establishing the finite element model and solving it with finite element analysis software. The results show that the width of the stress concentration area on the outer ring and the roller and the inner ring of rolling-sliding blend bearing is 25 per cent narrower than that of rolling bearing and the depth of the largest stress on the outer ring and the roller and the inner ring of rolling-sliding blend bearing is 25 per cent shallower than that of rolling bearing and the largest stress on the middle and the end of the outer ring and the roller and the inner ring of rolling-sliding blend bearing is much smaller than that of rolling bearing. In the same case rolling-sliding blend bearings have greater carrying capacity and longer service life than rolling bearings.
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Wei, Bo, and Xing Yi Su. "Simulation and Calculation: Improve Work Life of Bearing on Driving Gear of Main Reducer." Applied Mechanics and Materials 644-650 (September 2014): 128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.128.
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The driving gear and driven gear in car rear axle have function of transmitting power. As important part of supporting driving gear, work life and situation of bearing have influence on power transmission. This paper improves system stiffness of gear and bearing, improves force situation of bearing by researching span between two bearings on driving gear. Work situation of main reducer can be improved through extending bearing life. The vibration and noise are reduced. Car market competition is improved.
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Tong, Van-Canh, Sun-Woong Kwon, and Seong-Wook Hong. "Fatigue life of cylindrical roller bearings." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 231, no. 5 (September 7, 2016): 623–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350650116668767.
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This paper dealt with the fatigue life of cylindrical roller bearings with several significant error sources that may occur during installations. A four degree-of-freedom quasi-static model for cylindrical roller bearings was developed, which took into account potential error sources such as angular misalignment, axial offset, and radial clearance, together with inertial loading by rotational speed and induced moment loads. A 3D contact model was employed to provide contact pressure distributions in rolling elements. The fatigue life of a cylindrical roller bearing was analyzed as a function of angular misalignment under various loading conditions. Then, the fatigue life analysis was extended to the combined effects of radial clearance, axial offset, and the number of rollers, along with angular misalignment. The computational results showed the significance of each error source on fatigue life. They further showed that cylindrical roller bearing fatigue life maximized when the radial clearances were slightly negative, and that it increased almost linearly with the number of rollers.
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Huang, Jian, Chaoyang Li, and Bingkui Chen. "Optimization Design of RV Reducer Crankshaft Bearing." Applied Sciences 10, no. 18 (September 18, 2020): 6520. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10186520.
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The crankshaft bearing is the key component of a rotate vector (RV) reducer. However, owing to the harsh working load and restricted available space, the bearing often suffers from fatigue failure. Therefore, this study proposes a novel optimization method for RV reducer crankshaft bearings. A nonlinear constraint optimization model for the design of the bearing considering the crowned roller profile is formulated and is solved by using a crow search algorithm. The goal of the optimization is to maximize the fatigue life of the bearing. The design variables corresponding to the bearing geometry and crowned roller profile are considered. The load working conditions of the bearing and structure of the RV reducer are analyzed. Various constraints, including geometry, lubrication, strength of the bearing, and structure of the RV reducer, are established. Through the optimization design, the optimum crowned roller profile suitable for the working load of the bearing is obtained, and the stress concentration between the roller and raceway is eliminated. Taking the crankshaft bearing of RV-20E and RV-110E type reducers as examples, the bearings were optimized by the proposed method. After optimization, the bearing life of the RV-20E type reducer is increased by 196%, and the bearing life of the RV-110E type reducer is increased by 168%.
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Zheng, Jingyang, Jinchen Ji, Shan Yin, and Van-Canh Tong. "Fatigue life analysis of double-row tapered roller bearing in a modern wind turbine under oscillating external load and speed." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 234, no. 15 (March 17, 2020): 3116–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406220911966.
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Fatigue life analysis of roller bearing is usually performed for bearings under constant rotating speed and invariant loading conditions. For the bearings used in offshore floating direct-drive wind turbines, they often experience oscillating motions with varying loading patterns, for which the standard fatigue life analysis is not valid due to the presence of fluctuating loads. This paper presents the fatigue life analysis of a double-row tapered roller bearing under oscillating external load and speed conditions, which is used to support the main shaft of a large modern direct-drive wind turbine. First, a comprehensive quasi-static model of the double-row tapered roller bearing is developed for determining the internal load distribution of rollers. The contact pressure of rollers is then studied using an iterative scheme based on the elastic contact model. After that, the formulation of basic rating life of the double-row tapered roller bearing with oscillating external load and speed is given to calculate the fatigue life. Numerical simulations are carried out to investigate the effects of the oscillating load and speed, angular misalignment, and internal clearance on the fatigue life of the bearing.
