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Whang, Chloe. "Simultaneity Bias in Campaign Spending Games." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/770.
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In this paper, I replicate Erikson and Palfrey (2000) who propose that the simultaneity problem in measuring the effects of candidate spending can be resolved by restricting the sample to close elections. Vote-on-spending effects, which vary with the expected closeness of the election outcome in a systematic way, determine the extent of simultaneity bias. The simultaneity bias becomes progressively more severe as the anticipated vote margin decreases, plaguing the estimates of spending-on-vote effects on the full sample. In the range of a 50-50 expected vote, however, the vote-on-spending effects approach zero. Thus, by restricting the sample to extremely close races, I obtain unbiased estimates of candidate spending effects.
I then extend their model using data that includes elections that took place after a pair of major campaign finance reforms: the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 and the Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission ruling of 2010. The BCRA heightens the perceived effectiveness of candidate spending by removing the hidden substitute for candidates’ campaign funds, namely, soft money. After the Citizens United ruling, however, as soft money starts to play a crucial role in electoral campaigns, candidates’ own funds matter less. The ruling appears to amplify incumbency advantage, perhaps because incumbents take advantage of their non-monetary incumbency benefits to attract soft money donations. This paper contributes to the ongoing debate in academia over the causal connection between candidate spending and vote share by presenting evidence that campaign spending has significant effects on election outcomes.
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Gretton, Jeremy David. "Perceived Breadth of Bias as a Determinant of Bias Correction." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1499097376679535.
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Ståhl, Michael. "Att uppfinna ett nytt hjul eller att fastna i gamla hjulspår : En studie i priming av användbarhet och originalitet vid idéskapande." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för sociala och psykologiska studier, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-27676.
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Syftet med studien var att undersöka priming med exempels påverkan på skapelsers kreativitet. Effekterna av priming skulle testas i formen av egenskapspriming såväl som konceptuell priming och mätas utifrån både en användbarhetsaspekt och en originalitetsaspekt. Ett delsyfte var också att undersöka sambandet mellan intresset för att ta fram en skapelse och en skapelses grad av originalitet samt användbarhet. Primingeffekterna prövades genom ett experiment där 36 studenter delades in i 3 grupper som fick i uppgift att ta fram IT-lösningar för kollektivtrafiken. 2 av grupperna primades med var sitt exempel på hög originalitet respektive hög användbarhet. Effekterna av egenskapspriming undersöktes sedan genom en jämförelse mellan grupperna över hur stor andel av de framtagna lösningarna som innehöll egenskaper från exemplen. För att undersöka effekterna av konceptuell primingen gjordes en jämförelse av originaliteten och användbarhet hos dessa gruppers lösningar jämfört med de framtagna av en kontrollgrupp utan tillgång till exempel. Lösningarnas originalitet och användbarhet bedömdes av en expertgrupp bestående av forskare inom kreativitet och branschaktiva inom området. Denna expertgrupp bedömde även sitt intresse för att ta fram de olika lösningarna. Denna bedömning tillsammans med de två tidigare användes för att undersöka sambandet mellan intresset för en lösning och lösningens originalitet respektive användbarhet. Resultatet av studien visade på ett signifikant positivt samband hos båda grupperna av bedömare mellan en lösnings användbarhet och intresset för att ta fram lösningen. Ett signifikant positivt samband gällande en lösnings originalitet och intresset för denne kunde dock endast uppvisas hos forskare medan de branschaktiva visade på ett osignifikant negativt samband mellan de två. Resultatet av egenskapspriming och konceptuell priming visade inte överlag på några signifikanta skillnader mellan grupperna. Studien anses vara av vikt då den visar på hur en ökning av kreativiteten på skapelser inom en organisation inte behöver betyda en ökning av organisationens kreativitet p.g.a. ointresset i att omfamna och satsa på dessa lösningar. Vidare visar studien på hur primingeffekter är svåra att skapa i situationer som i högre grad ska efterlikna de i verkliga livet och hur vidare forskning behövs på området för att kartlägga variabler som påverkar priming och primings begränsningar.<br>The aim of the study was to examine priming with example’s impact on ideas creativity, regarding usability and novelty both as a result of targeting priming and conceptual priming. A subsidiary aim was to examine the relationship between an idea’s degree of originality and usefulness and the interest in pursuing the idea. The effects of priming were tried in an experiment involving 36 students who were asked to develop IT solutions for public transport. The students were randomly divided into two experimental groups and one control group. The members of the experimental group were primed with an example with high originality respectively usability. The solutions were given two indexes on how many of the properties of respective examples were found in the solutions. Their degree of originality and usefulness were also assessed by a group of experts. This group also assessed their interest in the respective solution. The study revealed a significant positive correlation between a solution's usability and interest of the solution. A positive significant correlation could also be seen between a solution's originality and the interest of the solution, but only in the group of analysts consisting of scientists. Among the industry-experts the results instead pointed toward a negative relationship between originality and interest, although a non-significant relationship. There were no significant differences between the group’s solutions regarding their degree of originality and usefulness nor the frequency in which features from the example was found in the solutions. The study is of importance because it shows how increases in the creativity of solutions produced by individuals and employees not necessarily lead to an increase in the creativity of an organization, due to lack of interest in embracing and invest in these creative solutions. The study also reflects the difficulties in transferring priming effects discovered in a lab environment to situations that more closely resembles those in real life. Further research is necessary to broaden the knowledge regarding variables that affects priming and the limits between which priming exist.
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Weafer, Jessica Jane. "ATTENTIONAL BIAS AND ALCOHOL ABUSE." UKnowledge, 2012. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/psychology_etds/6.
