Academic literature on the topic 'Beetles Forest animals Forest ecology'
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Journal articles on the topic "Beetles Forest animals Forest ecology"
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Batchuluun, Buyanjargal, Jens Wunderlich, and Michael Schmitt. "Diversity of beetles (Coleoptera) in natural and planted saxaul forests (Haloxylon ammodendron) in the South Gobi Desert, Mongolia." ZooKeys 1000 (December 3, 2020): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1000.56856.
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We investigated species composition and diversity parameters of beetle communities in two planted saxaul (Haloxylon ammodendron, black saxaul) forests in Southern Mongolia. We also studied nearby natural areas for comparison. Beetles were mainly collected by pitfall traps. 1064 individuals of 38 species of 22 genera in 4 beetle families were identified from planted plots. In comparison, a total of 1395 beetles belonging to 40 species of 24 genera in seven families were collected and identified from the natural saxaul plots. The most diverse beetle families were darkling beetles (Tenebrionidae, 18 species) and snout beetles (Curculionidae, 15 species) in planted and natural saxaul plots. We recorded several species (Apatophysis serricornis, Cephogenia chinensis, and Eumylada punctifera punctifera) which are associated with the saxaul tree. A darkling beetle, Anatolica potanini, was the dominant species in both natural and planted plots of the Nariin Zag forest. There were significant differences in the species richness and abundance between the planted and natural plots of the Ukhaa Zag forest. It is possible that the age of the plantation drove the differences. The higher values of diversity indices and species richness in the planted plots can be explained by the presence of rare species, represented by only one or two individuals. The planted plots and corresponding natural plots within each forest were more similar to each other in species composition and abundance than between forests.
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MÜLLER, JÖRG, and RUDOLF SCHUH. "A new species of Tarphius Erichson, 1845 (Coleoptera: Zopheridae) from Iran." Zootaxa 5005, no. 3 (2021): 375–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5005.3.12.
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The Hyrcanian Forest, located south of the Caspian Sea, represents a remarkably intact temperate forest ecosystem containing large numbers of endemic plants and animals, including beetles. Here we describe a new species of Tarphius Erichson, 1845 (Coleoptera: Zopheridae Solier, 1834) as the currently most eastern Tarphius species known. Tarphius hyrcanicus n. sp. is the first Tarphius species recorded from the Middle East. Its habitat and geographic positions are also reported. The discovery of this presumably endemic species in the Hyrcanian Forest underlines the importance of this Tertiary forest relict in the conservation of the biodiversity of temperate forests.
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Schulze, E. D., L. Bouriaud, H. Bussler, et al. "Opinion Paper: Forest management and biodiversity." Web Ecology 14, no. 1 (2014): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/we-14-3-2014.
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Abstract. In this opinion paper we investigate the effects of forest management on animal and plant biodiversity by comparing protected areas with intensively and extensively managed forests in Germany and in Romania. We want to know the extent to which differences in diversity of Romanian compared to German forests are based on management. The number of tree species was not different in protected and managed forests ranging between 1.8 and 2.6 species per plot in Germany and 1.3 and 4.0 in Romania. Also herbaceous species were independent of management, ranging between 13 species per plot in protected forests of Romania and 38 species per plot in German coniferous forest. Coarse woody debris was generally low, also in protected forests (14 to 39 m3 ha−1). The main difference between Romania and Germany was the volume of standing dead trees (9 to 28 m3 ha−1 for Romania), which resulted in larger numbers of forest relict saproxylic beetles independent of management. Large predators (wolves, bears and lynxes) are only found in regions with low human intervention. Thus, we identified a "cut and leave" type of management in Romania, in which clear-felling of forest are followed by long periods of no human intervention. Forests managed in the "cut and leave" mode contained the highest diversity, due to a natural succession of plant species and due to habitat continuity for animals. In Germany intensive management eliminates poorly formed tree individual and species of low market value during stand development. Forest protection does not ensure the maintenance of more light demanding key species of earlier stages of succession unless competition by shade-tolerant competitors is reduced through disturbances. We compare the economics of intensive and extensive management. The "cut and leave" mode delivers less wood to the wood market, but saves expenses of tending, thinning and administration. Thus the net income could be quite similar to intensive management at a higher level of biodiversity. Our analysis suggests that forest protection per se does not yet ensure the maintenance of species. Clear-felling followed by natural succession may even be superior to the protection of old growth forests, regarding biodiversity. Further research is needed to substantiate this hypothesis.
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SABU, THOMAS K., S. NITHYA, and K. V. VINOD. "Faunal survey, endemism and possible species loss of Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in the western slopes of the moist South Western Ghats, South India." Zootaxa 2830, no. 1 (2011): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2830.1.3.
