Dissertations / Theses: 'Before War'

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Wheeler, Tessa Verney. "Tessa Verney Wheeler : women and archaeology before World War Two." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.496428.

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Vanderbrook, Alan. "Imperial Japan's Human Experiments Before and During World War Two." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2013. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5718.

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After Japan occupied Manchuria in 1931, Ishii Shiro created Unit 731 and began testing biological weapons on unwilling human test subjects. The history of Imperial Japan's human experiments was one in which Ishii and Unit 731 was the principal actor, but Unit 731 operated in a much larger context. The network in which 731 operated consisted of Unit 731 and all its sub-units, nearly every major Japanese university, as well as many people in Japan's scientific and medical community, military hospitals, military and civilian laboratories, and the Japanese military as a whole. Japan's racist ultra-nationalist movement heavily influenced these institutions and people; previous historians have failed to view Japan's human experiments in this context. This thesis makes use of a combination of declassified United States government and military documents, including court documents and the interviews conducted during the Unit 731 Exhibition that traveled Japan in 1993 and 1994, and then recorded by Hal Gold in his book, Unit 731 Testimony, along with a number of secondary sources as supporting material. Each of these sources has informed this work and helped clarify that Unit 731 acted within a broader network of human experimentation and exploitation in a racist system, which normalized human atrocities. Attitudes of racism and superiority do not necessarily explain every action taken by Japanese military personnel and scientists, nor did every individual view their actions or the actions of their countrymen as morally correct, but it does help explain why these acts occurred. What enabled many Japanese scientists was the racist ideology of the ultra-nationalist movement in Japan.
M.A.
Masters
History
Arts and Humanities
History

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Hodes, Jeremy. "Torres Strait Islander migration to Cairns before World War II." [S.l. : s.n.], 1998. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/44839600.html.

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Thesis (Master of Letters)--Central Queensland University, 1998.
"A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Letters in History. Central Queensland University." Cover title.

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Pearcy, Mark. ""We Have Never Known What Death Was Before"--A Just War Doctrine Critique of U.S. History Textbooks." Scholar Commons, 2011. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3286.

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Textbooks are a significant element of the social studies curriculum and teacher pedagogical choice (Apple, 2004; Apple & Christian-Smith, 1991). Students' views of American history are dramatically affected by the textbook narratives to which they are exposed, and teachers often tilt their curricular choices based on the textbooks available to them (Luke, 2006; Schug, Western & Enochs, 1997). The history of our nation's armed conflicts is often presented, through our textbooks and our pedagogy, as a history of reluctant violence, which promotes a particular moral agenda that exerts control over our students' future beliefs and decisions. This is particularly important with regard to our textbook depictions of the U.S. Civil War, which holds a curricular status as a necessary and moral conflict. The "just war" doctrine is a philosophical framework which allows individuals to consider the ethical conditions under which war may be morally permissible, and it provides our students with an opportunity to engage in critical thinking regarding our nation's historical policies. The utility of the "just war" doctrine in American history classrooms is a topic that is largely unexplored in social science education. Therefore, using a critical analysis methodology that evaluates textbook depictions of the U.S. Civil War from a "just war" doctrinal perspective, the ensuing study will contribute to the research base in social science education by elaborating a framework from which teachers may approach the moral realities of war with their students.

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Li, Kwan Leung. "Wall Street : revisiting its path to dominance before the Civil War." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.550795.

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This dissertation analyzes nineteenth-century securities market concentration in New York using newly collected data on trading volumes, bid-ask spreads, dividends and par values. The results show that New York developed larger securities markets based on its commercial primacy after 1817, but larger trading sizes have not translated into advantages that could sufficiently allow New York to gain market share when the telegraph began. Particularly, New York was compared favorably in terms of variety only to markets in the South, Boston and Philadelphia also offered similarly broad range of choices. Dividend yields were also on average higher for stocks listed in New York, but the gaps disappeared once sectors were taken into account. Major stocks traded were still highly localized firms, preventing entry of foreign market-makers due to vulnerability to asymmetric information problems. Larger trading sizes in Wall Street did not translate into lower transaction costs. Using sector, volatility and price-to-par ratio as criteria to match stocks between markets, it is concluded that the differences in the bid-ask spread between New York and other markets were small and mostly statistically insignificant. Trading in Wall Street concentrated only on a few "fancy stocks," with its liquidity advantages not permeating through the market. The absence of general liquidity advantages could probably be explained by an immature call loan market. Balance sheet information and "time bargains" records suggest that banks were still reluctant to grant call loans because stocks actively traded were highly speculative. It is concluded that the advantages of Wall Street before the Civil War were not sufficient to generate concentration momentum.

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Korn, Madeleine. "Collecting modern foreign art in Britain before the Second World War." Thesis, University of Reading, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365092.

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Quek, Ser Hwee. "Before Tet : American bombing and attempts at negotiation with North Vietnam, 1964-1968 /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10482.