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Selective attention towards alcohol-related cues (i.e., “attentional bias”) is thought to reflect increased incentive motivational value of alcohol and alcohol cues acquired through a history of heavy alcohol use, and as such attentional bias is considered to be a clinically relevant factor contributing to alcohol use disorders. This dissertation consists of two studies that investigated specific mechanisms through which attentional bias might serve to promote alcohol abuse. Study 1 compared magnitude of attentional bias in heavy (n = 20) and light (n = 20) drinkers following placebo and two doses of alcohol (0.45 g/kg and 0.65 g/kg). Heavy drinkers displayed significantly greater attentional bias than did moderate drinkers following placebo. However, heavy drinkers displayed a dose-dependent decrease in response to alcohol. Individual differences in attentional bias under placebo were associated with both self-reported and laboratory alcohol consumption, yet bias following alcohol administration did not predict either measure of consumption. These findings suggest that attentional bias is strongest before a drinking episode begins, and as such might be most influential in terms of initiation of alcohol consumption. Study 2 addressed theoretical accounts regarding potential reciprocal interactions between attentional bias and inhibitory control that might promote excessive alcohol consumption. Fifty drinkers performed a measure of attentional bias and a novel task that measures the degree to which alcohol-related stimuli can increase behavioral activation and reduce the ability to inhibit inappropriate responses. As hypothesized, inhibitory failures were significantly greater following alcohol images compared to neutral images. Further, heightened attentional bias was associated with greater response activation following alcohol images. These findings suggest that alcohol stimuli serve to disrupt mechanisms of behavioral control, and that heightened attentional bias is associated with greater disruption of control mechanisms following alcohol images. Taken together, these studies provide strong evidence of an association between attentional bias in sober individuals and alcohol consumption, suggesting a pronounced role of attentional bias in initiation of consumption. Further, findings show that attention to alcohol cues can serve to disrupt mechanisms of inhibitory control that might be necessary to regulate drinking behavior, suggesting a potential means through which attentional bias might promote consumption.
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Sinkey, Michael. "Three Essays in Behavioral Finance." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1306356468.
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Mora, Morrison Sebastian, and Marcus Thulin. "Overconfidence och confirmation bias på kryptovalutamarknaden : En explorativ studie om privata kryptoinvesterares syn på psykologiska bias." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-149284.
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BAKGRUND: Kryptovalutor saknar de makroekonomiska faktorer som ligger till grund för prissättningen av vanliga valutor. Istället visar forskning att spekulativ handel och trendsökande handlare är vanligt förekommande och att det bidrar till ökad volatilitet på marknaden. Forskning visar också att overconfidence och confirmation bias bidrar med såväl ökad volatilitet som påverkan på investeringars resultat. Kunskapen om psykologiska bias och hanteringen av dem kan få stora konsekvenser på resultatet men hur privata kryptoinvesterare ser på dem är fortfarande ett outforskat ämne. SYFTE: Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka och analysera hur väl privatsparare på kryptovalutamarknaden känner till overconfidence och confirmation bias, vilka erfarenheter de har och vilka åtgärder de gör för att hantera dessa bias. GENOMFÖRANDE: Studien har genomförts genom kvalitativa intervjuer med åtta privata kryptoinvesterare. Intervjuerna har utgått från en intervjumall konstruerad för att på djupet kunna ta del av respondenternas kunskaper och erfarenheter. Intervjun har även inkluderat ett test för overconfidence för att möjliggöra för respondenternas egna reflektioner kring sin egen eventuella overconfidence. SLUTSATS: Studien visar att den teoretiska kunskapen om overconfidence och confirmation bias är låg men att den erfarenhetsbaserade kunskapen är hög. Vad gäller hanteringen av risk och psykologiska bias ligger inte respondenternas strategier i linje med forskningen men marknadens säregna egenskaper möjliggör för ekonomisk vinning i utnyttjandet av andra investerares bias.
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Ard, Carter. "Eliminating Sex Bias through Rater Cognitive Processes Training." TopSCHOLAR®, 1988. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/2122.
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The success of Rater Cognitive Processes Training as a strategy for eliminating sex bias in ratings of performance in a physically demanding job was investigated in the present study. One hundred undergraduate students from a mid -sized regional university served as subjects. The independent variables were type of training and sex of the ratee. resulting in a two by two factorial design. The dependent variable was the performance ratings assigned by the subjects. Subjects in the experimental condition were trained to recognize the important dimensions of performance for the lob of feed handler and received one Practice/feedback session. Subjects in the control condition completed a case study exercise in lieu of training. All subjects then viewed a videotape showing a feed handler moving and stacking what appeared to be 25 lb. bags, and afterward assigned ratings using a graphic rating scale. An ANOVA revealed a significant main effect for sex (p < .026 , and a significant main effect for training (p < .013). The interaction between sex and training was not significant. Results indicated that Rater Cognitive Processes Training was not effective in eliminating sex bias. Instead. a clear contrast effect emerged. Potential implications of this study and future research directions are subsequently explored.
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Wallace, Wayne A. "The Effect of Confirmation Bias in Criminal Investigative Decision Making." Thesis, Walden University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3687475.
