Relevant bibliographies by topics / Behavior assays

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
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Academic literature on the topic 'Behavior assays'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 5 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Behavior assays"

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Fraser, Gilles L., David E. Wennberg, John D. Dickens, and Costas T. Lambrew. "Changing Physician Behavior in Ordering Digoxin Assays." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 30, no. 5 (May 1996): 449–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002809603000502.

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OBJECTIVE: TO assess the ability to modify physicians' use of serum digoxin assays in a sustained fashion through (1) an educational intervention by a clinical pharmacist, and (2) changes in the computerized medical information system. DESIGN: A before/after methodology was used to compare test use by hospital staff physicians in two phases. Phase 1 was an educational intervention conducted by a clinical pharmacist with an 8-month follow-up. Phase 2 was a medical information system intervention with a 12-month follow-up. PATIENTS: Adult inpatients from July 1990 through December 1993 who received either digoxin therapy or at least one serum digoxin assay. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Digoxin assays per patient day while receiving digoxin (assays/digoxin day), in-hospital mortality, and length of stay were compared before and after implementation of the interventions. RESULTS: A total of 9468 patients received a digoxin and/or serum digoxin assay. Baseline use of serum digoxin assays was 0.178 assays/digoxin day. Following phase 1, the educational intervention, use declined 20.2% to 0.142 assays/digoxin day (p < 0.03). After phase 2, the implementation of changes in the medical information system, digoxin assay use was maintained at 16.3% less than that at baseline (p < 0.03). Patient mortality was unaffected. CONCLUSIONS: A low-intensity educational intervention by a clinical pharmacist supplemented by medical information system modification resulted in an important decrease in the use of digoxin assays. The change in physician behavior was sustained for more than 18 months. The model presented is not labor intensive, does not require continuous maintenance by healthcare personnel for a sustained effect, and may be widely applicable to healthcare providers.
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Hira, Vashendriya VV, Barbara Breznik, Cornelis JF Van Noorden, Tamara Lah, and Remco J. Molenaar. "2D and 3D in vitro assays to quantify the invasive behavior of glioblastoma stem cells in response to SDF-1α." BioTechniques 69, no. 5 (November 2020): 339–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2144/btn-2020-0046.

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Invasion is a hallmark of cancer and therefore in vitro invasion assays are important tools in cancer research. We aimed to describe in vitro 2D transwell assays and 3D spheroid assays to quantitatively determine the invasive behavior of glioblastoma stem cells in response to the chemoattractant SDF-1α. Matrigel was used as a matrix in both assays. We demonstrated quantitatively that SDF-1α increased invasive behavior of glioblastoma stem cells in both assays. We conclude that the 2D transwell invasion assay is easy to perform, fast and less complex whereas the more time-consuming 3D spheroid invasion assay is physiologically closer to the in vivo situation.
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Aggarwal, Aman, Heinrich Reichert, and K. VijayRaghavan. "A locomotor assay reveals deficits in heterozygous Parkinson’s disease model and proprioceptive mutants in adult Drosophila." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 49 (November 20, 2019): 24830–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1807456116.

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Severe locomotor impairment is a common phenotype of neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson’s disease (PD). Drosophila models of PD, studied for more than a decade, have helped in understanding the interaction between various genetic factors, such as parkin and PINK1, in this disease. To characterize locomotor behavioral phenotypes for these genes, fly climbing assays have been widely used. While these simple current assays for locomotor defects in Drosophila mutants measure some locomotor phenotypes well, it is possible that detection of subtle changes in behavior is important to understand the manifestation of locomotor disorders. We introduce a climbing behavior assay which provides such fine-scale behavioral data and tests this proposition for the Drosophila model. We use this inexpensive, fully automated assay to quantitatively characterize the climbing behavior at high parametric resolution in 3 contexts. First, we characterize wild-type flies and uncover a hitherto unknown sexual dimorphism in climbing behavior. Second, we study climbing behavior of heterozygous mutants of genes implicated in the fly PD model and reveal previously unreported prominent locomotor defects in some of these heterozygous fly lines. Finally, we study locomotor defects in a homozygous proprioceptory mutation (Trp-γ1) known to affect fine motor control in Drosophila. Moreover, we identify aberrant geotactic behavior in Trp-γ1 mutants, thereby opening up a finer assay for geotaxis and its genetic basis. Our assay is therefore a cost-effective, general tool for measuring locomotor behaviors of wild-type and mutant flies in fine detail and can reveal subtle motor defects.
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Böcker, Alexander, Pierre R. Bonneau, and Paul J. Edwards. "HTS Promiscuity Analyses for Accelerating Decision Making." Journal of Biomolecular Screening 16, no. 7 (June 16, 2011): 765–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087057111407763.

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Frequent hitters are compounds that are detected as a “hit” in multiple high-throughput screening (HTS) assays. Such behavior is specific (e.g., target family related) or unspecific (e.g., reactive compounds) or can result from a combination of such behaviors. Detecting such hits while predicting the underlying reason behind their promiscuous behavior is desirable because it provides valuable information not only about the compounds themselves but also about the assay methodology and target classes at hand. This information can also greatly reduce cost and time during HTS hit profiling. The present study exemplifies how to mine large HTS data repositories, such as the one at Boehringer Ingelheim, to identify frequent hitters, gain further insights into the causes of promiscuous behavior, and generate models for predicting promiscuous compounds. Applications of this approach are demonstrated using two recent large-scale HTS assays. The authors believe this analysis and its concrete applications are valuable tools for streamlining and accelerating decision-making processes during the course of hit discovery.
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Adamkewicz, Joanne I., David C. Chen, and Ido Paz-Priel. "Effects and Interferences of Emicizumab, a Humanised Bispecific Antibody Mimicking Activated Factor VIII Cofactor Function, on Coagulation Assays." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 119, no. 07 (May 7, 2019): 1084–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1688687.

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AbstractEmicizumab bridges activated factor IX (FIX) and FX to restore the tenase function mediated by activated FVIII (FVIIIa), which is deficient in people with haemophilia A (PwHA). Unlike FVIII, emicizumab does not require activation to function; thus, in coagulation assays, the behavior of emicizumab may differ from that of FVIII. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of emicizumab on coagulation assays, including potential interference behavior that may produce inaccurate or misleading results. A variety of clotting-based, amidolytic/chromogenic, latex particle-enhanced turbidometric, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent methods were investigated. As expected based on its pharmacologic mechanism of action, emicizumab exhibited strong activity on the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), which resulted in interference with several aPTT-based assays, most importantly the one-stage FVIII activity assay; these assays are not recommended for PwHA receiving emicizumab therapy. Pharmacodynamic activity of emicizumab, as measured by FVIII chromogenic assays, was species-dependent due to the binding specificity of the drug antibody. Outside of FVIII assays, emicizumab did not interfere with assays based on immunologic or chromogenic principles, nor with clotting assays based on nonintrinsic pathway activators, thus offering alternative choices where aPTT-based assays might otherwise be used. The observed interferences are in line with the unique mechanism of action of emicizumab. Potential interferences should be taken into account in the selection of coagulation assays and interpretation of coagulation assay test results for PwHA receiving emicizumab therapy.
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Wisdom, C. S., A. Gonzalez-Coloma, and P. W. Rundel. "Ecological tannin assays." Oecologia 72, no. 3 (June 1987): 395–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00377570.

