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1
Groenewald, A. C., J. J. Prinsloo, and T. G. Pelser. "Strategic Marketing Insights For Small Business Meat Retailers." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 13, no. 3 (April 28, 2014): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v13i3.8590.
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Branded meat of consistently high quality has earned a reputation worldwide as a means to increase beef consumption. The feedlot industry is the main beef producer in South Africa and falls in the category of Small Businesses. For these small business meat retailers to be successful in an industry subjected to fierce competition, it is necessary to be innovative in a market where high quality beef serves as just another commodity. This study explored the marketing efforts of meat producers in Middelburg, Mpumalanga, by drawing tangent planes between effective marketing and the knowledgeable consumer. The research approach that was used included both quantitative and qualitative research. The population consisted of consumers buying meat products at three different retailers in Middelburg, Mpumalanga. A sample of 612 was conveniently selected for the study. A total of 588 questionnaires were completed. The results of the study provide insights into the measures that influence brand equity for branded meat products. The importance to establish a link between brand variables and consumers perception regarding the importance of these variables is thus critical in the success of branded meat products. These marketing insights make a significant contribution to the competitive marketing strategies of small business meat retailers.
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Visser, M., N. M. Pisa, E. PJ Kleynhans, and R. Wait. "Identifying the comparative advantage of products and industries of South Africa’s Mpumalanga province." Southern African Business Review 19, no. 2 (February 26, 2019): 27–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/1998-8125/5904.
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3Knowledge of a region’s comparative advantage may dictate its industrial development agenda and realistic export opportunities. Through the effective targeting of specific sectors and industries within the South African provinces, provincial government entities can determine which sector or industry could gain the most from effective targeting for industrial development, development planning and export promotion. This study determined the comparative advantage of South Africa’s Mpumalanga province by estimating the Revealed Comparative Advantage Index (RCA). The study revealed that the products with the highest comparative advantage (RCA) and realistic export opportunities (REO) are manganese products, salted meat (beef), frozen fish, chewing gum, tomatoes, soups and broths. In addition, the results of the RCA analysis were matched to the export opportunities identified by the decision support model (TRADE-DSM) to determine which of the comparative advantage products have realistic export opportunities. Eight of the top 15 comparative advantage products were found to have realistic export opportunities according to the TRADE-DSM.
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Pelser, Theuns, Anita Groenewald, and Hein Prinsloo. "Language And Gender Influence On The Consumers Choice Of Branded Meat Attributes." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 13, no. 2 (February 27, 2014): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v13i2.8440.
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The feedlot industry is the main beef producer in South Africa and falls in the category of Small Businesses. For these small business enterprises to be successful in an industry subjected to fierce competition, it is necessary to be innovative in a market where high quality beef serves as just another commodity. Previous research has shown that demographic factors can influence brand preferences. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationships between language and gender with brand attribute preference. Another objective was to identify opportunities that will differentiate and position branded meat products that will create consumer equity and build strong brand names. The case study approach was used and included quantitative and qualitative research. The population consisted of consumers buying meat products at the different retailers in Middelburg, Mpumalanga, under the brand names Kanhym Fresh Meat, Farm Inn Meat, and Franks Meat. A sample of 612 was conveniently selected for the study. A total of 588 questionnaires were completed. This study confirmed the interrelationship of the demographic variables gender and language that may affect consumers preferences. This means consumers will try different products with specific attributes. The results of this study identify opportunities of implementing strategies to maintain and enhance the competitiveness of branded meat retailers. It is finally recommended that brand retailers determine the demographic and psychographic profile of their target market for a specific product when producing or marketing products.
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Mbedzi, Mashudu David, Huibrecht Margaretha van der Poll, and John Andrew van der Poll. "Enhancing a Decision-Making Framework to Address Environmental Impacts of the South African Coalmining Industry." Energies 13, no. 18 (September 18, 2020): 4897. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184897.
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The South African coalmining industry has a rich and long history and contributes significantly to the economic wellbeing of the country. Despite its importance in developing the economy, the industry is causing severe environmental challenges. For example, Emalahleni, a city situated in the Mpumalanga Province in South Africa, has been exposed for over a century to the continuous mining of coal. Challenges experienced include the sterilisation of land due to underground fires, water pollution, surface collapse, and acidification of topsoil. Previous work by the researchers formulated a conceptual framework aimed at addressing some of these challenges. In an extension of this work, the authors comprehensively enhance the preliminary framework on the strength of a set of qualitative propositions coupled with a parallel, exploratory survey. Interviews among various stakeholders were conducted, aimed at enhancing the components of the framework, followed by a focus group to validate the associations among the components of the framework. Aspects reinforced by the survey findings include the role of environmental management accounting, tools like material-flow cost accounting and life-cycle costing, and regulatory and accountability aspects. New aspects elicited from the interviews and the focus group include stakeholder education and training with respect to the value of environmental management accounting for the coalmining industry; adherence to risk management linked to environmental challenges; advanced technologies, for example, financial modelling; and an improved understanding of waste management aspects around acid mine drainage, volatile organic components, CO2 emissions, and post-mine closure. The novelty of the work lies in the approach taken to address coalmining challenges. Previous authors concentrated mostly on scientific and engineering aspects, while this research looks at it from an accounting perspective using environmental management accounting tools to address these challenges.
