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Journal articles on the topic 'Beetle cuticle'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 2 February 2022

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1

Mendoza-Galván, Arturo, Eloy Muñoz-Pineda, Kenneth Järrendahl, and Hans Arwin. "Pitch profile across the cuticle of the scarab beetle Cotinis mutabilis determined by analysis of Mueller matrix measurements." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 12 (December 2018): 181096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.181096.

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Helicoidal structures of lamellae of nanofibrils constitute the cuticle of some scarab beetles with iridescent metallic-like shine reflecting left-handed polarized light. The spectral and polarization properties of the reflected light depend on the pitch of the helicoidal structures, dispersion of effective refractive indices and thicknesses of layers in the cuticle. By modelling the outer exocuticle of the scarab beetle Cotinis mutabilis as a stack of continuously twisted biaxial slices of transparent materials, we extract optical and structural parameters by nonlinear regression analysis of variable-angle Mueller-matrix spectroscopic data. Inhomogeneities in the beetle cuticle produce depolarization with non-uniformity in cuticle thickness as the dominant effect. The pitch across the cuticle of C . mutabilis decreased with depth in a two-level profile from 380 to 335 nm and from 390 to 361 nm in greenish and reddish specimens, respectively, whereas in a yellowish specimen, the pitch decreased with depth in a three-level profile from 388 to 326 nm.

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2

Sun, Ji Yu, Yue Ming Wang, Dong Hui Chen, Jin Tong, and Chun Xiang Pan. "Differential Constitutive Equation of Elytra Cuticle by Nanoindentation." Advanced Materials Research 343-344 (September 2011): 1133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.343-344.1133.

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Due to size limits in the transverse direction, tensile testing is not appropriate to investigate the mechanical properties of elytra cuticle of the dung beetle (Copris ochus Motschulsky). However, nanoindentation testing can determine a material’s anisotropic properties through a single indentation. In the present study, nanoindentation stress–strain curves were used to characterize the complete mechanical behavior of dung beetle elytra cuticle. A differential constitutive equation has been developed with time-dependent spring constants k and viscosities η . To describe the complex viscoelastic behavior of dung beetle cuticle, a descriptive representation of the linear viscoelasticity law for the multilayer matrix has been formulated. A qualitative model for the relationship between cuticle structure and mechanical properties of elytra may help develop bionic composite materials for micro-aircraft, bionic tribology, bionic medical apparatus, and bionic organs (tissue engineering).

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3

Wang, Chengshu, and Raymond J. St. Leger. "Developmental and Transcriptional Responses to Host and Nonhost Cuticles by the Specific Locust Pathogen Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum." Eukaryotic Cell 4, no. 5 (May 2005): 937–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.4.5.937-947.2005.

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ABSTRACT Transcript patterns elicited in response to hosts can reveal how fungi recognize suitable hosts and the mechanisms involved in pathogenicity. These patterns could be fashioned by recognition of host-specific topographical features or by chemical components displayed or released by the host. We investigated this in the specific locust pathogen Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum. Only host (Schistocerca gregaria) cuticle stimulated the full developmental program of germination and differentiation of infection structures (appressoria). Cuticle from beetles (Leptinotarsa decimlineata) repressed germination while cuticle from hemipteran bugs (Magicicada septendecim) allowed germination but only very low levels of differentiation, indicating that the ability to cause disease can be blocked at different stages. Using organic solvents to extract insects we identified a polar fraction from locusts that allowed appressorial formation against a flat plastic (hydrophobic) surface. Microarrays comprising 1,730 expressed sequence tags were used to determine if this extract elicits different transcriptional programs than whole locust cuticle or nonhost extracts. Of 483 differentially regulated genes, 97% were upregulated. These included genes involved in metabolism, utilization of host cuticle components, cell survival and detoxification, and signal transduction. Surprisingly, given the complex nature of insect epicuticle components and the specific response of M. anisopliae var. acridum to locusts, very similar transcript profiles were observed on locust and beetle extracts. However, the beetle extract cluster was enriched in genes for detoxification and redox processes, while the locust extract upregulated more genes for cell division and accumulation of cell mass. In addition, several signal transduction genes previously implicated in pathogenicity in plant pathogens were only upregulated in response to locust extract, implying similarities in the regulatory circuitry of these pathogens with very different hosts.

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4

Yang, Zhi Xian, Ze Hua Liu, C. Guo, and Zhen Dong Dai. "Nano Mechanical Behaviors of Hindleg Cuticle in Beetle Dorcus titanus (Coleoptera: Lucanidae)." Advanced Materials Research 668 (March 2013): 529–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.668.529.

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Biomaterials have a hierarchical structure with outstanding mechanical properties that are far beyond those additional engineering materials. Nano indentation techniques are convenient to study the biological materials. In this paper, the nano mechanical behavors of hindleg cuticle in beetle Dorcus titanus were investigated. The results indicate that the hardness and modulus values of hindleg cuticle outside are far higher than that of inside as well as the front podomere cuticle outside has a softer stiffness than that of the middle podomere cuticle outside, which is exactly contrary to the cuticle inside anyway. The primary formation factor probably is related to the different epicuticle and exocuticle with different thickness. Mechanics theories on the stiffness, hardness, strength and toughness of biomaterials can be expected to play a key role in developing bio-inspired multi-functional and hierarchical materials in future.