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McElroy, Theresa. "Early childhood before, during and after war and displacement in northern Uganda." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/42115.

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Background: Research from numerous fields of science is providing strong evidence demonstrating that the conditions young children live within mould their health and developmental trajectories. While science and policy call for nurturing environments to preserve developmental potential, the current global reality is that war and civil unrest displace millions of children from their homes, desecrating their social supports and environments. Furthermore, little research has drawn attention to the experience of the youngest children during and after war. Objective: To holistically document the environments of young children (0 to 3 years) before, during and after a 20-year war and mass internal displacement in northern Uganda in order to deepen current understandings, address research gaps and inform interventions. Methods: This applied ethnography used purposive sampling in three sites of the Amuru District over a one-year period. Interviews, focus groups, longitudinal case studies, participant observation, document review, and photo documentation with young children, caregivers (siblings, parents, and others) and community leaders explored multiple views on early childhood health and development. Results: War and displacement seriously thwarted caregivers from employing their extensive knowledge and traditional care practices that protected and nurtured their young children in rural agrarian communities. Young children were exposed to numerous, cumulative factors that previous research has documented as risks to well-being and long-term developmental potential. This risk persisted well into post-conflict resettlement. However, despite dire conditions, there were also factors that acted to protect children and examples of children’s healthy functioning. Conclusions: Disrupted social structures and environments appear to influence young children's health and developmental futures in all phases of war, displacement and resettlement. Results suggest that the efforts by state and the international community to mitigate risk and promote positive development for vulnerable young children were insufficient and incommensurate with the degree of evidence supporting the critical importance of the early years. Future efforts must build on local culture and address the most relevant and pressing needs of children in close collaboration with families and communities. The rebuilding of healthy, peaceful societies depends upon the preservation of the immense human capital and boundless potential within children.

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Steele, Damion. "The Relationship Between Education Levels and Public Opinion Before the Iraq War." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5787.

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Researchers have found that higher education is known to stabilize political opinions and thought to enhance critical thinking skills. The role that an individual's level of education plays in shaping public opinion during a foreign affairs crisis, within the context of repetitious and uniform news media coverage, has yet to be determined. The theoretical foundation of agenda-setting explains how salience is created by emphasizing certain messages and influencing public opinion and may bypass education and political knowledge. The purpose of this quantitative study was to examine the relationship between education level and public opinion immediately before the Iraq War. The analysis used a secondary dataset consisting of 3,262 respondents in a 2002 national public opinion survey. Binomial logistic regression was used to test 5 hypotheses. Findings indicated there was a significant relationship between education levels and support for combatting international terrorism as a foreign policy goal as well as the use of troops to invade Iraq (p < .006). The results indicated that in some instances higher education played a significant role in shaping public opinion during the period before the Iraq War. Positive social change from this research includes helping policy-makers understand how public opinion is shaped during a crisis so the views of the citizenry can be more effectively incorporated into the policy-making process.

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Newes-Adeyi, Gabriella. "The Belgian Rexist Movement before the Second World War: Success and Failure." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 1987. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1364207105.

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Ross, Cynthia. "Before the blaze, the spark : the nature of armed resistance and its motivations in World War II." Online access for everyone, 2006. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Spring2006/c%5Fross%5F050406.pdf.

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Budin, Howard Roger. "Engines of democracy : technology, society and American common schools before the Civil War /." Access Digital Full Text version, 1996. http://pocketknowledge.tc.columbia.edu/home.php/bybib/11974461.

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Thesis (Ed.D.)--Teachers College, Columbia University, 1996.
Typescript; issued also on microfilm. Sponsor: Robert McClintock. Dissertation Committee: Robert Taylor. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 171-179).

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Al-Shamali, Ali D. H. A. "An empirical investigation of car buying behaviour before and after the Gulf War." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.244037.

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Ryckman, Kirssa Cline. "Repression and the Civil-War Life-Cycle: Explaining the Use and Effect of Repression Before, During, and After Civil War." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/238651.

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The central goal of this project is to better understand the relationship between civil war and repression at each phase of the "civil-war life-cycle," which is composed of the escalation and onset of civil war, the war itself, and the post-war period. The project then seeks to understand the role of repression in civil war onset, where repression is argued to be either a permissive condition or a direct cause of civil war, where the role of repression is tied to what type of civil war occurs. As a permissive condition, repression essentially provides the opportunity for a group to carry out an attack, invasion, mutiny, and the like. During other conflicts, repression may be a direct cause of the war. The repression of protest movements may lead those groups to view "normal," non-violent political channels as closed, while also increasing grievances and therefore their willingness to fight. This direct mechanism along with the escalation process that leads to civil war is explored in depth, using data from the 2011 Arab Spring. This project also seeks to explain when conflicts are likely to be accompanied by harsh repression and the targeting of civilians, and to address whether that strategy is effective. It is argued that insurgencies rely on civilian populations for material and non-material support; if the government targets this resource pool then it may be able to undercut that lifeline and thus the military effectiveness of the group. Yet, as repression is costly this is only a strategy likely to be employed when the rebels are gaining ground, when they are relatively strong and militarily effective. As such, governments that employ repression as a war-time strategy are likely beginning from a point of weakness or disadvantage. It is thus further argued that the "gamble" of repression is not likely to reverse the government's fortunes; rather, wars marked by high levels of repression are most likely to end in stalemate. Finally, the use of, or the restraint from using, repression in post-war periods is also explored. Little attention has thus far been paid to the use of repression in post-conflict states, despite the growing literature on the consequences of conflict and the importance of this time for rebuilding and establishing peace. Here, the transformation of the war-time threat, together with various constraints against using repression in the post-war period, are considered.

