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1

Kibaroglu, Mustafa. "NATO Before and After the Second Gulf War." Connections: The Quarterly Journal 04, no. 2 (2005): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.11610/connections.04.2.07.

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2

Garson, R. A. "Korea: the war before Vietnam." International Affairs 63, no. 2 (1987): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3025501.

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3

Dunn, Joe P., and Callum A. MacDonald. "Korea: The War before Vietnam." History Teacher 21, no. 3 (May 1988): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/493018.

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4

Baptist, Edward E., and Canter Brown Jr. "Tampa before the Civil War." Journal of Southern History 67, no. 3 (August 2001): 660. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3070045.

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5

McDonald, Walter. "The Winter before the War." College English 53, no. 8 (December 1991): 908. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/377694.

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6

Robbins, B. "Two Days before the War." Public Culture 3, no. 2 (April 1, 1991): 120–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/08992363-3-2-120.

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7

McDonald, Walt. "Before Flying off to War." Christianity & Literature 49, no. 2 (March 2000): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014833310004900202.

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8

Giemza, Bryan. "Before the War, the Rumors." Southern Literary Journal 43, no. 1 (2010): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/slj.2010.0005.

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9

Wilz, John Edward, and Callum A. MacDonald. "Korea: The War Before Vietnam." Military Affairs 52, no. 4 (October 1988): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1988473.

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10

Mergenthal, Rebekah M. K. "Border War: Fighting over Slavery before the Civil War." Annals of Iowa 70, no. 3 (July 2011): 265–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0003-4827.1559.

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11

Neely, J. "Border War: Fighting over Slavery before the Civil War." Journal of American History 98, no. 2 (September 1, 2011): 520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jar191.

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12

Roth, Sarah N. "Border War: Fighting over Slavery before the Civil War." Slavery & Abolition 34, no. 1 (March 2013): 189–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0144039x.2012.759682.

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13

Pilav, Armina. "Before the war, war, after the war: Urban imageries for urban resilience." International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 3, no. 1 (March 2012): 23–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13753-012-0004-4.

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14

Oosterman, Allison. "New Zealand war correspondence before 1915." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 16, no. 1 (May 1, 2010): 133–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v16i1.1014.

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Little research has been published on New Zealand war correspondence but an assertion has been made in a reputable military book that the country has not established a strong tradition in this genre. To test this claim, the author has made a preliminary examination of war correspondence prior to 1915 (when New Zealand’s first official war correspondent was appointed) to throw some light on its early development. Because there is little existing research in this area much of the information for this study comes from contemporary newspaper reports. In the years before the appointment of Malcolm Ross as the nation’s official war correspondent, New Zealand newspapers clearly saw the importance of reporting on war, whether within the country or abroad and not always when it involved New Zealand troops. Despite the heavy cost to newspapers, journalists were sent around the country and overseas to cover conflicts. Two types of war correspondent are observable in those early years―the soldier journalist and the ordinary journalist plucked from his newsroom or from his freelance work. In both cases one could call them amateur war correspondents.
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15

Whittingham, Daniel. "Winston Churchill: at war and thinking of war before 1939." Diplomacy & Statecraft 30, no. 4 (October 2, 2019): 841–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09592296.2019.1666486.

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16

Stiener, Zara. "Views of War: Britain Before the 'Great War' - and After." International Relations 17, no. 1 (March 1, 2003): 7–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047117803017001422.

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17

Steiner, Zara. "Views of War: Britain Before the ‘Great War’ – and After." International Relations 17, no. 1 (March 2003): 7–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00471178030171002.

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18

Tängerstad, Erik. "Before the Rain - After the War?" Rethinking History 4, no. 2 (July 2000): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13642520050074812.

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19

Burns, Grant. "Stopping the War Before It Starts." Serials Librarian 10, no. 4 (June 27, 1986): 117–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j123v10n04_15.