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5

Freimoser, Florian M., Gang Hu, and Raymond J. St Leger. "Variation in gene expression patterns as the insect pathogen Metarhizium anisopliae adapts to different host cuticles or nutrient deprivation in vitro." Microbiology 151, no. 2 (February 1, 2005): 361–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.27560-0.

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Metarhizium anisopliae infects a broad range of insects by direct penetration of the host cuticle. To explore the molecular basis of this process, its gene expression responses to diverse insect cuticles were surveyed, using cDNA microarrays constructed from an expressed sequence tag (EST) clone collection of 837 genes. During growth in culture containing caterpillar cuticle (Manduca sexta), M. anisopliae upregulated 273 genes, representing a broad spectrum of biological functions, including cuticle-degradation (e.g. proteases), amino acid/peptide transport and transcription regulation. There were also many genes of unknown function. The 287 down-regulated genes were also distinctive, and included a large set of ribosomal protein genes. The response to nutrient deprivation partially overlapped with the response to Man. sexta cuticle, but unique expression patterns in response to cuticles from another caterpillar (Lymantria dispar), a cockroach (Blaberus giganteus) and a beetle (Popilla japonica) indicate that the pathogen can respond in a precise and specialized way to specific conditions. The subtilisins provided an example of a large gene family in which differences in regulation could potentially allow virulence determinants to target different hosts and stages of infection. Comparisons between M. anisopliae and published data on Trichoderma reesei and Saccharomyces cerevisiae identified differences in the regulation of glycolysis-related genes and citric acid cycle/oxidative phosphorylation functions. In particular, M. anisopliae has multiple forms of several catabolic enzymes that are differentially regulated in response to sugar levels. These may increase the flexibility of M. anisopliae as it responds to nutritional changes in its environment.

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6

Zhang, Zhijun, Wei Wu, Jin Tong, and Jiyu Sun. "Relationship of hydration and nanomechanical characteristics of beetle cuticle." Bioinspired, Biomimetic and Nanobiomaterials 6, no. 3 (September 2017): 161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jbibn.16.00042.

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7

Arwin, H., L. Fernández del Río, C. kerlind, S. Valyukh, A. Mendoza-Galván, R. Magnusson, J. Landin, and K. Järrendahl. "On the polarization of light reflected from beetle cuticle." Materials Today: Proceedings 4, no. 4 (2017): 4933–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.04.099.

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8

Sun, Ji-yu, Jin Tong, and Yun-hai Ma. "Nanomechanical Behaviours of Cuticle of Three Kinds of Beetle." Journal of Bionic Engineering 5 (September 2008): 152–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1672-6529(08)60087-6.

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9

Agez, Gonzague, Chloé Bayon, and Michel Mitov. "Multiwavelength micromirrors in the cuticle of scarab beetle Chrysina gloriosa." Acta Biomaterialia 48 (January 2017): 357–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2016.11.033.

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10

Arakane, Yasuyuki, Joseph Lomakin, Richard W. Beeman, Subbaratnam Muthukrishnan, Stevin H. Gehrke, Michael R. Kanost, and Karl J. Kramer. "Molecular and Functional Analyses of Amino Acid Decarboxylases Involved in Cuticle Tanning in Tribolium castaneum." Journal of Biological Chemistry 284, no. 24 (April 14, 2009): 16584–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m901629200.

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Aspartate 1-decarboxylase (ADC) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine decarboxylase (DDC) provide β-alanine and dopamine used in insect cuticle tanning. β-Alanine is conjugated with dopamine to yield N-β-alanyldopamine (NBAD), a substrate for the phenol oxidase laccase that catalyzes the synthesis of cuticle protein cross-linking agents and pigment precursors. We identified ADC and DDC genes in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Tc), and investigated their functions. TcADC mRNA was most abundant prior to the pupal-adult molt. Injection of TcADC double-stranded (ds) RNA (dsTcADC) into mature larvae resulted in depletion of NBAD in pharate adults, accumulation of dopamine, and abnormally dark pigmentation of the adult cuticle. Injection of β-alanine, the expected product of ADC, into dsTcADC-treated pupae rescued the pigmentation phenotype, resulting in normal rust-red color. A similar pattern of catechol content consisting of elevated dopamine and depressed NBAD was observed in the genetic black mutants of Tribolium, in which levels of TcADC mRNA were drastically reduced. Furthermore, from the Tribolium black mutant and dsTcADC-injected insects both exhibited similar changes in material properties. Dynamic mechanical analysis of elytral cuticle from beetles with depleted TcADC transcripts revealed diminished cross-linking of cuticular components, further confirming the important role of oxidation products of NBAD as cross-linking agents during cuticle tanning. Injection of dsTcDDC into larvae produced a lethal pupal phenotype, and the resulting grayish pupal cuticle exhibited many small patches of black pigmentation. When dsTcDDC was injected into young pupae, the resulting adults had abnormally dark brown body color, but there was little mortality. Injection of dsTcDDC resulted in more than a 5-fold increase in levels of DOPA, indicating that lack of TcDDC led to accumulation of its substrate, DOPA.