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<p> Confirmation bias occurs when a person believes in or searches for evidence to support his or her favored theory while ignoring or excusing disconfirmatory evidence and is disinclined to change his or her belief once he or she arrives at a conclusion. The purpose of this quantitative study was to examine whether emotionally charged evidence and evidence presentation order could influence an investigator's belief in a suspect's guilt. The study included 166 sworn police officers (basic training recruits, patrol officers, and criminal investigators) who completed online surveys in response to criminal vignettes across different scenarios to record their measure of guilt belief. Analysis of variance was used to assess the relationship between the 3 independent variables: duty assignment (recruit, patrol, investigator), scenario condition (child and adult sexual assault), and evidence presentation order (sequential, simultaneous, reverse sequential). The dependent variable was confirmation bias (Likert-scaled 0–10 guilt judgment). According to the study results, confirmation bias was least evident in criminal investigators with more experience and training, and both emotion and evidence presentation order can influence guilt judgment. The findings generalize to criminal investigators and attest to the importance of working to include and exclude suspects and to withhold judgment until all available evidence is analyzed. Investigators benefit from this study and through their improved decision making, society benefits as well. This study will contribute to the need for professional dialogue concerning objective fact finding by criminal investigators and avoiding incidents of wrongful conviction.</p>
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Roach, Lisa N. "Examining Gender Bias in Children's Video Games." Ohio University Honors Tutorial College / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouhonors1399981766.
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Calamaras, Martha R. "Evaluating Changes in Attentional Biases following Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Social Phobia." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2010. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/psych_theses/79.
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The purpose of the current study was to evaluate changes in attentional biases following CBT for Social Phobia. It was found that 1.) consistent with previous investigations, the overall sample displayed vigilance toward threatening facial stimuli prior to receiving treatment, and 2.) participants’ pattern of responding to threatening facial stimuli changed following treat-ment, but only when the sample was divided into those who were vigilant and those who were avoidant prior to treatment. Findings provide support for the presence of two distinct sub-groups with differing attentional styles, one with a tendency for vigilance toward social threats, and a second with a tendency to avoid threat cues. These findings have important implications for how individuals may differentially respond to treatment and may help explain some of the mixed findings in the extant literature on Social Phobia and attention bias.
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Davis, Matthew J. "The Effects of Incomplete Knowledge of Results on Response Bias in an Auditory Detection Task." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1440375447.
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Chen, Bei. "Essays of Asset Pricing." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/25665.
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This dissertation explores issues related to asset pricing anomalies by focusing on options market. It consists of 3 chapters.
In Chapter 1, we find that firms’ left-tail risk is a strong positive predictor of future bear spread returns, suggesting that the options market underreacts to firms’ left-tail risk and the downside protection provided by bear spreads is not adequately priced. We provide a behavioral explanation for this phenomenon. We find that the underreaction to firms’ left-tail risk is stronger when the underlying stocks experience larger recent losses, are closer to their 52-week lows, and have higher information uncertainty. The options market’s underreaction to firms’ left-tail risk mainly happens in high investor sentiment periods.
In Chapter 2, we decompose and analyze the straddle returns around firms' earnings announcements. Previous study shows that delta-neutral straddles earn positive returns around earnings announcements, indicating an underpricing of earnings-induced risk. This study uses a volatility-jump decomposition to analyze the driving components of the delta-neutral straddle returns. We find that the volatility component consistently generates positive returns. The jump component’s return is positive over the pre-announcement period and becomes negative after announcement. Our findings suggest that options market anticipates earnings-induced jumps. The overall pattern of delta-neutral straddle’s cumulative return is mainly driven by its jump component but the positive cumulative return after announcement is mainly driven by its volatility component.
In Chapter 3, we propose a gambling activity measure by jointly considering open interest and moneyness of out-of-the-money individual equity call options. The new measure, CallMoney, captures excessive optimism during the dot-com bubble, the oil price bubble, and the pre-GFC stock market bubble. CallMoney robustly and negatively predicts both out-of-the-money and at-the-money call option returns cross-sectionally. The option return predictability of CallMoney is stronger when stock price is further from its 52-week high, capital gains overhang is lower, and when information uncertainty of the underlying stock is higher. CallMoney also robustly and negatively predicts cross-sectional stock returns. Comparing to lottery-like-payoffs based (indirect) gambling measures, CallMoney performs better at predicting both option and stock returns.
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Rubenstein, Batya Yisraela. "The Effects of Racial Bias on Perceptions of Intimate Partner Violence Scenarios." Scholar Commons, 2016. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6372.
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The purpose of this study was to explore how racial bias affects perceptions of intimate partner violence (IPV). Public perceptions of IPV have been studied under numerous contexts to ascertain how characteristics of victim and the offender can affect these attitudes. A portion of this body of research has been dedicated to understanding the role of race in perceptions of IPV and a large portion of the findings have been mixed due to the interaction of biases and attitudes about race and IPV. Very few studies have looked at multiple forms of IPV in comparison with one another while also studying the sole effect of racial bias on these attitudes.
This study aimed to explore how racial bias affects perceptions of multiple forms of IPV. Through a survey design that utilized vignettes to present three forms of IPV, participants were randomly assigned to one of four racial dyads for the offender and victim in the vignette and then asked a series of questions about the vignette that measured perceptions of seriousness of the scenario, offender and victim culpability, and punitiveness of punishment. Participants’ attitudes towards domestic violence, racial bias, and violence in general were also measured using known attitudinal scales. The final sample consisted of 401 participants who were recruited through Amazon’s Mechanical Turk and completed the online survey.
Findings from this study suggested a role of racial bias on the sample’s perceptions of the seriousness of the scenario, offender culpability, and labeling the vignette a violation of the law.
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Hernandez, William. "Minority Bias in Supervisor Ratings: Comparing Subjective Ratings and Objective Measures of Job Performance." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1357927094.
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Brännmark, Emma. "Cognitive Bias as a Measurement of Emotional States in Dogs." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-166551.