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20

Wcislo, Francis W. "bureaucratic Reform Before World War I." Russian History 16, no. 1 (1989): 377–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187633189x00185.

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21

Boxer, Marilyn J. "Denouncing War Before, During, and After." French Historical Studies 42, no. 1 (February 1, 2019): 101–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00161071-7205225.

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22

Rigden, John S. "J. Robert Oppenheimer: Before the War." Scientific American 273, no. 1 (July 1995): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0795-76.

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23

Takahashi, Akira. "Neurology in Japan before World War II." Rinsho Shinkeigaku 53, no. 11 (2013): 926–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5692/clinicalneurol.53.926.

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24

Takao, Chizuko. "Russian-Jewish Harbin before World War II." Japanese Slavic and East European Studies 32 (2011): 39–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5823/jsees.32.0_39.

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25

SCHULZ, T. "INEXPENSIVE NUTRITION BEFORE AND AFTER THE WAR." Bulletin of the Oxford University Institute of Economics & Statistics 21, no. 2 (May 1, 2009): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.1959.mp21002007.x.

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26

Gardini, Gian Luca. "1913: the world before the great war." Cambridge Review of International Affairs 27, no. 1 (January 2, 2014): 202–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09557571.2014.877266.

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27

Hee-Kyung, Suh. "ATROCITIES BEFORE AND DURING THE KOREAN WAR." Critical Asian Studies 42, no. 4 (December 2010): 553–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14672715.2010.515388.

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28

Fullerton, John. "Introduction:Experiment in Film Before World War II." Film History: An International Journal 20, no. 1 (January 2008): 3–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/fil.2008.20.1.3.

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29

Becker, Tobias. "Globalizing Operetta before the First World War." Opera Quarterly 33, no. 1 (2017): 7–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oq/kbx014.

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30

Klug, D., T. Modine, C. Marquie, and S. Kacet. "Weapons development programme before the lead war." Europace 13, no. 4 (December 20, 2010): 460–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/europace/euq432.

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31

Arbatov, A., and V. Dvorkin. "Strategic Stability before and after Cold War." World Economy and International Relations, no. 3 (2011): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2011-3-3-11.

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During a fairly long period of “strategic stability” Soviet Union and United States put a different meaning in this term. Only in June 1990 the two states issued a joint statement where the most general form of an agreed definition appeared. It virtually replaced the old principle of equality and equal security which proved to be too amorphous and, therefore, not binding. The article proposes a detailed analysis of how to maintain the strategic stability in the light of new threats and processes which will inevitably lead to its erosion and will increase the likelihood of combat or terrorist use of nuclear weapons, with devastating consequences for all modern civilization.
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32

Rizzo, Joseph M. "Border War: Fighting over Slavery before the Civil War by Stanley Harrold." West Virginia History: A Journal of Regional Studies 7, no. 2 (2013): 126–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/wvh.2013.0025.

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33

Mathisen, Erik. "Border War: Fighting over Slavery before the Civil War (review)." Journal of the Civil War Era 2, no. 3 (2012): 452–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cwe.2012.0067.

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34

Winn, Kenneth H. "Border War: Fighting over Slavery before the Civil War (review)." Register of the Kentucky Historical Society 109, no. 3-4 (2011): 480–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/khs.2011.0128.

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35

Oertel, Kristen T. "Border War: Fighting over Slavery before the Civil War (review)." Civil War History 58, no. 1 (2012): 103–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cwh.2012.0020.

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36

Fitzgerald, Michael W. "Border War: Fighting over Slavery before the Civil War (review)." Journal of the Early Republic 32, no. 1 (2012): 162–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jer.2012.0002.

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37

Fangi, G. "ALEPPO - BEFORE AND AFTER." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W9 (January 31, 2019): 333–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w9-333-2019.