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11

Poinar Jr., George, and Fernando E. Vega. "A New Genus of Cylindrical Bark Beetle (Coleoptera: Zopheridae: Colydiinae) in mid-Cretaceous Burmese Amber." Biosis:Biological Systems 1, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.37819/biosis.001.04.0087.

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A bizarre cylindrical bark beetle from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber is described as Stegastochlidus saraemcheana, a new genus and species in the subfamily Colydiinae of the family Zopheridae. The male beetle is characterized by elongate protuberances covering its entire dorsal surface, a tarsal formula of 4-4-4 and ten-segmented antennae with the terminal segment expanded into a small club. The fossil is considered to have been a possible predator that lived among moss, lichens and fungi either attached to trees trunks or on the forest floor. A close association with fungi is indicated by strands of conidia attached to the cuticle of the beetle.

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12

Colusso, Elena, Giovanni Perotto, Yu Wang, Marco Sturaro, Fiorenzo Omenetto, and Alessandro Martucci. "Bioinspired stimuli-responsive multilayer film made of silk–titanate nanocomposites." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 5, no. 16 (2017): 3924–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7tc00149e.

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A bioinspired multilayer film made of a new silk–titanate nanocomposite material, showing a humidity-responsive behavior, has been fabricated. The multilayer structure mimics the structure of the cuticle of the Hoplia coerulea beetle and shows long-term stability over a very large relative humidity range.

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13

Noh, Mi Young, and Yasuyuki Arakane. "S2-2 Development, Ultrastructure and Morphology of Cuticle of a Beetle." Bulletin of Applied Glycoscience 5, no. 3 (August 20, 2015): B32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5458/bag.5.3_b32-2.

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14

Åkerlind, Christina, Hans Arwin, Tomas Hallberg, Jan Landin, Johan Gustafsson, Hans Kariis, and Kenneth Järrendahl. "Scattering and polarization properties of the scarab beetle Cyphochilus insulanus cuticle." Applied Optics 54, no. 19 (June 26, 2015): 6037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.54.006037.

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15

Arakane, Y., S. Muthukrishnan, R. W. Beeman, M. R. Kanost, and K. J. Kramer. "Laccase 2 is the phenoloxidase gene required for beetle cuticle tanning." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102, no. 32 (August 2, 2005): 11337–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0504982102.

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16

Sykes, Dan, Rebecca Hartwell, Rob S. Bradley, Timothy L. Burnett, Benjamin Hornberger, Russell J. Garwood, and Philip J. Withers. "Time-lapse three-dimensional imaging of crack propagation in beetle cuticle." Acta Biomaterialia 86 (March 2019): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2019.01.031.

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17

Aguilar Gutierrez, Oscar F., and Alejandro D. Rey. "Chiral graded structures in biological plywoods and in the beetle cuticle." Colloid and Interface Science Communications 3 (November 2014): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colcom.2015.04.001.

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18

Olsen, T., S. Sass, N. Li, and J. Duman. "Factors contributing to seasonal increases in inoculative freezing resistance in overwintering fire-colored beetle larvae dendroides canadensis." Journal of Experimental Biology 201, no. 10 (May 15, 1998): 1585–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.201.10.1585.

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The insects and microarthropods that vary seasonally in susceptibility to cross-cuticular inoculation by external ice (inoculative freezing) represent a phylogenetically diverse group; however, few studies have explored possible mechanisms experimentally. This study documents seasonally variable inoculative freezing resistance in Dendroides canadensis beetle larvae and combines immunofluorescence, in vivo removal of epicuticular lipids and in vitro chamber studies to explore the roles of seasonal modification in the cuticle and in epidermal and hemolymph antifreeze proteins (AFPs). Seasonal cuticular modifications contribute to the inhibition of inoculative freezing since more cold-hardy larvae froze inoculatively when epicuticular waxes were removed with hexane and, in in vitro chamber experiments, cuticle patches (with the underlying epidermis removed) from winter larvae provided greater protection from inoculative freezing than did cuticle patches from summer larvae. The results indicate that seasonal modifications in epidermal and hemolymph AFPs contribute most strongly to the inhibition of inoculative freezing. Subcuticular epidermal AFPs were present in immunocytochemically labeled transverse sections of winter larvae but were absent in summer ones. Winter integument patches (cuticle with epidermis) were more resistant to inoculative freezing than were summer integument patches. Integument patches resisted inoculative freezing as well as live winter-collected larvae only when hemolymph AFP was added. The results also suggest that some integumentary ice nucleators are removed in cold-hardy larvae and that AFP promotes supercooling by inhibiting the activity of these nucleators.

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19

Wei, Lihua, Kristen E. Reiter, Thomas McElrath, Marianne Alleyne, and Alison C. Dunn. "Diffraction gratings alter the surface friction of iridescent beetle cuticle against fibrous surfaces." Biotribology 20 (December 2019): 100108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biotri.2019.100108.

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20

Hodgkinson, Ian, Sam Lowrey, Levi Bourke, Andrew Parker, and Martin W. McCall. "Mueller-matrix characterization of beetle cuticle: polarized and unpolarized reflections from representative architectures." Applied Optics 49, no. 24 (August 16, 2010): 4558. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.49.004558.