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Beeler, Erik, Zachary Nobile, and Gregg Homanics. "Paternal Preconception Every-Other-Day Ethanol Drinking Alters Behavior and Ethanol Consumption in Offspring." Brain Sciences 9, no. 3 (March 6, 2019): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci9030056.

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Alcohol use disorder is a devastating disease with a complex etiology. Recent preclinical studies have revealed that paternal preconception chronic intermittent ethanol (EtOH) exposure via vaporized EtOH altered drinking behaviors and sensitivity to EtOH selectively in male offspring. In the current study, we used a voluntary oral route of paternal preconception EtOH exposure, i.e., intermittent every-other-day two-bottle choice drinking, and tested offspring for behavioral alterations. Fifteen EtOH drinking sires and 10 control sires were mated to EtOH naïve females to produce EtOH-sired and control-sired offspring. These offspring were tested using the elevated plus maze, open field, drinking in the dark, and unlimited access two-bottle choice assays. We found that paternal preconception every-other-day two-bottle choice drinking resulted in reduced EtOH consumption selectively in male offspring in the drinking in the dark assay compared to control-sired offspring. No differences were detected in either sex in the unlimited access two-bottle choice and elevated plus maze assays. Open field analysis revealed complex changes in basal behavior and EtOH-induced behaviors that were sex specific. We concluded that paternal preconception voluntary EtOH consumption has persistent effects that impact the next generation. This study adds to a growing appreciation that one’s behavioral response to EtOH and EtOH drinking behavior are impacted by EtOH exposure of the prior generation.
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Piketty, M. L., M. d'Herbomez, D. Le Guillouzic, R. Lebtahi, E. Cosson, A. Dumont, A. Dilouya, and B. O. Helal. "Clinical comparison of three labeled-antibody immunoassays of free triiodothyronine." Clinical Chemistry 42, no. 6 (June 1, 1996): 933–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/42.6.933.

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Abstract Three labeled-antibody immunoassays of free triiodothyronine (FT3) were studied in hyperthyroid patients, patients with nonthyroidal illness, and patients being treated with amiodarone; we also studied sera presenting known interferences (n for all groups = 465). The results were compared with those of a one-step labeled-analog assay. The precision of the two automated assays were similar to that of the manual assays. The three labeled-antibody FT3 assays demonstrated a satisfactory diagnostic performance for confirming hyperthyroidism and robustness to interference; nevertheless, two assays displayed unusual behavior in some patients with nonthyroidal illness, with chronic renal failure, or after amiodarone therapy.
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Luo, Linjiao, Christopher V. Gabel, Heon-Ick Ha, Yun Zhang, and Aravinthan D. T. Samuel. "Olfactory Behavior of Swimming C. elegans Analyzed by Measuring Motile Responses to Temporal Variations of Odorants." Journal of Neurophysiology 99, no. 5 (May 2008): 2617–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00053.2008.

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Caenorhabditis elegans responds to chemical cues using a small number of chemosensory neurons that detect a large variety of molecules in its environment. During chemotaxis, C. elegans biases its migration in spatial chemical gradients by lengthening (/shortening) periods of forward movement when it happens to be moving toward (/away) from preferred locations. In classical assays of chemotactic behavior, a group of crawling worms is placed on an agar plate containing a point source of chemical, the group is allowed to navigate for a period of time, and aggregation of worms near the source is quantified. Here we show that swimming worms exhibit acute motile responses to temporal variations of odor in their surrounding environment, allowing our development of an automated assay of chemotactic behavior with single-animal resolution. By placing individual worms in small microdroplets and quantifying their movements as they respond to the addition and removal of odorized airstreams, we show that the sensorimotor phenotypes of swimming worms (wild-type behavior, the effects of certain mutations, and the effects of laser ablation of specific olfactory neurons) are consistent with aggregation phenotypes previously obtained in crawling assays. The microdroplet swimming assay has certain advantages over crawling assays, including flexibility and precision in defining the stimulus waveform and automated quantification of motor response during stimulus presentation. In this study, we use the microdroplet assay to quantify the temporal dynamics of the olfactory response, the sensitivity to odorant concentration, combinations, and gradients, and the contribution of specific olfactory neurons to overall behavior.
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McMeekan, John, and Patricia Wadsworth. "Functional Assays to Identify and Characterize Regulators of Microtubule Behavior." BioTechniques 24, no. 5 (May 1998): 870–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2144/98245rr04.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Behavior assays"

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Freitas, Kelen. "Effects of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Agonists in Assays of Pain-Stimulated and Pain-Depressed Behavior in Rats." VCU Scholars Compass, 2015. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3999.