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Species composition, distribution patterns and endemism are outlined for the dung beetles in the ecoregions of the western slopes of the moist South Western Ghats, South India. Among the 142 dung beetle species known, 35 are endemic to the Western Ghats; 29 are endemic to the moist South Western Ghats; 25 are regionally endemic to the South Western Ghats montane rain forests ecoregion; and one each to the Malabar Coast moist deciduous forest ecoregion and the South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests ecoregion. Five species, including the 3 flightless species, are local endemics to the upper montane tropical montane cloud forests. The montane rain forests ecoregion has the highest number of endemics in the moist south Western Ghats and the moist deciduous forests ecoregion and Malabar Coast moist deciduous forest ecoregion have the lowest levels of endemism. Of the 137 dung beetle species known prior to the deforestation and habitat modification of the region, only 87 have been collected recently.
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Habel, Jan Christian, Elisabeth Koc, Roland Gerstmeier, Axel Gruppe, Sebastian Seibold, and Werner Ulrich. "Insect diversity across an afro-tropical forest biodiversity hotspot." Journal of Insect Conservation 25, no. 2 (2021): 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10841-021-00293-z.
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Abstract Tropical forests host a remarkable proportion of global arthropod diversity. Yet, arthropod communities living in tropical forests are still poorly studied, particularly for dry forests of Eastern Africa. The aim of this study was to analyse community structures, species richness and relative abundances of insects across a heterogeneous forest consisting of various forest types. We collected insects in the lower canopies with light traps across the Arabuko Sokoke forest, part of the East African coastal forest biodiversity hotspot in southeast Kenya. Sampling was conducted across three forest types and along the forest edge. In total we collected > 250,000 individuals. We grouped these individuals into orders, and beetles into (sub)families. Representatives of the taxonomically well-known beetle families Cerambycidae, Tenebrionidae and Scolytinae were further determined to species level. We subsequently classified these groups into guilds according to their ecological requirements and life-histories. Relative abundances of arthropods strongly differed among taxonomic groups and forest types. Evenness was highest in the heterogeneous natural Brachystegia forest type. The mixed forest type and the forest edges showed intermediate degrees of evenness, while the structurally homogenous Cynometra forest showed comparatively low degrees of evenness. Implications for insect conservation We found that taxonomic and guild compositions strongly differed among the forest types. Our findings reveal that structural heterogeneity of a forest is the major driver of insect diversity, community composition, and relative abundance. Our study underlines that the preservation of all three forest types is crucial to maintain the complete diversity of arthropods across all taxonomic groups.
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Ariza, Gloria Maria, Jorge Jácome, Héctor Eduardo Esquivel, and D. Johan Kotze. "Early successional dynamics of ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in the tropical dry forest ecosystem in Colombia." ZooKeys 1044 (June 16, 2021): 877–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.59475.
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Little is known about the successional dynamics of insects in the highly threatened tropical dry forest (TDF) ecosystem. For the first time, we studied the response of carabid beetles to vegetal succession and seasonality in this ecosystem in Colombia. Carabid beetles were collected from three TDF habitat types in two regions in Colombia: initial successional state (pasture), early succession, and intermediate succession (forest). The surveys were performed monthly for 13 months in one of the regions (Armero) and during two months, one in the dry and one in the wet season, in the other region (Cambao). A set of environmental variables were recorded per month at each site. Twenty-four carabid beetle species were collected during the study. Calosoma alternans and Megacephala affinis were the most abundant species, while most species were of low abundance. Forest and pasture beetle assemblages were distinct, while the early succession assemblage overlapped with these assemblages. Canopy cover, litter depth, and soil and air temperatures were important in structuring the assemblages. Even though seasonality did not affect the carabid beetle assemblage, individual species responded positively to the wet season. It is shown that early successional areas in TDF could potentially act as habitat corridors for species to recolonize forest areas, since these successional areas host a number of species that inhabit forests and pastures. Climatic variation, like the El Niño episode during this study, appears to affect the carabid beetle assemblage negatively, exasperating concerns of this already threatened tropical ecosystem.
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Zumstein, Pascale, Helge Bruelheide, Andreas Fichtner, et al. "What shapes ground beetle assemblages in a tree species-rich subtropical forest?" ZooKeys 1044 (June 16, 2021): 907–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.63803.