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21

Kiontke, Karin, and Albrecht Manegold. "The association of two Diplogasteroides species (Secernentea: Diplogastrina) and cockchafers (Melolontha spp., Scarabaeidae)." Nematology 3, no. 6 (2001): 603–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854101753389211.

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AbstractThe life cycle of two morphologically very similar Diplogasteroides species and their association with cockchafers in southern Germany was investigated. 70-100% of cockchafer grubs and 95% of the imagines carried Diplogasteroides spp. dauer juveniles. The nematodes were almost exclusively found on the external cuticle of the insects and usually not in the body cavity or the intestine. Diplogasteroides spp. dauer juveniles embark on the grub and accumulate during its development. There was some indication that dauer juveniles are transmitted from male to female beetle during copulation. The dauer juveniles resume development only after the death of the beetle, feeding on the cadaver (necromeny). Former hypotheses, assuming the nematode species to be parasitic and to cause the death of cockchafer grubs, can be refuted.

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22

Kundanati, Lakshminath, Stefano Signetti, Himadri S. Gupta, Michele Menegon, and Nicola M. Pugno. "Multilayer stag beetle elytra perform better under external loading via non-symmetric bending properties." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 15, no. 144 (July 2018): 20180427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2018.0427.

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Insect cuticle has drawn a lot of attention from engineers because of its multifunctional role in the life of insects. Some of these cuticles have an optimal combination of lightweight and good mechanical properties, and have inspired the design of composites with novel microstructures. Among these, beetle elytra have been explored extensively for their multilayered structure, multifunctional roles and mechanical properties. In this study, we investigated the bending properties of elytra by simulating their natural loading condition and comparing it with other loading configurations. Further, we examined the properties of their constitutive bulk layers to understand the contribution of each one to the overall mechanical behaviour. Our results showed that elytra are graded, multilayered composite structures that perform better in natural loading direction in terms of both flexural modulus and strength which is likely an adaptation to withstand loads encountered in the habitat. Experiments are supported by analytical calculations and finite element method modelling, which highlighted the additional role of the relatively stiff external exocuticle and of the flexible thin bottom layer in enhancing flexural mechanical properties. Such studies contribute to the knowledge of the mechanical behaviour of this natural composite material and to the development of novel bioinspired multifunctional composites and for optimized armours.

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23

Engl, Tobias, Thorsten H. P. Schmidt, Sthandiwe Nomthandazo Kanyile, and Dagmar Klebsch. "Metabolic Cost of a Nutritional Symbiont Manifests in Delayed Reproduction in a Grain Pest Beetle." Insects 11, no. 10 (October 20, 2020): 717. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11100717.

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Animals engage in a plethora of mutualistic interactions with microorganisms that can confer various benefits to their host but can also incur context-dependent costs. The sawtoothed grain beetle Oryzaephilus surinamensis harbors nutritional, intracellular Bacteroidetes bacteria that supplement precursors for the cuticle synthesis and thereby enhance desiccation resistance of its host. Experimental elimination of the symbiont impairs cuticle formation and reduces fitness under desiccation stress but does not disrupt the host’s life cycle. For this study, we first demonstrated that symbiont populations showed the strongest growth at the end of metamorphosis and then declined continuously in males, but not in females. The symbiont loss neither impacted the development time until adulthood nor adult mortality or lifespan. Furthermore, lifetime reproduction was not influenced by the symbiont presence. However, symbiotic females started to reproduce almost two weeks later than aposymbiotic ones. Thus, symbiont presence incurs a metabolic and context-dependent fitness cost to females, probably due to a nutrient allocation trade-off between symbiont growth and sexual maturation. The O. surinamensis symbiosis thereby represents an experimentally amenable system to study eco-evolutionary dynamics under variable selection pressures.

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24

Hunt, D. W. A. "ABSENCE OF FATTY ACID GERMINATION INHIBITORS FOR CONIDIA OF BEAUVERIA BASSIANA ON THE INTEGUMENT OF THE BARK BEETLE DENDROCTONUS PONDEROSAE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)." Canadian Entomologist 118, no. 8 (August 1986): 837–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent118837-8.

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Ether extracts from Eurygaster integriceps (Evlakhova and Chekhourina 1962) and Bombyx mori (Koidsumi 1957) have been found to inhibit germination of conidia of the white muscardine fungus, Beauveria bassiana, and of Aspergillus flavus, respectively. Free fatty acids, such as caprylic acid, which inhibit the germination of B. bassiana conidia (Smith and Grula 1981), have been found on the cuticle of several insects (Smith and Grula 1982; Saito and Aoki 1983). However, Smith and Grula (1982) found that the toxicity of free fatty acids to B. bassiana conidia in vitro is dependent on the nutritional conditions present. The germination of B. bassiana conidia onthe integument of the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae, is seldom observed without nutrient enhancement (Hunt et al. 1984). My objective was to determine whether the relative absence of conidial germination on D. ponderosae cuticle is due in part to the action of toxic free fatty acids.

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25

Pallarés, Susana, Josefa Velasco, Andrés Millán, David T. Bilton, and Paula Arribas. "Aquatic insects dealing with dehydration: do desiccation resistance traits differ in species with contrasting habitat preferences?" PeerJ 4 (August 31, 2016): e2382. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2382.