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Cognitive bias can be used when determining emotional states in animals by assessing the animal’s perception of an ambiguous stimulus. In the concept of animal welfare, both physical health as well as mental health of animals are involved. Therefore, cognitive bias can be a valuable tool in order to measure the mental health of an animal. The aim of this paper is to summarize and discuss how cognitive bias tests have been used to assess emotional states in dogs. Cognitive bias tests in dogs have been used to evaluate the emotional state of a dog with behavioural problems. It has also been shown to be useful when studying the effect of enrichment in the form of natural behaviour, such as being allowed to use its olfactory sense to a greater extent. Additionally, the connection between personality and cognitive bias is discussed. Hence, assessing the emotional state of dogs can be valuable in a welfare perspective.
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Phillips, Tommy. "Measurement and Control of Social Desirability Bias in Survey Research." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2020. https://dc.etsu.edu/secfr-conf/2020/schedule/27.
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Social desirability refers to the need for social approval or acceptance (Toh, Lee, & Hu, 2006). This need results in the oft-observed human tendency to present oneself in the best possible light (Fisher, 1993), a tendency that may entail research participants giving or selecting the responses that they perceive to be most socially acceptable when completing self-report questionnaires. Whether the product of self-deception or deliberate impression management (Toh et al., 2006), the failure of participants to respond truthfully or accurately when completing self-reports can distort research results (Fisher, 1993; Schriesheim, 1979; Toh et al., 2006) and cast doubt on the validity of findings. This workshop will familiarize attendees with information on the causes of social desirability bias and simple techniques to assess and control social desirability bias in survey research.
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Boggs, Shelby T. "Danger and Disgust: The Role of Valence Weighting Bias." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1557230818940388.
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Dalla, Via Nicola <1985>. "Three essays in behavioral management accounting." Doctoral thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/1254.
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Con la presente tesi si intende contribuire alla letteratura riguardante il comportamento degli individui coinvolti in compiti di controllo di gestione e di decisioni aziendali. L’elaborato è composto da un capitolo introduttivo e da tre studi empirici. Il Capitolo 1 propone una recensione storica degli studi riguardanti le tematiche comportamentali nel controllo di gestione. Il Capitolo 2 esamina come l’introduzione di misure di performance soggettive in un sistema di incentivazione biennale porti a distorsioni nella valutazione. In particolare, i risultati mostrano che le valutazioni della performance condotte dai supervisori sono influenzate dal compromesso tra una funzione informativa ed una premiante. Il Capitolo 3 indaga le difficoltà di riconoscimento del comportamento dei costi denominato viscosità, quando è proposto mediante differenti formati di rappresentazione. Infine, il Capitolo 4 studia le modalità per mezzo delle quali le decisioni strategiche sono influenzate dall’adozione di una balanced scorecard con catena causale e dall’introduzione di differenti tipologie di accountability (processo e risultato).<br>The aim of the dissertation is to contribute to the literature focused on issues related to the behavior of individuals involved in management accounting tasks. The work is composed by an introductory chapter and three empirical papers. Chapter 1 proposes a historical review of the studies on behavioral management accounting and control. Chapter 2 examines how the introduction of subjective performance measures in a biannual incentive system leads to evaluation biases. In particular, the findings show that supervisors’ performance evaluations are subject to a trade-off between an informative and a rewarding function. Chapter 3 investigates whether sticky cost behavior is recognized under different presentation formats. Finally, Chapter 4 studies how strategic decisions are influenced by the adoption of a causal chain in a balanced scorecard and by the introduction of different types of accountability (process vs. outcome).
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Rigrish, Renee Nicole. "Investigation of Cultural Bias Using Physiological Metrics: Applications to International Business." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1440672493.
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Botros, Marina, and Aleksandra Marinkovic. "Pyskologin i aktiemarknaden : En studie om investeringsbeslut." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-30379.
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Purpose: The purpose of the study is to examine how psychological factors affect shareholders and investors, and see which gender differences there are in their investment decisions. Method: The survey was based on a quantitative method with elements of qualitative aspects in form of a questionnaire. The questionnaire were answered by investors and shareholders at various websites for stock investor. The survey consisted of a total of 13 questions with both open and closed answers. Theory: The survey focused on four elements within behavioral finance. These factors are overconfidence, herd behavior, anchoring and familiarity bias. The efficient market hypothesis suggests full rationality which is the opposite of what behavioral finance advocates. Conclusion: Psychological factors affect investors and shareholders in their investment decisions. More men than women considered themselves to be better than average which indicates that they have a stronger overconfidence. In terms of herd behavior the respondents did not show that they follow the group when they have their own information, however, the opposite appeared when they had imperfect information. Women were affected by herd behavior more than men were. Women were affected more than men regarding familiarity bias. Anchoring also proved that the factor had an influence on the respondents but it was not a major difference between men and women.
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Jansson, Emelie. "Influences of environment and personality on cognitive judgment bias in chickens." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-123408.
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Cognitive processes include biases, such as cognitive judgment bias. Cognitive judgment bias influences how the surrounding is interpreted, and this can differ between individuals. However, thus far no formal framework exists to understand how cognitive judgment bias works. Here I investigated how environmental factors and personality influence cognitive judgment bias in Gallus gallus chicks. First I investigated how two environmental factors affected the cognitive judgment bias of laying hen chicks. Chicks were exposed to stress and/or environmental enrichment, and tested in a cognitive judgment bias test before and after collective unpredictable stressors were presented. The results showed that chicks living in enriched environments were faster to reach all cues after the collective stressors than chicks living in non-enriched environments. Individual differences are often observed in animals, even when raised under identical conditions; therefore I also investigated if variation in personality influence cognitive judgment bias. Red junglefowl chicks were thereby raised in equal environments and exposed to personality assays in addition to a cognitive judgment bias test. I demonstrated that less nervous chicks were more optimistic towards ambiguous and negative cues than more nervous chicks. Also previous studies have found indications of connections between cognitive bias and environment or personality. I conclude that environmental enrichment can buffer the influence of stress on cognitive judgment bias and that personality has a small influence on interpretations of stimuli. In the future, experiments in this field should focus on exploring more aspects on how cognitive biases occurs to improve our understanding of cognitive processes.