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Though a host of analgesics have been developed to alleviate pain, especially acute pain, significant side effects and a lack of long-term efficacy have encouraged research attempts to pursue novel targets that may be associated with fewer side effects or a more sustained efficacy. Among these new targets are members of the nicotinic family of acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). The non-selective nAChR agonists nicotine and epibatidine have been shown to function as potent antinociceptive drugs in many acute and chronic preclinical pain models, while nicotine has produced analgesic effects in humans. However, these non-selective nAChRs agonists also produce various side effects, including gastrointestinal and cardiovascular complications that limit clinical utility. To reduce these side effects, recent research has focused on evaluating the potential role of specific nAChR subtypes in the modulation of nociception. Traditionally, assays of pain-stimulated behaviors, or behaviors that increase in rate, frequency or intensity after presentation of a noxious stimulus, have been used to evaluate nAChR agonists and other classes of candidate analgesics pre-clinically. However, clinically relevant pain states are often associated with the depression of behavior; for example in humans, pain is often accompanied by impaired function in daily activities and depression of mood. To address these depressant manifestations of pain, novel preclinical assays have been developed to assess the expression and pharmacological modulation of pain-depressed behaviors, or behaviors that decrease in rate, frequency or intensity after presentation of a noxious stimulus. Additionally, the effects of nAChR agonists in preclinical assays of pain-depressed behavior are unknown. In assays of pain-stimulated behavior, agonism of α4β2* receptors appears to play a prominent role in antinociception produced by drugs that target nAChRs. Recent research suggests that α7 nAChR subtype might be an alternative target. Accordingly, the primary goal of this dissertation was to compare antinociceptive effects of the nAChR agonist nicotine and more selective nicotinic agonists in assays of pain-stimulated and pain-depressed behavior. Results from this body of work show that both nicotine and the more selective α4β2* agonist 5-I-A-85380 produced antinociception in both types of assays, whereas an α7 agonist did not. Taken together, these results suggest that α4β2* nAChR agonists may be especially effective to treat signs of pain-related behavioral depression; however nonselective behavioral effects of these compounds may contribute to apparent antinociception. Studies of nAChR agonist effects on pain-depressed behavior were conducted using an assay of intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) as a baseline behavior that is depressed by noxious pain stimuli, and pain-related depression of ICSS can be selectively alleviated by clinically effective analgesics. As a prelude to studies of nAChR agonist effects on pain-related depression of ICSS, a preliminary study was conducted to assess effects of nicotine and 5-I-A-85380 on ICSS in the absence of a noxious stimulus. These studies indicated that selective α4β2* agonists may have higher abuse potential than nicotine. Additionally, cognitive function is one domain of behavior that may be impaired by pain, and nAChR agonists are used to treat cognitive impairment produced by other non-pain pathologies. Accordingly, a final goal of this project was to develop an assay of pain-related cognitive impairment in rats that could be used to evaluate effects of nAChR agonists. Although results of this study did provide evidence for pain-related impairment of cognition, the effects of the pain stimuli were sufficiently variable and transient to make this procedure impracticable for use in studies with nAChR agonists.
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Abdur, Rahman Abdur Rub. "CellMap: An Automated Multielectrode Array Cell Culture Analysis System Based on Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2007. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0002185.

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Olofsson, Per. "Microwell-based Collagen Matrix Migration Assays for NK:target Cell Interactions : Three-dimensional Imaging and Analysis of Transient Migration Behavior of NK Cells in vitro." Thesis, KTH, Cellens fysik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-43456.

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Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes of the innate immune system responsible for lysing tumor and virally-infected cells. Investigating NK cell heterogeneity can inform the development of more efficacious immunotherapeutic treatments. Cell motility is an essential aspect of NK cell function. Moreover, the cell migration behavior within cell populations displays a marked heterogeneity. For some time it has been clear that cell-matrix interactions can radically alter the behavior of certain types of cells. (1) However, conventional studies of cell migration have relied on flat (2-D) surfaces, and thus do not take this potentially game-changing third dimension into account. Still, migration studies using ECM-mimicking biomaterials such as collagen and Matrigel may employ volume imaging, but often fail to quantify and analyze the vertical direction of migration. This project used silicon microchip-based technology, extracellular matrixlike type I collagen hydrogel, and fluorescence laser scanning confocal microscopy to study the migration behavior of single cells in 3-D. NK and targetcells were embedded in a collagen gel matrix deposited inside sub-mm scale microwells. The microwell provides natural barriers to cell migration, and so ensures that the cells remain confined within the imaging volume. The entire volume of the microwell was scanned for two hours by time-lapse fluorescence microscopy. A total of N  = 14 NK cell migration trajectories were quantified using fluorescence centroid measurements. Results suggest that NK cells retain their cytotoxicity when embedded in the collagen matrix used for the 3-D migration assay. The average migration speed of the studied NK cells in three dimensions was found to be 3.7 ± 0.5μm/min (mean± SEM). Additionally, the NK cells exhibited a directional bias in migration, slightly preferring horizontal migration over vertical migration. In conclusion, this assay readily lends itself to short-term imaging of the migration behavior and cell-cell interactions of NK and target cells embedded in collagen gel in microwells. This microwell-gel system shows promising prospects for future applications at the interface of immunology and engineering.
NK-celler är lymfocyter tillhörande det ospecifika immunförsvaret vars uppgift är att uppsöka och avdöda tumör- och virusinfekterade celler. Genom att undersöka heterogeniteten inom NK-cellspopulationer öppnas en möjlighet att förbättra effektiviteten hos immunoterapeutiska behandlingar. Cellmotilitet är en viktig aspekt av NK-cellers funktion. Därutöver uppvisar cellmigrationsbeteendet inom cellpopulationer en märkbar heterogenitet. Det har under en tid stått klart att cell-matris-interaktioner kan ha en genomgripande effekt på beteendet hos vissa celltyper.(1) Emellertid grundar sig traditionella studier av cellmigration på användandet av tvådimensionella, plana ytor, och frånser på detta vis den potentiellt avgörande effekt som den tredje dimensionen kan ha på resultatet. Likväl kan studier som använder extracellulär matrix-liknande biomaterial, såsom kollagen och Matrigel, och som därutöver drar nytta av volymsavbildning för cellmigration ändå ofta bortse från att kvantifiera och analysera cellmigrationen i vertikalled. Detta projekt använde kiselbaserad mikrochipteknologi, extracellulär matrixliknande hydrogel typ I kollagen, samt fluorescensmikroskopi för att undersöka cellmigrationbeteendet hos enskilda NK-celler i 3-D. NK- och målceller bäddades in i en kollagenmatris vilken i sin tur gjöts in i en mindre än millimeterstor mikrobrunn. Mikrobrunnen utgör en naturlig barriär för cellmigration och kan således försäkra att cellerna stannar inuti avbildningsvolymen. Hela mikrobrunnens volym avbildades under två timmar med hjälp av tidsfördröjd fluorescensmikroskop. En tidsserie av mätningarna sammanställdes sedan. Totalt sammanställdes och kvantifierades N  = 14 NK-cellers cellmigrationsbanor genom att uppskatta cellernas fluorescenta mittpunkter i den återskapade 3-D-volymen. Resultaten ger vid handen att NK-celler behåller sin cytotoxiska förmåga när de är inbäddade i 3-D-matrisen som används i mikrobrunnsuppsättningen. Den tredimensionella medelhastigheten för cellmigrationen hos de undersökta cellerna var 3.7±0.5 μm/min (medelvärde±standardfelet). Därutöver uppvisade NK-cellerna en bias i den genomsnittliga riktningen hos cellmigrationen, där horisontell cellmigration föredrogs framför vertikal cellmigration. Avslutningsvis kan sägas att denna experimentella uppsättning utan större problem kan användas för korttidsavbildning av cellmigrationsbeteende och cell-cell-interaktioner hos NK- och målceller inbäddade i en mikrobrunnsingjuten kollagenmatris. Detta mikrobrunn-gel-baserade system uppvisar lovande möjligheter för framtida tillämpningar i gränsytan mellan immunologi och ingenjörskonst.
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Nüßer, Leonie Verfasser], Henner [Akademischer Betreuer] [Hollert, and Andreas [Akademischer Betreuer] Schäffer. "Advancing evaluation and applicability of zebrafish embryo behavior assays through sophisticated mathematical methods and innovative technology for on-line monitoring and assessment / Leonie Nüßer ; Henner Hollert, Andreas Schäffer." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1210862808/34.