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Ijabadeniyi, Abosede, and Frank Vanclay. "Socially-Tolerated Practices in Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Reporting: Discourses, Displacement, and Impoverishment." Land 9, no. 2 (January 22, 2020): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9020033.
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Normative guidelines for addressing project-induced displacement and resettlement have been successful in coercing companies and practitioners to comply with international standards and local requirements. However, good practice has not always been effectively implemented, leading to reduced social wellbeing of people in local communities. We assess how the reciprocal relationships between institutional norms and practitioners’ situated perspectives about company-community interactions can improve social management practice. Drawing on Hajer and Versteeg’s method of environmental discourse analysis, discussions and storylines about a mining project in Mpumalanga in South Africa were assessed against contextualised discursive conventions in the mining industry. It was found that practitioners learn to manipulate legislative requirements, which ultimately perpetuates the impoverishment of project affected communities. The question is not whether or not practitioners understand the requirements of environmental and social management, but the extent to which such understandings are manipulated for corporate gain as opposed to social good. We consider practitioner rationalities about the purpose and function of environmental and social management, and how it is implemented. We suggest that practitioners and companies should construct positive aspirational identity perspectives about social management that would transcend from their current limited view (that achieving minimum compliance is sufficient) to aspiring to achieve better social development outcomes for all, especially the most disadvantaged. This requires a genuine commitment to obtaining and maintaining a social licence to operate, perspective transformation, a commitment to inclusiveness, and increased capacity for critical reflection.
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Gouws, R., and A. McLeod. "Fissure Scab, a New Symptom Associated with Potato Common Scab Caused by a Streptomyces sp. in South Africa." Plant Disease 96, no. 8 (August 2012): 1223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-12-11-1056-pdn.
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Common scab caused by Streptomyces spp. is one of the major factors limiting successful potato (Solanum tuberosum) production in South Africa. Most potato cultivars are susceptible to the disease and huge losses are incurred due to a reduction in cosmetic value. Common scab symptoms that have been reported worldwide are variable, with circular, raised, tan-to-brown, corky lesions being the most common symptoms. However, a distinct atypical symptom was observed in isolated production regions (Western Free State and Mpumalanga) in South Africa since early 2010. Deep longitudinal fissures (3 to 12 mm) containing scab-like lesions were observed on the surface area of tubers from several potato cultivars (Mondial, BP1, and Buffelspoort). Lesions on Mondial were interesting since this cultivar, but not the susceptible BP1 and Buffelspoort cultivars, is tolerant to typical common scab in South Africa. Isolations were made from tuber lesions obtained from the two production regions and were plated onto yeast malt extract medium. Several pure culture strains were obtained that were positively identified as Streptomyces spp. based on morphology. Species identity of four strains was investigated using PCR primers targeting the 16S rRNA region of known species (3), which showed that the strains did not belong to any of the known pathogenic reference strains (S. scabiei, S. europascabiei, S. turgidiscabies, S. acidiscabies). Species identity of the strains was further investigated through sequencing of the 16S rRNA region (1.2 kb). The four strains had 100% sequence similarity (GenBank Accession. No. JQ241439) to each other and to 15 GenBank sequences that included several unknown Streptomyces spp., S. vinaceus, S. malachiticus, S. werraensis, S. cyaneus (the only published sequenced), and S. pseudogriseolus. The sequence of the isolates had only 95.5% identity to the most prevalent common scab pathogen, S. scabiei (GI154707840, [3]). The pathogenicity of the four strains, along with an S. scabiei reference isolate, was investigated using BP1 potato tubers and the double pot methodology (1). Fifteen-centimeter pots containing silica sand were each planted with one potato tuber and placed on top of a rectangular planting box (15 × 1.5 × 0.4 m) filled with native Hutton soil. The 15-cm pots were irrigated until the roots grew into the Hutton soil. Subsequently, irrigation was only applied to the Hutton soil, thus creating dry conditions in the tuber development area (15-cm pot), which is conducive for common scab development. The potato plants were inoculated with 10- to 14-day-old Streptomyces strains during the tuber initiation stage at a concentration of 1 × 106 spores/ml of sterile water, 10 ml per plant, and six replicates per strain. Ten weeks after inoculation, each of the four strains caused cracking and scabbing, similar to initial symptoms observed, on more than 90% of the tubers. The S. scabiei reference isolate caused typical circular, raised, brown, corky common scab lesions. Streptomyces was reisolated from the lesions, fulfilling Koch's postulates. To our knowledge, these results indicate that a previously unreported Streptomyces sp. is the causal agent of a new lesion type, fissure scab, on potato in South Africa that may lead to serious losses to the local potato industry. References: (1) L. Marais and R. Vorster. Potato Res. 31:401, 1988. (2) D. J. Theron. Page 1 in: Guide to Potato Production in South Africa, 2003. (3) L. Wanner. Phytopathology 96:1363, 2006.