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Nwadiora, Chinedum D. "A Dual-Role Analysis of Game Form Misconception and Cognitive Bias in Financial and Economic Decision Making." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2017. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2350.
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The endowment and the framing effect are widely examined cognitive biases. The experimental economics literature, using choice data gathered through an elicitation device, commonly finds evidence of these biases. Recent work by Cason & Plott (2014) shows that the interpretation of choice data as consistent with biases related non-standard preference theory could also be consistent with confusion or misconception of the game type used to elucidate preferences. I use the Cason and Plott card auction framework to analyze offers of buyers and sellers in an experimental setting with subjects from the University of New Orleans simulating 97 sellers and 90 buyers. The two games have symmetric payoffs in order to examine cognitive biases given subjects’ misconception of the game form. Subjects of both games display misconception of game form that explains both endowment and framing effects by rational confused choice; however, buyers display a much greater dispersion of offers than sellers. I estimate card implied valuation of sellers and buyers given game form misconception and find no statistical endowment effect, but I do find valuation is more uncertain in the buyer’s game. The theory of Rational Inattention predicts this lack of offer symmetry is due to the additional cognitive steps necessary in calculating buyer offers.
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Ståhl, Clara, and Amanda Bogren. "Nothing like home : An examination of Home Bias among Swedish private investors." Thesis, Jönköping University, IHH, Företagsekonomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-52877.
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Martin, Richard Joseph. "Planning for Decisional Incapacity: Resistance to Cognitive Bias in Older Adults." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1562347931852291.
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Olaiya, Eugene F. "The Impact of Inpatient Treatment on Implicit Opioid-related Cognitions." Xavier University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=xavier1556635353457297.
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Kiken, Laura. "Does mindfulness reduce negativity bias? A potential mechanism for reduced emotional distress." VCU Scholars Compass, 2009. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/1926.
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The present research examined if mindfulness reduced negativity bias on measures of attitude formation and cognitive style, as a potential explanation for the beneficial effects of mindfulness on emotional disturbance. Two studies were conducted. Study One was correlational and found that trait mindfulness inversely correlated with measures of negative cognitive style, and that the latter partially mediated an inverse association between mindfulness and predisposition to depression and anxiety. Further, correlations between mindfulness and both positive attitude formation and optimism hinted at a potential positivity bias. Study Two extended these findings using a randomized experimental design comparing a mindfulness induction to an unfocused attention control condition. The mindfulness condition demonstrated a positivity bias in attitude formation and increased optimism compared to the control condition, but did not demonstrate bias in attitude generalization. Potential explanations and implications for emotional disturbance are discussed.
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Mazza, Mary Carol. "Encouraging Healthful Dietary Behavior in a Hospital Cafeteria: A Field Study Using Theories from Social Psychology and Behavioral Economics." Thesis, Harvard University, 2013. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10870.
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Public policy efforts to curb obesity often adhere to a rational actor model of human behavior, asserting that consumer behavior will change provided proper economic incentives, nutritional information, and health education. However, rigorous academic research related to such questions remains limited in scope and appears inconclusive as to the success of such economic and cognitive interventions. In contrast, research in social psychology and behavioral economics suggests that decision making is partially based on heuristics, or rules of thumb, and susceptible to powerful cognitive biases. External cues can subtly influence decision making in powerful ways. In this paper, after discussing existing policy efforts and their limitations, we use concepts from behavioral decision theory to design interventions related to different psychological domains in hopes of providing a more complete understanding of consumer dietary decision making. We move beyond traditional cognitive methods, namely the provision of nutritional information and economic incentives, to suggest the value of other cognitive, affective, social, and environmental influences in shaping food choices. Over a 21-month period, we tested 9 interventions in a point-of-purchase field study at a hospital cafeteria, focusing on the healthfulness of beverage purchases and chip purchases. Information, in the form of novel, reinforcing health messages, had the most consistently beneficial effect on the healthfulness of purchases. Traffic light colored-nutritional labeling, affect-based cues (smiley faces and frowny faces), and environmental changes including grouping items together based on level of healthfulness ("grouping by healthfulness") and pairing an unhealthy item with a healthier alternative ("healthy substitute pairing") also affected choices. Messages related to social norms had no effect on purchases. Our work adds to existing consumer behavior research and helps to inform health policy of additional cognitive factors and biases that must be taken into account when designing interventions and which can, indeed, be leveraged to influence dietary behavior. This is the first study of which we know to test the relative effects of this number and variety (economic, cognitive, affective, social, and environmental) of theory-based behavioral nudges on food choice in one setting.
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Wallace, Wayne A. "The Effect of Confirmation Bias on Criminal Investigative Decision Making." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/407.