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Nüßer, Leonie [Verfasser], Henner [Akademischer Betreuer] Hollert, and Andreas [Akademischer Betreuer] Schäffer. "Advancing evaluation and applicability of zebrafish embryo behavior assays through sophisticated mathematical methods and innovative technology for on-line monitoring and assessment / Leonie Nüßer ; Henner Hollert, Andreas Schäffer." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1210862808/34.

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Hietanen, Kai-Henrik. "Akuta och kroniska effekter av fluoxetin på antipredatorbeteende hos Asellus aquaticus." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Biologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-138585.

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Fluoxetin är den aktiva substansen i många serotoninreglerande läkemedel som förs in i vattendrag. Substansen har visats påverka beteende av vattenlevande organismer som fiskar, mollusker och kräftdjur genom att öka deras djärvhet. I denna studie undersöktes fluoxetins akuta (på vildfångade individer) och kroniska (på labbuppfödda individer) effekter av koncentrationerna 0, 3 och 30 ng L-1 på Asellus aquaticus (sötvattengråsugga) antipredatorbeteende. Detta gjordes genom tre beteendetest: (1) tid att lämna refug, (2) spontan aktivitet samt (3) flyktbeteende under predationsrisk. Överlag hittades få eller inga effekter på A. aquaticus från fluoxetin. De effekter som dock påverkade individer signifikant visade att exponerade individer flydde en signifikant kortare (30 %) tidsperiod från en simulerad predatorattack. Utöver denna huvudeffekt av fluoxetin hittades även signifikanta skillnader i fluoxetins påverkan på de två grupperna, när individer blev utsatta för den högsta koncentrationen ökade vildfångade individer sin aktivitet (38 % fler stopp och 49 % mer rörelse) medan labbuppfödda individer sänkte sin aktivitet (43 % färre stopp och 37 % mindre rörelse). Individer som inte var exponerade visade signifikanta skillnader i alla beteendetest för de två grupperna. Det är troligt att beteendeskillnader är en följd av olika uppfödningsmiljöer, dock går det inte att utesluta att ändrade genfrekvenser uppkommit. Studien lyser sken på behovet av fler studier av långtidsexponering av läkemedelsrester, de är sällan akut giftiga men har däremot subletal påverkan i låga doser.
Fluoxetine is the active substance in many selective serotonin reuptake inhibitive pharmaceuticals that currently enters surface waters. The substance has been shown to affect behaviors of water living organism such as fish, molluscs and crustaceans by making them less cautious. This study investigated the acute (on wild caught individuals) and chronic (on lab reared individuals) effects of fluoxetine on the antipredator behavior of Asellus aquaticus for three concentrations; 0,3 and 30 ng L-1. Three tests were used to determine the effects: (1) time to leave a shelter, (2) spontaneous activity and (3) escape behavior under predation risk. Few statistically significant effects of fluoxetine on A. aquaticus were found. However, individuals exposed to fluoxetine had a significantly shorter (30 %) escape period. Besides this main effect of fluoxetine, significant interactions between the two groups and fluoxetine were also found. When exposed to the highest concentration wild caught individuals increased their spontaneous activity (38 % more stops and 49 % more movement), while lab reared individuals reduced their activity (43 % fewer stop and 37 % less movement). Furthermore, non-exposed individuals from the two groups behaved significantly different in all the tests. It is likely that the differences in behavior occurred due to environmental effects of laboratory rearing, although altered gene frequencies cannot be excluded. This study emphasizes the need for development of methods for more chronic testing of pharmaceuticals, especially considering that pharmaceuticals are seldom acutely toxic but often has sub lethal effects in low doses.
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Jung, Seongyu. "Implementation of internal wave apparatus for copepod behavioral assays." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/54377.

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Internal waves are ubiquitous features in coastal marine environments and have been observed to mediate vertical distributions of zooplankton in situ. Internal waves create fine-scale hydrodynamic cues that copepods and other zooplankton are known to sense, such as fluid density gradients and velocity gradients (quantified as shear deformation rate). The role of copepod behavior in response to cues associated with internal waves is largely unknown. The objective is to provide insight to the bio-physical interaction and the role of biological versus physical forcing in mediating organism distributions. We constructed a laboratory-scale internal wave apparatus to facilitate fine-scale observations of copepod behavior in flows that replicate in situ conditions of internal waves in a two-layer stratification. Three cases were chosen with density jump of 0.75, 1.0, and 1.5 sigma-t units. Analytical analysis of the two-layer system provided guidance to the target forcing frequency needed to generate a standing internal wave with a single dominate frequency of oscillation. Flow visualization and signal processing of the interface location were used to quantify the wave characteristics. The results show a close match to the target wave parameters. Marine copepod (mixed population of Acartia tonsa, Temora longicornis, and Eurytemora affinis) behavior assays were conducted for three different physical arrangements: (1) no density stratification, (2) stagnant two-layer density stratification, and (3) two-layer density stratification with internal wave motion. Digitized trajectories of copepod swimming behavior indicate that in the control (case 1) the animals showed no preferential motion in terms of direction. In the stagnant density jump treatment (case 2) copepods preferentially moved horizontally, parallel to the density interface. In the internal wave treatment (case 3) copepods demonstrated orbital trajectories near the density interface. Further analysis showed that the copepods swim closer to the interface in the presence of internal waves.
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Mantilla, Lagos Carla Eugenia, and De La Fuente María Ximena Sologuren. "Criteria to assess efficiency: Psychoanalysts, cognitive behavioral, rational emotive behavior, and psychoanalytical therapists speak up." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/100126.

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The article explores the criteria used to assess the efficiency of individual psychotherapeutic treat-ments with adults. In doing so it used the perspective of 40 professionals that represent 4 types of clinical interventions: cognitive behavioral, psychoanalytic, rational emotive psychotherapies, and psychoanalysis. In addition, it seeks to identify the similarities and differences among these with regards to above-mentioned criteria. A semi-structured interview was built and applied, exploring considerations on the efficiency of the treatments. The qualitative analysis resulted in twelve analysis topics and its corresponding answer categories. These were analyzed through descriptive and correspondence statistics. These criteria are numerous and highly variegated. Differences among the 4 groups are related to the nature of each therapeutic focus and its underlying theoretical paradigm. Psychoanalysts and cognitive behavioral therapists are the groups that aremost differentiated between each other.
El artículo explora los criterios para evaluar la eficiencia de los tratamientos psicoterapéuticos individuales con adultos desde la perspectiva de cuaarenta profesionales representativos de cuatro tipos de intervención clínica: psicoterapias conductual-cognitiva, psicoanalítica y racional-emotiva, y psicoanálisis. Asimismo, busca conocer las similitudes y diferencias entre estos tipos de intervención con respecto a dichos criterios. Para ello, se construyó y aplicó una entrevista semiestructurada que explora las consideraciones acerca de la eficiencia del tratamiento. Del análisis cualitativo de datos, se obtuvieron doce temas de análisis con sus correspondientes categorías de respuesta, los cuales fueron sometidos a un análisis estadístico descriptivo y de correspondencia. Los criterios encontrados son numerosos y variados. Las diferencias halladas entre los cuatro grupos se relacionan con la naturaleza del trabajo terapéutico de cada uno y con el paradigma teórico que los define. Los psicoanalistas y los psicoterapeutas conductuales cognitivos constituyen los grupos que más se diferencian entre sí.
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Wolfe, Steven A. "Implementation of Spatial Learning Assays for Behavioral Assessment of Neuronal Pathology." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1278513916.