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Weber, Thomas. "Our friend "the enemy" : elite education in Britain and Germany before World War I /." Stanford, Calif. : Stanford University Press, 2007. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0715/2007013862.html.

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Weber, Thomas. "Our friend "the enemy" elite education in Britain and Germany before World War I /." Stanford, Calif. : Stanford University Press, 2008. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/122973796.html.

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Hupp, Kimberly. ""Uncle Joe" : what Americans thought of Joseph Stalin before and after World War II /." Connect to full text in OhioLINK ETD Center, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=toledo1245175828.

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Thesis (M.L.S.)--University of Toledo, 2009.
Typescript. "Submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of The Masters of Liberal Studies." "A thesis entitled"--at head of title. Bibliography: leaves 80-84.

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Jozwikowska, Wanda. "Polish-Jewish fiction before the Second World War : a testing ground for polysystem theory." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2016. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/62308/.

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In this thesis, I intend to show that it is possible to offer a partial explanation for the fact that pre-war Polish-Jewish fiction has been recognised only to a very limited extent in Britain. In doing this, I embrace the limitations and unaddressed areas of polysystem theory, an approach that leads to several contributions to this theory so that it is more suited to look at marginal translations. In this study, the source context and the largely hypothetical target context (given the predominant lack of English translations) of pre-war Polish-Jewish fiction are conceptualised as systems informed by a variety of factors. I begin by introducing polysystem theory in Chapter 1, where I also explain the rationale for its use in this study. I also briefly define pre-war Polish-Jewish fiction and elaborate on the nature of its visibility in Britain. I then go on to consider, in Chapter 2, the origins and the characteristics of the literature in question in search of factors that inform the current status of this literature in Britain. In Chapter 3, I focus on specific aspects of British culture and history to identify factors embedded in the target context that inform the current limited recognition of pre-war Polish-Jewish fiction in Britain. In Chapters 4 and 5, I turn to the texts of the few English translations of Polish-Jewish works of fiction; and consider the dynamics of their publishing processes respectively. Finally, the conclusions I draw in final Chapter 6 are that polysystem theory can be applied to account for the limited attention paid to pre-war Polish-Jewish fiction as a whole in Britain; and, possibly, to account for other largely unacknowledged literary works in other contexts. Moreover, drawing on the results of this study, I suggest ways in which the current status of the literature I am concerned with can be changed in future. My main contribution is that of the new concept of a systemic gap, which in this study represents largely untranslated writing in British literature, and which has enabled me to address the question of the limited reception of Polish-Jewish fiction in Britain. In the light of these findings, I argue that it is useful to look at untranslated texts and largely unrecognised translations because such research can offer new insights into the practice and the theory of translation.

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Grant, Charles L. "An Appalachian portrait: black and white in Montgomery County, Virginia, before the Civil War." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45659.

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Montgomery County, Virginia, is a southern Appalachian county founded in 1776. Throughout the county's antebellum history, as with most other regions of the South, four major population groups were visibly present. There were slaves, free blacks, white slaveowners, and white non-slaveowners. Little research has previously been conducted on the antebellum people of the Appalachian South. This work is a social history consisting of cross tabulations of data found in the county's manuscript census reports for 1850 and 1860. County court records also provide much useful information on the people and their activities before the Civil War. Together they form an invaluable source of information on antebellum mountain life as a forgotten segment of southern society.

Master of Arts

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Miller, Jeanette Leigh. "Beat Women: The Thunder Before the Storm-An Analysis of Feminism's Bridge Generation." OpenSIUC, 2014. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1486.

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The 1950s saw the height of the Beat literature movement. Within this movement moved a cohort of women who helped revolutionize gender relations in the early Cold War era, leading to the emergence of the women's liberation movement of the 1960s and 1970s. By questioning social gender norms and harnessing their artistic, sexual, and economic autonomy, Beat women built lives of lived art outside proscribed social norms building the base for a new era in gender relations.

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Cooper, Heather Lee. "Upstaging Uncle Tom's cabin: African American representations of slavery before and after the Civil War." Diss., University of Iowa, 2017. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/5444.