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As woody plants provide much of the trophic basis for food webs in forests their species richness, but also stand age and numerous further variables such as vegetation structure, soil properties and elevation can shape assemblages of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae). However, the combined impact of these numerous variables on ground beetle diversity and community structure has rarely been studied simultaneously. Therefore, ground beetles were studied in 27 plots in a highly diverse and structurally heterogeneous subtropical forest ecosystem, the Gutianshan National Park (southeast China) using pitfall traps and flight interception traps. Both trapping methods collected partly overlapping species spectra. The arboreal fauna was dominated by lebiines and to a smaller extent by tiger beetles and platynines; the epigeic fauna comprised mostly representatives of the genus Carabus and numerous tribes, especially anisodactylines, pterostichines, and sphodrines. Ground beetle species richness, abundance, and biomass of the pitfall trap catches were analyzed with generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs), fitted with seven environmental variables. Four of these variables influenced the ground beetle assemblages: Canopy cover, herb cover, pH-value of the topsoil and elevation. Contrary to our expectations, woody plant species richness and stand age did not significantly affect ground beetle assemblages. Thus, ground beetles seem to respond differently to environmental variables than ants and spiders, two other predominantly predatory arthropod groups that were studied on the same plots in our study area and which showed distinct relationships with woody plant richness. Our results highlight the need to study a wider range of taxa to achieve a better understanding of how environmental changes affect species assemblages and their functioning in forest ecosystems.
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Hammond, H. E. James, Sergio García-Tejero, Greg R. Pohl, David W. Langor, and John R. Spence. "Spatial and temporal variation of epigaeic beetle assemblages (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Staphylinidae) in aspen-dominated mixedwood forests across north-central Alberta." ZooKeys 1044 (June 16, 2021): 951–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.65776.
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Epigaeic beetle assemblages were surveyed using continuous pitfall trapping during the summers of 1992 and 1993 in six widely geographically distributed locations in Alberta’s aspen-mixedwood forests prior to initial forest harvest. Species composition and turnover (β-diversity) were evaluated on several spatial scales ranging from Natural Regions (distance between samples 120–420 km) to pitfall traps (40–60 m). A total of 19,885 ground beetles (Carabidae) representing 40 species and 12,669 rove beetles (non-AleocharinaeStaphylinidae) representing 78 species was collected. Beetle catch, species richness, and diversity differed significantly among the six locations, as did the identity of dominant species. Beetle species composition differed significantly between the Boreal Forest and Foothills Natural Regions for both taxa. Staphylinidae β-diversity differed significantly between Natural Regions, whereas Carabidae β-diversity differed among locations. Climate variables such as number of frost-free days, dry periods, and mean summer temperatures were identified as significant factors influencing beetle assemblages at coarse spatial scales, whereas over- and understory vegetation cover, litter depth, shade, slope, and stand age influenced beetle assemblages at finer spatial scales. Significant interannual variation in assemblage structure was noted for both taxa. Because composition of epigaeic beetle assemblages differed across spatial scales, forest management strategies based only on generalized understanding of a single location will be ineffective as conservation measures. In addition, site history and geographic variation significantly affect species distributions of these two beetle families across the landscape. Thus, we underscore Terry Erwin’s suggestion that biodiversity assessments focused on species assemblages at different spatial scales provide a sound approach for understanding biodiversity change and enhancing conservation of arthropod biodiversity.
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Chouangthavy, Bounsanong, Khankeo Bouttavong, Johnny Louangphan, et al. "Beetle biodiversity in forest habitats in Laos depends on the level of human exploitation." Journal of Insect Conservation 24, no. 5 (2020): 833–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10841-020-00255-x.
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Abstract Coleopteran diversity was compared between more and less disturbed lowland evergreen deciduous forests located in Phou Phanang National protected area, Lao PDR. Using window traps and pitfall traps and collecting beetles from March until December 2018, a total of 6243 specimens were obtained. The number of morphospecies found in the less disturbed forest was significantly higher as compared to the more disturbed forest. Slightly more morphospecies were found in the window traps compared to pitfall traps and a significantly higher number of morphospecies were found in the wet season (June and September collections), compared to the dry season (March and December collections). Similarly, more than twice as many specimens were found in the less disturbed forest, compared to the more disturbed forest and also again more were found in the wet season, in particular predators. The data presented here indicate that so far largely undisturbed forests in Lao PDR need to be better protected from human exploitation such as logging.
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Matsuoka, Steven M., Colleen M. Handel, and Daniel R. Ruthrauff. "Densities of breeding birds and changes in vegetation in an Alaskan boreal forest following a massive disturbance by spruce beetles." Canadian Journal of Zoology 79, no. 9 (2001): 1678–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z01-130.