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Dozza, Marco, Piccinini Giulio Francesco Bianchi, and Julia Werneke. "Using naturalistic data to assess e-cyclist behavior." Elsevier, 2015. https://publish.fid-move.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A72822.

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In Europe, the use of electric bicycles is rapidly increasing. This trend raises important safety concerns: Is their use compatible with existing infrastructure and regulations? Do they present novel safety issues? How do they impact other traffic? This study sought to address these concerns, using instrumented electric bicycles to monitor e-cyclists’ behavior in a naturalistic fashion. Data was collected from 12 bicyclists, each of whom rode an instrumented bicycle for two weeks. In total, 1500 km worth of data were collected, including 88 critical events (crashes and near-crashes). Analysis of these critical events identified pedestrians, light vehicles and other bicycles as main threats to a safe ride. Other factors also contributed to crash causation, such as being in proximity to a crossing or encountering a vehicle parked in the bicycle lane. A comparison between electric and traditional bicycles was enabled by the availability of data from a previous study a year earlier, which collected naturalistic cycling data from traditional bicycles using the same instrumentation as in this study. Electric bicycles were found to be ridden faster, on average, than traditional bicycles, in addition to interacting differently with other road users. The results presented in this study also suggest that countermeasures to bicycle crashes should be different for electric and traditional bicycles. Finally, increasing electric bicycle conspicuity appears to be the easiest, most obvious way to increase their safety.
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Books on the topic "Behavior assays"

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Sanders, C. J. Wind-tunnel assays to determine the effect of minor pheromone components on the responses of male spruce budworm. Sault Ste. Marie, Ont: Forestry Canada, Ontario Region, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, 1990.

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Speculative behavior and the operation of competitive markets under uncertainty. Aldershot, Hants: Avebury, 1994.

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Jaeger, Albert?UNAUTHORIZED. Boom-bust phases in asset prices and fiscal policy behavior. [Washington, D.C.]: International Monetary Fund, European Department, 2004.

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Chen, Xiaohong. Land of addicts?: An empirical investigation of habit-based asset pricing behavior. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2004.

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Chen, Xiaohong. Land of addicts?: An empirical investigation of habit-based asset pricing behavior. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2004.

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Shefrin, Hersh. A behavioral approach to asset pricing. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press, 2005.

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A behavioral approach to asset pricing. 2nd ed. Amsterdam: Academic Press, 2008.

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Campbell, John Y. By force of habit: A consumption-based explanation of aggregate stock market behavior. Philadelphia: Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, Economic Research Division, 1994.

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Campbell, John Y. By force of habit: A consumption-based explanation of aggregate stock market behavior. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1994.

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Levy, Haim. The capital asset pricing model in the 21st century: Analytical, empirical, and behavioral perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.

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Book chapters on the topic "Behavior assays"

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Kallman, Mary Jeanne. "Effects on Behavior and Muscle Coordination." In Drug Discovery and Evaluation: Pharmacological Assays, 1–36. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27728-3_26-1.

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Kallman, Mary Jeanne. "Effects on Behavior and Muscle Coordination." In Drug Discovery and Evaluation: Pharmacological Assays, 1039–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05392-9_26.

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Mukherjee, Nabanita, Karoline A. Lambert, David A. Norris, and Yiqun G. Shellman. "Enrichment of Melanoma Stem-Like Cells via Sphere Assays." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 185–99. New York, NY: Springer US, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1205-7_14.

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AbstractSphere assays are widely used in vitro techniques to enrich and evaluate the stem-like cell behavior of both normal and cancer cells. Utilizing three-dimensional in vitro sphere culture conditions provide a better representation of tumor growth in vivo than the more common monolayer cultures. We describe how to perform primary and secondary sphere assays, used for the enrichment and self-renewability studies of melanoma/melanocyte stem-like cells. Spheres are generated by growing melanoma cells at low density in nonadherent conditions with stem cell media. We provide protocols for preparing inexpensive and versatile polyHEMA-coated plates, setting up primary and secondary sphere assays in almost any tissue culture format and quantification methods using standard inverted microscopy. Our protocol is easily adaptable to laboratories with basic cell culture capabilities, without the need for expensive fluidic instruments.
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Negus, S. Stevens, and Ahmad A. Altarifi. "Mu, Delta and Kappa Opioid Agonist Effects In Novel Assays of Pain-Depressed Behavior." In ACS Symposium Series, 163–76. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2013-1131.ch009.

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Negus, S. Stevens, Edward J. Bilsky, Gail Pereira Do Carmo, and Glenn W. Stevenson. "Rationale and Methods for Assessment of Pain-Depressed Behavior in Preclinical Assays of Pain and Analgesia." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 79–91. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-323-7_7.

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Murphy, Niall P., Richard H. Mills, Robert M. Caudle, and John K. Neubert. "Operant Assays for Assessing Pain in Preclinical Rodent Models: Highlights from an Orofacial Assay." In Behavioral Neurobiology of Chronic Pain, 121–45. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/7854_2014_332.

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Perry, Roland N. "Behavioural and physiological assays." In Techniques for work with plant and soil nematodes, 177–94. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781786391759.0177.

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Abstract This chapter focuses on some of the principal techniques for analysing nematode behaviour and physiology, such as attraction/repulsion plate assays, pluronic gel assays, movement assays, electrophysiology, stylet activity, water content changes, oxygen consumption assays, collection of female sex pheromone, virgin females and males and viability tests, among others.
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Perry, Roland N. "Behavioural and physiological assays." In Techniques for work with plant and soil nematodes, 177–94. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781786391759.0009.

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Abstract This chapter focuses on some of the principal techniques for analysing nematode behaviour and physiology, such as attraction/repulsion plate assays, pluronic gel assays, movement assays, electrophysiology, stylet activity, water content changes, oxygen consumption assays, collection of female sex pheromone, virgin females and males and viability tests, among others.
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Hall, F. Scott, and Yasir Saber. "Behavioral Methods Used in the Study of Learning and Memory." In Drug Discovery and Evaluation: Pharmacological Assays, 1–52. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27728-3_37-1.