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This dissertation is a social and cultural history about the ways that African Americans contributed to national debates about race, slavery, and emancipation by constructing and performing their own representations of slavery for the public. Scholars often portray these larger debates as a contest of ideas among whites, but African Americans played an important and still understudied role in shaping the white public’s understandings of race and slavery throughout the nineteenth century, especially in the North. Moving from from the 1830s to the early 1900s, my dissertation identifies several critical moments when African Americans, especially former slaves, gained new access to the public stage and seized opportunities to represent their own identities, histories, and experiences in different forums. Chapter One focuses on the unique contribution that fugitive slave activists made to the abolition movement. I place the published slave narratives in a larger performative context that includes public appearances and speeches; singing and dramatic readings; and oral testimony given in more private settings. In contrast to the sympathetic but frequently disempowering rhetoric of white abolitionists, fugitive activists used their performances to construct a positive representation of black manhood and womanhood that showed slaves not as benevolent objects in need of rescue but as strong men and women ready to enter freedom on equal terms. Chapter Two focuses on the Civil War, when runaway slaves had new opportunities to communicate their understandings of slavery and freedom to the Northerners who sent south during the war, as soldiers, missionaries, and aid workers. “Contraband” slaves’ testimony revealed the prevalence of violence and family separation, as well as slaves’ willingness to endure great hardship in pursuit of freedom. Contraband men and women also worked to publicly assert their new identities as freedpeople when they preemptively claimed the rights of citizenship and power over their own bodies. Their testimony and actions challenged white Northerners to embrace emancipation as an explicit Union war aim. Chapter Three of my dissertation examines black performance on the formal stage, 1865-1890s, by focusing on three groups of black performers: African American minstrels, the Hyers Sisters Dramatic Company, and the Fisk Jubilee Singers. Capitalizing on Northerners’ increased interest in slavery and “authentic” black performers, these groups offered their own representations of slavery and emancipation to the public, sometimes disrupting whites’ romanticized image of the “old plantation” in the process. During an era when the country moved toward reconciliation and reunion, these performances kept the issue of slavery before the public and, in some cases, contributed to an emancipationist memory of the war which challenged contemporary Northerners to protect the rights of freedpeople. My final chapter focuses on the autobiographies written and published by formerly enslaved women post-1865. My analysis of the women’s narratives as a body of work challenges the prevailing notion that post-bellum slave narratives were focused on regional reconciliation and the writer’s successful life in freedom. Women writers continued to remember and represent slavery as a brutal institution and revealed the ways that it continued to shape their lives in freedom, challenging contemporary images of the “old plantation” and devoted, self-sacrificing “Mammy.” Through their writing, these women represented African American women as central actors in stories of resistance, survival, and self-emancipation. With sustained attention to the deeply gendered nature of these representations, my dissertation sheds new light on the unique ways that African American women participated in these larger social debates and contributed to the public’s understanding of race and slavery before, during, and after the Civil War. Moving beyond the traditional periodization of U.S. slavery and emancipation and the typical focus on actors within a single, organized social movement, my project uncovers the breadth and diversity of African Americans’ public representations of slavery and freedom in contexts that were simultaneously social, cultural, and political. Using a broad range of published and unpublished archival materials, my work reveals African Americans’ distinct contribution to national debates regarding slavery’s place in the nation and the future of the men and women held within it.

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Crozier, Anna. "The Colonial Medical Officer and colonial identity : Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania before World War Two." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2005. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1444617/.

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The Colonial Medical Service was the branch of the Colonial Service responsible for healthcare provision in the British overseas territories. This work profiles Colonial Medical Officers serving in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania from the beginnings of British colonial rule to the start of World War Two. On the basis of a large prosopographical database, the composition and experiences of this governmental cadre are profiled and analysed.

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Basuayi, Clement Bula. "Fertility in Rwanda: Impact of genocide, an ananlysis of fertility before, during and after 1994 genocide." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2006. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_3790_1248421768.

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The 20th century has witnessed several wars and genocides worldwide. Notable examples include the Armenian and Jews genocides which took place during World War I and World War II respectively. The Rwandan genocide of 1994 is a more recent example. These wars and genocides have impacted on the socio-economic and demographic transition with resounding crisis. The present study focused on the Rwandan genocide which affected households and families by reducing the fertility rate. Hence the fertility transition in Rwanda was analyzed for the period before, during and after genocide.

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Bahador, Babak. "The impact of globalization on war : the CNN effect and western policy before the Kosovo intervention." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2005. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2904/.

