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1
Sleigh, Tom. "Before Rain." Tikkun 32, no. 1 (2017): 71.1–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/08879982-3769563.
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Portuges, Catherine, Judy Courihan, Cedomir Kolar, Sam Taylor, Cat Villiers, and Milcho Manchevski. "Before the Rain." American Historical Review 100, no. 4 (October 1995): 1229. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2168224.
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McCarthy, Christine. "Before the Rain." Space and Culture 6, no. 3 (August 2003): 330–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1206331203251817.
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Trabesinger, Andreas H. "Rain before six." Nature Physics 13, no. 12 (December 2017): 1147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphys4334.
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Mathur, Ira. "Poui before Rain." Small Axe: A Caribbean Journal of Criticism 23, no. 2 (July 1, 2019): 100–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/07990537-7703332.
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As the Me Too movement gathers momentum, the conversation about the historical exploitation of women and sexual power dynamics has spread to Caribbean literature. This story uses the Poui blossom that flowers in the dry season in Trinidad, an island in the Caribbean, as a metaphor for loss, fragility, renewal, and resilience, to demonstrate how it is impossible to separate these dynamics from the way vulnerable women, still embedded in age-old dynamics, turn to powerful men for protection and healing, ironically from the hurt from other men, leading to further abuse. In this particular instance, Poui before Rain explores the nikah, the Islamic marriage that allows a man living under Islamic law to marry up to three women in a simple ceremony using two witnesses. Equally, he is allowed to divorce by simply repeating Talaak (I divorce you) three times. The nikah is a largely hidden phenomenon in Trinidad (a multicultural democracy where people of all faiths live), but it is far more prevalent than previously believed. Poui before Rain is the story of a woman who is “saved” by a doctor from despair and ill-health after the death of her child and crumbling of her marriage to a gay man who prefers to remain in the closet. The doctor, who does a nikah with her, is on the verge of discarding her when she seeks justice, and in so doing, she finds redemption as well as healing from unexpected spaces.
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Iseral-Shepherd, Sally. "Just Before the Rain." Appalachian Heritage 26, no. 2 (1998): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/aph.1998.0060.
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Tängerstad, Erik. "Before the Rain - After the War?" Rethinking History 4, no. 2 (July 2000): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13642520050074812.
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Iordanova, Dina. "Before the Rain in a Balkan context." Rethinking History 4, no. 2 (July 2000): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13642520050074786.
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Muir, Patricia S. "Effects of ambient acidic rain on cation concentrations in leaves of Acersaccharum and Cornusflorida." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 22, no. 4 (April 1, 1992): 490–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x92-064.
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Are foliar concentrations of inorganic cations measurably altered by ambient acidic rain? Leaves of Acersaccharum Marsh. and Cornusflorida L. were collected before and after seven rains, washed, and analyzed for concentrations of Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+. Leaf rinse water and the inorganic composition of each rain were also analyzed. All samples were collected in Indianapolis, Indiana, during June–September 1986–1987. Rain pH ranged from 3.6 to 4.6, volumes from 0.1 to 1.9 cm, and durations from 1 to 16 h. Most rains were net cleansers of leaf surfaces; concentrations of cations, SO42−, and NO3− in leaf rinse water were generally higher pre- than post-rain, or were unchanged by rain exposures, and leaf rinse water was more acidic after rains. Pre- versus post-rain changes in cation concentrations in washed leaves were generally small (±7%) compared with amounts present in leaves, and few differences were statistically significant (most p > 0.05). The changes in foliar cation concentrations were not correlated with rain pH, duration, volume, or date. These results suggest that short-term exposure to rain with pH typical of rain in much of the eastern United States is unlikely to have direct effects on foliar nutrient status, at least on fertile soils.
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Jolaosho, A. O., J. A. Olanite, B. O. Oduguwa, and E. A. O. Adekunle. "Comparative effects of three seasons on seed population and viability of cattle, sheep and goat dungs in South-West Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 32, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 94–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v32i1.1052.
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An experiment to determine the effects of seasonal variations on population and viability of seeds in the faeces of ruminant animals was conducted between April to December 2001 using two breeds of cattle, sheep and goats. Three samples were collected per breed from three animals that were tagged for uniformity of data collection. Sampling took place weekly, in the mornings before the animals were taken out for grazing. The highest (P<0.05) total number of seeds, seeds/g dry weights and total number of viable seeds were recovered from cattle, while the least were from goats, but the reverse was the case for percentage viability. The weights of the faeces were significantly (P<0.05) higher in the rainy season than the dry season. The weights of the faeces reduced gradually as the dry season sets in. Likewise, there were more seeds in the early rain than in the late rain and early dry season, with the percentage viability higher in the late rains and early dry season than the early rainy season. There were more broadleaved weeds and sedges in the early rain than late rain and early dry season but the reverse was the case for grasses. In conclusion, although there were more faeces and consequently more seed production in the rainy season, however, but the viability was lower than in the dry season. Also, seeds of broadleaved plants were more in the rainy season while those of grasses were more in the dry season. More seeds and number of viable seeds were recovered from the faeces of cattle than sheep and goats in all the seasons due to the higher weights of faeces but the percentage viability was higher for sheep and goat than cattle.
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Fraser, Alistair B., and Craig F. Bohren. "Is Virga Rain That Evaporates before Reaching the Ground?" Monthly Weather Review 120, no. 8 (August 1992): 1565–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1992)120<1565:ivrteb>2.0.co;2.
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Zahroh, Nyayu Fatimah, Ni Wayan Srimani Puspa Dewi, and Dini Harsanti. "INDEKS LABILITAS UDARA UNTUK MEMPREDIKSI KEJADIAN BADAI GUNTUR PADA PERIODE PUNCAK MUSIM HUJAN TAHUN 2016." Jurnal Sains & Teknologi Modifikasi Cuaca 18, no. 1 (November 30, 2017): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/jstmc.v18i1.1764.