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BackgroundDesiccation resistance shapes the distribution of terrestrial insects at multiple spatial scales. However, responses to drying stress have been poorly studied in aquatic groups, despite their potential role in constraining their distribution and diversification, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions.MethodsWe examined desiccation resistance in adults of four congeneric water beetle species (Enochrus, family Hydrophilidae) with contrasting habitat specificity (lenticvs.lotic systems and different salinity optima from fresh- to hypersaline waters). We measured survival, recovery capacity and key traits related to desiccation resistance (fresh mass, % water content, % cuticle content and water loss rate) under controlled exposure to desiccation, and explored their variability within and between species.ResultsMeso- and hypersaline species were more resistant to desiccation than freshwater and hyposaline ones, showing significantly lower water loss rates and higher water content. No clear patterns in desiccation resistance traits were observed between lotic and lentic species. Intraspecifically, water loss rate was positively related to specimens’ initial % water content, but not to fresh mass or % cuticle content, suggesting that the dynamic mechanism controlling water loss is mainly regulated by the amount of body water available.DiscussionOur results support previous hypotheses suggesting that the evolution of desiccation resistance is associated with the colonization of saline habitats by aquatic beetles. The interespecific patterns observed inEnochrusalso suggest that freshwater species may be more vulnerable than saline ones to drought intensification expected under climate change in semi-arid regions such as the Mediterranean Basin.

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26

Mendoza-Galván, A., K. Järrendahl, and H. Arwin. "Exposing different in-depth pitches in the cuticle of the scarab beetle Cotinis mutabilis." Materials Today: Proceedings 4, no. 4 (2017): 4969–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.04.103.

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27

Fernández del Río, Lía, Hans Arwin, and Kenneth Järrendahl. "Polarizing properties and structural characteristics of the cuticle of the scarab Beetle Chrysina gloriosa." Thin Solid Films 571 (November 2014): 410–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2013.11.149.

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28

Mendoza Galván, Arturo, Kenneth Järrendahl, and Hans Arwin. "Mueller-matrix modeling of the architecture in the cuticle of the beetle Chrysina resplendens." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B 37, no. 6 (November 2019): 062904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.5122824.

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29

AKOTSEN-MENSAH, CLEMENT, and T. KEITH PHILIPS. "Description of a new genus of spider beetle (Coleoptera: Ptinidae) from South Africa." Zootaxa 2160, no. 1 (July 16, 2009): 51–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2160.1.3.

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Pocapharaptinus gen. nov. and eight new species, P. müllerae sp. nov., P. harrisoni sp. nov., P. akotsenorum sp. nov., P. capensis sp. nov., P. soutpanensis sp. nov., P. lachnos sp. nov., P. aboakyer sp. nov., and P. acanthus sp. nov. are described from South Africa. The genus is distinguished by the pronotal surface being densely covered with flocculent, wooly, tan colored setae obscuring the cuticular surface except anteriomedially, where the bare cuticle is variably triangular in shape. All species are illustrated, described, diagnosed and an identification key provided. The biogeography and relationships of this genus to other Ptinidae are also discussed.

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30

Kühbandner, S., K. Hacker, S. Niedermayer, J. L. M. Steidle, and J. Ruther. "Composition of cuticular lipids in the pteromalid wasp Lariophagus distinguendus is host dependent." Bulletin of Entomological Research 102, no. 5 (April 17, 2012): 610–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000748531200017x.

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AbstractThe insect cuticle is covered by a thin layer of hydrocarbons not only preventing desiccation but also playing an important role in the sexual communication of several species. In the pteromalid wasp Lariophagus distinguendus, a parasitoid of grain infesting beetles, female cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) elicit male courtship behaviour. We analyzed the CHC profiles of male and female L. distinguendus wasps reared on different beetle hosts by coupled gas chromatography- mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Statistical analysis of the data revealed significant differences between strains reared on different hosts, while spatially isolated strains reared on the same host produced similar profiles. CHC profiles of parasitoids reared on Stegobium paniceum were statistically distinguishable from those of wasps reared on all other hosts. A host shift from Sitophilus granarius to S. paniceum resulted in distinguishable CHC profiles of L. distinguendus females after only one generation. Considering the role of CHCs as contact sex pheromones, our data suggest that host shifts in parasitic wasps might lead to reproductive isolation of host races due to the modification of the cuticular semiochemistry.

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31

Tesouro, M. O., L. Venturelli, M. A. Roba, A. Romito, L. M. Setten, and E. A. Favret. "How to Improve Soil Anti-adhesion by Studying the Micro-topography of a Beetle Cuticle." Microscopy and Microanalysis 24, S1 (August 2018): 1190–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927618006438.

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32

Finlayson, Ewan D., Luke T. McDonald, and Pete Vukusic. "Optically ambidextrous circularly polarized reflection from the chiral cuticle of the scarab beetle Chrysina resplendens." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 14, no. 131 (June 2017): 20170129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2017.0129.