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C.O., Aigbavboa. "Challenges Facing Black Owned Small and Medium Construction Companies: A Case Study of Nelspruit – Mbombela Municipality, South Africa." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 6, no. 10 (October 30, 2014): 771–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v6i10.536.
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The purpose of the paper is to investigate current challenges and problems facing small and medium size contractors (SME) in Mbombela (Nelspruit) - Mpumalanga Province of South Africa. This study was necessitated because the importance of small and medium sized enterprises in national building and economic development is of paramount importance in the South Africa economic debate. The primary data for the study was collected through a structured questionnaire survey which was distributed to Small and medium contractors within grade 1-4 of the South Africa Construction Industry Development Board. The survey results indicated that external factors such as high competition when tendering for construction jobs within the CIDB category is a major challenge the SME’s face’s in the procurement of work. Also, internal factors such as poor administrative management within the company, lack of skilled professionals and lack of capacity to deliver on certain project were the greatest challenges faced by the construction companies. The scope of this study is only focused on small and medium size contractors in Nelspruit (Mpumalanga province). In addition, the study is not focused on large established contractors in South Africa. The South African construction industry will continue to provide jobs but intervention is needed to develop the SME’s contractors who contribute a greatly to the economy.
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Leonard, Llewellyn. "Mining Corporations, Democratic Meddling, and Environmental Justice in South Africa." Social Sciences 7, no. 12 (December 7, 2018): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci7120259.
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During Apartheid, the mining industry operated without restraint and compromised the ecology, the health of mining workers, and local communities. The lines between the mining industry and government was often unclear with the former influencing government decisions to favour uncontrolled operations. Although new post-Apartheid regulations were designed to control negative mining impacts, the mining industry and the state still have a close relationship. Limited academic research has empirically examined how mining corporations influence democracy in South Africa. Through empirical investigation focusing on Dullstroom, Mpumalanga and St. Lucia, KwaZulu-Natal, this paper examines how mining corporations, directly and indirectly, influence democratic processes at the macro state and micro community levels. At the macro level, this includes examining mining companies influencing government decision-making and enforcement to hold mines accountable for non-compliance. At the micro level, the paper examines mining companies influencing democratic processes at the local community level to get mining developments approved. Findings reveal that political connections between the mining industry and government, including collusion between mining corporations and local community leadership, have influenced mining approval and development, whilst excluding local communities from decision-making processes. Industrial manipulation has also influenced government in holding corporations accountable. This has contributed towards not fully addressing citizen concerns over mining development. Democracy in post-Apartheid South Africa, especially for mining development is, therefore, understood in the narrow sense and exposures the realities of the ruling party embracing capitalism. Despite challenges, civil society may provide the avenue for upholding democratic values to counter mining domination and for an enabling political settlement environment.
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Jaars, K., J. P. Beukes, P. G. van Zyl, A. D. Venter, M. Josipovic, J. J. Pienaar, V. Vakkari, et al. "Ambient aromatic hydrocarbon measurements at Welgegund, South Africa." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 14, no. 4 (February 17, 2014): 4189–227. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-4189-2014.
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Abstract. Aromatic hydrocarbons are associated with direct adverse human health effects and can have negative impacts on ecosystems due to their toxicity, as well as indirect negative effects through the formation of tropospheric ozone and secondary organic aerosol that affect human health, crop production and regional climate. Measurements were conducted at the Welgegund measurement station (South Africa) that is considered to be a regionally representative background site. However, the site is occasionally impacted by plumes from major anthropogenic source regions in the interior of South Africa, which include the western Bushveld Igneous Complex (e.g. platinum, base metal and ferrochrome smelters), the eastern Bushveld Igneous Complex (platinum and ferrochrome smelters), the Johannesburg–Pretoria metropolitan conurbation (>10 million people), the Vaal Triangle (e.g. petrochemical and pyrometallurgical industries), the Mpumalanga Highveld (e.g. coal-fired power plants and petrochemical industry) and also a region of anti-cyclonic recirculation of air mass over the interior of South Africa. The aromatic hydrocarbon measurements were conducted with an automated sampler on Tenax-TA and Carbopack-B adsorbent tubes with heated inlet for one year. Samples were collected twice a week for two hours during daytime and two hours during night-time. A thermal desorption unit, connected to a gas chromatograph and a mass selective detector was used for sample preparation and analysis. Results indicated that the monthly median total aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations ranged between 0.01 to 3.1 ppb. Benzene levels did not exceed local air quality standards. Toluene was the most abundant species, with an annual median concentration of 0.63 ppb. No statistically significant differences in the concentrations measured during daytime and night-time were found and no distinct seasonal patterns were observed. Air mass back trajectory analysis proved that the lack of seasonal cycles could be attributed to patterns determining the origin of the air masses sampled. Aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations were in general significantly higher in air masses that passed over anthropocentrically impacted regions. Interspecies correlations and ratios gave some indications of the possible sources for the different aromatic hydrocarbons in the source regions defined in the paper. The highest contribution of aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations to ozone formation potential was also observed in plumes passing over anthropocentrically impacted regions.