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IntisariPrediksi kejadian badai guntur menjadi perhatian masyarakat luas karena biasanya disertai dengan curah hujan yang tinggi, terutama untuk wilayah rawan banjir seperti provinsi DKI Jakarta. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk analisis potensi hujan disertai badai guntur dengan menggunakan data radiosonde, analisis indeks labilitas berdasarkan parameter yang didapat dari radiometer dan analisis tren indeks labilitas 6 jam sebelum kejadian hujan. Ada beberapa tanggal yang menjadi perhatian yaitu hari dimana kejadian hujan disertai badai guntur tinggi pada tanggal 28 - 31 Januari 2016 serta tanggal 14 Februari 2016 dan kejadian hujan tanpa badai guntur pada tanggal 3 - 4 Februari 2016. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa terdapat perbedaan hasil sounding sebelum hujan dan pada saat hujan. Hasil sounding sebelum kejadian hujan memiliki labilitas moderat dan sounding pada saat kejadian hujan/badai guntur memiliki labilitas kuat. Selain itu, data dari radiometer menunjukan perbedaan signifikan antara perubahan tren indeks labilitas pada 6 jam sebelum kejadian hujan yang disertai badai guntur, dan pada kejadian hujan tanpa badai guntur. AbstractPredictions of a thunderstorm event become an attention for wide society because it is usually accompanied by heavy rainfall, especially for the flood prone area like the province of Jakarta. The objective of this study is to analyze the potential of rain with thunderstorms using radiosonde data, to analyze the lability indices based on parameters that obtained from Radiometer, and to analyze the trends of instability indices in 6 hours before the storm event. There are a few dates that become attention, the day where rain events with thunderstorms is high which is on January 28th - 31st, 2016 and February 14th, 2016, and the rain event without thunderstorm on February 3rd - 4th, 2016. The results showed that there are different sounding results before rain event and when it rains. The sounding result before rain event has moderate lability and sounding result when rain event has strong lability. In addition, the data from the radiometer showed a significant difference between the predicted 6 hours prior to the event of rain with a thunderstorm and rain without thunderstorm events.
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Chen, Zhen Min, Wei Xie, and Hai Ying Zhang. "Error of Acid Rain Research, Effect of Atmosphere CO2 Ignored." Advanced Materials Research 610-613 (December 2012): 381–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.381.
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Since the concept of acid rain was come up with time has been for a little more than a hundred years. Many researchers have studied the causes of it formation and obtained some results. But a satisfactory explanation can not be given about some phenomena of acid rain until today. For example in some regions the acid substances in atmosphere before formed acid rain are being reduced year after year but acidity of rainwater and acid rain frequency are being increased year after year. The anions are less than cations in acid rain, and so on. In order to solve these problems we have done simulated tests. Here we show that the cause of unaccountability some acid rains is ignored effect of atmosphere CO2. Firstly, CO2is well-known acid substance, it can make water acid and its amount is ten thousand times as much as other acid substances, for example SO2and NOx, in atmosphere. Then, when CO2was not dissolved in solution of simulated acid rain pH of solution was larger than 6 although the ions percentage composition of solution is as same as acid rain, and when CO2was done pH of solution was less than or equal 4.6. So, we concluded that CO2plays an important role in acid rain forming.
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Ricciardelli, E., D. Cimini, F. Di Paola, F. Romano, and M. Viggiano. "A statistical approach for rain class evaluation using Meteosat Second Generation-Spinning Enhanced Visible and InfraRed Imager observations." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, no. 11 (November 12, 2013): 13671–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-13671-2013.
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Abstract. Precipitation measurements are essential for short term hydrological and long term climate studies. Operational networks of rain gauges and weather radars provide fairly accurate rain rate measurements, but they leave large areas uncovered. Because of this, satellite remote sensing is a useful tool for the detection and characterization of the raining areas in regions where this information remains missing. This study exploits the Meteosat Second Generation – Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (MSG-SEVIRI) observations to evaluate the rain class at high spatial and temporal resolutions. The Rain Class Evaluation from Infrared and Visible (RainCEIV) observations technique is proposed. The purpose of RainCEIV is to supply continuous monitoring of convective as well as of stratiform rainfall events. It applies a supervised classifier to the spectral and textural features of infrared and visible MSG-SEVIRI images to classify the cloudy pixels as non rainy, light to moderate rain, or heavy to very heavy rain. The technique considers in input also the water vapour channels brightness temperatures differences for the MSG-SEVIRI images acquired 15/30/45 min before the time of interest. The rainfall rates used in the training phase are obtained with the Precipitation Estimation at Microwave frequencies (PEMW), an algorithm for rain rate retrievals based on Atmospheric Microwave Sounder Unit (AMSU)-B observations. The results of RainCEIV have been validated against radar-derived rainfall measurements from the Italian Operational Weather Radar Network for some case studies limited to the Mediterranean area. The dichotomous assessment shows that RainCEIV is able to detect rainy areas with an accuracy of about 91%, a Heidke skill score of 56%, a Bias score of 1.16, and a Probability of Detection of rainy areas of 66%.
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Crnković, Gordana P. "Milcho Manchevski’s Before the Rain and the Ethics of Listening." Slavic Review 70, no. 1 (2011): 116–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5612/slavicreview.70.1.0116.
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An artistic, popular, and critical success, the film Before the Rain (1994), written and directed by Macedonian-American Milcho Manchevski, has been the subject of much critical work largely dominated by issues related to the setting of the story (early 1990s Balkans) and also by the concepts of seeing, watching, and being watched, and the relation of all this with the Balkan discourses. Gordana P. Crnković argues for moving away from this framework in order to explore the film's aesthetic achievements operating in a different sphere, and specifically the film's creation of the practice of proper listening taken in a more philosophical sense envisioned by Martin Heidegger, Hans-Georg Gadamer, and Gemma Corradi Fiumara. Intertwining close readings of the film's scenes and especially the film's soundscape with these philosophers’ insights, Crnković shows how listening in this film grounds personal ethics and political acts, and how it relates to the spheres of childhood, nature, and one's own inner voice or daimon.
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Ogg, Alex G., and Frank L. Young. "Effects of Preplant Treatment Interval and Tillages on Herbicide Toxicity to Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum)." Weed Technology 5, no. 2 (June 1991): 291–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00028128.
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Glyphosate plus 2,4-D at 0.3 + 0.5 or 0.4 + 0.7 kg ae ha-1applied 31 to 1 d before seeding did not affect wheat yields or grain test weights, in field experiments in conventionally tilled and no-till winter wheat. In the conventionally-tilled system in each of two years and in the no-till system in a year with 48 mm rain within 7 d before wheat was seeded, picloram applied at 0.14 kg ai ha-1from 31 to 1 d before seeding reduced crop yields by 7 to 8%. In the conventionally-tilled system in a year with only 2 mm rain within 7 d before wheat was seeded, 2,4-D at 3.4 kg ae ha-1and dicamba at 0.14 kg ae ha-1applied 30 to 1 d before seeding, reduced wheat yields by 7 and 4%, respectively. Grain test weights in both tillage systems were increased slightly by picloram at 0.14 kg ha-1, but were decreased slightly by dicamba at 0.14 kg ha-1, in the year with little rain before sowing. Test weights did not differ among herbicides or tillage systems in the year with significant rain a few days before seeding.
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Ohtomo, Shoji, Reo Kimura, Yoshiaki Kawata, and Keiko Tamura. "The Determinants of Residents’ Evacuation Behavior in the Torrential Rain in Western Japan in 2018: Examination of Survey Data of Victims in Okayama Prefecture." Journal of Disaster Research 15, no. 7 (December 1, 2020): 1011–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2020.p1011.