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Ioannides, E., and T. A. Harris. "A New Fatigue Life Model for Rolling Bearings." Journal of Tribology 107, no. 3 (July 1, 1985): 367–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3261081.
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This paper describes a novel model for the prediction of fatigue life in rolling bearings. Central to this model is the postulation of a statistical relationship between the probability of survival, the fatigue life, and a stress-related fatigue criterion level above a fatigue limit for an elementary volume of material in the bearing. Using this concept, the stress volume to fatigue and the fatigue life of the bearing can be calculated for different loads, material and operating conditions. Comparisons between experimentally obtained rolling bearing fatigue lives and lives predicted using this theory indicate its ability to account for phenomena hitherto excluded from fatigue life predictions. Furthermore, comparisons between experimentally obtained fatigue lives for other specimens used in structural fatigue tests and fatigue lives predicted using the new model show good agreement.
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Gupta, P. K., and T. E. Tallian. "Rolling Bearing Life Prediction-Correction for Materials and Operating Conditions—Part III: Implementation in Bearing Dynamics Computer Codes." Journal of Tribology 112, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2920226.
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Models for the correction of classical fatigue life for material imperfections and severity of operating conditions in rolling bearings are implemented in a bearing dynamics computer code. The significance of life correction factors is then demonstrated for both ball and cylindrical roller bearings over a range of operating conditions.
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Wang, Gaoxin, Youliang Ding, Hui Guo, and Xinxin Zhao. "Safety Evaluation of the Wear Life of High-Speed Railway Bridge Bearings by Monitoring Train-Induced Dynamic Displacements." Shock and Vibration 2018 (November 1, 2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6479480.
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Bridge bearings experience numerous small-amplitude displacements under environmental loads. The continuous cyclic accumulations of these small-amplitude displacements will result in severe wear on the poly-tetra-fluoro-ethylene (PTFE) plates in the bridge bearings, which seriously endangers the service life of bearings. Traditional method directly uses the linear wear rate of cumulative displacements in a short period to evaluate the wearing life, but the linear wear rate only in a short period such as several days may not represent the characteristics in the whole bridge service life. Hence, this research takes the spherical steel bearings of the Nanjing Dashengguan Yangtze River Bridge as a study object. The cumulative dynamic displacement (CDD) under the action of a single train and the cumulative bearing travel (CBT) under the continual actions of many trains are studied using the monitored longitudinal displacement data from spherical steel bearings. Furthermore, the probability statistics and the Monte Carlo sampling simulation for CDD are studied, and the safety evaluation method for bearing wear life in the real environment is proposed using a reliability index regarding the failure probability of monitored CBT over the wear limit during service lifetime. In addition, safety evaluation on the bearing wear life was performed to assess the condition of spherical steel bearings in the real service environment. The results can provide an important reference for analysis on the bearing wear life of long-span railway bridge structures.
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Qiu, Jun Peng, Mei Yin, and Ling Song Guo. "Lubrication Mode and Selection of the Helicopter Transmission System Roller Bearing." Applied Mechanics and Materials 86 (August 2011): 156–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.86.156.
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The bearings will directly affect the performance of helicopter transmission system whether they are in normal work or not. Lubrication is the essential element for the normal work of bearings. Under the condition of the bearing design and manufacture technique, material technique is becoming more and more advanced, and lubricant becomes “the fifth main part”, which has been got a wide-ranged agreement. One of the most critical factors to improve bearing life is lubricant. This paper analyzes lubrication type and mode, and the failure of helicopter transmission system roller bearing caused by improper lubrication. It further explains the importance of lubrication to the bearings. And how to select lubrication mode and lubricant to improve the bearing life is also summed up.
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Wang, Yan Shuang, Zhe Liu, and Hai Feng Zhu. "Heat Generation of Bearing." Key Engineering Materials 480-481 (June 2011): 962–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.480-481.962.