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Mamogobo, M. D., N. O. Mapholi, K. A. Nephawe, T. L. Nedambale, T. J. Mpofu, Y. P. Sanarana, and B. J. Mtileni. "Genetic characterisation of non-descript cattle populations in communal areas of South Africa." Animal Production Science 61, no. 1 (2021): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an20030.
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Context Indigenous cattle breeds represent an important genetic resource for livelihood of communal-area inhabitants. Indigenous breeds have the ability to withstand harsh climatic conditions, can adapt genetically to poor-quality forages and are resistant to parasites and diseases. These unique traits possessed by indigenous breeds are under threat because of unrestrained crossing with exotic commercial breeds, and this can lead to total loss of a breed. Aims The study was conducted to assess the genetic diversity and population structure of South African non-descript communal beef cattle populations by using 25 microsatellite markers. Methods Unrelated and non-descript animals (n = 150) were sampled from communal areas from five (5) provinces of South Africa, namely, Eastern Cape, KwaZulu–Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga and the North West, with 30 samples per breed taken. Six (6) known cattle breeds (n = 180) were used as a reference population. This included Angus, Afrikaner, Bonsmara, Brahman, Drakensberger and the Nguni, with 30 samples per breed. Key results High level of genetic diversity was found across the five non-descript populations, with an average heterozygosity of 75%. The Limpopo population was found to be the most diverse population, with the highest average number of alleles (8.5) and heterozygosity (ranging between observed heterozygosity of 70% and expected heterozygosity of 79%). STRUCTURE software assigned populations (2 ≤ K ≤ 20), with the most probable cluster being at K = 7. The Eastern Cape, KwaZulu–Natal and Limpopo populations had genetic material similar to those possessed by the Nguni and Bonsmara reference populations. Conclusions Results from the study showed that most genetic differentiation occurred within populations rather than among populations, and this might be due to the fact that there is no selection for or against any specific production trait expressed in the populations. Implications The obtained information will serve as a baseline for the development and implementation of sound breeding programs that will assist in controlling the gene flow, so as to lower the possible genetic dilution of the currently available genetic material.
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Jaars, K., J. P. Beukes, P. G. van Zyl, A. D. Venter, M. Josipovic, J. J. Pienaar, V. Vakkari, et al. "Ambient aromatic hydrocarbon measurements at Welgegund, South Africa." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, no. 13 (July 11, 2014): 7075–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-7075-2014.
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Abstract. Aromatic hydrocarbons are associated with direct adverse human health effects and can have negative impacts on ecosystems due to their toxicity, as well as indirect negative effects through the formation of tropospheric ozone and secondary organic aerosol, which affect human health, crop production and regional climate. Measurements of aromatic hydrocarbons were conducted at the Welgegund measurement station (South Africa), which is considered to be a regionally representative background site. However, the site is occasionally impacted by plumes from major anthropogenic source regions in the interior of South Africa, which include the western Bushveld Igneous Complex (e.g. platinum, base metal and ferrochrome smelters), the eastern Bushveld Igneous Complex (platinum and ferrochrome smelters), the Johannesburg–Pretoria metropolitan conurbation (> 10 million people), the Vaal Triangle (e.g. petrochemical and pyrometallurgical industries), the Mpumalanga Highveld (e.g. coal-fired power plants and petrochemical industry) and also a region of anticyclonic recirculation of air mass over the interior of South Africa. The aromatic hydrocarbon measurements were conducted with an automated sampler on Tenax-TA and Carbopack-B adsorbent tubes with heated inlet for 1 year. Samples were collected twice a week for 2 h during daytime and 2 h during night-time. A thermal desorption unit, connected to a gas chromatograph and a mass selective detector was used for sample preparation and analysis. Results indicated that the monthly median (mean) total aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations ranged between 0.01 (0.011) and 3.1 (3.2) ppb. Benzene levels did not exceed the local air quality standard limit, i.e. annual mean of 1.6 ppb. Toluene was the most abundant compound, with an annual median (mean) concentration of 0.63 (0.89) ppb. No statistically significant differences in the concentrations measured during daytime and night-time were found, and no distinct seasonal patterns were observed. Air mass back trajectory analysis indicated that the lack of seasonal cycles could be attributed to patterns determining the origin of the air masses sampled. Aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations were in general significantly higher in air masses that passed over anthropogenically impacted regions. Inter-compound correlations and ratios gave some indications of the possible sources of the different aromatic hydrocarbons in the source regions defined in the paper. The highest contribution of aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations to ozone formation potential was also observed in plumes passing over anthropogenically impacted regions.
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Bruckner, G. K. "Bees Spongiforme Enkefalopatie (BSE, Malkoeisiekte)." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 16, no. 1 (July 11, 1997): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v16i1.663.
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Mad Cow Disease or BSE (Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy) became a household name internationally and also in South Africa. International hysteria resulted following reports of a possible link between a disease diagnosed in cattle in Britain and a variant of the disease diagnosed in humans after the presumed ingestion or contact with meat from infected cattle. The European Union instituted a ban on the importation of beef from the United Kingdom during March 1996 that had a severe effect on the beef industry in the UK and also resulted in a world wide consumer resistance against beef consumption.