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The torrential rain (named “the July 2018 heavy rain”) from June 28 to July 8 in 2018 resulted in tremendous human and property damage. There were 237 deaths and 7,173 cases of flooding above the floor level. During the torrential rain, the low rate of evacuation behavior of residents in the affected area was also a problem. The Okayama prefecture conducted a mail survey with residents that suffered housing damage caused by the torrential rain (valid sample n = 3,765). The survey measured what residents’ awareness and knowledge were of flooding before the torrential rain, residents’ prediction of flooding and choice and reason of evacuation behavior during the emergency heavy rain warning and the evacuation order (emergency). This study analyzed the determinants of residents’ evacuation behaviors during the torrential rain with the survey data. The results indicated that, although most residents were aware of hazard maps before the torrential rain, few predicted flooding. Most residents were aware of the evacuation shelters and had a prior evacuation plan. However, some residents made no attempt to evacuate, even when their houses were damaged. During the emergency heavy rain warning, feeling a sense of crisis was an important factor to promote evacuation behavior. And, during the evacuation order (emergency), the majority of those who took actual evacuation behaviors was those who were approached by public sectors such as the fire department and the police. Moreover, residents’ judgment based on scientific information such as hazard maps and prediction of flooding before the torrential rain had little effect on evacuation behavior during the emergency heavy rain warning and the evacuation order (emergency). Therefore, the study indicates the importance of approaching residents’ affective decision-making, instead of relying on rational decision-making, to promote evacuation behavior when people are in unusual situations.
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Uijlenhoet, R., J. M. Cohard, and M. Gosset. "Path-Average Rainfall Estimation from Optical Extinction Measurements Using a Large-Aperture Scintillometer." Journal of Hydrometeorology 12, no. 5 (October 1, 2011): 955–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011jhm1350.1.
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Abstract The potential of a near-infrared large-aperture boundary layer scintillometer as path-average rain gauge is investigated. The instrument was installed over a 2.4-km path in Benin as part of the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) Enhanced Observation Period during 2006 and 2007. Measurements of the one-minute-average received signal intensity were collected for 6 rainfall events during the dry season and 16 events during the rainy season. Using estimates of the signal base level just before the onset of the rainfall events, the optical extinction coefficient is estimated from the path-integrated attenuation for each minute. The corresponding path-average rain rates are computed using a power-law relation between the optical extinction coefficient and rain rate obtained from measurements of raindrop size distributions with an optical spectropluviometer and a scaling-law formalism for describing raindrop size distribution variations. Comparisons of five-minute rainfall estimates with measurements from two nearby rain gauges show that the temporal dynamics are generally captured well by the scintillometer. However, the instrument has a tendency to underestimate rain rates and event total rain amounts with respect to the gauges. It is shown that this underestimation can be explained partly by systematic differences between the actual and the employed mean power-law relation between rain rate and specific attenuation, partly by unresolved spatial and temporal rainfall variations along the scintillometer path. Occasionally, the signal may even be lost completely. It is demonstrated that if these effects are properly accounted for by employing appropriate relations between rain rate and specific attenuation and by adapting the pathlength to the local rainfall climatology, scintillometer-based rainfall estimates can be within 20% of those estimated using rain gauges. These results demonstrate the potential of large-aperture scintillometers to estimate path-average rain rates at hydrologically relevant scales.
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Xu, Wen Jing, and Hong Yan Liu. "Ground-Based Microwave Radiometer Profiler Observations before a Heavy Rainfall." Applied Mechanics and Materials 137 (October 2011): 312–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.137.312.
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Ground-based 12-channel microwave radiometer profiler TP/WVP-3000 can provide temperature and vapor density profile per minute up to 10 km height. The observations feature apparent change before heavy rainfall obtained by TP/WVP-3000 is presented in this paper. It demonstrates the detailed thermodynamic features that the atmosphere becomes colder and drier above height 3-4 km about 9 hours before the rain, the integrated water vapor gradually increases from 5 cm to 9 cm, the integrated cloud water change from near zero to 15 mm and the vapor density also increases rapidly about half an hour before the rain, which can be concluded that the radiometer profiler is able to improve the understanding of mesoscale weather in this case due to the profiler significantly improves the temporal resolution of atmospheric thermodynamic observations.
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Everett, Cath. "Consumerisation: dealing with the rain cloud before it becomes a storm." Computer Fraud & Security 2010, no. 9 (September 2010): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1361-3723(10)70120-2.
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McMullen, Neal, Isabella Annesi-Maesano, and Jean-Baptiste Renard. "Impact of Rain Precipitation on Urban Atmospheric Particle Matter Measured at Three Locations in France between 2013 and 2019." Atmosphere 12, no. 6 (June 15, 2021): 769. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12060769.
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As atmospheric particle matter (PM) pollution has been proven to be a public health risk, we investigated how PM concentrations of various particle diameters may be impacted by precipitation. Repeated measures over time of urban PM concentrations for particles of 0.2–50 µm in diameter were compared with precipitation data from Météo-France weather stations in Paris, Angers and Palaiseau from 2013 to 2019. A significant negative correlation, using Kendall’s rank correlation, was found between the amount of precipitation and concentrations of particles >3 µm. Distribution comparative analysis (Dunn’s test) of 154 events of 1 mm or more of rain demonstrated a decrease in concentrations for particles from 10 to 50 µm in diameter. Additionally, granulometric analysis of a typical heavy rain event showed a 10-fold decrease in concentrations of particles 10 to 30 µm in diameter one hour after rain compared with one hour before. We were able to show that measured concentrations of particles between 10 and 50 µm in diameter diminish when it rains, with a lasting effect of approximately 10–15 h.
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OGURA, Ryousuke, Setsuo HAYASHI, and Hiroshi KAWABE. "Behavior of Soil Moisture in The Seaside Beach Before and After Rain." Journal of Japan Society of Hydrology and Water Resources 13, no. 2 (2000): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3178/jjshwr.13.95.
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Leatherman, Paula. "Burton School Rain Water Harvesting System—An Educational Tool with Sustainable Benefits." Journal of Green Building 4, no. 4 (November 1, 2009): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.4.4.19.
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Rain water harvesting is by no means a new technology. Growing up, I remember rain water tubs sitting near my grandmother's front porch as permanent fixtures. Grandma's ground well went dry long before I can remember, so rain water was her source of water for dishwashing, hair washing, and flushing the toilet. It was many years later, after I had left home, that Grandma finally had a new well put down, but until that time a bucket full of rain water worked just fine for flushing her toilet. Grandma continued to collect rain water after the new well was put down. I guess old habits die hard or perhaps it was just sustainable thinking on Grandma's part.
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Ruano, Irene, Rubén Manso, Mathieu Fortin, and Felipe Bravo. "Extreme climate conditions limit seed availability to successfully attain natural regeneration of Pinus pinaster in sandy areas of central Spain." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 45, no. 12 (December 2015): 1795–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2015-0257.