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The evolution of structural colour mechanisms in biological systems has given rise to many interesting optical effects in animals and plants. The instance of the scarab beetle Chrysina resplendens is particularly distinctive. Its exoskeleton has a bright, golden appearance and reflects both right-handed and left-handed circularly polarized light concurrently. The chiral nanostructure responsible for these properties is a helicoid, in which birefringent dielectric planes are assembled with an incremental rotation. This study correlates details of the beetle's circularly polarized reflectance spectra directly with physical aspects of its structural morphology. Electron micrography is used to identify and measure the physical dimensions of the key constituent components. These include a chiral multilayer configuration comprising two chirped, left-handed helicoids that are separated by a birefringent retarder. A scattering matrix technique is used to simulate the system's optical behaviour in which the roles of each component of the morphological substructure are elucidated by calculation of the fields throughout its depth.

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Zhang, M., A. Haga, H. Sekiguchi, and S. Hirano. "Structure of insect chitin isolated from beetle larva cuticle and silkworm (Bombyx mori) pupa exuvia." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 27, no. 1 (March 2000): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0141-8130(99)00123-3.

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Barbakadze, N. "Local mechanical properties of the head articulation cuticle in the beetle Pachnoda marginata (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae)." Journal of Experimental Biology 209, no. 4 (February 15, 2006): 722–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.02065.

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Zhang, Zhijun, Honglei Jia, Jiyu Sun, and Jin Tong. "Nanoindentation investigation of the stress exponent for the creep of dung beetle (Copris ochusMotschulsky) cuticle." Bioengineered 7, no. 5 (September 2, 2016): 357–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21655979.2016.1226666.

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Noh, Mi Young, Subbaratnam Muthukrishnan, Karl J. Kramer, and Yasuyuki Arakane. "Group I chitin deacetylases are essential for higher order organization of chitin fibers in beetle cuticle." Journal of Biological Chemistry 293, no. 18 (March 22, 2018): 6985–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.ra117.001454.

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Smagghe, Guy, Elisa Vinuela, Heidi Limbergen, Flor Budia, and Luc Tirry. "Nonsteroidal moulting hormone agonists: effects on protein synthesis and cuticle formation in Colorado potato beetle larvae." Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 93, no. 1 (October 1999): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1570-7458.1999.00556.x.

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Arwin, Hans, Roger Magnusson, Kenneth Järrendahl, and Stefan Schoeche. "Effective structural chirality of beetle cuticle determined from transmission Mueller matrices using the Tellegen constitutive relations." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B 38, no. 1 (January 2020): 014004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.5131634.

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Sprouse, Patricia A., Neal T. Dittmer, Karl J. Kramer, Michael R. Kanost, Prajnaparamita Dhar, and Stevin H. Gehrke. "Characterization of the Secondary Structure of CP30, a Highly Repetitive Ampholytic Protein in Beetle Elytral Cuticle." Macromolecular Symposia 358, no. 1 (December 2015): 212–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.201500074.

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Kanzaki, Natsumi, Robin M. Giblin-Davis, Rafael Gonzalez, Rita Duncan, and Daniel Carrillo. "Description of Ruehmaphelenchus juliae n. sp. (Tylenchina: Aphelenchoididae) isolated from an ambrosia beetle, Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Motschulsky), from South Florida." Nematology 17, no. 6 (2015): 639–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685411-00002896.

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During a survey of nematode associates of ambrosia beetles from dead and dying red bay and avocado trees affected by the laurel wilt epidemic in southern Florida, a Ruehmaphelenchus species was isolated from the non-native ambrosia beetle, Xylosandrus crassiusculus. The new species is characterised by its possession of an oral disc at the stoma opening, three lines in the lateral field, male spicule with clear dorsal and ventral limbs connected by elongated triangular cuticle, thin membrane-like tissue and cuticular bridge-like structure, conical tail with pointed tip of males and conical tail with digitate mucro of females. The new species is very similar to four previously described species: R. asiaticus, R. digitulus, R. thailandae and R. sirisus, and can be distinguished only by some minor morphological differences in male tail characters, i.e., spicule morphology, position of genital papillae and tail tip shape, and morphometric values. However, the new species is phylogenetically unique, i.e., it is the basal taxon of the Ruehmaphelenchus clade and close to Bursaphelenchus spp. Ruehmaphelenchus juliae n. sp. is therefore proposed based on its morphological diagnostic characters and molecular sequences of near-full-length of SSU, internal transcribed spacer region, D1, D2 and D3 expansion segments of LSU ribosomal RNA and partial mitochondrial COI genes.

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Castrejón-Antonio, Jesús E., Patricia Tamez-Guerra, Roberto Montesinos-Matías, Maria J. Ek-Ramos, Paul M. Garza-López, and Hugo C. Arredondo-Bernal. "Selection of Beauveria bassiana (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) strains to control Xyleborus affinis (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) females." PeerJ 8 (July 3, 2020): e9472. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9472.