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Moholisa, E., P. E. Strydom, I. Van Heerden, and A. Hugo. "Influence of feeding systems on selected beef quality and sensory attributes." South African Journal of Animal Science 49, no. 6 (March 4, 2020): 1158–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v49i6.19.
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Feeding systems and other factors associated with processing influence meat quality, and therefore sensory attributes. This study was conducted to assess the meat quality attributes of young grain-fed and older grass-fed steers that mostly affect consumer acceptability of beef. Eighty Bonsmara steers consisting of 20 each of A-age (0-tooth) grain-fed (AC) and grain-fed supplemented with zilpaterol (AZ), 20 each of grass-fed AB (1-2 teeth) and B-age (3 - 6 teeth) animals were used. This combination represented the typical feeding systems of South Africa and other countries using similar classification systems, therefore describes the typical feeding systems of the South African beef industry. The longissimus lumborum (LL), semitendinosus (ST), and biceps femoris (BF) muscles were tested for colour, moisture properties, lipid oxidation and sensory attributes. It was found that diet in combination with animal age influenced meat colour. Muscles of the older grass-fed steers were generally darker and duller (darker red) compared to muscles of young grain-fed animals. Moisture loss was consistently higher in zilpaterol supplemented meat samples compared to the feedlot controls, while muscles of the grass-fed animals had lower moisture loss. A sensory panel clearly distinguished between cuts of grain-fed (AZ and AC) and grass-fed carcasses (AB and B) on the grounds of flavour characteristic. The AB and B cuts scored higher for grassy, animal-like and rancid flavour overtones and lower for roasted flavour and sourness than AZ and AC grain-fed cuts. This indicated that typical flavours related to diet define expected eating quality.
Keywords: age, grain, grass, meat quality, zilpaterol
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Tewoldemedhin, Y. T., S. C. Lamprecht, J. J. Geldenhuys, and F. J. Kloppers. "First Report of Soybean Sudden Death Syndrome Caused by Fusarium virguliforme in South Africa." Plant Disease 98, no. 4 (April 2014): 569. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-07-13-0748-pdn.
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Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is an important crop in many countries and production is currently increasing (from 311,450 ha in 2010 to 516,500 ha in 2013) in South Africa. On 27 February 2013 in the Lydenburg/Badfontein area, Mpumalanga Province, on a no-till commercial farm planted to soybean cultivar PAN 737 (Roundup Ready, maturity group 7) under irrigation for a second consecutive season, leaf symptoms typical of soybean sudden death syndrome were observed and reported by a farmer (3). The symptoms developed at the R6 growth stage (near physiological maturity) of the soybean plants. Leaf symptoms were interveinal chlorotic blotches that became necrotic while the veins remained green. These symptoms appeared throughout the plant but were most severe on the top leaves. Some of the severely affected leaflets dropped off with the petioles remaining attached to the plant. The vascular tissue in the upper taproot and lower stem turned gray-brown, but the pith remained white. Roots of the affected plants had decayed lateral roots. Surface disinfested root pieces with rot symptoms and spores directly from blue sporodochia on the rotten root were plated on potato dextrose agar amended with novostreptomycin 0.04 g/L (PDA+). Slow growing Fusarium isolates with blue to purple masses of sporodochia were consistently obtained from diseased plants. Cultures were single-spored and plated on PDA+. Growth rate of cultures on PDA+ was on average 6 to 9 mm after 5 days at 20°C. The morphology of the isolates fit the description of Fusarium virguliforme in Aoki et al. (1). Sequence analyses of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and partial translation elongation factor (EF-1a) gene of the recovered eight isolates revealed that these isolates matched 99.6% with F. virguliforme O'Donnell & T. Aoki (Accession Nos. KF648835 to KF648850), one of the soybean sudden death syndrome causing species found in North and South America (1). All isolates are identical in each loci except that three isolates had one nucleotide deletion and two insertions at the EF-1a loci. The isolates are deposited at the national culture collection in Pretoria (PPRI13434 to PPRI13441). A glasshouse bioassay was conducted to test the pathogenicity of eight single-spored isolates by inoculating pasteurized planting medium (1:1:1 ratio of sand, perlite, and soil) with a layer of infested sand-bran medium (2) to each pot (13 cm in diameter) and covered with 2 cm of planting medium (4) after planting 20 seeds of soybean cultivar PAN 737. There were three pots per isolate randomized in a complete block design trial. All the South African F. virguliforme isolates tested induced leaf and root rot symptoms of sudden death syndrome on the soybean seedlings under glasshouse conditions after 4 weeks of inoculation. The fungus was re-isolated on PDA+ from diseased roots of the soybean seedlings to fulfill Koch's postulates. This is the first record of F. virguliforme in South Africa, and as an important component of soilborne diseases of soybean it may pose a major threat to the South African soybean industry. References: (1) T. Aoki et al. Mycoscience 46:162, 2005. (2) S. C. Lamprecht et al. Plant Dis. 95:1153, 2011. (3) J. C. Rupe and G. L. Hartman. Compendium of Soybean Diseases, 4th ed. G. L. Hartman et al., eds. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1999. (4) M. M. Scandiani et al. Trop. Plant Pathol. 36:133, 2011.