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Natural regeneration comprises different subprocesses, each of them driven by specific climatic and stand-related factors, which determine the success of natural regeneration. The objective of this study was to investigate the seed availability of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Aiton). To meet this objective, seed rain was monitored for four different levels of stand density at the experimental site of Cuéllar, Spain, during a 10-year period. A generalized linear mixed-effects model was fitted to test the effects of climatic variables and stand density on the annual seed production and seed rain. The climatic covariates were chosen among those that are thought to affect the key physiological phases governing these subprocesses: minimum temperature in October 2 years before dispersal (cone growing), April precipitation 1 year before dispersal (cone growing), and October–November precipitation 1 year before dispersal (cone maturation). No climate variable related to flowering or seed rain process was significant. Moreover, stand density was considered through a spatially explicit index called the seed-source index. Primary cone growth was limited by extreme cold events. Absence of precipitation limits secondary growth and hinders final cone ripening. It turns out that seed production and seed rain may be a bottleneck for natural regeneration of P. pinaster under low stand densities, especially under extreme climatic scenarios.
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Zhao, Xiaoyan, Kunpeng Li, Dian Xiao, and Xun Li. "Experimental Study of the Mechanism of Acid Rain-Gabbro Interaction." E3S Web of Conferences 98 (2019): 01053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199801053.
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As a common natural disaster, acid rain could not only cause serious environmental pollution, but also endanger the engineering properties of rock due to water-rock interactions. The failure of slopes of mafic igneous or ultramafic igneous rock is not unusual in areas affected by acid rain, but the specific mechanism of instability remains to be studied. In this study, fresh gabbro samples were processed, and a simulated acid rain treatment of pH 3.0 in the laboratory was carried out. Then the shear strength parameters were evaluated on samples before and after the acid rain test. Finally, the samples were analyzed by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Polarizing Microscope and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) to analyze the mechanism of acid rain-gabbro interaction. Overall, this study provided useful insights toward the evaluation of engineering properties of mafic igneous and ultramafic igneous rocks in acid rain area.
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Muttaqin, Alfan, Fikri Nur Muhammad, and Purnomo Arif Abdillah. "ANALISIS PROFIL CAPE (CONVECTIVE AVAILABLE POTENTIAL ENERGY) SELAMA KEGIATAN INTENSIVE OBSERVATION PERIOD DI DRAMAGA BOGOR." Jurnal Sains & Teknologi Modifikasi Cuaca 17, no. 2 (December 27, 2016): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/jstmc.v17i2.1053.
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IntisariProfil nilai CAPE(Convective Available Potential Energy) telah didapatkan dari analisis data Radiometer untuk wilayah Dramaga Kabupaten Bogor dan sekitarnya. Kegiatan pengamatan dilakukan dari tanggal 18 Januari – 16 Februari 2016. Radiometer mampu mengamati profil atmosfer sampai level ketinggian 10 km. Dengan kemampuan tersebut maka kandungan air (Liquid Water Content), kelembaban relatif (RH) dan suhu bisa teramati sampai level atas. Hasil pengolahan dan analisis menunjukkan bahwa nilai CAPE, sesaat akan terjadi hujan, cenderung terlihat turun dan bernilai mendekati 0 (nol). Ketika terjadi hujan dengan instensitas sedang maka nilai CAPE turun perlahan dan mendekati 0 (nol), ketika terjadi hujan dengan instensitas ringan maka nilai CAPE turun namun tidak mendekati 0 (nol) dan nilai CAPE ketika hari tidak hujan cenderung tidak ada yang mendekati 0 (nol). Besarnya nilai CAPE tidak berpengaruh terhadap intensitas curah hujan. Pada saat hari terjadi hujan maka akan disertai terjadinya penurunan nilai CAPE karena tidak ada konveksi. AbstractCAPE value profile has been obtained from the Radiometer data analysis for Dramaga region and its surrounding. Observation activities conducted from January 18th to February 16th, 2016. Radiometer can observe atmospheric profiles up to 10 km altitude level. With this capability, the water content (Liquid Water Content), Relative Humidity (RH) and temperature can be measured up to 10 km. The results of processing and data analysis shows that the value of CAPE, just before the rain occur, tends to decline and approaching 0 (zero). When it rains with moderate intensity the value of CAPE decrease slowly and close to 0 (zero), when it rains with light intensity CAPE values is decrease but not close to 0 (zero) and CAPE value when it is not rain, tends to not approaching 0 (zero). The CAPE value does not affect the rain intensity. When the rain occurred, the CAPE value has been decrease because there is no convection..
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Hocke, Klemens, Leonie Bernet, Wenyue Wang, Christian Mätzler, Maxime Hervo, and Alexander Haefele. "Integrated Water Vapor during Rain and Rain-Free Conditions above the Swiss Plateau." Climate 9, no. 7 (June 25, 2021): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli9070105.
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Water vapor column density, or vertically-integrated water vapor (IWV), is monitored by ground-based microwave radiometers (MWR) and ground-based receivers of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). For rain periods, the retrieval of IWV from GNSS Zenith Wet Delay (ZWD) neglects the atmospheric propagation delay of the GNSS signal by rain droplets. Similarly, it is difficult for ground-based dual-frequency single-polarisation microwave radiometers to separate the microwave emission of water vapor and cloud droplets from the rather strong microwave emission of rain. For ground-based microwave radiometry at Bern (Switzerland), we take the approach that IWV during rain is derived from linearly interpolated opacities before and after the rain period. The intermittent rain periods often appear as spikes in the time series of integrated liquid water (ILW) and are indicated by ILW ≥0.4 mm. In the present study, we assume that IWV measurements from radiosondes are not affected by rain. We intercompare the climatologies of IWV(rain), IWV(no rain), and IWV(all) obtained by radiosonde, ground-based GNSS atmosphere sounding, ground-based MWR, and ECMWF reanalysis (ERA5) at Payerne and Bern in Switzerland. In all seasons, IWV(rain) is 3.75 to 5.94 mm greater than IWV(no rain). The mean IWV differences between GNSS and radiosonde at Payerne are less than 0.26 mm. The datasets at Payerne show a better agreement than the datasets at Bern. However, the MWR at Bern agrees with the radiosonde at Payerne within 0.41 mm for IWV(rain) and 0.02 mm for IWV(no rain). Using the GNSS and rain gauge measurements at Payerne, we find that IWV(rain) increases with increase of the precipitation rate during summer as well as during winter. IWV(rain) above the Swiss Plateau is quite well estimated by GNSS and MWR though the standard retrievals are limited or hampered during rain periods.
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Ambildhuke, Geeta Mahadeo, and Barnali Gupta Banik. "Transfer Learning Approach - An Efficient Method to Predict Rainfall Based on Ground-Based Cloud Images." Ingénierie des systèmes d information 26, no. 4 (August 31, 2021): 345–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/isi.260402.