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Heat generation of a bearing was studied based in this paper. Computational models of power loss were built. The total heat generation was gotten. Influences on total heating were analyzed at various inner ring rolling velocities and applied loads. The results show that bearing rolling velocity and axial load affect heat generation strongly. Meanwhile sliding friction, which exists between balls and the cage pocket, cages and the surface of outer ring, is the main factors of bearing heating. Bearings with shaft are mainly used in gyro motors of aviation, aerospace, marine navigational systems, which own a long life and high reliability. Heat generated by friction affects its performance, life and reliability, and consequently influences control precision and life of gyro motors. If the rate of heat dissipation is less than the rate of the heat generation, the system temperatures will raise, the hardness of bearing ring and rolling element steel decrease, and resulting in plastic deformations, lubricant deterioration occurs, ultimately, heat imbalance failure leads to breakage of bearing components and bearing seizure[1,2].So precise evaluating heat generation of bearings with shaft is important for design, manufacture and application of bearing. The heat generation of bearing comes from power loss of friction. The traditional methods contain the local method and integral method [3]. Palmgren who used the integral method based on experimental results advanced an empirical formula of total friction moment [4]. The calculation result is lower than the fact because ignoring infection of lubricant flux. Astringe and Smith improved the above formula .But it was just for roller bearing. Harris established a local method for the ball bearing and rolling bearing [5]. Pouly et al [6, 7] analyzed part power loss of the high speed rolling bearing based on local method. Compared with the integral method, the local method calculated heating of all heat sources. The results were more accurate. Liu Zhi-quan, Han Min-zheng et al computed the heat of high speed rolling and ball bearing by the local method [8, 9]. This paper studies heat generation mechanism of bearing with shaft from a gyro motor. Different heat sources from bearings are calculated by a self-made program. All factors which influence heat generation would be gotten by analyzing at different working conditions. It would offer a theoretical basis for optimal design and proper use of bearings with shaft.
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Zhang, Feng Shou, T. T. Liu, J. T. Liu, and F. K. Cui. "Research on Bearing Life Prediction Based on Three Parameters Weibull Distribution." Advanced Materials Research 136 (October 2010): 162–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.136.162.
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To those bearings which are used in the field of aerospace, when doing the test of bearing life of the high precision and high reliability, the small sample datas and non-failure phenomenon will occur. To be able to accurately predicting the life and reliability of bearing, the paper analyzes geometry and physics meaning of three parameters of Weibull distribution based on the three parameters Weibull distribution theory. And Builds the Weibull likelihood function. According to Newton iterative method, the left of equations set is expansed to make it transformed into linear equations set. Then iterative calculate the parameters estimate value. So obtain bearing reliability model of three parameters Weibull distribution. Failure statistics shows that the mathematical model of the paper can predict the actual life of bearing.
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Chudzik, Agniezka, and Bogdan Warda. "The use of FEM to evaluate the influence of logarithmic correction parameters of roller generators on the axle box bearing life." Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering 25, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mme-2021-0008.
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Abstract In the roller-raceway contacts of the radial cylindrical roller bearing used in the axle boxes of a railway bogie, pressure accumulation may occur, reducing the fatigue life. This accumulation can be eliminated by applying logarithmic correction of generators and in particular varieties of the modified logarithmic correction. The correction parameters should be adapted to the operating conditions of the bearing. This article presents a comparison of the predicted fatigue life of an axle box bearing on correctly selected correction parameters with bearing life, in which correction of roller generators was used, typical for cylindrical roller bearings of general application. The finite element method was used to determine the subsurface stress distributions necessary to calculate the fatigue life.
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Polyakov, Roman, Leonid Savin, and Denis Shutin. "Reliability Improvement of Rotor Supports by Combining Rolling-Element Bearings and Fluid-Film Bearings." Applied Mechanics and Materials 630 (September 2014): 188–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.630.188.
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Reliability of rotating machinery is determined to a considerable degree by the bearing units. For several applications the requirements in rotation speed, bearing load and maximal vibration level are so extreme that neither rolling-element bearings nor fluid-film bearings could provide necessary performance characteristics during all regimes of operation. Hybrid bearings, which are a combination of rolling-element and fluid-film bearings, can improve performance characteristics and reliability of the rotor-bearing systems. The aim of this work is to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of the hybrid bearings. Known real applications of hybrid bearings are discussed. Analysis shows that depending on the application different hybrid bearing types could improve dynamic characteristics and life time of the bearing unit, increase load capacity and DN limit of the rolling-element bearing.
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Żywica, Grzegorz, Paweł Bagiński, and Artur Andrearczyk. "Analysis of Thermal Damage in the High-Speed Foil Bearing." Solid State Phenomena 260 (July 2017): 266–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.260.266.