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We examined bird and plant communities among forest stands with different levels of spruce mortality following a large outbreak of spruce beetles (Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby)) in the Copper River Basin, Alaska. Spruce beetles avoided stands with black spruce (Picea mariana) and selectively killed larger diameter white spruce (Picea glauca), thereby altering forest structure and increasing the dominance of black spruce in the region. Alders (Alnus sp.) and crowberry (Empetrum nigrum) were more abundant in areas with heavy spruce mortality, possibly a response to the death of overstory spruce. Grasses and herbaceous plants did not proliferate as has been recorded following outbreaks in more coastal Alaskan forests. Two species closely tied to coniferous habitats, the tree-nesting Ruby-crowned Kinglet (Regulus calendula) and the red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus), a major nest predator, were less abundant in forest stands with high spruce mortality than in low-mortality stands. Understory-nesting birds as a group were more abundant in forest stands with high levels of spruce mortality, although the response of individual bird species to tree mortality was variable. Birds breeding in stands with high spruce mortality likely benefited reproductively from lower squirrel densities and a greater abundance of shrubs to conceal nests from predators.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Beetles Forest animals Forest ecology"
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Franc, Niklas. "Conservation ecology of forest invertebrates, especially saproxylic beetles, in temperate successional oak-rich stands /." Göteborg : Göteborg University, 2007. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy0802/2007423867.html.
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Franc, Niklas. "Conservation ecology of forest invertebrates, expecially saproxylic beetles, in temperate successional oak-rich stands /." Göteborg : Göteborg University, Department of Zoology, 2007. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy0802/2007423867.html.
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Brandenburg, Marci D. "Effects of deer exclosures on forest floor mammals." Ohio : Ohio University, 2004. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1097606609.
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Hausmann, Franziska. "The utility of linear riparian rainforest for vertebrates on the Atherton and Evelyn Tablelands, North Queensland /." Click here to access, 2004. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20050115.105740.
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Thesis (M.Phil.) -- Griffith University, 2004.<br>Facsimile of the author's original dissertation. Pagination of document: x, 121 leaves. Includes bibliographical references. Also available online via the World Wide Web.
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McElhinny, Chris. "Quantifying stand structural complexity in woodland and dry sclerophyll forest, South-Eastern Australia /." View thesis entry in Australian Digital Theses Program, 2005. http://thesis.anu.edu.au/public/adt-ANU20060322.133914/index.html.
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Beaudry, Suzanne. "Effects of forest site preparation methods on carabid beetle (Coleoptera:Carabidae) diversity." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=22718.
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The objective was to analyze the effects of logging and prescribed burning on carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) at a jack pine stand and white spruce plantations in order to assess short-term impacts of these forestry practices on the diversity of this beetle group. In addition, soil scarification was also included at the jack pine stand. Based on previous reports on forest disturbance influences on carabids, it is hypothesized that short-term effects of studied forestry practices do not reduce carabids' diversity. Four carabid assemblage characteristics were compared: (a) number of catches; (b) dry mass; (c) species richness; and, (d) diversity index. Species responses and dry mass distributions were also investigated. Treatments either increased or maintained studied variables compared with control sites. Diversity indices were highest in burnt-over areas. Similar response patterns of species or groups of species were observed in both forest types. The presence of regenerating sites among the natural landscape increased carabid diversity.
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Fishlock, Victoria L. "Bai use in forest elephants (Loxodonta africana cyclotis) : ecology, sociality & risk." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/2758.
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Forest elephant (Loxodonta africana cyclotis) sociality is relatively little-studied due to the difficulties of making direct observations in rainforests. In Central Africa elephants aggregate at large natural forest clearings known as bais, which have been postulated to offer social benefits in addition to nutritional resources. This thesis explores the role of these clearings as social arenas by examining bai use within three main themes; ecology, sociality and risk factors. Seasonal changes in elephant use of the Maya Nord bai (Republic of Congo) are described, along with the demography of the visiting population. Elephant visit rate was highly variable; the number of elephants using Maya Nord in an observation day ranged from 0 to 117 animals. This variability was unrelated to local resource availability and productivity suggesting that bai use occurs year round. Elephants in Odzala-Kokoua do not show high fidelity to a single clearing; 454 elephants were individually identified and re-sighted an average of 1.76 times (range 1-10) during the twelve month study period. Previous bai studies have yet to quantify how elephants associate with one another within the bai area. This study examines socio-spatial organisation and associate choice using two measures of association within the 0.23 km2 bai area; aggregations (all elephants present in the clearing) and parties (elephants spatially co-ordinated in activity and movement) and distinguishes these from parties that range together (i.e. arrive and leave together). Social network analyses (SocProg) were used to describe inter- and intra-sexual multi-level organisation in the bai environment, and to illustrate the non-random nature of elephant aggregations and parties. Bais were shown to function as social arenas; female elephants showed active choice of certain associates and active avoidance of others when creating parties, whereas males were less discriminatory. Parties formed in the clearing (mean size= 3.93, SE= 0.186) were larger than ranging parties (mean size= 2.71, SE= 0.084) and elephants stayed for 50% longer in the clearing when they associated with individuals from outside their ranging party. Inter- and intra-sexual relationships were maintained within the clearing, and these are suggested to offer elephants essential opportunities for social learning. The patterning and nature of the relationships observed at the Maya Nord clearing indicates that forest elephants use a fission-fusion social structure similar to that of savannah elephants (Loxodonta africana africana); relationships are significantly structured by age- and sex- and underpinned by individual identity. Old experienced females hold key roles for forest elephants, and male relationships are superimposed on the network of female associations. Odzala-Kokoua elephants use bais to maintain their social relationships despite being highly sensitive to the anthropogenic risks involved in using these open areas. The results of this study suggest that forest and savannah elephants lie on the same social continuum, balancing social “pulls” to aggregate against the ecological “pushes” that force groups to fission. Previous models of savannah elephant sociality construct levels of association and social complexity upwards from the basic mother-calf unit (e.g. Wittemyer & Getz 2007). My results suggest that it may be more appropriate to consider elephant sociality and associations as in dynamic equilibrium between social and ecological influences acting at all levels of grouping, and to explicitly test how these underlie the opportunity costs that elephants are willing to pay in order to maintain social groupings.