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Clouds play a vital role in climate prediction. Rainfall prediction also majorly depends on the status and types of clouds present in the sky. Therefore, cloud identification is the most exciting and vital topic in meteorology and attracts most researchers from other areas. This paper presents the transfer learning technique to predict the Rainfall based on ground-based Cloud images responsible for rains. It will predict the estimated Rainfall by identifying the type of cloud by taking cloud images as input. The cloud images in the dataset are divided into three categories(classes) labeled as no-rain to very low-rain, low to medium-rain, and medium to high Rain based on the associated Precipitation responsible for the appropriate Rainfall. This model will be most helpful to the farmers to manage their Irrigation by knowing the status of Rainfall before every irrigation cycle or can also be helpful to take decisions on the outdoor events by taking prior knowledge of Rain. The model is trained on three classes to predict the Rainfall and firstly experimented with CNN. To improve the performance, the experiment is carried out with some best-pretrained models VGG16, Inception-V3, and XCeption using transfer learning and, the results are compared to the regular CNN model. The transfer learning technique is outperformed to get good accuracy as the dataset is too small and presented the best possible results of the model. Google colab with GPU setting makes the task fast and efficient to get the appropriate results in time, and performance achieved by transfer learning is excellent and can fulfill real-time requirements.
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Carrière, Stéphanie M., Mathieu André, Philippe Letourmy, Isabelle Olivier, and Doyle B. McKey. "Seed rain beneath remnant trees in a slash-and-burn agricultural system in southern Cameroon." Journal of Tropical Ecology 18, no. 3 (March 26, 2002): 353–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467402002250.
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On clearing fields, Ntumu farmers in southern Cameroon leave some large trees. The seed rain beneath 30 such remnant trees (12 species) was compared with that 10 m away from the edges of their crowns. Of a total of 39 765 seeds recorded in 90 seed traps over 2 y, 73.6% were of species different from the tree associated with each set of traps (‘foreign seed rain’). Seed rain included 100 morphospecies, two-thirds of which possessed endozoochorous seeds. Seeds of the pioneer tree Musanga cecropioides accounted for 71.4% of total foreign seed rain; seeds of this and other animal-dispersed species accounted for 94.5% of the total. Seed rain was 25 times higher beneath remnant trees than 10 m away. Mean species richness of monthly seed rain was three times higher beneath remnant trees than 10 m away. Both fleshy-fruited and wind-dispersed species of remnant trees attracted seed-dispersing animals which greatly enhanced the seed rain; attraction thus did not depend solely on presence of fleshy fruits. Seed rain was lower when human activity in fields was intense and increased during the period of growth of the last crops, which were not usually weeded. Heavy seed rain just before fallow may contribute significantly to regeneration, as does the presence of remnant trees.
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Marciniak, Katarzyna. "Transnational Anatomies of Exile and Abjection in Milcho Manchevski's Before the Rain (1994)." Cinema Journal 43, no. 1 (2003): 63–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cj.2003.0025.
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Gupta, Raj, DK Benbi, and IP Abrol. "Ecological Significance of Residues Retention for Sustainability of Agriculture in the Semi-arid Tropics." Journal of Agronomy Research 3, no. 4 (June 7, 2021): 9–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.14302/issn.2639-3166.jar-21-3822.
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In South Asia, land degradation is primarily a monsoon mediated phenomenon restricted to 2-3 rainy months. The overall strategy for land degradation neutrality should (i) favour actions that keep soils covered with residues and (ii) plant kharif (rainy season) crop before the onset of monsoons to provide soil cover. Retention of anchored residues provides surface cover, increases microbial activity, carbon sequestration, and availability of nutrients. Surface retained residues reduce root zone salinization, detoxify phytotoxic monomeric Al in acidic soils and enhance the potential for use of brackish ground water in crop production. Residues covers save irrigation water and overcome the ill effects of poor agronomic and water management practices. Early direct dry seeding in surface retained residues has the potential of making kharif season planting independent of the onset of monsoon rains in South Asia and helps reduce acreages of Kharif and Rabi fallow lands. For improving carbon content in Indian soils, perhaps the most important priority is to devise tillage and crop residue management approaches that promote in situ rain water storage and its use for growing more crops. The paper summarises how crop residues fuel and drive soil functions and related ecosystem services and plant growth.
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Zhang, Yunyan, and Stephen A. Klein. "Mechanisms Affecting the Transition from Shallow to Deep Convection over Land: Inferences from Observations of the Diurnal Cycle Collected at the ARM Southern Great Plains Site." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 67, no. 9 (September 1, 2010): 2943–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jas3366.1.
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Abstract Summertime observations for 11 yr from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Climate Research Facility Southern Great Plains (SGP) site are used to investigate mechanisms controlling the transition from shallow to deep convection over land. It is found that a more humid environment immediately above the boundary layer is present before the start of late afternoon heavy precipitation events. The higher moisture content is brought by wind from the south. Greater boundary layer inhomogeneity in moist static energy, temperature, moisture, and horizontal wind before precipitation begins is correlated to larger rain rates at the initial stage of precipitation. In an examination of afternoon rain statistics, higher relative humidity above the boundary layer is correlated to an earlier onset and longer duration of afternoon precipitation events, whereas greater boundary layer inhomogeneity and atmospheric instability in the 2–4-km layer above the surface are positively correlated to the total rain amount and the maximum rain rate. Although other interpretations may be possible, these observations are consistent with theories for the transition from shallow to deep convection that emphasize the role of a moist lower free troposphere and boundary layer inhomogeneity.
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Gutterman, Yitzchak, and Shachar Shem-Tov. "THE EFFICIENCY OF THE STRATEGY OF MUCILAGINOUS SEEDS OF SOME COMMON ANNUALS OF THE NEGEV ADHERING TO THE SOIL CRUST TO DELAY COLLECTION BY ANTS." Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 45, no. 4 (May 13, 1997): 317–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07929978.1997.10676695.
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Groups of dry seeds of four annual plant species which occur in the Negev highlands were placed on a natural, dry or wet loess soil crust surface near Sede Boker on the Zin plateau during the autumn before the first rains, and on the first day with rain (1.15 mm). Ant nests ofMessor rugosuswere 8 to 14m from the experimental plot. The length of time it took these ants to collect the free or adhered seeds was observed. When the mucilaginous ombrohydrochoric seeds ofAnastatatica hierochuntica, Plantago coronopus, andCarrichtera annuaadhere to wet soil that remains moist, most of the seeds may have time to germinate in proper conditions before they are collected by ants. However, all but 5% of theReboudia pinnataseeds were collected within 2 h. The adhered seeds that had been moistened by wet soil crust and then dried, were collected by ants, in most cases, faster than when seeds and soil remained moist. Within 2 h none of the dry and free seeds situated on the dry soil surface remained. The first free seeds were collected after 7 min. Findings are discussed together with the mechanisms and strategies involved in seed dispersal by rain and germination of these plant species.