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This dissertation attempts to provide insights regarding the impact of globalization on war. The methodology that is used to assess the primary question (What is the impact of globalization on war.) involves the utilisation of one manifestation of globalization - the CNN effect - that is operationalised to assess one area of potential impact - Western foreign policy during the Kosovo civil war. The dissertation is arranged into two sections. The first is largely theoretical and defines globalization, explains how the CNN effect is a manifestation of globalization and reviews the CNN effect on war at a theoretical level. The second is largely empirical and involves a detailed case study of Kosovo specific media coverage and foreign policy in the West over the fifteen-month period before the 1999 NATO intervention. The employment of this particular case study opens other areas of potential insight that are also explored in this dissertation. The first relates to foreign policy making and how the CNN effect has impacted its traditional role and operation. The second relates to the specific case study itself and the role of the Western media in NATO's decision to intervene in Kosovo and the specific events that led to this decision. If it were demonstrated that the CNN effect did indeed play a role in this intervention, this would be a useful interpretive addition to the current analysis of this particular conflict. In addressing these questions, it is also hoped that a more detailed understanding of the nature of globalization itself emerges. As theory should develop from practice, and not the other way around, it is only through attempts to apply abstract and novel concepts such as globalization to practice that current attempts at theorising can improve.

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Ma, Koon-yiu, and 馬冠堯. "The development of Hong Kong structural engineering standards after the Second World War and before 1997 =." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3862073X.

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Ongun, Kursat, and Soner Bayram. "Retention of U.S. Navy Surface Warfare Officers Before and After the Global War on Terror (GWOT)." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/6848.

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This thesis analyzes the effect of the Global War on Terror (GWOT) on the retention of Navy Surface Warfare Officers. Multivariate probit models are used to estimate the effects of commissioning source and other demographic variables on retention. The data set used was based on archival data provided by the Navy via the Navy Econometric Modeling System (NEMS). The data set contained information on Navy Surface Warfare Officers in pay grades O2O6. The archival data set included 73,348 records. In order to analyze the effect of the GWOT on officer retention, we created cohorts based on the entry years of the officers and analyzed retention to the sixth year in their careers. We used a probit model to estimate the partial effect of variables before and after the start of the Global War on Terror. Our retention analysis shows that Naval Academy and ROTC/NROTC graduates are less likely to stay than OCS graduates during both the pre- and post-GWOT periods. Officers with advanced education are less likely to stay than officers with bachelors degrees in the pre-GWOT period but, in the post-GWOT period, they are more likely to stay. We conclude that the GWOT was a significant factor affecting the retention decisions of Navy Surface Warfare Officers, as retention fell for officers making retention decisions in the post-GWOT period.

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Yan, Ji Bao. "China's policies toward the Soviet Union and the United States before and in the Korean War." PDXScholar, 1994. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3572.

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This thesis deals with China's policy making toward both the Soviet Union and the United States in late 1949 and early 1950 and how they made the decision to enter the conflict, by making use of recently declassified Chinese sources and available American sources.

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Chen, Nianshao. "Occupational patterns and entrepreneurship of the Chinese in Thailand, Indonesia and Canada before the Second World War." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ63855.pdf.

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Weber, Thomas. "Oxford and Heidelberg universities before the First World War : British and German elite institutions in comparative perspective." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.289015.

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SOUZA, IGOR ABDALLA MEDINA DE. "DOM QUIXOTE MEETS SANCHO PANÇA: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND INTERNATIONAL LAW BEFORE, DURING AND AFTER THE COLD WAR." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2005. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=7184@1.

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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
Dom Quixote reencontra Sancho Pança realiza uma análise em perspectiva histórica da relação entre as disciplinas acadêmicas de Relações Internacionais e do Direito Internacional, com o intuito de estudar a reaproximação entre as mesmas após a Guerra Fria. A análise em perspectiva histórica destina-se a evitar que o debate interdisciplinar pós-Guerra Fria seja mero subproduto das concepções convencionalmente associadas à historiografia de Relações Internacionais, particularmente da divisão da literatura da disciplina entre realistas e idealistas. Nesse sentido, argumenta-se que, antes da reaproximação entre as disciplinas de Relações Internacionais e do Direito Internacional, observou-se um momento inicial de proximidade, que se estenderia desde a criação das duas disciplinas, no final do século XIX e início do século XX, até o colapso da Liga das Nações e a eclosão da Segunda Grande Guerra, seguido de um período de afastamento, após o término deste conflito e o início da Guerra Fria. O estudo do debate interdisciplinar pós-Guerra Fria que se segue à análise em perspectiva histórica é feito com base em três teorias construídas a partir da colaboração entre juristas internacionais e teóricos da política internacional: o institucionalismo, o liberalismo e o construtivismo. Argumenta-se que, devido às suas conexões com a Teoria Crítica, o construtivismo possibilita estudos interdisciplinares mais profundos e profícuos.
This dissertation deals with post-Cold War interdisciplinary debate between International Relations and International Law. Having considered that some conventional conceptions held in the field of International Relations are responsible for misunderstandings in respect with the relation of this discipline and International Law, we are first concerned with the historical perspective. Then, we focus post-Cold War interdisciplinary debate through the lenses of three distinct theories, Institutionalism, Liberalism and Constructivism. Finally, we argue that Constructivism is more able to develop a deeper cooperation between International Relations and International law. This is due to the connections between Constructivism and Critical Theory.