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Fourie, Wilbrie, Merwe Oberholzer, and Pieter Buys. "Die lewensvatbaarheid van boerbokboerdery: 'n Vergelykende gevallestudie." Journal of Economic and Financial Sciences 7, no. 3 (October 31, 2014): 837–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/jef.v7i3.240.
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The aim of this study was to design a case study where a number of management accounting evaluation techniques, namely performance measurement (short-term focus), capital investment evaluation (long-term focus) and risk, have been identified to compare the financial results of different scenarios between Boer goat, mutton breeds and beef cattle farming. The contribution of the study is that it simplifies the decision-making regarding the choice between the types of red meat farming used for different scenarios, namely farm size and available capital. Compliant software that have been developed, allow the user to compile unique scenarios and make decisions according to that. The value of this should be determined by taking into account that there are, as for other livestock types in South Africa, no readily available market indicators for the Boer goat currently. This deficiency leads to price uncertainty that makes it difficult to determine the value of the Boer goat industry.
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Pohler, Ky, Sydney T. Reese, Gessica Aruajo Franco, Ramiro Oliveira Filho, Lohana Fernandez Montero, Gabriela Dalmaso de Melo, and Ana Moraes. "39 Reproductive challenges of cattle adapted to tropical and subtropical environments." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (December 2019): 34–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.068.
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Abstract In the coming decades, tropical and subtropical regions of the world, including southern United States, southeast Asia, India, parts of Africa and Central and South America, will experience both the greatest increases in population and demands for beef. Potential for expansion of beef production in these areas is considerable due to abundance and low cost of forages that are a non-competitive food source for humans; however, research efforts must emphasize cattle efficiency to maximize sustainability of the cattle industry. Raising tropically adapted cattle in these regions present unique opportunities and challenges that differ from strategies used in production of the predominant B. taurus cattle common in temperate regions of the globe. Despite the physiological differences between B. taurus and B. indicus cattle including reproductive physiology, nutritional requirements, social behavior, digestive system, and body composition, strategies developed in B. taurus cattle are commonly used for B. indicus production. Hence, a fundamental step to meet the increasing global demand for protein while addressing environmental stewardship is to identify these physiological, social and nutrient requirement differences to develop, and disseminate management practices tailored to optimizing production efficiency of B. indicus-influenced cattle reared in subtropical/tropical regions of the planet. From a reproductive management perspective, tropically adapted cattle present several challenges including increased age at puberty, increased postpartum anestrous period and managed in an extensive system. Additionally, reproductive failures post pregnancy establishment are known to be greater in B. indicus cattle in tropical/subtropical regions, although the exact reasons for this outcome have not been identified and addressed. This talk will focus on recent research and strategies aimed at mitigating the impacts of reproductive inefficiency in tropically adapted cattle.
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Bruce, David. "A PROVINCIAL CONCERN? Political killings in South Africa." South African Crime Quarterly, no. 45 (March 8, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3108/2013/v0i45a811.
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Politically motivated killings have occupied a relatively marginal position as an issue of public concern in South Africa since 1994. This may reflect the provincial nature of the problem, since such killings have mainly occurred in KwaZulu-Natal, with a much smaller number occurring in Mpumalanga and even fewer recorded elsewhere. Based on a scan of documentary information, this article estimates that there have been approximately 450 political killings in KwaZulu-Natal since 1994, with most having taken place in the mid and late 1990s and just under 25% (107) since 2003. The root of the problem in KwaZulu-Natal may be the militarisation of the province during the apartheid period. Some political killings in the province continue to be linked to inter-party conflict that has roots in that time. However, political killings since the end of apartheid are mostly linked to local political rivalries and connections to criminal networks, notably in the taxi industry. Though the problem is concentrated in specific provinces it is likely to impact on political life in South Africa more broadly.
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Nengovhela, Nkhanedzeni Baldwin, Thinawanga Joseph Mugwabana, Khathutshelo Agree Nephawe, and Tshimangadzo Lucky Nedambale. "Accessibility to Reproductive Technologies by Low-Income Beef Farmers in South Africa." Frontiers in Veterinary Science 8 (July 23, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.611182.
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This study address historical legacy of South Africa that has dual economies resembling low and high income beef sectors. Low-income herds are farmed mainly under communal village or land reform farms. The study focused on providing assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) to the low-income sector including finding challenges to its implementation and adoption. The study was conducted in Limpopo, Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal provinces using mixed methods that looked at cows and sectors stakeholders. Data collected and evaluated on cows included breed type, frame size, body condition, age parity, and lactation status. Cows were exposed to ART through synchronisation, oestrus detection, fixed time artificial insemination and pregnancy diagnosis. Qualitative data was collected to study perception of key stakeholders on ART implementation and adoption. Chi-Square Test was computed to determine the association among cow factors. Qualitative data was collected, coded and managed into themes using Nvivo Version 11. Themes that emerged were interpreted using critical social and systems thinking. Conception rate was not independent of provinces (P < 0.05), cow body condition score (BCS) and body frame size. KwaZulu-Natal cows had the highest conception rate at 66% (P < 0.05) than Limpopo (44%) and Mpumalanga (60%) provinces. Cows with a BCS higher than 3.5 had higher conception rate (P < 0.05) than those with BCS of <2.5 and 3. Interestingly, large framed cow size had higher conception rate than medium and small framed (P < 0.05) cows. The study achieved a 100% calf survival rate. Calving rate was influenced by body BCS, province and district (P < 0.05). Calving rate of 58% in Mpumalanga and 54% in KwaZulu-Natal was higher than that recorded in Limpopo at 36% (P < 0.05). Interestingly, cows with BCS of <2.5 had a higher calving rate than those with a higher body condition score of 3 (P < 0.05). Perception study results revealed many factors that could affect the adoption and implementation of ART in the study areas. The high success rate and above average reproductive performance led to North West and KwaZulu-Natal provinces adopting ART as part of their low-income beef sector support.