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Khayan, Khayan, Husodo Husodo, Sudarmadji Sudarmadji, and Sugandawaty Sugandawaty. "Usate of Filter Tube to Reduce Pb, Turbidity And Increase pH of Rain Water Flowing Through Zinc Rooftop House." Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat 13, no. 1 (July 28, 2017): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/kemas.v13i1.9077.
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Pb contained in rain water comes from zinc rooftop, beside that, it comes from the pollutant dissolved and comes into rain water reservoir and is used for community drinking water source. This research objective is to evaluate Pb, pH and turbidity of rain water before and after process and to analyze efectivity of shell sand filtration and activated carbon absorbtion in the filter tube to decrease Pb and turbidity and increase pH of rain water. This research is an experiment with pre and post test design with control and observational with cross sectional design. It is conducted in Pontianak and Kubu Raya West Kalimantan in 2016 with two target regions which represent urban and rural ones. The result indicated that average lead (Pb) contained in rain water and turbidity process is high with 131.7 g/l and 20 NTU and pH is low with 5.2. After process, Pb become 0.71 g/l and turbidity become 5.66 NTU while pH increases to 6.9. The effectivity of filter tube to reduce lead (Pb) contained in rain water is 99.4% and to reduce turbidity is 72%.
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Lee, Kanghyeok, Changhyun Choi, Do Hyoung Shin, and Hung Soo Kim. "Prediction of Heavy Rain Damage Using Deep Learning." Water 12, no. 7 (July 8, 2020): 1942. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12071942.
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Heavy rain damage prediction models were developed with a deep learning technique for predicting the damage to a region before heavy rain damage occurs. As a dependent variable, a damage scale comprising three categories (minor, significant, severe) was used, and meteorological data 7 days before the damage were used as independent variables. A deep neural network (DNN), convolutional neural network (CNN), and recurrent neural network (RNN), which are representative deep learning techniques, were employed for the model development. Each model was trained and tested 30 times to evaluate the predictive performance. As a result of evaluating the predicted performance, the DNN-based model and the CNN-based model showed good performance, and the RNN-based model was analyzed to have relatively low performance. For the DNN-based model, the convergence epoch of the training showed a relatively wide distribution, which may lead to difficulties in selecting an epoch suitable for practical use. Therefore, the CNN-based model would be acceptable for the heavy rain damage prediction in terms of the accuracy and robustness. These results demonstrated the applicability of deep learning in the development of the damage prediction model. The proposed prediction model can be used for disaster management as the basic data for decision making.
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Hirose, Masafumi, Shuji Shimizu, Riko Oki, Toshio Iguchi, David A. Short, and Kenji Nakamura. "Incidence-Angle Dependency of TRMM PR Rain Estimates." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 29, no. 2 (February 1, 2012): 192–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-11-00067.1.
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Abstract The incidence-angle differences of estimated surface rainfall obtained from the precipitation radar (PR) on board the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite were investigated. The bias before the orbit boost in August 2001 relative to the near-nadir statistics was 2.7% over the ocean and −5.8% over land. After the boost, the bias was −3.2% and −9.5%, respectively. These biases were further quantified with respect to error sources, that is, the beam mismatch correction error, detection capability of storms with low-level storm-top height, and residual effects. For shallow storms lower than 3 km, most incidence-angle differences were caused by main lobe contamination. For nonshallow storms, several error factors resulted in 5.3% overestimates over the ocean and 5.1% underestimates over land for the period before the boost. The remaining uncertainty in local low-level profiles was identified as a controversial issue. The bias-corrected dataset updates the interannual variation in rainfall obtained from the TRMM PR. The increasing rainfall features and recent high-rainfall years were consistent with prior studies based on other microwave sensors. The coherent signals and slight differences in the temporal variation compared with the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) data indicate the importance of further internal and cross validations based on long-term observation by multiple sensors.
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Xiaofang, Zhao, and Wang Lijuan. "Characteristics of the South China Sea Monsoon from the Onset to Withdrawal before and after 1993/94." Advances in Meteorology 2020 (September 16, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8820460.
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The characteristics and possible impact factors of the South China Sea summer monsoon (SCSSM) evolution from onset to withdrawal before and after 1993/94 are investigated using ERA-Interim, CPC rainfall, and OLR data. During the late-onset period of 1979–1993, the SCSSM was characterized by stronger onset intensity and a gradual withdrawal, resulting in a continuous, strong preflood season in Southern China and a slower rain-belt retreat from north to south China in September. In addition, the rain-belt in the Yangtze River basin persisted much longer during summer. However, during the early-onset period in 1994–2016, the SCSSM is associated with a weaker onset intensity and comparatively faster retreat. The advanced preflood season lasted intermittently throughout May and the whole eastern China precipitation lasted until October when it retreated rapidly, making the rain-belt in Southern China persist for an extended duration. Further analysis indicates that a strong modulation of SCS intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) on the SCSSM evolution is observed. There are two active low-frequency oscillations over the SCS in summer during the late-onset period but three during the early-onset period. The wet ISO in the Northwest Pacific propagating northwestward into the SCS and enhanced SCSSM ISO activity may contribute to the early onset and faster withdrawal after 1993/94. The effect of warm western Pacific sea surface temperatures (SST) on the SCSSM evolution is also discussed.
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Boruch, M. "Glimpse Making." European Journal of Life Writing 1 (December 5, 2012): C12—C21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5463/ejlw.1.37.
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There’s rain and there’s rain. Maybe there’s a difference at the edge of a continent. Late afternoon when we entered the cabin. I didn’t know the guy. A friend of a friend of a friend bent over the old phonograph–a record player we called them as kids, small and nearly square, with dull silver buckles, a plastic handle, worn leatherette skin. The kind you lower the arm and bring the needle down yourself. Like sparking a flame, that quick broken note before it takes and follows the groove of the record, into music. We stood and listened to him listening. I have no idea: jazz or a slow ballad, some rock star burning out in a year or two. So many scratches, the wash of static, the rain outside. How the ear gets past all that, and surrenders. Or his hunger, so deeply tangled. Had I ever seen such pleasure? The moment just before, how it really sounded.
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Gerken, Tobias, Gabriel T. Bromley, Benjamin L. Ruddell, Skylar Williams, and Paul C. Stoy. "Convective suppression before and during the United States Northern Great Plains flash drought of 2017." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 22, no. 8 (August 7, 2018): 4155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-4155-2018.