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Marker, Jeffery. "Effect of distance to urban areas on saproxylic beetles in urban forests." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för biologi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-70842.
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Urban forests play key roles in animal and plant biodiversity and provide important ecosystem services. Habitat fragmentation and expanding urbanization threaten biodiversity in and around urban areas. Saproxylic beetles can act as bioindicators of forest health and their diversity may help to explain and define urban-forest edge effects. I explored the relationship between saproxylic beetle diversity and distance to an urban area along nine transects in the Västra Götaland region of Sweden. Specifically, the relationships between abundance and species richness and distance from the urban-forest boundary, forest age, forest volume, and tree species ratio was investigated Unbaited flight interception traps were set at intervals of 0, 250, and 500 meters from an urban-forest boundary to measure beetle abundance and richness. A total of 4182 saproxylic beetles representing 179 species were captured over two months. Distance from the urban forest boundary showed little overall effect on abundance suggesting urban proximity does not affect saproxylic beetle abundance. There was an effect on species richness, with saproxylic species richness greater closer to the urban-forest boundary. Forest volume had a very small positive effect on both abundance and species richness likely due to a limited change in volume along each transect. An increase in the occurrence of deciduous tree species proved to be an important factor driving saproxylic beetle abundance moving closer to the urban-forest. Overall, analysis showed inconsistent effects on both abundance and richness as functions of proximity to the urban-forest boundary. Urban edge effects, forest volume, forest age, and forest tree species make up are all variables that may effect saproxylic abundance and species richness. Forest managers should consider these variables when making management decisions.
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Olsson, Jörgen. "Colonization Patterns of Wood-inhabiting Fungi in Boreal Forest." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1907.
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Forest management practices have changed the over-all structure of the Fennoscandian forest landscape resulting in a lack of suitable substrates for many wood-inhabiting species. The objectives of this thesis was to describe the colonization patterns of wood-inhabiting fungi, including the potential role of beetles as dispersal vectors, on different types of dead wood substrate and assess the importance of active measures in the forest landscape in order to restore biodiversity i.e. to increase the amount of dead wood and the use of restoration fire. The results clearly demonstrate the importance of restoration fire for wood-inhabiting fungi in a dry Pinus sylvestris forest. The general pattern for the majority of the species was a drastic decline the first two years after fire. However, after four years most of the species had recovered and were frequently found on logs strongly affected by the fire. The early fungal colonization patterns on fresh experimental Picea abies logs revealed no differences between managed forest stands and stands associated with nature reserves. After five years the species assemblage on the experimental logs was affected by stand age, forest site type, and distance to forest reserves. However, very few red-listed species colonized the logs in spite of being fairly common in the reserve stands. We conclude that the experimental period of only five years was too short to fully evaluate the possibilities to use experimental logs for threatened and red-listed species. We assessed the colonization patterns of different fungal functional groups based upon their different nutritional strategies namely mycorrhizal, saprotrophic on litter and humus, saprotrophic on wood causing white rot, and saprotrophic on wood causing brown rot. The results show that the fungal community undergoes a marked change in dominant nutritional strategies during the initial stage of the colonization process both after fire disturbance and on fresh un-colonized experimental logs. To which extent, saproxylic beetles are involved as passive or active vectors in the dispersal and colonization of wood-inhabiting fungi occurring on dead wood is poorly understood. The results clearly showed that some beetle species do discriminate between different fungal substrates and in particular, the bark beetle Dryocoetes autographus showed significant preference for wood with Fomitopsis rosea mycelium.