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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> In October 2018 I was in Aleppo, Syria, for my second time after the visit in 2010 before the war. It was an unique opportunity to perform 3D surveys of some noticeable buildings and monuments affected by the war. The paper shows some 3D results and comparisons for same monuments. The objects of the survey are some parts of the Citadel walls, the entrance tower of the Citadel, the southern tower, one mosque, the minaret of the Citadel mosque. These results prove undoubtedly that photogrammetry is an essential instrument for the 3D documentation and digital preservation of cultural heritage. The used technique is spherical photogrammetry, based on panoramic images and ad-hoc processing processes. The technique is very much suitable for heritage documentation and if will be transferred to the students of the local faculty of architecture.</p>
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38

Westerman, William. "Before the Main Game: Australia’s Citizen Infantry Battalion Commanders before the First World War." International Journal of Military History and Historiography 37, no. 1 (May 31, 2017): 9–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24683302-03701003.

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This article explores officer capability and culture of the Australian army before the First World War, in particular those officers who held infantry battalion commands. Although the men who served in Australia’s part-time citizen army as infantry battalion commanders showed dedication and enthusiasm for soldiering, they were under-developed as infantry commanders, owing to time constraints and general under-investment in officer education and training. Officers who became battalion commanders were also relatively old, and their rise through the ranks was facilitated more by social position, rather than competence or experience. As a result, those Citizen Forces battalion commanders who enlisted in the Australian Imperial Force largely failed to carry out commands effectively in wartime, an indictment on the state of the Australian Army before the First World War.
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39

Austin. "‘The situation is worse than before the war’." Nursing Standard 17, no. 46 (July 30, 2003): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.17.46.8.s15.

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40

Nishimura, Shigehiro. "GE'S INTERNATIONAL PATENT MANAGEMENT BEFORE WORLD WAR II:." Keiei Shigaku (Japan Business History Review) 37, no. 3 (2002): 28–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5029/bhsj.37.3_28.

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41

Royster, Charles, and John Morgan Dederer. "War in America to 1775: Before Yankee Doodle." American Historical Review 96, no. 4 (October 1991): 1287. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2165200.

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42

Currey, Cecil B., and John M. Dederer. "War in America to 1775: Before Yankee Doodle." Journal of Military History 55, no. 2 (April 1991): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1985904.

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43

Zackiewicz, Grzegorz. "Syndicalism – movement and doctrine before Word War I." Białostockie Teki Historyczne 6 (2008): 113–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/bth.2008.06.06.

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44

Fangi, G. "ALEPPO BEFORE AND AFTER THE WAR 2010–2018." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W15 (August 22, 2019): 449–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w15-449-2019.