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Hall, F. Scott, and Yasir Saber. "Behavioral Methods Used in the Study of Learning and Memory." In Drug Discovery and Evaluation: Pharmacological Assays, 1627–73. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05392-9_37.

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Conference papers on the topic "Behavior assays"

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Barone, William R., Andrew J. Feola, Pam A. Moalli, and Steven D. Abramowitch. "Viscoelastic Behavior of the Rat Uterine Cervix at Mid-Pregnancy." In ASME 2010 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2010-19527.

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Preterm labor is the leading cause of neonatal mortality and accounts for 70% of the total cost of neonatal health care. Premature softening of the cervix has been identified as one of the primary causes of preterm labor. As the biochemistry of the cervix is distinct between the proximal and distal portions, the objective of this study was to determine the viscoelastic properties of these portions in mid-pregnancy (Day 15–16) relative to virgin Long-Evans rats. This will serve to establish baseline data for future studies that will aim to induce preterm labor in this model. The cervix was divided into distal and proximal portions that were tested independently. Each portion was tested in unconfined compression to 20% strain and held for 4 minutes followed by a recovery period of 30 minutes. The stress-relaxation response was modeled using the quasi-linear viscoelastic (QLV) theory developed by Professor Fung (1972). The parameters governing the viscous response, C, τ1 and τ2, were found to be significantly different between virgin and pregnant tissues in distal portions; however τ2 was the only viscous parameter found to be significantly different for the proximal portion (p<0.05). These results show an increased magnitude of the viscous response with more rapid relaxation for the pregnant cervix. Future studies will evaluate the cervix both postpartum and upon induction of preterm labor. Additionally, contractile and biochemical assays will be used to correlate these changes in passive behavior to active properties and tissue constituents.
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Mehner, Philipp J., Franziska Obst, David Simon, Jing Tang, Anthony Beck, Denise Gruner, Mathias Busek, et al. "Modeling Hydrogel-Controlled Micro-Reactors for Enzyme Assays With Finite Elements for Improved Flow and Filling Distribution." In ASME 2018 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2018-8027.

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We propose an improved micro reactor design for a scalable microfluidic device, in which enzymes are immobilized in a hydrogel matrix. Furthermore, fluid flow is controlled by means of hydrogel-based micro-valves. In this work, computational flow simulations will be compared to experimental results to highlight new design ideas and to improve wetting and concentration distribution through the entire chamber volume, even for high aspect ratios. Additionally, modelling concepts will be introduced to efficiently describe multi-domain problems like enzyme reactions. With the help of a computer-aided design process which is capable to simulate hydrogel-based microfluidic systems it is possible to better understand, predict and visualize the behavior of micro-reactors and support the development of highly integrated hydrogel-based microfluidic circuits.
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Christ, Kevin V., and Kevin T. Turner. "Hydrodynamically-Confined Microflows for Cell Adhesion Strength Measurement." In ASME 2010 First Global Congress on NanoEngineering for Medicine and Biology. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nemb2010-13007.

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Cell adhesion plays a fundamental role in numerous physiological and pathological processes, and measurements of the adhesion strength are important in fields ranging from basic cell biology research to the development of implantable biomaterials. Our group and others have recently demonstrated that microfluidic devices offer advantages for characterizing the adhesion of cells to protein-coated surfaces [1,2]. Microfluidic devices offer many advantages over conventional assays, including the ability to apply high shear stresses in the laminar regime and the opportunity to directly observe cell behavior during testing. However, a key disadvantage is that such assays require cells to be cultured inside closed microchannels. Assays based on closed channels restrict the types of surfaces that can be examined and are not compatible with many standard techniques in cell biology research. Furthermore, while techniques for cell culture in microchannels have become common, maintaining the viability of certain types of cells in channels remains a challenge.
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Michaelson, Jarett, Heejin Choi, Peter So, and Hayden Huang. "Mechanical Properties of Primary and Immortal Fibroblasts in Cell Bi-Layers." In ASME 2012 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2012-80385.

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Immortalized cells are commonly used as analogs for primary cells in many cell mechanics, tissue engineering, and biochemical assays. However, it is not well-established whether immortal cell lines can mimic the behavior of primary cells in more physiological (three-dimensional) environments. For this project, we investigate the mechanical properties of primary cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) and 3T3 transformed fibroblasts when cultured in cell bi-layers by comparing the cells’ viscoelastic properties.
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Christ, Kevin V., Kyle B. Williamson, Kristyn S. Masters, and Kevin T. Turner. "Characterization of the Effect of Geometry on Single Cell Adhesion Strength Using a Microfluidic Device." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-43775.

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Cell adhesion plays a crucial role in a number of fundamental physiological processes and is important in the development of implantable biomaterials. Cell adhesion strength has previously been measured using a range of techniques, including population assays (e.g., centrifugation [1], hydrodynamic flow [2]) and single-cell methods (e.g., AFM [3], micropipette manipulation [4]). Population studies are unable to provide detailed information about individual cell behavior, while the single-cell methods are often time-consuming and difficult to perform. Microfluidic channels present a way to generate well-defined stress fields on cells [5]. The small dimensions of these channels result in low Reynolds numbers that allow for the generation of sufficiently large stresses to detach well-spread cells under laminar flow conditions. In the present work, a microfluidic channel was used to controllably load adhered single-cells to detachment and measure the adhesion strength. Using this assay, the effect of cell geometry on adhesion strength was investigated.
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Blanco-Gonzalo, Ramon, Raul Sanchez-Reillo, Judith Liu-Jimenez, and Carlos Sanchez-Redondo. "How to assess user interaction effects in Biometric performance." In 2017 IEEE International Conference on Identity, Security and Behavior Analysis (ISBA). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isba.2017.7947699.

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Rahman, M. Shafiqur, and Uttam K. Chakravarty. "Characterizations of the Paper-Based Microfluidic Devices Used for Detecting Fentanyl and Related Synthetic Opioids." In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-11581.