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Confirmation bias occurs when a person believes in or searches for evidence to support his or her favored theory while ignoring or excusing disconfirmatory evidence and is disinclined to change his or her belief once he or she arrives at a conclusion. The purpose of this quantitative study was to examine whether emotionally charged evidence and evidence presentation order could influence an investigator's belief in a suspect's guilt. The study included 166 sworn police officers (basic training recruits, patrol officers, and criminal investigators) who completed online surveys in response to criminal vignettes across different scenarios to record their measure of guilt belief. Analysis of variance was used to assess the relationship between the 3 independent variables: duty assignment (recruit, patrol, investigator), scenario condition (child and adult sexual assault), and evidence presentation order (sequential, simultaneous, reverse sequential). The dependent variable was confirmation bias (Likert-scaled 0-10 guilt judgment). According to the study results, confirmation bias was least evident in criminal investigators with more experience and training, and both emotion and evidence presentation order can influence guilt judgment. The findings generalize to criminal investigators and attest to the importance of working to include and exclude suspects and to withhold judgment until all available evidence is analyzed. Investigators benefit from this study and through their improved decision making, society benefits as well. This study will contribute to the need for professional dialogue concerning objective fact finding by criminal investigators and avoiding incidents of wrongful conviction.
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Zankiewicz, Christian. "Essays in Behavioral Economics and Econometrics." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/18364.
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Der verhaltensökonomischen Literatur entsprechend behandeln die drei Kapitel dieser Dissertation unterschiedliche Aspekte des menschlichen Verhaltens, welches als "nicht-rational" zu bezeichnen ist. Jedes dieser Kapitel leistet einen Beitrag zum aktuellen Stand der Forschung auf dem Gebiet der Verhaltensökonomik mit Hilfe von entweder experimentellen, empirischen oder methodischen Ansätzen. Das erste Kapitel schlägt ein einfaches verhaltensökonomisches Modell vor und unterzieht dieses einer Reihe von experimentellen Tests. Das Modell erweitert die Literatur zur Fehlwahrnehmung von multiplikativen Wachstumsprozessen und hilft somit typische Fehlinvestitionen in der langen Frist zu erklären. Im Rahmen des zweiten Kapitels werden Daten einer Online-Kreditbörse genutzt, um empirisch zu untersuchen, ob sich private Investoren entsprechend den Vorhersagen der standardmäßigen ökonomischen Fachliteratur verhalten und einzig die erwartete Rendite berücksichtigen oder ob sie von anderen nicht-finanztechnischen Attributen eines Schuldners beeinflusst werden. Der Schwerpunkt der Analyse liegt dabei auf Geschlechterdiskriminierung im Rahmen dessen unterschiedliche Diskriminierungskonzepte getestet werden. Das dritte Kapitel wählt einen methodischen Ansatz und schlägt ein innovatives Experiment-Design vor, welches den empirisch gut dokumentierten Schwierigkeiten bzgl. der Angabe von subjektiven Wahrscheinlichkeiten von Teilnehmern an Umfragen und Laborexperimenten Rechnung trägt. Ein Binary-Choice-Ansatz eingebettet in ein adaptives Experiment-Design minimiert den Aufwand für die Befragten und ermöglich somit eine praktikable und effiziente Elizitierung der subjektiven Meinungen.<br>In the line with the literature on behavioral economics, the three chapters of this dissertation shed light on different aspects of human behavior that are at odds with rationality. Each chapter contributes to the existing behavioral economic research using either experimental, empirical, or methodological tools. First, by proposing and experimentally testing a simple behavioral model that extends the literature on the misperception of multiplicative growth processes, Chapter 1 aims to explain common money mistakes that people often make with long-term investments such as retirement savings plans. Second, in Chapter 2, real-life investment data of an online-lending platform are used to empirically investigate if private investors behave as the standard economic literature would predict and solely consider an investment’s expected return or if they also care about other non-financial attributes of a debtor. The focus of the analysis is on gender discrimination, thereby defining and econometrically testing different concepts of how investors discriminate between male and female borrowers. Third, Chapter 3 takes a methodological path and proposes a novel experimental design that accounts for the empirically well-documented difficulties that survey respondents typically have when asked to state subjective probabilities. A binary choice approach embedded in an adaptive experimental design helps to minimize effort of the respondents, thus allowing for a more practical belief elicitation in both the lab and the field.
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Green, Sharin Palladino. "An Examination Of Gender Bias In Requests For Assistance For Students With Academic And Behavioral Concerns." Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1149450284.
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Persson, Julia, and Alva Öberg. "Unga investerares beslutsfattande vid en ekonomisk kris : En deskriptiv kvantitativ studie." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik och samhälle, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-79279.
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In december 2019, the first cases of covid-19 were reported in Wuhan, China. Since then, the virus has spread rapidly around the world. In order to try to stop the spread of the virus, isolation has become actual. Except affecting the public health, the virus has caused deep traces in the global economy. A clear stock market fall on the Swedish stock exchange could be observed in February-March 2020. The financial crisis that has arisen is the first crisis many of the young investors, of the age 18–30 years old have to manage. Due to the economic crisis that has arisen, this study aimed to describe young investors' decision-making in the financial market during the period 1 January 2020 to 5 May 2020. The research question goes as follows: What factors influence young investors' decision-making in the financial market during an economic crisis? The study was conducted on the basis of the Theory of Behavioral Finance. This theory assumes that the individual's decision-making in the financial market is largely influenced by emotions and other psychological factors. Furthermore, the theory is based on a number of different assumptions about human psychological and behavioral phenomena that influence investment decisions. The procedure for conducting the study was to make a descriptive quantitative study. This meant that a questionnaire was passed on to young investors and that the answers were then compiled in diagrams and tables. The results indicated that the factors overconfidence, representativeness bias and anchoring bias seemed most likely to describe young investors' decision-making in the financial market during an economic crisis. At the same time, a reasonable interpretation seemed to be that herding behavior and risk and loss aversion cannot describe the young investors' decision-making to a large extent. The importance of mental accounting could not be determined in this context, as the answers received provided an incomplete basis for deciding this. To be able to draw conclusions about the role of mental accounting in decision-making, several issues that dealt with this would have been useful. One suggestion for continued research is to study other factors that may underlie young investors' decision-making during an economic crisis.