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Molefi, SH, CA Mbajiorgu, and MA Antwi. "Management practices and constraints of beef cattle productionin communal areas of Mpumalanga Province, South Africa." Indian Journal of Animal Research, OF (August 31, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.18805/ijar.11325.
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A survey study was conducted to determine the management practices and constraints faced by beef cattle producers in 200 households in communal areas of Chief Albert Luthuli Municipality in Mpumalanga province. In this context, the results indicated that while 91.5% of farmers practiced continuous breeding in heifers at younger than two years of age, a higher number approximately 68.5% of farmers relied upon neighbours for breeding bulls. Also, calving percentage was between 50% and 70% as reported by 43.5% of farmers whereas 54.5% of farmers reported 50% to 60% weaning percentage. However, 77.5% of the farmers weaned their calves at five to seven months. 100% of farmers freely grazed their beef cattle on the mountainside and over 93.5% of farmers used veld as a source of feed with 82% of farmers supplementing their beef cattle depending on the season. Overall, the main constraints reported by the respondents were disease (26%) and malnutrition (18%) during dry season. In conclusion, the study finds that regular and proper medication in addition to supplementing feeds can assist by reducing mortality rates and enhancing productivity.
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Molefi, S. H., and C. A. Mbajiorgu. "Assessing the potential of beef cattle farming as contributor to income of communal households of Chief Albert Luthuli municipality in Mpumalanga province, South Africa." Indian Journal of Animal Research, OF (April 9, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.18805/ijar.9552.
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The study was conducted across four rural communities of Chief Albert Luthuli municipality in the Mpumalanga province of South Africa. The objective of the study was to assess the contribution of beef cattle farming to household income in Chief Albert Luthuli municipality of Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. Data were analyzed descriptively. Simultaneously, multiple regression analysis was used to determine the factors affecting the contribution of beef cattle in household income in the study area. Results showed that 50% each of both the male and female farmers were engaged in beef cattle farming. 50.5% of respondents were more than 51 years old and therefore not in productive age with 40% of respondents aged between 41 - 50 years old. 7% of respondents have 1 - 2 dependents, while 11.5% of respondents have 3 - 4 dependents and 35.5% have more than 4 dependents. However, 46% of respondents have other dependents which they did not specify. 22.5% of respondents have 1-10 years of beef cattle farming experience while 14% have 11 - 12 years of experience. However, 21% of respondents have more than 20 years of experience and 39.5% have 50 - 60 years of experience on beef cattle farming. 40.5% of respondents acquired grade 11 or below and 45% of respondents had no school education, elementary school, junior high school, and senior high school. The contribution of beef cattle farming to household's income in communal areas of Chief Albert Luthuli is 19%. Also, number of beef cattle and age of mortality hold significant influence on the farmer's income from beef cattle.
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Davis, Anthony J., and Jan G. Myburgh. "Investigation of stillbirths, perinatal mortality and weakness in beef calves with low-selenium whole blood concentrations." Journal of the South African Veterinary Association 87, no. 1 (February 26, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/jsava.v87i1.1336.
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In this on-farm investigation, we report on stillbirths, weakness and perinatal mortality seen in calves on a commercial beef farm in the Roossenekal area, Mpumalanga province, South Africa. Post-mortem examination of these calves and histopathological examination of organ and tissue samples did not indicate an infectious aetiology. Affected calves had marginal to deficient whole blood selenium concentrations. Whole blood samples collected from adult cattle on this farm and five neighbouring farms were deficient in selenium. The potential contributions of other minerals to the symptoms seen are a subject of ongoing investigation, but selenium deficiency was marked in this herd and required urgent correction. Methods to correct the deficiency included the use of injectable products, and an oral selenium supplement chelated to methionine. Selenium availability to plants is primarily determined by the selenium content of the parent bedrock, the presence of other minerals and the pH of the soil. The apparent sudden onset of this problem implicates a soil factor as being responsible for reducing selenium’s bioavailability in this area. Selenium deficiency can have a significant impact on human health. HIV and/or AIDS, various forms of cancer and several specific clinical syndromes are associated with selenium deficiency in humans, and the impact on human health in this area also requires further investigation.Keywords: vitamin E; selenium deficiency; cattle; one-health; Mpumalanga Province; soil pH; acid rain; stillbirths; white muscle disease; HIV
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Makweya, Florah L., and Isaac B. Oluwatayo. "Consumers’ preference and willingness to pay for graded beef in Polokwane municipality, South Africa." Italian Journal of Food Safety 8, no. 1 (March 28, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2019.7654.