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Abstract. Flash droughts tend to be disproportionately destructive because they intensify rapidly and are difficult to prepare for. We demonstrate that the 2017 US Northern Great Plains (NGP) flash drought was preceded by a breakdown of land–atmosphere coupling. Severe drought conditions in the NGP were first identified by drought monitors in late May 2017 and rapidly progressed to exceptional drought in July. The likelihood of convective precipitation in May 2017 in northeastern Montana, however, resembled that of a typical August when rain is unlikely. Based on the lower tropospheric humidity index (HIlow), convective rain was suppressed by the atmosphere on nearly 50 % of days during March in NE Montana and central North Dakota, compared to 30 % during a normal year. Micrometeorological variables, including potential evapotranspiration (ETp), were neither anomalously high nor low before the onset of drought. Incorporating convective likelihood to drought forecasts would have noted that convective precipitation in the NGP was anomalously unlikely during the early growing season of 2017. It may therefore be useful to do so in regions that rely on convective precipitation.
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Handoko, Andri Wasis, D. Darsono, and D. Darmanto. "Aplikasi Metode Self Potential untuk Pemetaan Sebaran Lindi di Wilayah Tempat Pembuangan Akhir (TPA) Putri Cempo Surakarta." INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 6, no. 01 (September 14, 2016): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/ijap.v6i01.1792.
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The distribution of leachate and the pattern of fluid flow in Tempat Pembuangan Akhir (TPA) Putri Cempo were mapped by utilizing the Self Potential method. Data acquisition was done before and after the rain with a fixed base techniques with 10 meters interval distance with total number of observations were 78 points for data acquisition. SP Data were processed using Surfer 11 software to generate the isopotential contours. It is found that the leachate distribution anomaly is indicated only for after the rain observation. Interpretation was done by Rao and Ram Babu Theory. The result of vertical spreading of anomalous 1 was found at the depth of the upper end (h) 5.45 meters, the depth of the lower end (H) 17.62 meters and the angle of anomaly (θ) 840 while the anomalous 2 was found at the depth of the upper end (h) 5.45 meters, the depth of the lower end (H) 11.22 meters and the angle of anomaly (θ) 73.70. At the time before the rain, the pattern of fluid flow leading to the eastern part of the research area, while after the rain, the fluid flow coming from two directions, from the west and from the east of the research area leading to the central part of the research area.
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Nakakita, Eiichi, Hiroto Sato, Ryuta Nishiwaki, Hiroyuki Yamabe, and Kosei Yamaguchi. "Early Detection of Baby-Rain-Cell Aloft in a Severe Storm and Risk Projection for Urban Flash Flood." Advances in Meteorology 2017 (2017): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5962356.
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In July 2008, five people were killed by a tragic flash flood caused by a local torrential heavy rainfall in a short time in Toga River. From this tragic accident, we realized that a system which can detect hazardous rain-cells in the earlier stage is strongly needed and would provide an additional 5 to 10 min for evacuation. By analyzing this event, we verified that a first radar echo aloft, by volume scan observation, is a practical and important sign for early warning of flash flood, and we named a first echo as a “baby-rain-cell” of Guerrilla-heavy rainfall. Also, we found a vertical vorticity criterion for identifying hazardous rain-cells and developed a heavy rainfall prediction system that has the important feature of not missing any hazardous rain-cell. Being able to detect heavy rainfall by 23.6 min on average before it reaches the ground, this system is implemented in XRAIN in the Kinki area. Additionally, to resolve the relationship between baby-rain-cell growth and vorticity behavior, we carried out an analysis of vorticity inside baby-rain-cells and verified that a pair of positive and negative vertical vortex tubes as well as an updraft between them existed in a rain-cell in the early stage.
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Bodmer, Richard E., Robert J. Mather, and David J. Chivers. "Rain forests of central Borneo—threatened by modern development." Oryx 25, no. 1 (January 1991): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300034025.
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Rain forests in Central Kalimantan, Borneo, are under increasing pressure from commercial industry, agricultural projects and transmigration programmes. Our knowledge of the hill forests in central Borneo is virtually non-existent, yet they may disappear before we realize their true value as intact forests. These rapid developments prompted the FFPS to launch the Red Alert Project, which, together with Project Barito Ulu, is investigating ways to promote rain-forest conservation in Kalimantan, Indonesia.
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Hammed, Nahida J. "Study of weathering effect on the thermal conductivity of polyvinyl chloride before and after silicon carbide addition as packaging materials." Iraqi Journal of Physics (IJP) 14, no. 29 (February 3, 2019): 82–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.30723/ijp.v14i29.224.
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The work was carried out in two stages. The first stage concernedwith study of silicon carbide (SiC) ratio (1.5, 2.5, 3.5, and 4.5 wt%)effect on the Thermal conductivity of polyvinyl chloride (PVC); andthe second stage concerned with the UV – weatherizing (25, 50, and75 hr), thermal aging (40, 50, and 60 °C), and rain- weatherizing (1,2.5, and 4 hr) effect on the samples involved. Thermal conductivityresults proved that there was slight increase in thermal conductivityby (SiC) loading; it increased from 0.17 W/m.K for PVC to 0.19W/m.K for 4.5% SiC/PVC; where as it was systematically decreasedby UV- weatherizing, thermal aging, and rain- weatherizing. Thisproperty is in a good agreement with general characteristics ofpackaging materials as warm or cold food packaging.
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Byun, Do-Seong, Yang-Ki Cho, In-Ae Huh, and Deirdre E. Hart. "Runoff-induced vertical thermal dynamics in a canyon-shaped reservoir during the summer monsoon." Marine and Freshwater Research 56, no. 7 (2005): 959. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf04285.
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During the summer rainy season, double thermoclines were observed in a small canyon-shaped reservoir. The physical processes leading to thermocline evolution are examined from the vertical temperature profile observed along the reservoir before and after rain. Observations show that their evolution is related to the inflow of runoff, which is colder than the reservoir surface water and post-rain fair-weather conditions. Tongue-like distributions of turbidity, conductivity and nutrient concentrations downstream from the headwater clearly reveal the presence of runoff-induced intermediate inflows. In addition to supplying nutrients, the inflow provides the oxygen-deficient intermediate layer with a rich supply of dissolved oxygen. Concurrently, in the upper part of the reservoir runoff-induced inflows may drive the oxygen-deficient bottom water to shift downstream along the layer beneath the runoff-induced inflow. The water mass between the two thermoclines may operate as a source of nutrients for algal development in early autumn when the upper thermocline is destroyed by the convective overturn owing to the surface cooling.
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Chappelka III, A. H., and B. I. Chevone. "White ash seedling growth response to ozone and simulated acid rain." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 16, no. 4 (August 1, 1986): 786–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x86-139.