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The article discusses experimental research and simulation testing on prototypical foil bearings. All experimental tests were conducted on a special test rig which makes it possible to operate in various conditions and within a wide range of speeds. As a result of the study, it turned out that adverse operating conditions caused almost instant bearing damage, accompanied by a significant rise in temperature. The main factors affecting the durability of foil bearings were material covering mating surfaces, bearing geometry, way of assembling the bearing, rotational speed and load. To better understand the physical phenomena occurring in foil bearings, a numerical model has been developed which allowed carrying out thermal analyses. The analysis of heat flow in the bearing's structure showed that, because of the system geometry, significant problems with proper removal of large amounts of heat continued to be experienced, which may have led to an accelerated rate of fatigue damage and shorter bearing life. This phenomenon can occur in bearings operating under tough conditions (e.g. at low speeds or under heavy loads). The research showed that the development of a new foil bearing is a very difficult task and requires many aspects to be taken into account, including the aspects directly related to the operation of the bearing itself, as well as those related to the rotor's operation and characteristics of the machine.
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Deng, Fukang, Kangchun Li, Xiongfeng Hu, Haifu Jiang, and Fuchuan Huang. "Life calculation of angular contact ball bearings for industrial robot RV reducer." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 71, no. 6 (August 12, 2019): 826–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-07-2018-0296.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the force and basic rating life of angular contact ball bearings of RV reducer under the actual operating condition. Design/methodology/approach Force analysis of angular contact ball bearing under the actual operating condition, calculate the axial, radial load and internal load distribution, calculate the basic rating life of angular contact ball bearing under variable load conditions. Findings The external load has a great influence on the radial load of angular contact ball bearing, further affecting the basic rating life of angular contact ball bearing, which is a great influence on the overall life of RV reducer under the condition of high frequency and heavy load. Originality/value This paper provides important ideas for the design and manufacture of RV reducer in theory and experiment technology.
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Zhang, C., M. T. Le, B. B. Seth, and S. Y. Liang. "Bearing life prognosis under environmental effects based on accelerated life testing." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 216, no. 5 (May 1, 2002): 509–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954406021525304.
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The reliability of a bearing is typically estabilished by repeated life testing which provides valuable information on the fatigue mechanisms from crack initiation, crack propagation to flake or spall. Under nominal operating conditions, life testing often consumes a significant amount of time and resources, due to the comparatively high bearing mean lifetime before failure (MTBF), rendering the procedures expensive and impractical. Therefore, the technology of accelerated life testing (ALT), which is widely used in manufacturing practice, offers the attractive benefit of requiring relatively less investment in terms of time and resources. Data from tests at high stress levels (e.g. temperature, voltage, pressure, corrosive media, etc.) can be extrapolated, through a physically reasonable statistical model, to obtain life estimates at lower, normal stress levels. In this study, a methodology to predict bearing lifetime under a corrosive environment has been developed based on accelerated life testing data and the application of the inverse power law. Bearing life tests under various corrosion stress levels were performed for model identification followed by additional independent bearing life tests conducted for model verification. The experimental result shows that the accelerated life test model can effectively assess the life probability of a bearing based on accelerated environmental testing, even with extrapolation to untested stress levels.
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Wang, Ye, Zhixiong Chen, Yang Zhang, Xin Li, and Zhixiong Li. "Remaining useful life prediction of rolling bearings based on the three-parameter Weibull distribution proportional hazards model." Insight - Non-Destructive Testing and Condition Monitoring 62, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 710–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1784/insi.2020.62.12.710.
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In order to accurately predict the remaining useful life (RUL) of rolling bearings, a novel method based on the threeparameter Weibull distribution proportional hazards model (WPHM) is proposed in this paper. In this new method, degradation features of the bearing vibration signals were calculated in the time, frequency and time-frequency domains and treated as the input covariates of the predictive WPHM. Essential knowledge of the bearing degradation dynamics was learnt from the input features to build an effective three-parameter WPHM for bearing RUL prediction. Experimental data acquired from the run-to-failure bearing tests of the intelligent maintenance system (IMS) was used to evaluate the proposed method. The analysis results demonstrate that the proposed model is able to produce accurate RUL prediction for the tested bearings and outperforms the popular two-parameter WPHM.
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Litwin, Wojciech. "Influence of main design parameters of ship propeller shaft water-lubricated bearings on their properties." Polish Maritime Research 17, no. 4 (January 1, 2010): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10012-010-0034-z.