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Philhower-Gillen, Jennifer R. "The Role of Animals in Maintaining Forest Herb Diversity in Southeast Ohio." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1415100392.
Full textBooks on the topic "Beetles Forest animals Forest ecology"
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Conservation ecology of forest invertebrates, especially saproxylic beetles, in temperate successional oak-rich stands. Göteborg University, 2007.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Beetles Forest animals Forest ecology"
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Petit, S. "Diffusion of forest carabid beetles in hedgerow network landscapes." In Carabid Beetles: Ecology and Evolution. Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0968-2_51.
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Putman, R. J. "The Effects of Grazing on the Forest’s Other Animals." In Grazing in Temperate Ecosystems Large Herbivores and the Ecology of the New Forest. Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-6081-0_8.
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"Ecology of the Critically Endangered Forest Owlet Heteroglaux blewitti." In Rare Animals of India, edited by Girish Jathar and Asad Rahmani. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9781608054855113010008.
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Bryant, John P., and Roger W. Ruess. "Mammalian Herbivory, Ecosystem Engineering, and Ecological Cascades in Alaskan Boreal Forests." In Alaska's Changing Boreal Forest. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195154313.003.0019.
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The mammalian herbivores of the taiga forests include members of the largest (moose) and smallest (microtines) vertebrates that inhabit North American terrestrial biomes. Their abundance in a particular area fluctuates dramatically due to seasonal use of particular habitats (moose) and external factors that influence demographic processes (microtines). The low visibility of herbivores to the casual observer might suggest that these animals have minimal influence on the structure and the function of boreal forests. On the contrary, seedling herbivory by voles, leaf stripping by moose, or wholesale logging of mature trees by beaver can profoundly change forest structure and functioning. These plant-herbivore interactions have cascading effects on the physical, chemical, and biological components of the boreal ecosystem that shape the magnitude and direction of many physicochemical and biological processes. These processes, in turn, control the vertical and horizontal interactions of the biological community at large. Herbivores act as ecosystem engineers (Jones et al. 1994) in that they reshape the physical characteristics of the habitat, modify the resource array and population ecology of sympatric species, and influence the flux of energy and nutrients through soils and vegetation. Additionally, many herbivores are central to a variety of human activities. Both consumptive and nonconsumptive use of wildlife represents a pervasive aspect of life in the North. In this chapter, we examine the interactions of mammalian herbivores with their environment, with an emphasis on moose, and attempt to delineate the biotic and abiotic conditions under which herbivores influence the phenotypic expression of vegetation. We also examine the role of herbivores, and of wildlife in general, in the context of human perceptions and interactions with their environment. Human-environment interactions are both direct and indirect and pertain to a variety of social expressions. The relationship between humans and wildlife has economic, cultural, and psychological dimensions, which underscore the importance of these animals in a broader social, as well as ecological, context. Northern ecosystems such as the boreal forest are characterized by extreme seasonality and pronounced change in resource availability between summer and winter. Not surprisingly, these conditions are reflected in the population dynamics of the animals that inhabit these environments, particularly in smaller-bodied herbivores.
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Horning, Ned, Julie A. Robinson, Eleanor J. Sterling, Woody Turner, and Sacha Spector. "Human interfaces and urban change." In Remote Sensing for Ecology and Conservation. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199219940.003.0019.
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For the first time in human history, more people live in urban areas than in rural areas, and the patterns of suburbanization and urban sprawl once characteristic of North America are now present globally (Obaid 2007). As conservation biologists seek to prioritize conservation efforts worldwide, urbanization and agricultural development emerge as two of the most extensive processes that threaten biodiversity. Suburban and rural sprawl are significant drivers of forest fragmentation and biodiversity loss (e.g., Murphy 1988; Radeloff et al. 2005). Data on human impacts is often averaged across political boundaries rather than biogeographic boundaries, making it challenging to use existing data sets on human demography in ecological studies and relate human population change to the changes in populations of other species. Remotely sensed data can make major contributions to mapping human impacts in ecologically relevant ways. For example, Ricketts and Imhoff (2003) assigned conservation priorities (based on species richness and endemism) for the United States and Canada using several different types of remotely sensed data. For mapping urban cover, they used the map of “city lights at night” from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (Imhoff et al. 1997) to classify land as urbanized or not urbanized. For mapping agricultural cover, they used the USGS North America Seasonal Land Cover map (Loveland et al. 2000), derived from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), lumping five categories to create an agricultural land class. For ecological data, they used a compilation of ecoregion boundaries combined with range maps for over 20,000 species in eight taxa (birds, mammals, butterflies, amphibians, reptiles, land snails, tiger beetles, and vascular plants; Ricketts et al. 1999). Analyzing these data, Ricketts and Imhoff (2003) identified a strong correlation between species richness and urbanization. Of the 110 ecoregions studied, 18 ranked in the top third for both urbanization and biodiversity (species richness, endemism, or both); some of the ecoregions identified as priorities were not identified by a previous biodiversity assessment that did not include the remotely sensed mapping of urbanization (Ricketts et al. 1999).