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Background Xyleborus affinis Eichhoff (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is an ambrosia beetle reported to affect avocado trees (Persea americana Mill.). The use of the entomopathogenic fungus (EPF) Beauveria bassiana (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill. for ambrosia beetle control represents an alternative to insecticides. Methods This study was designed in two stages to select B. bassiana strains with potential to control X. affinis females. In the first stage, 19 B. bassiana Mexican strains from EPF collection, isolated from Coleoptera (CHE-CNRCB, http://www.gob.mx/senasica/documentos/coleccion-de-hongos-entomopatogenos), were tested. Analyses included radial growth rate, conidial yield, spore germination, and germ tube length. Results were analysed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to identify clusters within favourable growth phenotypes. For the second stage, 10 selected strains were re-analysed for virulence-related metabolic characteristic, including cell wall-bound cuticle-degrading enzymes–Pr1-like proteases and β-N-acetyl glucosaminidases (NAGase) chitinases, conidial hydrophobicity and monopolar germination parameters. A second PCA analysis was run for those virulence parameters analysed, and upon results strains CHE-CNRCB 44, 171, 431 and 485 were selected and tested against X. affinis females. Females were treated with a 1 × 108 conidia mL−1 suspension (recommended rate), using a Potter Tower. Results All strains showed insecticidal activity, inducing up to 58% mortality; about 30% dead beetles developed aerial mycelia (CHE-CNRCB 485) and the fastest mortality rate was t0 = 1.95 (CHE-CNRCB 44). Conclusion Since all selected strains showed virulence against X. affinis females, results indicated the possibility of selecting B. bassiana strains based on multiple metabolic attributes, as a preliminary test to perform bioassays against order-related target insects.

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Jullien, Aurélie, Maxim Neradovskiy, Adriana Scarangella, and Michel Mitov. "Biomimicry of iridescent, patterned insect cuticles: comparison of biological and synthetic, cholesteric microcells using hyperspectral imaging." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 17, no. 167 (June 2020): 20200239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2020.0239.

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Biological systems inspire the design of multifunctional materials and devices. However, current synthetic replicas rarely capture the range of structural complexity observed in natural materials. Prior to the definition of a biomimetic design, a dual investigation with a common set of criteria for comparing the biological material and the replica is required. Here, we deal with this issue by addressing the non-trivial case of insect cuticles tessellated with polygonal microcells with iridescent colours due to the twisted cholesteric organization of chitin fibres. By using hyperspectral imaging within a common methodology, we compare, at several length scales, the textural, structural and spectral properties of the microcells found in the two-band cuticle of the scarab beetle Chrysina gloriosa with those of the polygonal texture formed in flat films of cholesteric liquid crystal oligomers. The hyperspectral imaging technique offers a unique opportunity to reveal the common features and differences in the spectral-spatial signatures of biological and synthetic samples at a 6-nm spectral resolution over 400 nm–1000 nm and a spatial resolution of 150 nm. The biomimetic design of chiral tessellations is relevant to the field of non-specular properties such as deflection and lensing in geometric phase planar optics.

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Sun, Jiyu, Wei Wu, Weiliang Xue, Riaz Akhtar, Lei Ren, and Jin Tong. "Quantitative Nanomechanical Properties of the Cuticle of the Multicolored Asian Lady Beetle Using the Modulus Mapping Technique." Current Nanoscience 11, no. 2 (February 19, 2015): 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573413711666141223224759.

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Mendoza-Galván, A., E. Muñoz-Pineda, K. Järrendahl, and H. Arwin. "Evidence for a dispersion relation of optical modes in the cuticle of the scarab beetle Cotinis mutabilis." Optical Materials Express 4, no. 12 (November 5, 2014): 2484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ome.4.002484.

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Arwin, Hans, Torun Berlind, Blaine Johs, and Kenneth Järrendahl. "Cuticle structure of the scarab beetle Cetonia aurata analyzed by regression analysis of Mueller-matrix ellipsometric data." Optics Express 21, no. 19 (September 18, 2013): 22645. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.21.022645.

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Bricker, S., and G. M. Happ. "Ultrastructure of the epithelium of the upper ejaculatory duct of the mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 45 (August 1987): 814–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100128353.

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The male mealworm, Tenebrio molitor produces a spermatophore to facilitate transfer of sperm to the female. The wall of the spermatophore is largely produced from the secretions of the paired bean-shaped accessory glands (BAGs). As the cottony pre-spermatophoric mass from the BAGs comes together in the ejaculatory duct where it is molded into the spermatophore, it becomes tougher and more elastic. The mechanisms involved in this stabilization of the wall of the spermatophore were unknown. Mechanisms of stabilization of other acellular structures assembled in extracellular space include quinone-tanning and β-sclerotization in cuticle, shear forces in silk, and pH changes in the spermatophore of Rhodnius. The cells found in the epithelium of the upper ejaculatory duct of the mealworm beetle were examined by transmission electron microscopy for ultrastructural evidence of a role in the stabilization of the spermatophore wall.

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Jacobs, Chris G. C., Gustavo L. Rezende, Gerda E. M. Lamers, and Maurijn van der Zee. "The extraembryonic serosa protects the insect egg against desiccation." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1764 (August 7, 2013): 20131082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.1082.

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Insects have been extraordinarily successful in occupying terrestrial habitats, in contrast to their mostly aquatic sister group, the crustaceans. This success is typically attributed to adult traits such as flight, whereas little attention has been paid to adaptation of the egg. An evolutionary novelty of insect eggs is the serosa, an extraembryonic membrane that enfolds the embryo and secretes a cuticle. To experimentally test the protective function of the serosa, we exploit an exceptional possibility to eliminate this membrane by zerknüllt1 RNAi in the beetle Tribolium castaneum . We analyse hatching rates of eggs under a range of humidities and find dramatically decreasing hatching rates with decreasing humidities for serosa-less eggs, but not for control eggs. Furthermore, we show serosal expression of Tc-chitin-synthase1 and demonstrate that its knock-down leads to absence of the serosal cuticle and a reduction in hatching rates at low humidities. These developmental genetic techniques in combination with ecological testing provide experimental evidence for a crucial role of the serosa in desiccation resistance. We propose that the origin of this extraembryonic membrane facilitated the spectacular radiation of insects on land, as did the origin of the amniote egg in the terrestrial invasion of vertebrates.