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Abstract The design and analysis of a paper-based microfluidic analytical device (μPAD) are presented in this paper for the detection of fentanyl and related synthetic opioids. Fentanyl, a synthetic opioid, is an extremely fast-acting synthetic narcotic analgesic having a high potency of approximately 100 to 200 times that of morphine. Detection of fentanyl can be done by colorimetric assays, i.e., spot tests with paper strips and μPADs which offer speed, simplicity of operation, portability, and affordability. The microfluidic behavior of liquid specimen and paper in the μPADs and test strips play a significant role in drug detection methods. Therefore, the study contains the fabrication of the test device using 3D printing and analysis of microfluidic behavior of the paper-based fentanyl test device. A multiphase computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of a 3D microchannel is developed to evaluate the microfluidic properties. The CFD model incorporates the properties of cellulose and fentanyl solution to determine the flow parameters using the volume of fluid method. Wicking in the cellulose paper is studied analytically considering the Lucas-Washburn equation and Darcy’s law. Experiments with the fabricated μPAD and commercial test-kit samples are also conducted to compare the experimental results with the results for the flow parameters found from the numerical simulation.
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Mignone, Lindsay F., Shirley Masand, Jeffrey D. Zahn, and David I. Shreiber. "A Simple, Cost-Effective Method to Improve Cell Viability in Microniche Culture Systems." In ASME 2010 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2010-19189.

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Microfluidic networks are increasingly used to generate custom microenvironmental niches for cell culture and assays of cellular behavior. Perfusion systems are typically required to overcome diffusive limitations associated with culturing cells longer than a few hours when nutrient delivery, oxygen delivery and metabolic waste removal are required to maintain cell viability. In addition to the added complexity of experimental methods, perfusion systems can result in nonuniform nutrient delivery and subject cells to shear stresses, which may alter cell behavior and possibly cause cell death. In particular, when culturing cells within hydrogel scaffold-filled networks, as may be done in micro-tissue engineering, the need for perfusion culture also increases the likelihood of a destructive bubble entering the network. Moreover, analysis of micro-cultures frequently entails labelling with antibodies and/or fluorescent probes, which again requires controlled perfusion of the various reagents through the network. We have developed a simple technique to preserve cell viability and simplify labeling within microscale cultures without the need for perfusion. Instead of bonding a microfluidic network to glass, PDMS, or another impermeable substrate, the network is bonded to a semi-permeable microdialysis membrane, which allows free exchange of oxygen, proteins, nutrients, and waste between the microfluidic channels and culture media in static culture plates.
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Grumann, Markus, Patric Schippers, Michael Dobmeier, Stefan Ha¨berle, Andreas Geipel, Thilo Brenner, Roland Zengerle, Jens Ducre´e, Claus Kuhn, and Michael Fritsche. "Formation of Hexagonal Monolayers by Flow of Bead Suspensions Into Flat Microchambers." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-41427.

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To realize a highly parallel optical detection in bead-based bioanalytical assays, we investigate the hydrodynamic aggregation of bead suspensions in a hexagonally periodical monolayer by a pressure-driven flow through a microfluidic structure. This device consists of one inlet channel connected to a shallow chamber with a depth that only slightly exceeds the diameter of the beads. To enforce the aggregation of the beads, the flow leaves the chamber via outlet channels possessing a depth smaller than a bead diameter. This way the outlets act as barriers to the beads and force them to accumulate in the chamber. Benchmarking different chamber and outlet designs we found an optimum filing behavior for a rhombus-like aggregation chamber connected to a single outlet channel at the same width as the chamber. Here, the aperture angle of 60° fosters hexagonal aggregation patterns which leads to the highest packaging density. Reproducible filling ratios of more than 94% have been achieved. The rhombus-like chamber also shows the shows the smallest increase of the hydrodynamic resistance during filling and the best rinsing behavior which allows to minimize the volume of washing detergents used for a bioassay. Zones of accumulated beads redistribute the hydrodynamic flow through the device during the filling process. CFD-simulations, embedded in an iterative master-routine, are carried out to describe the complete process of filling and to assist the process of design optimization.
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Rahman, M. Shafiqur, and Uttam K. Chakravarty. "Characterizations of Diagnostic Properties and Detection Techniques of Fentanyl and Related Synthetic Opioids." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-87803.

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Fentanyl, a synthetic opioid, is an extremely fast-acting synthetic narcotic analgesic having a high potency of approximately 100 to 200 times that of Morphine. As the synthetic opioid crisis continues to sweep across the world, detection technologies are required to be enhanced to detect, categorize, and identify synthetic opioids effectively. To detect fentanyl and its analogues, immunoassay screens are commercially available for urine specimens. Simple colorimetric assays, i.e., spot tests with paper strips, offer speed, simplicity of operation, portability, and affordability. The microfluidic behavior of the paper strips along with the properties of chemical reagents play significant role in drug detection methods. Therefore, the objectives of this study are to characterize the chemical properties of fentanyl and its analogues and to conduct microfluidic analysis for design optimization and performance evaluation of the fentanyl test strips. A computational fluid dynamics model is developed to evaluate the microfluidic properties. Analytical study and Experiments with test-kit samples are also conducted to validate the results of the numerical simulation. Finally, the performance parameters based on microfluidic analysis were reported showing the room for improvements in the detection technology of fentanyl and related synthetic opioids.
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Reports on the topic "Behavior assays"

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Nay, Scott. Development of an Observation Instrument to Assess Behavior. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.2282.

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Vargas-Herrera, Hernando, and Carlos Varela. Capital flows and financial assets in Colombia: recent behavior, consequences and challenges for the central bank. Bogotá, Colombia: Banco de la República, April 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.502.

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Janik, Vincent, Len Thomas, and Tom Norris. The Ecology and Acoustic Behavior of Minke Whales in the Hawaiian and Pacific Islands: A Study to Assess the Distribution, Abundance, Acoustic Behaviors, and the Effects of Noise on a Visually Elusive, but Acoustically Active Species. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada602544.

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Ndhlovu, Lewis, Catherine Searle, and Johannes van Dam. Strengthening STI treatment and HIV/AIDS prevention services in Carletonville, South Africa. Population Council, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/hiv15.1001.

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Although knowledge about HIV/AIDS is widespread in South Africa, adult HIV prevalence is high, indicating high levels of risky sexual behavior. Understanding the gap between knowledge and behavior requires an examination of the social context in which the epidemic occurs. The Horizons Program conducted an intervention study in the Carletonville area to study the social determinants of the HIV epidemic and to assess the impact of a targeted program of HIV and STI prevention and service delivery. In 1998, the Mothusimpilo (“Working together for health”) Intervention Project (MIP) was launched to reduce community prevalence of HIV and other STIs and to sustain those reductions through enhanced prevention and STI treatment services. Carletonville includes many migrant mine workers and is characterized by significant poverty and unemployment, the presence of sex work, and high rates of STIs. MIP targets population groups where high-risk sexual behavior is thought to be common. This brief focuses on sex workers because of their vulnerability to STIs and HIV infection and their link to miners and men in the broader community.
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Qin, Hua, Yanu Prasetyo, Christine Sanders, Elizabeth Prentice, and Muh Syukron. Perceptions and behaviors in response to the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) : reports on major survey findings. University of Missouri, Division of Applied Social Sciences, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32469/10355/79261.