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N'dri, Maurice Kouadio. "Critical analysis of victims rights before international criminal justice." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2006. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_7533_1183427953.

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History is regrettably replete with wars and dictatorial regimes that claimed the lives of millions of people. Most of the time the planners were not held accountable for their misdeeds. Fortunately in recent years the idea of people being prosecuted for mass atrocities was launched and debated. The purpose of this study was to propose avenues for promoting respect for victims rights. It examined the rationale of the victims reparation, its evolution, its denial and its rebirth. It canvass victims rights in domestic law especially in the civil law in comparison with international law. It proposed means whereby the international community may better address the issue of victims rights.

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Crawford, Emily Jessica Teresa Law Faculty of Law UNSW. "Unequal before the law: Questioning the distinction between types of armed conflict in international law." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Law, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/41260.

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This thesis makes the case for eliminating the distinction between types of armed conflict under international humanitarian law (IHL). Currently, IHL makes the distinction between international and non-international armed conflicts. International armed conflicts are regulated by more treaties than their non-international counterparts. Furthermore, the regulation of international armed conflicts is also considerably more comprehensive than that offered for participants in and victims of non-international armed conflicts. This bifurcation of the law was logical at the time the Geneva Conventions of 1949 were drafted and adopted, as the majority of armed conflicts prior to that point had been international in character. However, in the years following the adoption of the Conventions, there has been a proliferation of non-international armed conflicts, which presents challenges to a body of law that has few tools to adequately address such occurrences. The adoption of the Additional Protocols in 1977 went some way to addressing the legal lacunae that existed, but significant gaps still remain. Mindful this history, this thesis tracks the growth and evolution of the laws of armed conflict in the modern era, since the first document of the laws of war produced for the American Civil War. In doing so, this thesis demonstrates how the law of armed conflict has become increasingly harmonised in its application, with more rules of IHL being generally applicable in all instances of armed conflict, regardless of characterisation. This thesis then makes the argument that the time has come for the final step to be taken, the elimination of the distinction between types of armed conflict, and the complete harmonisation of the laws of war. Focusing specifically on the issue of combatants and POWs in armed conflicts, this thesis draws on considerable legal precedent, legal theory, and policy arguments to make the case that it is time for the law relating to the regulation of armed conflicts to be more uniformly applied.

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Kinman, Bret C. "The Army before last military transformation and the impact of nuclear weapons on the US Army during the early Cold War." Thesis, Monterey California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/1398.

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Approved for Public Release, Distribution is Unlimited
This thesis analyzes the impact of nuclear weapon on the doctrine and force structure of the US Army during the Early Cold War (1947-1957). It compares these impacts with those that occurred on the US Air Force and Navy during that time. Nuclear weapons brought a new aspect to warfare. Their unprecedented economy of destructive power changed the way nations viewed warfare. For the Army, nuclear weapons presented a dual challenge. The Army faced a US security policy centered on the massive use of these weapons; the Army also struggled to understand how these weapons would be utilized on the battlefield. The nation's security policy of large scale strategic nuclear bombardment of the Soviet Union favored the Air Force and to a lesser degree the Navy. The Army viewed this policy as single minded and purposely limiting the nations options to all out nuclear war or deference to another national will. In all the Army faced an internal struggle to incorporate these weapons and an external struggle to retain a useful position within the US Defense establishment during this period.
Major, United States Army

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34

Engle, Nancy Arlene Driscol. "We can't be the women we were before: Mary Livermore and Chicago women in the American Civil War." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 1996. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/RTD/id/20802.

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University of Central Florida College of Arts and Sciences Thesis
This study examines the inpact of the American Civil War on Union women by focusing on Mary Ashton Rice Livermore and her associates in wartime aid societies in Chicago, Illinois. It argues that Livermore's postwar lecture career epitomizes the new confidence that many benevolent women possessed after the Civil War. From contemporary newspaper accounts and letters it demonstrates that the conflagration broadened the scope of their activity, allowing many to hone their skills and expand their influence while remaining safely inside society's accepted gender standards. concluding that the war changed moderate white middle-class women's lives, it then illustrates that some modifications proved permanent for many throughout the ensuing decade. This work draws from published sources, including Livermore's autobiography and her account of th war, and manuscript collections containing correspondence, dated between 1850 and 1905, among advocates of women's rights and their acquaintances.
M.A.;
History
Arts and Sciences;
140 p.
vii, 140 leaves, bound ; 28 cm.

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35

Lewis, Colin A. "Change ringing in eastern Breconshire before the First World War, with especial reference to peal ringing at Glasbury." Brecknock Society and Museum Friends, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1012397.