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Walters, Dale. "Chocolate Is a Product of the Cacao Tree." In Chocolate Crisis. University Press of Florida, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9781683401674.003.0003.
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This chapter looks at both the Theobroma cacao tree and its cultivation. It covers cacao botany: its unusual habit of cauliflory, where the flowers, and hence the pods, arise directly from the trunk and main branches of the tree; pollination of its flowers, which is linked with the ecology of the rain forest in which it grows; and dispersal of its seeds, which is almost unique in its dependency on vertebrate animals such as monkeys, bats, and squirrels. The chapter also deals with the cultivation of cacao, mostly by smallholder farmers on individual, family-managed farms, typically 0.5 –7 ha in size, in the lowland tropical regions of Latin America, West Africa, and Indonesia. Finally, the chapter examines the impact of the increasing demand for chocolate on the push towards the intensification of cocoa cultivation, threatening to shift production even further from the traditionally managed, sustainable cultivation systems of the past.
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Bowman, William D. "Introduction: Historical Perspective and Significance of Alpine Ecosystem Studies." In Structure and Function of an Alpine Ecosystem. Oxford University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195117288.003.0005.
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Alpine tundra is an intriguing ecosystem—for its beauty as well as for the harsh climate in which it exists. Contrasted against jagged rock precipices and snow and ice and subjected to rapid changes in weather, the tundra, with its proliferation of diminutive flowers, appears deceptively fragile. John Muir, in detailing the alpine of the Sierra Nevada, was at a loss to adequately describe “the exquisite beauty of these mountain carpets as they lie smoothly outspread in the savage wilderness” (Muir 1894). Despite this aesthetic fascination for the alpine, it is one of the least studied ecosystems in the world. Significant effort has been expended to describe the physiological ecology of alpine organisms (e.g., Bliss 1985; Carey 1993; Körner 1999) and community patterns (Komárková 1979; Billings 1988), but there have been no syntheses detailing alpine ecosystem processes and patterns to the degree that they have been described in the arctic (e.g., Chapin 1992) and forest (e.g., Likens and Bormann 1995) ecosystems. The goal of this book is to provide a description of the Niwot Ridge/Green Lakes Valley alpine ecosystem of the Front Range in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, including the spatial and temporal patterns of animals, plants, and microorganisms and the associated ecosystem processes. The book focuses on the strengths of the research carried out on Niwot Ridge during the past four decades, particularly physical factors influencing alpine ecology (climate and geomorphology), patterns and functions of the vegetation, and N biogeochemistry. While the book focuses on a particular site, the results can be extrapolated to much of the southern and central Rocky Mountains, and thus it pertains to a broader geographic and scientific scope and will be of direct interest to ecologists in general as well as to those interested in ecosystems in extreme environments. There are numerous justifications for a synthesis of alpine ecosystem studies. While alpine tundra occupies only about 3% of the global land surface (Körner 1995) and thus has little impact on atmosphere-biosphere exchange, its presence at the extreme climatic tolerance for many organisms and its presence on every continent make it a good “indicator” system for regional environmental change.
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Lorbiecki, Marybeth. "The Farmer as Conservationist … and Restorationist." In A Fierce Green Fire. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199965038.003.0026.
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The farm lies about two hours away from the Shack but only historic inches away in concept. In the Driftless region of southwest Wisconsin, it bears upon it some of the beautiful contoured crop swirls of Coon Valley, telltale marks of Leopold’s influence. New Forest Farm, started by Mark and Jen Shepard, is restoration agriculture in action. The farm asks the land to do what it is tailored by nature to do best and then trains it artfully, holistically, and prodigiously for personal, natural, and commercial use. From the sky, it looks like a child’s fingerpainting in green, with curlycues and waves of varying shades, dotted with treetop spheres, winding around ridges and swells. Lovely, biologically diverse, and drought resistant. It has pocket ponds with connective rain-irrigation swales cut into the contours following gradual lines of gravity to disperse captured moisture into the roots and soil for storage. In the face of the worst drought since 1933, this farm stood out lush and lively, though the chestnuts, hazelnuts, and fruit trees produced a reduced harvest, saving their energies for survival. On the spring day we visited, three new shaggy, fawn-colored Highland cattle had just arrived—a mother, son, and calf—along with some new solar-powered electric fencing for pasturing paddocks. “The animals get to know the whole thing,” says Peter Allen, the land manager in his early thirties who expounds on the sequential grazing of the cattle, pigs, sheep, chickens, and turkeys. “They stay for a day in the paddock, and they’re ready to move on to the next when we open the gates.” A PhD student from UW-Madison’s Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, Allen is applying precepts of wildlife and land ecology to the emerging field of restoration agriculture. He’s also a warm host and knowledgeable tour guide, handing out exciting details like the intoxicating cider made here.