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Lydecker, Janet. "Visual Attention Bias and Body Dissatisfaction in Eating Disorders." VCU Scholars Compass, 2013. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3158.
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Eating disorders, such as anorexia and bulimia nervosa, have profound negative effects on the quality of life of both affected individuals and their families. Behavioral approaches such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) are commonly used for the treatment of these disorders. CBT teaches skills to restructure maladaptive thought patterns as a method of altering feelings and behaviors. However, even after CBT, 50-70% of women with bulimia and 67-87% of women with anorexia report continued eating disordered thoughts, feelings and behaviors. Measuring underlying cognitive processes such as orienting, maintaining, and executive attention in individuals with eating disorder symptomatology might be an important first step in improving these existing therapies. Attentional biases can be identified using a variety of techniques, including eye movement in response to stimuli (gaze patterns; focal points) as assessed by sophisticated eye tracking tasks. The current project sought to evaluate eye movement behavior related to body dissatisfaction, and to assess the feasibility of modifying attention. Participants (N = 1017) completed survey measures assessing disordered eating and body image (n = 1011), and participants meeting eligibility requirements participated in the in-person eye-tracking assessment (n = 85). Overall, longer gaze duration was associated with more dissatisfying body regions, and the attention modification intervention decreased time spent looking at the most dissatisfying region. Gaze time on the most dissatisfying body region was not different for self images compared with other images, nor was there an influence of level of shape concern. Body image anxiety also reduced after the attention modification intervention. These results suggest that it is feasible to modify attention biases related to body dissatisfaction. Implications and future extensions of this study are discussed.
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Crooks, Sandra B. "The Sex Stereotype of a Job as a Moderator of Sex Bias in Performance Evaluations." TopSCHOLAR®, 1989. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1662.
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In accordance with the stereotype-fit model of discrimination (Dipboye, 1985), the results of past research indicate that the extent to which jobs are sex stereotyped dictates whether or not a main effect for rate sex is present in performance evaluations. The purpose of this study was to further examine the relationship between the sex stereotype of the job and the presence of sex bias in evaluation. Two hundred and five undergraduate psychology students viewed one of eight videotapes of a confederate job applicant performing a work sample task and evaluated the observed performance. A 2 x 2 x 2 between subjects factorial design was used to test for the effects of the sex stereotype of the job, sex of rate, and level of rate performance on performance ratings. As performance was found. A significant three-way interaction was found, which implies that when rates perform a job that is stereotyped as sex role incongruent their performance is more likely to be noticed and closely evaluated than when they perform a job that is sex stereotyped as belonging to their sex. Sex bias was found only for the low performing woman on the female job, which indicates she was over-evaluated.
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Harper, Tiffany. "FAST FRIENDS: IMPLICIT BIAS OF CROSS-GROUP FRIENDSHIPS IN A COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE." UKnowledge, 2017. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/cld_etds/36.
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Cross-group paired individuals were administered an intervention to measure impacts of inmate interactions and friendships on anxiety and implicit bias among participants. Researchers predicted the intervention would decrease levels of racial anxiety, implicitness, prejudice, and racial color-blindness among entering freshmen in the College of Agriculture, Food & Environment at the University of Kentucky. Results indicated that the control group had no change in implicitness. The treatment group yielded no change in implicitness on four out of five experimental measures with the exception of decrease in communal orientation, thus altering the implicit bias of participants.
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Dowdy, Arthur G. "EVALUATING THE EFFECTS OF PUBLICATION BIAS IN SINGLE-CASE RESEARCH DESIGN FOR EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICES IN AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2018. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/489012.
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Special Education<br>Ed.D.<br>In single-case research design (SCRD), experimental control is demonstrated when the researcher’s application of an intervention, known as the independent variable, reliably produces a change in behavior, known as the dependent variable, and the change is not otherwise explained by confounding or extraneous variables. SCRD studies that fail to demonstrate experimental control may not be published because researchers may be unwilling to submit these papers for publication due to null findings and journals may be unwilling and unlikely to publish null outcomes (i.e., publication bias). The lack of submission and publication of null findings, leading to a disproportion of positive studies in the published research literature, is known as the “file drawer effect” (Rosenthal, 1979; Ferguson & Heene, 2012). Recently, researchers and policy organizations have identified evidence-based practices (EBPs) for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) based on systematic reviews of SCRD studies (Odom, Collet-Klingenberg, Rogers, & Hatton, 2010). However, if SCRD studies that do not demonstrate experimental control (i.e., null studies) are disproportionately unpublished due to the file drawer effect, this may result in a misrepresentation of positive findings, leading interventions to be deemed evidence-based that, actually, lack sufficient empirical support (Sham & Smith, 2014; Shadish, Zelinsky, Vevea, & Kratochwill, 2016). Social narratives, exercise, self-management, and response interruption/redirection are interventions for children with ASD that has been named EBPs according to the National Autism Standards (NAC; 2009) and National Professional Development Center on Autism Spectrum Disorder (NPDC; 2010); however, these interventions have not yet been evaluated for potential publication bias. The study employed and extended methods similar to Sham and Smith (2014), comparing the procedures and results of published articles and unpublished dissertations and theses for interventions identified as EBPs to evaluate the methodological rigor and evaluate the possibility of publication bias, file drawer effect, and lack of replication. Specifically, the results of published and unpublished studies were compared to determine if published studies showed greater treatment effect, which would indicate the file drawer effect. Also, SCRD quality indicators were employed to evaluate whether studies that were published tend to be of higher quality, as this would mitigate possible publication bias shown by larger effect sizes (ES) in published studies. The outcome resulted in three out of four EBPs (social narratives, antecedent exercise, and response interruption and redirection), yielding different ES when published studies were compared to unpublished studies; in contrast, self-management yielded a similar ES for published and unpublished studies. For social narratives and antecedent exercise, unpublished studies presented at lower estimated ES than published studies; whereas for response interruption and redirection, unpublished studies presented at a higher estimated ES compared to published studies. Generally, study quality presented at similar levels for published and unpublished studies for each EBP, with the exception of antecedent exercise. Differences were identified for antecedent exercise study quality based upon visual and statistical analyses. Lastly, there do not appear to be observed differences in treatment outcomes between published and unpublished studies when study quality was considered in the analysis. Implications of the results are discussed with respect to the file drawer effect and publication bias in EBPs, and the call to increase publications in peer-reviewed journals of negative findings and replication studies, which leads to identifying and establishing boundary criteria for EBPs.<br>Temple University--Theses
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Bernstein-Kurtycz, Laura Margaret. "How do Bears Fare? An Investigation of the Effect of the Zoo Environment on Bear Welfare." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case162333754353924.