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This paper discusses the development of change ringing in eastern Breconshire before the start of the First World War in 19 14, with special reference to peal ringing at Glasbury. Since the men who rang peals there, prior to that war, came from other towers as well as from Glasbury, brief mention is made of ringing at those towers and of members of those towers who rang peals at Glasbury. The towers discussed include Talgarth, Bronllys, Brecon, Llanelli (named Llanelly on Ordnance Survey maps) and Builth Wells, which were in the Diocese of St David's at that time, and centres in Herefordshire which were in the Diocese of Hereford. Attention is also paid to the role of the Hereford Diocesan Guild of Bellringers and of the peripatetic instructors employed by that Guild. An excellent introduction toringing is provided by R. J. Johnston's Bell-Ringing; the English Art of Change-Ringing (Viking, 1986), while the web-site of the Central Council of Church Bell Ringers (www.cccbr.org.uk) is also informative.
Colin Lewis was Professor of Geography at Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa from 1989 until his retirement at the end of 2007. In 1990, with the strong support of the incumbent Vice-Chancellor, Dr Derek Henderson, he instigated the Certificate in Change Ringing (Church Bell Ringing) in the Rhodes University Department of Music and Musicology - the first such course to be offered in Africa. Since that date he has lectured in the basic theory, and taught the practice of change ringing. He was the Ringing Master of the Cathedral of St Michael and St George, Grahamstown, South Africa for 20 years.

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Petersen, Cari. ""Be active before you become radioactive" the threat of nuclear war and peace politics in East Germany, 1945--1962 /." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3162257.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, 2004.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 66-01, Section: A, page: 0297. Supervisor: James Diehl. Title from dissertation home page (viewed Oct. 12, 2006).

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Supheert, Roselinde Gwendoline Jolanthe Laine. "Yeats in Holland : the reception of the work of W. B. Yeats in the Netherlands before World War Two /." Amsterdam ; Atlanta (Ga.) : Rodopi, 1995. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb366867050.

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Texte remanié de: Diss.
En appendice, la bibliogr. des traductions néerlandaises des oeuvres de Yeats publiées avant la Deuxième guerre mondiale, et toutes celles faites par Roland Holst. Bibliogr. p. [285]-311. Index.

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38

Merjanski, Kiril Valtchev. "The Secret Serbian-Bulgarian Treaty of Alliance of 1904 and the Russian Policy in the Balkans Before the Bosnian Crisis." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1176315780.

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39

Donald, M. "Karl Kautsky and Russian social democracy, 1900-1914 : Perspectives on party tactics and revolutionary strategy in Russia before the First World War." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376988.

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40

Bromiley, Ruth Anne. "From (wo)man to man : a reconsideration of Olive Schreiner's quest for equality before and during the South African war 1899-1902." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/37426.

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In this thesis, I chart the development of Schreiner’s changing views on race. Focusing mainly on her political works, The Political Situation (1896), Trooper Peter Halket of Mashonaland (1897), An English-South African’s View of the Situation (1899) and Thoughts on South Africa (1923), I also allude to The Story of an African Farm (1883), From Man to Man (1926) and Undine (1929). Looking at how and why her opinions on social Darwinism shifted from her juvenile novels of the 1870s, to her polemical texts of the 1890s, I examine the key areas of her thinking, such as miscegenation and racial and sexual exploitation, and the ways in which she applied them to her fellow white and black South Africans. Similarly exploring her childhood jingoism, her sojourn to Europe (1881-1889) and her return to South Africa, I explore her growing disillusionment with the British and growing identification with the Boers and black natives. I also consider the impact that her friendships with mathematician, Karl Pearson, and diamond magnate, Cecil Rhodes, amongst others, had on Schreiner and the way these works, her life, letters and expositions on race have been interpreted by critics and biographers up until the present day.

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Stevens, Andy. "The institutional care and treatment of people categorized as mentally defective before and after the Second World War : the Royal Eastern Counties Institution." Thesis, University of Essex, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.265261.

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Epstein, Katherine Cranston. "Inventing the Military-Industrial Complex: Torpedo Development, Property Rights, and Naval Warfare in the United States and Great Britain before World War I." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1311692950.

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43

Lorente, Jesús Pedro. "Museums for nineteenth century art? : a socio-historical study of the creation of Galleries of Modern Art before World War I and their legacy." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/35307.

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44

Touchan, Shourouk. "Využití evropských zkušeností při obnově válkou zničených měst v Sýrii – příklad města Aleppo." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta architektury, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-233274.

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• Objective of this research study urban planning for the city of Aleppo after internal conflicts and civil war. • We will choose the city of Berlin is an example of the European experience for comparison. As a result of exposure to destruction after World War II, this led to changes in urban planning and social, economic and political. • These changes have attracted specialists for reconstruction and according to modern methods, and turned from the city of devastating to the city of sophisticated and contemporary. • As a result, can benefit from the European experience in this area in the urban planning of the city of Aleppo. With the study of the positive and negative aspects in this experiment.