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Barr, Cheryl B. "Amazonopsis, an unusual new genus of riffle beetle from South America with two new species (Coleoptera, Elmidae, Elminae)." ZooKeys 803 (December 6, 2018): 71–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.803.28124.

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Amazonopsisgen. n.is described to includeA.theranyisp. n.from Peru, Venezuela and French Guiana, andA.camachoisp. n.from Venezuela. The descriptions are accompanied by figures illustrating the male and female habitus ofA.theranyi, the male habitus ofA.camachoi, and male genitalia of both species.Amazonopsistheranyiexhibits pronounced secondary sexual dimorphism which likewise may be a characteristic of the genus.Amazonopsismales have modified protarsal and mesotarsal claws, a pair of small spines on the anterior prosternum, and a pair of ventrally directed processes on the posterior metaventrite. Females ofA.theranyidisplay a pair of unique, oval perforations in the cuticle of the pronotum and have unmodified claws; females ofA.camachoiare unknown. Descriptions are furnished of the stream habitats and microhabitats where the study specimens were collected.

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Amore, Valentina, Malva I. M. Hernández, Luis M. Carrascal, and Jorge M. Lobo. "Exoskeleton may influence the internal body temperatures of Neotropical dung beetles (Col. Scarabaeinae)." PeerJ 5 (May 18, 2017): e3349. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3349.

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The insect exoskeleton is a multifunctional coat with a continuum of mechanical and structural properties constituting the barrier between electromagnetic waves and the internal body parts. This paper examines the ability of beetle exoskeleton to regulate internal body temperature considering its thermal permeability or isolation to simulated solar irradiance and infrared radiation. Seven Neotropical species of dung beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeinae) differing in colour, surface sculptures, size, sexual dimorphism, period of activity, guild category and altitudinal distribution were studied. Specimens were repeatedly subjected to heating trials under simulated solar irradiance and infrared radiation using a halogen neodymium bulb light with a balanced daylight spectrum and a ceramic infrared heat emitter. The volume of exoskeleton and its weight per volume unit were significantly more important for the heating rate at the beginning of the heating process than for the asymptotic maximum temperature reached at the end of the trials: larger beetles with relatively thicker exoskeletons heated more slowly. The source of radiation greatly influences the asymptotic temperature reached, but has a negligible effect in determining the rate of heat gain by beetles: they reached higher temperatures under artificial sunlight than under infrared radiation. Interspecific differences were negligible in the heating rate but had a large magnitude effect on the asymptotic temperature, only detectable under simulated sun irradiance. The fact that sun irradiance is differentially absorbed dorsally and transformed into heat among species opens the possibility that differences in dorsal exoskeleton would facilitate the heat gain under restrictive environmental temperatures below the preferred ones. The findings provided by this study support the important role played by the exoskeleton in the heating process of beetles, a cuticle able to act passively in the thermal control of body temperature without implying energetic costs and metabolic changes.

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Awater-Salendo, Sarah, Hartwig Schulz, Monika Hilker, and Benjamin Fürstenau. "The Importance of Methyl-Branched Cuticular Hydrocarbons for Successful Host Recognition by the Larval Ectoparasitoid Holepyris sylvanidis." Journal of Chemical Ecology 46, no. 11-12 (October 29, 2020): 1032–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10886-020-01227-w.

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AbstractCuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) of host insects are used by many parasitic wasps as contact kairomones for host location and recognition. As the chemical composition of CHCs varies from species to species, the CHC pattern represents a reliable indicator for parasitoids to discriminate host from non-host species. Holepyris sylvanidis is an ectoparasitoid of beetle larvae infesting stored products. Previous studies demonstrated that the larval CHC profile of the confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum, comprises long chain linear and methyl-branched alkanes (methyl alkanes), which elicit trail following and host recognition in H. sylvanidis. Here we addressed the question, whether different behavioral responses of this parasitoid species to larvae of other beetle species are due to differences in the larval CHC pattern. Our study revealed that H. sylvanidis recognizes and accepts larvae of T. confusum, T. castaneum and T. destructor as hosts, whereas larvae of Oryzaephilus surinamensis were rejected. However, the latter species became attractive after applying a sample of T. confusum larval CHCs to solvent extracted larvae. Chemical analyses of the larval extracts revealed that CHC profiles of the Tribolium species were similar in their composition, while that of O. surinamensis differed qualitatively and quantitatively, i.e. methyl alkanes were present as minor components on the cuticle of all Tribolium larvae, but were absent in the O. surinamensis CHC profile. Furthermore, the parasitoid successfully recognized solvent extracted T. confusum larvae as hosts after they had been treated with a fraction of methyl alkanes. Our results show that methyl alkanes are needed for host recognition by H. sylvanidis.

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