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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> What remains of Cultural Heritage in Syria? And in particular in Aleppo? Aleppo, according to UNESCO, is the oldest city in the world. The first settlements date back to 12,000 years ago, the first evidence of the city to 8,000. The A. visited the city in October 2018 at the invitation of the Syrian Trust for Development. He previously went to Syria for a photographic tour in 2010. It was a unique opportunity to document some noticeable buildings and monuments, later on affected by the war. When the war began in 2012, the A. retrieved the photographs and gave them to his students, who then ran some 28 projects of Cultural Heritage items. They are small monuments or small projects, neither complete not very accurate, but sometimes they are unique for the monuments that have already disappeared. In 2017 the book <i>Reviving Palmyra</i> was published, whose main author is the Finnish archaeologist Minna Silver. The book shows the results of the surveys of some monuments of Palmyra, including the Roman theater, the temple of Bel, the triumphal arch and the funerary tower of Al-Habel. The A. made an exibition of the these projects in Ancona, Italy, and produced a video of the exibition, which was then published online. Reme Sackr saw the video and invited the A. to visit Syria. She is a Syrian woman of the Syrian Trust for Development, a Syrian NGO for reconstruction of Syria. She is responsible for the Living Heritage Program inside the Trust, in practice responsible for the reconstruction and the restoration of the monuments in Syria. So in October 2018 the A. went to Aleppo, Syria, for a second time. The present paper shows some results and comparisons for same monuments before and after the war. The objects of the survey are some parts of the Citadel walls, the entrance tower of the Citadel, the southern tower, one mosque and the minaret of the Citadel mosque. One of the first monuments to be restored will be the minaret of the Great Omoyyad Mosque in Aleppo. Some monuments, the minority, are apparently in good condition, seemingly untouched by the war. Some are badly damaged and unsafe. They must first be made sade and subsequently restored. Finally, other monuments – and these are the majority – no longer exist because they have been destroyed to their very foundations. It seems that the war, besides the population, has particularly targeted monuments, perhaps because they represent the soul and history of a people and a country. For them the problem arises whether to reconstruct or not, and in case of reconstruction with which instruments and with which technique, if there are previous findings. This is precisely the case of the minaret. Here they will try to reconstruct the monument where it was, as it was and with the same materials, with possibly the same blocks in the same position they were in. For this task, however, their identification is necessary. The minaret is the most important monument in Syria, because it is the symbol of the country. It was built in 1092, and its restoration was completed in 2007. A special commission now follows the restoration work. It is composed by public, religious and technical-scientific authorities. They are the same university professors who carried out the restoration of 2007 and now curate the reconstruction. Work began in February 2018. The minaret stones were placed in the square of the mosque. Using a crane they raised the stones one by one, then photographed them from all positions. They then proceeded to the identification stage. A computer program was created in MATHLAB<sup>®</sup> which could carry out the first automatic selection of 6–8 possible candidates. The operator then manually selected the choosen one. Of the 1300 stones of the external face, 40&amp;thinsp;% have already been recognized. The high-resolution photographs of the A. of 2010 will help the identification. It is hoped to reach 70&amp;thinsp;%. Many blocks are no longer usable because they are broken, being limestone and therefore fragile. They no longer have the necessary resistance and will have to be replaced. A museum will be set up for the reconstruction of the minaret and the mosque. It is hoped to complete the work in two years. The surveying technique used by the A. is Spherical Photogrammetry. He published in 2018 <i>The book of Spherical Photogrammetry</i> a collection of related papers and experiences. This technique has been set up by the A. since 2006. It is based on spherical panoramas. These are cartographic representations on planes of spheres, on which the partially overlapping photographs taken from a single shooting point, are projected. Its main feature is the shooting speed. The technique is very much suitable for heritage documentation and the A. hopes to transfer it to the students of the local faculty of architecture. In this last mission, especially for the interiors, the A. made extensive use of Panono, a multi-image camera capable of covering 360°. These results prove undoubtedly that photogrammetry is an essential instrument for the 3D documentation and digital preservation of cultural heritage.</p>
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45

EMBER, LOIS. "Report on Gulf War ills slammed before release." Chemical & Engineering News 75, no. 25 (June 23, 1997): 10–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v075n025.p010.

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46

Baetens, Jan. "World Projects: Global Information before World War I." Leonardo 49, no. 1 (February 2016): 100–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/leon_r_01177.

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47

Jones, Claire. "Careers and controversy before the First World War." Nature 575, no. 7781 (November 5, 2019): 239–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/d41586-019-03361-2.

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48

Behbehani, Jawad M., and Nasra M. Shah. "Oral Health in Kuwait before the Gulf War." Medical Principles and Practice 11, no. 1 (2002): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000057777.

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49

SEERS., DUDLEY. "THE NATIONAL PRODUCT BEFORE AND AFTER THE WAR." Bulletin of the Oxford University Institute of Economics & Statistics 10, no. 10 (May 1, 2009): 309–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.1948.mp10010001.x.

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50

Turdeanu, Lucian, and Nicolae Marcu. "ROMANIA'S WEALTH ESTIMATIONS BEFORE THE SECOND WORLD WAR." Review of Income and Wealth 31, no. 1 (March 1985): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1985.tb00500.x.

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