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Consumers around the world are progressively becoming more concerned and aware about food standards, quality and safety issues. The purpose of this study was to determine consumers’ preference regarding safe and quality beef and willingness to pay (WTP) for graded beef in Polokwane municipality, Limpopo Province, South Africa. The research surveyed 150 consumers using a structured questionnaire to collect data on consumer characteristics and responses to different bid levels for graded beef. Analytical methods were descriptive statistics, Likert scales, contingent valuation method to evaluate respondents’ mean WTP for graded beef and logit model to determine the dependence of WTP on consumers’ socioeconomic characteristics. Results showed that consumers prefer their beef tender, with less fat and bones and labelled with price, grade/class, size or quantity of the product and lastly quality inspection or certification indicator. Over half of the respondents (53%) were aware of grading or classification systems. The results further revealed that most respondents are willing to pay an increase of 16.04% over the current price for beef. This could be an opportunity for investments in beef label industry. Consumer characteristics including age, income, gender and household size significantly influenced WTP for graded beef in Polokwane Municipality. Marketing strategies considered by beef product investors should target young, female and wealthier consumers. Grading with respect to quality attributes would make beef sales at differentiated prices possible. This will eventually enhance sales volume and returns for all stakeholders along the value chain.
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Munzhelele, Priscilla, James W. Oguttu, and Folorunso O. Fasina. "Is a 10-sow unit economically sustainable? A profitability assessment of productivity amongst small-holder pig farmers, Mpumalanga, South Africa." Onderstepoort J Vet Res 83, no. 1 (March 9, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ojvr.v83i1.1011.
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The majority of small-holder pig farmers in Mpumalanga had between 1- and 10-sow herds. The main aim of this study is to evaluate the current government agricultural intervention (supply of 10 sows and a boar) in terms of technical and economic feasibilities and ascertain whether the small-scale pig value chain system alleviates poverty. Data were obtained from 220 randomly selected small-holder pig farmers using a semi-structured questionnaire. The results showed that 58% farrowed ≤ 10 piglets/born/sow/litter, 44.2% practiced no weaning method and many fed swill and leftovers alone (41.6%). Pair-wise association revealed that the feeding of commercial feeds had a relationship with pigs in relatively good to very good body condition. Pigs in poor body condition were positively correlated with the feeding of swill alone. The economic models for the 10-sow unit proved that pig farming is unprofitable if the current management and feeding systems that operate in the commercial industry are utilised. However, only through a combination of cooperative systems, benefits of economies of scale, reduction of preweaning mortalities and structured government inputs can pig production be profitable at this scale of production.Keywords: piglets; market; profit; economics; feeds
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Thwala, W. D., and M. D. Mathonsi. "Selection of procurement systems in the South African construction industry: An exploratory study." Acta Commercii 12, no. 1 (December 7, 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ac.v12i1.127.
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Purpose of this paper: Procurement systems are vital in ensuring the successful implementation of construction projects precisely in all the phases of any particular project. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate in a systematic manner the factors that influence the selection of a procurement system in the South African construction industry. Research methodology: An extensive theory and literature review of procurement systems was conducted. The literature reviewed included a sample of case studies of procurement systems successfully implemented in completed building and civil engineering projects in South Africa. A questionnaire using a four-round Delphi survey method was used to conduct the empirical study in order to obtain participants' opinions about factors influencing the selection of procurement systems as well as the utility value of various procurement systems on each factor as identified. Finally, data analysis of both qualitative and quantitative techniques was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Findings: After qualitative analysis, findings of the literature reviewed suggest that factors that influence the selection of procurement systems cut across all the phases of the project as identified in this paper. Therefore, these factors are categorically classified into internal and external factors. Factors from the internal environment were further classified into client characteristics and project characteristics, with client characteristics comprising of variables such as clients' level of knowledge and control, political and social consideration, familiarity of procurement systems, competition, funding arrangement, government public/private sector projects and risk allocation whereas project characteristics comprise of factors (variables) such as size and technical complexity of the project, influence of the project life cycle, expedited project delivery, time, quality and price certainty. Factors from the external environment include variables such as market competition, information technology, regulatory environment, natural causes and globalisation. Research limitations: In terms of its scope this study focused on both national and international literature reviews and the empirical survey of this study was conducted within South Africa. Its target participants were limited to civil engineers, quantity surveyors, construction/project managers, architects and contractors located in three provinces of South Africa, namely Gauteng, Mpumalanga and Limpopo Provinces. Value: This study investigates factors that influence the selection of procurement systems in South Africa for the purpose of assisting and guiding construction practitioners in selecting suitable procurement systems for their planned projects. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that due to changes in the construction industry both factors from the internal and external environments such as size and complexity of construction projects, macro and micro economic conditions, political and social and information technology prevailing, traditional procurement method need to be supplemented with contemporary procurement systems in order to meet the new demands of the industry.