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The United States has been affected by an extensive novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak since March 2020. On March 9, 2020 we started an online survey of people’s perceptions and behaviors related to this issue in Missouri and adjacent states (Kansas, Iowa, Illinois, and Arkansas). The survey was ended on June 9, 2020 and in total 7,392 surveys were completed. In order to assess how attitudes and behaviors related to COVID-19 may change over time, two follow-up surveys were conducted with those respondents who indicated interest in the re-surveys and provided an email address. These two working reports summarize major results of the initial survey and three survey waves, including respondents’ perceived severity of the COVID-19 outbreak, sources of information, knowledge about COVID-19, perceptions of COVID-19 risk, satisfaction with management entities, and preventive actions.
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Grainger, Matthew, Simone Piras, Simone Righi, Marco Setti, Gavin Stewart, and Matteo Vittuari. Integrated model of consumer behaviours in relation to food waste : Behavioural economics : D4.4 Linking Bayesian and agent-based models to assess consumer food waste. Netherlands: REFRESH, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/477976.

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Riveros, Guillermo, Felipe Acosta, Reena Patel, and Wayne Hodo. Computational mechanics of the paddlefish rostrum. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41860.

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Purpose – The rostrum of a paddlefish provides hydrodynamic stability during feeding process in addition to detect the food using receptors that are randomly distributed in the rostrum. The exterior tissue of the rostrum covers the cartilage that surrounds the bones forming interlocking star shaped bones. Design/methodology/approach – The aim of this work is to assess the mechanical behavior of four finite element models varying the type of formulation as follows: linear-reduced integration, linear-full integration, quadratic-reduced integration and quadratic-full integration. Also presented is the load transfer mechanisms of the bone structure of the rostrum. Findings – Conclusions are based on comparison among the four models. There is no significant difference between integration orders for similar type of elements. Quadratic-reduced integration formulation resulted in lower structural stiffness compared with linear formulation as seen by higher displacements and stresses than using linearly formulated elements. It is concluded that second-order elements with reduced integration and can model accurately stress concentrations and distributions without over stiffening their general response. Originality/value – The use of advanced computational mechanics techniques to analyze the complex geometry and components of the paddlefish rostrum provides a viable avenue to gain fundamental understanding of the proper finite element formulation needed to successfully obtain the system behavior and hot spot locations.
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Rancans, Elmars, Jelena Vrublevska, Ilana Aleskere, Baiba Rezgale, and Anna Sibalova. Mental health and associated factors in the general population of Latvia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Rīga Stradiņš University, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25143/fk2/0mqsi9.

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Description The goal of the study was to assess mental health, socio-psychological and behavioural aspects in the representative sample of Latvian general population in online survey, and to identify vulnerable groups during COVID-19 pandemic and develop future recommendations. The study was carried out from 6 to 27 July 2020 and was attributable to the period of emergency state from 11 March to 10 June 2020. The protocol included demographic data and also data pertaining to general health, previous self-reported psychiatric history, symptoms of anxiety, clinically significant depression and suicidality, as well as a quality of sleep, sex, family relationships, finance, eating and exercising and religion/spirituality, and their changes during the pandemic. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale was used to determine the presence of distress or depression, the Risk Assessment of Suicidality Scale was used to assess suicidal behaviour, current symptoms of anxiety were assessed by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory form Y. (2021-02-04) Subject Medicine, Health and Life Sciences Keyword: COVID19, pandemic, depression, anxiety, suicidality, mental health, Latvia
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Dy, Sydney M., Arjun Gupta, Julie M. Waldfogel, Ritu Sharma, Allen Zhang, Josephine L. Feliciano, Ramy Sedhom, et al. Interventions for Breathlessness in Patients With Advanced Cancer. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer232.

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Objectives. To assess benefits and harms of nonpharmacological and pharmacological interventions for breathlessness in adults with advanced cancer. Data sources. We searched PubMed®, Embase®, CINAHL®, ISI Web of Science, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials through early May 2020. Review methods. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies with a comparison group evaluating benefits and/or harms, and cohort studies reporting harms. Two reviewers independently screened search results, serially abstracted data, assessed risk of bias, and graded strength of evidence (SOE) for key outcomes: breathlessness, anxiety, health-related quality of life, and exercise capacity. We performed meta-analyses when possible and calculated standardized mean differences (SMDs). Results. We included 48 RCTs and 2 retrospective cohort studies (4,029 patients). The most commonly reported cancer types were lung cancer and mesothelioma. The baseline level of breathlessness varied in severity. Several nonpharmacological interventions were effective for breathlessness, including fans (SMD -2.09 [95% confidence interval (CI) -3.81 to -0.37]) (SOE: moderate), bilevel ventilation (estimated slope difference -0.58 [95% CI -0.92 to -0.23]), acupressure/reflexology, and multicomponent nonpharmacological interventions (behavioral/psychoeducational combined with activity/rehabilitation and integrative medicine). For pharmacological interventions, opioids were not more effective than placebo (SOE: moderate) for improving breathlessness (SMD -0.14 [95% CI -0.47 to 0.18]) or exercise capacity (SOE: moderate); most studies were of exertional breathlessness. Different doses or routes of administration of opioids did not differ in effectiveness for breathlessness (SOE: low). Anxiolytics were not more effective than placebo for breathlessness (SOE: low). Evidence for other pharmacological interventions was limited. Opioids, bilevel ventilation, and activity/rehabilitation interventions had some harms compared to usual care. Conclusions. Some nonpharmacological interventions, including fans, acupressure/reflexology, multicomponent interventions, and bilevel ventilation, were effective for breathlessness in advanced cancer. Evidence did not support opioids or other pharmacological interventions within the limits of the identified studies. More research is needed on when the benefits of opioids may exceed harms for broader, longer term outcomes related to breathlessness in this population.
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10

Lessons on literacy training for adolescent girls: Considerations for SWEDD safe spaces. Population Council, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/sbsr2021.1001.

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Literacy training for girls and young women can bridge the gap between girls’ low rates of schooling in the Sahel region and their desire for lifelong knowledge and skills. Literacy programs may also help promote community behavioral and attitudinal change by making the benefits of girls’ education visible. Sahel Women’s Empowerment and Demographic Dividend (SWEDD) has increased literacy training for adolescent girls (AGs) to add to the assets they need to improve health outcomes. As a response to the need to strengthen literacy training components in Safe Spaces, practical lessons from evidence-based programming were compiled. These lessons center the learning experience on AGs and emphasize the need for materials that actively engage participants and thus increase the likelihood of their retaining information. As noted in this brief, within Safe Spaces, literacy training curriculum content should be informed by AG subject matter suggestions to increase relevance to the girls’ lives, regardless of the setting (community spaces or schools). Additionally, instructors need dedicated training using simple instructions and evidence-based curricula. Community involvement may help ensure longterm community support for girls’ education.
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