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Influence of main design parameters of ship propeller shaft water-lubricated bearings on their properties In recent years more and more frequently can be met ships in which propeller shaft water-lubricated polymer bearings have been applied. It results from their simplicity and associated relatively low initial and operational cost as compared with the complex classical sealed system based on oil-lubricated bearings. It is worth mentioning that the water-lubricated bearings are also environmentally friendly as no risk of pollution with lubricating oil used in classical systems, is involved. Design procedure of bearings in question based on materials made available by producers is relatively simple. However it turns out that choice of an appropriate sliding material, clearance value and optimum arrangement of lubricating grooves may greatly influence bearing's properties. As results from the performed research investigations, bearing of the kind is a highly sensitive unit. Problems of choosing a suitable bearing clearance, designing an optimum bush geometry, selecting a proper bush material are crucial for life time of the bearing. In particular the problem is in forming hydrodynamical properties of bearing as owing to its operation in the fluid friction regime durability of bearings, the very responsible units of propulsion transmission system, can be greatly extended.
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Zhang, Nannan, Lifeng Wu, Zhonghua Wang, and Yong Guan. "Bearing Remaining Useful Life Prediction Based on Naive Bayes and Weibull Distributions." Entropy 20, no. 12 (December 8, 2018): 944. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e20120944.
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Bearing plays an important role in mechanical equipment, and its remaining useful life (RUL) prediction is an important research topic of mechanical equipment. To accurately predict the RUL of bearing, this paper proposes a data-driven RUL prediction method. First, the statistical method is used to extract the features of the signal, and the root mean square (RMS) is regarded as the main performance degradation index. Second, the correlation coefficient is used to select the statistical characteristics that have high correlation with the RMS. Then, In order to avoid the fluctuation of the statistical feature, the improved Weibull distributions (WD) algorithm is used to fit the fluctuation feature of bearing at different recession stages, which is used as input of Naive Bayes (NB) training stage. During the testing stage, the true fluctuation feature of the bearings are used as the input of NB. After the NB testing, five classes are obtained: health states and four states for bearing degradation. Finally, the exponential smoothing algorithm is used to smooth the five classes, and to predict the RUL of bearing. The experimental results show that the proposed method is effective for RUL prediction of bearing.
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Romanowicz, Paweł, and Bogdan Szybiński. "Estimation of Maximum Fatigue Loads and Bearing Life in Ball Bearings Using Multi-Axial High-Cycle Fatigue Criterion." Applied Mechanics and Materials 621 (August 2014): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.621.95.
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The methodology of the fatigue load and the bearing life estimation for the ball bearings is presented in the paper. The proposed algorithm is based on the elliptical contact solution and the application of the multi-axial high-cycle fatigue criterion. As the example the radial 6204* and thrust 51104 ball bearings are investigated (SKF). The maximal fatigue loadings are calculated for different geometry (race conformity ratio) and the bearing life of the bearings. The proposed model is also verified with use of the finite element calculations.
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Cheng, Wangquan (Winston), Shan Shih, John Grace, and Wenke Tu. "Axial Load Effect on Contact Fatigue Life of Cylindrical Roller Bearings." Journal of Tribology 126, no. 2 (April 1, 2004): 242–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1614823.
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Besides primarily carrying radial load, cylindrical roller bearings with flanges or lips on both inner and outer raceways need also carry axial load in some applications. Because of the axial load, the equivalent dynamic load of the bearing will be increased and the bearing contact fatigue life will be decreased accordingly. The axial load effect on the roller bearing fatigue life had been studied by researchers in the past. Because of different assumptions used in their models, quite different predictions were made in their analysis. This work combines the methods used in the Fernlund-Synek and Brandlein models and studies general contact conditions such as partial contact along the roller length, partial loading zone of the bearing race, manufacturing tolerance and running-in effects on roller length, etc. New formulas for equivalent dynamic loads of the rotating and stationary races are derived. A fatigue limit load is also included in the life calculation to reflect the latest development in contact fatigue life analysis.
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Ravi, V. R., S. Aarthi, M. Aishwarya, and E. Saranya. "Remaining serviceable life indicator of bearing." Materials Today: Proceedings 33 (2020): 3951–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.06.306.
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Burge, Phil. "Seal and bearing care extends life." World Pumps 2010, no. 2 (February 2010): 30–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-1762(10)70030-4.
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