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Five-week-old white ash (Fraxinusamericana L.) were exposed to O3 (0.00, 0.05, 0.10, or 0.15 ppm, 4 h/d, 5 d/week) in combination with simulated rain (pH 3.0, 4.3, or 5.6, 1 h/d, 2 d/week, at 0.75 cm/h) for 5 weeks, under controlled environmental conditions, with rain applied either just before or after fumigation. Across all other treatments, increasing concentrations of O3 resulted in significant linear decreases in root, leaf, and total dry weights, total height increase, root/shoot ratio, and mean relative growth rates of the total plant, stem, root and leaves ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text], respectively). Significant linear decreases in root dry weight, [Formula: see text], and root/shoot ratio occurred with increasing rain acidity. A significant quadratic response was observed with rain pH for all aboveground variables measured. Growth was the greatest for seedlings treated with pH 4.3 and the least for those treated with pH 5.6 or 3.0 simulated rain. The timing of rain application relative to O3 exposure did not significantly alter any growth variable. Visible symptoms of O3 (0.15 ppm), simulated rain (pH 3.0), or O3 plus simulated rain (0.15 ppm and pH 3.0) were observed on 61, 61, and 54% of the seedlings in each treatment, respectively. The combined effect of O3 and simulated rain resulted in significantly less root dry weight, [Formula: see text], and root/shoot ratio at 0.05 ppm O3 and significantly less [Formula: see text] and root/shoot ratio at 0.10 ppm O3 as rain pH decreased. These findings are discussed relative to the implications of O3 and acidic precipitation on white ash growth.
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Sant'Anna-Santos, Bruno Francisco, Luzimar Campos da Silva, Aristéa Alves Azevedo, and Rosane Aguiar. "Effects of simulated acid rain on leaf anatomy and micromorphology of Genipa americana L. (Rubiaceae)." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 49, no. 2 (March 2006): 313–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132006000300017.
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Experiments were conducted in order to characterize the injuries on leaf structure and micromorphology of G. americana and evaluate the degree of susceptibility of this species to simulated acid rain. Plants were exposed to acid rain (pH 3.0) for ten consecutive days. Control plants were submitted only to distilled water (pH 6.0). Leaf tissue was sampled and fixed for light and scanning electron microscopy. Necrotic interveinal spots on the leaf blade occurred. Epidermis and mesophyll cells collapse, hypertrophy of spongy parenchyma cells, accumulation of phenolic compounds and starch grains were observed in leaves exposed to acid rain. The micromorphological analysis showed, in necrotic areas, plasmolized guard cells and cuticle rupture. Epidermal and mesophyll cells alterations occurred before symptoms were visualized in the leaves. These results showed the importance of anatomical data for precocious diagnosis injury and to determine the sensitivity of G. americana to acid rain.
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Ashokkumar, K., V. S. Mynavathi, C. H. Pavan Kumar Reddy, and C. H. Sasidhar Prasad. "Automatic Harvested Crop Protector from Rain." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 17, no. 11 (November 1, 2020): 4949–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2020.9205.
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The fundamental topic of this task which is displayed in the paper is that to keep the yields from the overwhelming precipitation. The farmer is the foundation of Indian economy. They drudge and accomplishes difficult work to deliver the yield by enduring a ton toward the end for drying the harvest because of unforeseen downpours. These components like startling downpours harm the harvest when it is dried before selling, which will totally crush the yield or make the yield second grade. To stay away from such conditions “HARVESTED CROP PROTECTOR FROM RAIN” is to be created. At the present time, propose a system where the storms are recognized therefore to guarantee the gather by wrapping housetop top on the yield by using DC motors, Rain sensor and Arduino uno load up. If it pouring the sensor will distinguishes and offers intimation to the Arduino. So, when the sensor is ‘ON,’ it will offer recommendation to the controller, GSM and it will show to the DC motor and it will subsequently open the housetop. At the present time, housetop is open thusly when the sensor is ‘ON.’ This absolute structure can be managed truly. If there is any issue with opening the housetop thusly, it is blend thought in with controlling movement done through Arduino. GSM is reporting the conditions in the field through SMS to the mobile phone.
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Ito, Yoichi, Hiroki Matsushita, Hiroyuki Hirashima, Yasuhiko Ito, and Tomoyuki Noro. "Change in snow strength caused by rain." Annals of Glaciology 53, no. 61 (2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2012aog61a027.
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AbstractRain-on-snow events can cause wet snow avalanches. Laboratory experiments were carried out to investigate the change in snow strength with increasing water content through rainwater percolation. Snowpack was artificially prepared consisting of a thin ice layer and fine compacted snow, and rainfall (2mmh–1) was artificially applied 22–25.5 and 49–52 hours after the snowpack was formed. Snow hardness was measured with a push–pull force gauge to indicate the snow strength before and after each rain-on-snow event. After the first rainfall, the upper half of the snowpack became wet and a rapid decrease in snow hardness was observed. After the second rainfall the rainwater penetrated the ice layer, high water content was observed above the ice layer but the hardness exceeded that estimated from an empirical relationship between hardness and water content. Micrographs of the snow particles suggest that the delay in grain coarsening observed near the wetting front induces the harder than estimated snow condition.
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Bigg, E. K., S. Soubeyrand, and C. E. Morris. "Rainfall feedback via persistent effects on bioaerosols." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 14, no. 18 (October 9, 2014): 25503–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-25503-2014.
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Abstract. Consistent temporal differences between ice nucleus concentrations after and before a heavy fall of rain have been found in four areas of Australia. Closely similar differences were found between rainfall quantity or frequency at 106 sites in south-eastern and 61 sites in south-western Australia that had >92 years of daily rainfall records. The differences suggest an impulsive increase in ice nuclei or in rain on the day following heavy rain that decreased exponentially with time and was often still detectable after 20 days. The similarity of ice nucleus concentrations, bacterial populations, bioaerosols and rainfall responses to heavy rain strongly corroborate the involvement of biological ice nuclei in a rainfall feedback process. Cumulative differences of after-before rainfall amount or frequency for each rainfall event were next combined to form a historical record of the feedback process for each site. Comparison of cumulative totals pre-1960 and post-1960 showed differences bearing apparent relations to upwind coal-fired power stations, growth of metropolitan areas and increased areas of cultivation of wheat. These observations suggested that fungal spores or other bioaerosols as well as ice-nucleating bacteria were involved in the feedback. The overall conclusion is that interactions between micro-organisms, bioaerosols and rainfall have impacts over longer time spans and are stronger than have been previously described.
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Guohua, Liu. "Research on the Innovative Mode of Integration of Information Technology and Education." E3S Web of Conferences 165 (2020): 04010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016504010.
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This paper introduces the basic functions and characteristics of the Rain Classroom platform based on information technology. By using the integration of information technology and Control Engineering course teaching, a mixed teaching mode of control engineering course based on Rain Classroom is designed and applied to specific teaching practice. The results show that, the engineering thinking, learning habits, self-learning ability, learning interest and learning enthusiasm of the experimental class have been greatly improved compared with before after the practice of blended teaching.