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Maun, M. Anwar. "Plant communities." In The Biology of Coastal Sand Dunes. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198570356.003.0016.
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Plant communities of the dune complex are a result of interaction between tolerance of plant species and sandy substrate, high wind velocities, salt spray, sand accretion and environmental heterogeneity. Propagules of many plant species are dispersed by water currents and deposited on the driftline. Most of these species find ideal conditions for germination but seedling establishment, growth and reproduction is denied to all but a few species with ecological amplitude sufficient to withstand the physical stresses associated with sand accretion, erosion and sandblasting in the highly disturbed environment. The distinct differences between habitats from the water´s edge to the inland grass-forest ecotone leads eventually to the establishment of ecologically distinct communities consisting of both plants and animals. The distinction is caused by sharp differences in the physical environment that may create sharp zones with abrupt or gradual blending of the two community types. In some locations these zones are relatively stable for long periods before any visible change occurs in the community depending on the recession of the shoreline, availability of new bare areas and the advance of communities towards the sea coast. The occurrence of plant communities in zones has been documented along sea coasts worldwide. This chapter examines the plant communities of the sand dune complex along seashores of the world. The following information has been assembled from Doing (1985), Dry coastal ecosystems Vol. 2 A, B, C, edited by Eddy van der Maarel (1993), Doody (1991) and Thannheiser (1984). It presents data on plant communities and ecology of each zone from various parts of the world. The species complement in the ´foredune complex´ in tropical, temperate and other regions around the world may be different, but their response to the prevailing environmental stresses of foredunes is convergent. In different world regions the boundaries between vegetation zones of the sand dune complex may not be defined sharply because of climatic variability, geographic location, physiography of the dune system and other factors peculiar to each location. Usually three to six different plant assemblages have been identified on the dune complex along sea coasts and lakeshores. A brief description of vegetation and ecological traits of species in each zone are presented below.
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Wheelwright, Nathaniel T. "Conservation Biology." In Monteverde. Oxford University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195095609.003.0018.
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Each February, when I return to Monteverde to study the reproductive ecology of lauraceous trees, I stay with friends in their farmhouse tucked on the edge of the lower montane moist forest. On my first morning back, I am always eager to listen to the dawn bird chorus. During my most recent visit, I awoke to hear a cacophony of Great-tailed Crackles, a noisy flock of Brown Jays, an exuberant House Wren, and a gang of Bronzed Cowbirds squabbling over spilled grain by the cow barn. Back in 1978, during my first visit, there were no Great-tailed Crackles in Monteverde. Brown Jays had colonized the area, but their flocks were relatively small and restricted to the lower parts of the community. House Wrens, always familiar denizens of Monteverde’s yards and farms, are more abundant today than ever. Once a rarity in Monteverde, Bronzed Cowbirds are now common. Monteverde has changed, and more changes are coming. The rest of Monteverde’s avifauna has undoubtedly felt an impact from the explosive population growth of these bird species. Crackles and jays prey on the eggs, nestlings, and fledglings of other birds; wrens also occasionally destroy other birds’ eggs. Cowbirds are brood parasites. All four species potentially compete with other species for food. Without censuses from earlier years, it is impossible to know how newly colonizing species have affected the fauna and flora of Monteverde. Contributors to this book have provided evidence that various species of animals and plants, especially widespread species of Costa Rica’s lowlands and foothills, have expanded their ranges and increased their population sizes in Monteverde. At the same time, other species are rarer than they used to be only a few decades ago. I used to marvel at the frenzied breeding aggregations of Golden Toads, hold multicolored Harlequin Frogs, and listen to nightly serenades of glass frogs along the Río Guacimal. Most of them no longer exist in Monteverde. In this chapter my goals are to (1) highlight aspects of the biodiversity of Monteverde that are relevant to conservation, (2) give a brief overview of general concepts in conservation biology, (3) discuss conservation problems that are specific to Monteverde and neotropical highland forests, and (4) consider how principles of conservation biology might provide solutions to those problems.
Conference papers on the topic "Beetles Forest animals Forest ecology"
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Barševskis, Arvīds. "BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY OF BEETLES IN RAIN FORESTS OF PHILIPPINES." In Zoology and Animal Ecology. Univrsity of Latvia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/zde.2021.01.
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