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Boe, Jeffrey L. "Painting Puertorriqueñidad: The Jíbaro as a Symbol of Creole Nationalism in Puerto Rican Art before and after 1898." Scholar Commons, 2012. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4290.

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In the three decades surrounding the Spanish-American war (1880-1910), three prominent Puerto Rican artists, Francisco Oller (1833-1917), Manuel E. Jordan (1853-1919), and Ramón Frade (1875-1954) created a group of paintings depicting "el jíbaro," the rural Puerto Rican farm worker, in a way that can be appropriately labeled "nationalistic." Using a set of motifs involving clothes, customs, domestic architecture and agricultural practices unique to rural Puerto Rico, they contributed to the imagination of a communal identity for creoles at the turn of the century. ("Creole" here refers to individuals of Spanish heritage, born on the island of Puerto Rico.) This set of shared symbols provided a visual dimension to the aspirational nationalism that had been growing within the creole community since the mid- 1800s. This creollismo mythified the agrarian laborer as a prototypical icon of Puerto Rican identity. By identifying themselves as jíbaros, Puerto Rican creoles used jíbaro self-fashioning as a way to define their community as unique vis a vis the colonial metropolis (first Spain, later the United States). In this thesis, I will examine works by Oller, Jordan and Frade which employ jíbaro motifs to engage this creollismo. They do so by painting the jíbaro himself, his culture and surroundings, the fields in which he worked, and the bohío hut which was his home. Together, these paintings form a body of jíbaro imagery which I will contextualize, taking into account both the historical circumstances of jíbaro life, as well as the ways in which signifiers of jibarismo began to gain resonance amongst creoles who did not strictly belong to the jíbaro class. The resulting study demonstrates the importance of the mythified jíbaro figure to the project of imagining Puerto Rican creole society as a nation, and the extent to which visual culture participated in this creative process.

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Bega-Hart, Angelica. "Shaken and Stirred: Tactile Imagery and Narrative Immediacy in J. D. Salinger's "Blue Melody," "A Girl I Knew," and "Just Before the War with the Eskimos"." VCU Scholars Compass, 2011. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2641.

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J.D. Salinger’s ‘A Girl I Knew,’ ‘Just Before the War with the Eskimos,’ and ‘Blue Melody,’ contain key thematic and narratological elements that contribute to the development of character through repeated reference to tactile imagery and through each character’s reaction to the sensations associated with tactile images. Salinger’s descriptions of tactile interaction allow readers to see his characters connected in ways that were increasingly difficult in the 1950’s, where widespread cultural changes contributed to increasing physical and emotional distancing. Critics have argued that “vision” is at the heart of many of Salinger’s characters’ struggles, since they “seek” a level of human connectedness not found in other narratives. However, Salinger's stories do not provide a mere record of observed physical characteristics as some claim; instead, they present concrete physical details that take both the character and the reader beyond sight to touch, in an effort to create the intimate space necessary for redemption. Using theoretical work by critics who focus on tactile imagery pinpoints how Salinger’s characters situate themselves in relation to the world around them and how setting and other narrative mechanics influence character. Salinger’s attention to tactile imagery influences character in a profound way creating a “narrative of immediacy” where closeness is further reinforced through tactile physical descriptions, attention to gesture, and use of conversational popular vernacular.

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Fedorowicz, Karen J. "An Evaluation of the 'War on Drugs' Based Upon a Content Analysis of the New York Times Before and After President George Bush's 1989 Anti-Drug Speech." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/292198.

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Ma, Koon-yiu. "The development of Hong Kong structural engineering standards after the Second World War and before 1997 Zhan hou dao hui gui qian Xianggang jie gou gong cheng gui fan fa zhan de tan tao /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B3862073X.

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Mac, Eoin Gearóid. "What language was spoken in Ireland before Irish?" Universität Potsdam, 2007. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/1923/.

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Extract: That the Celtic languages were of the Indo-European family was first recognised by Rasmus Christian Rask (*1787), a young Danish linguist, in 1818. However, the fact that he wrote in Danish meant that his discovery was not noted by the linguistic establishment until long after his untimely death in 1832. The same conclusion was arrived at independently of Rask and, apparently, of each other, by Adolphe Pictet (1836) and Franz Bopp (1837). This agreement between the foremost scholars made possible the completion of the picture of the spread of the Indo-European languages in the extreme west of the European continent. However, in the Middle Ages the speakers of Irish had no awareness of any special relationship between Irish and the other Celtic languages, and a scholar as linguistically competent as Cormac mac Cuillennáin (†908), or whoever compiled Sanas Chormaic, treated Welsh on the same basis as Greek, Latin, and the lingua northmannorum in the elucidation of the meaning and history of Irish words. [...]

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Brown, Stacy D. "I Liked That Song Before It Was Popular." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5258.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Before War'

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