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Reich, Darcy A. "Behavioral confirmation of generalized future-event expectancies : the moderating roles of perceivers' awareness of bias and targets' expectancies /." The Ohio State University, 2000. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1488202678773808.
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Alizada, Zekria, and Oscar Clarin. "The Impact of Loss Aversion Bias on Herding Behavior of Young Swedish Retail Investors : A Behavioral Perspective on Young Swedish Retail Investors' Decision Making in the Stock Market." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Företagsekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-39828.
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Background: Kahneman and Tversky (1974, 1979 & 1992) argue that individuals are bound to numerous behavioral biases that may lead to the emergence of different irrational behaviors. This is often observed with even a higher degree among participants of financial and stock markets as agents such as investors are frequently exposed to significant level of risk and uncertainty (Kahneman, 2013; Kahneman, Knetsch & Thaler, 1991; Kahneman & Tversky, 1974, 1979, 1992). Also, empirical studies indicate that a significant level of herding exists among investors when they are exposed to a high degree of risk and uncertainty such as those in financial crises (Galariotis, Rong & Spyrou, 2014; Litimi, 2017; Hott, 2009). Purpose: the main purpose of this thesis is to explore if the loss aversion bias has a significant causal impact on forming herding behavior among young Swedish retail investors. Method: an online analytical questionnaire including eight questions has been conducted to collect primary data, with 77 Swedish retail investors under the age of 35 participating in the study. Furthermore, a multiple regression analysis has been implemented to analyze and interpret the data. Conclusion: it can be concluded that there is not a significant correlation between the degree of loss aversion and the degree of herding behavior within the sample group of young Swedish retail investors. Hence, loss aversion bias cannot be considered as one of the major contributors of herding within the target population.
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Wallace, Wayne A. "The Effect of Confirmation Bias in Criminal Investigative Decision Making." ScholarWorks, 2016. http://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/hodgkinson/22.
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Confirmation bias occurs when a person believes in or searches for evidence to support his or her favored theory while ignoring or excusing disconfirmatory evidence and is disinclined to change his or her belief once he or she arrives at a conclusion. The purpose of this quantitative study was to examine whether emotionally charged evidence and evidence presentation order could influence an investigator's belief in a suspect's guilt. The study included 166 sworn police officers (basic training recruits, patrol officers, and criminal investigators) who completed online surveys in response to criminal vignettes across different scenarios to record their measure of guilt belief. Analysis of variance was used to assess the relationship between the 3 independent variables: duty assignment (recruit, patrol, investigator), scenario condition (child and adult sexual assault), and evidence presentation order (sequential, simultaneous, reverse sequential). The dependent variable was confirmation bias (Likert-scaled 0–10 guilt judgment). According to the study results, confirmation bias was least evident in criminal investigators with more experience and training, and both emotion and evidence presentation order can influence guilt judgment. The findings generalize to criminal investigators and attest to the importance of working to include and exclude suspects and to withhold judgment until all available evidence is analyzed. Investigators benefit from this study and through their improved decision making, society benefits as well. This study will contribute to the need for professional dialogue concerning objective fact finding by criminal investigators and avoiding incidents of wrongful conviction.
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Pike, Erika. "THE INFLUENCE OF COCAINE-RELATED IMAGES ON INHIBITORY CONTROL IN COCAINE USERS." UKnowledge, 2017. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/psychology_etds/120.
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Cocaine users display impaired inhibitory control. The influence of cocaine-related stimuli on inhibitory control has not been assessed. The Attentional Bias-Behavioral Activation (ABBA) task uses cocaine and neutral images as cues to determine if drug-related images impair inhibitory control in cocaine users. This dissertation was designed to assess the influence of cocaine images on inhibitory control in cocaine users through the conduct of studies designed to address four aims. The first aim was to demonstrate that cocaine users display impaired inhibitory control following cocaine images compared to neutral images on the ABBA task. This was accomplished through the conduct of two experiments. The first experiment piloted the ABBA task and cocaine users completed the cocaine go (n = 15) or neutral go condition (n = 15) of the task. The second experiment consisted of two studies designed to develop a within-subjects methodology for using the ABBA task. In the first study, cocaine users completed either the cocaine go (n = 20) or neutral go (n = 20) condition of the ABBA task and all participants also completed the Cued Go/No-Go task, with geometric shapes as cues. In the second study, cocaine users (n = 18) completed the cocaine go condition of the ABBA task and a modified version of the ABBA task with all neutral images as cues to further refine a possible within-subjects methodology. The second aim was to demonstrate that inhibitory failures occur most often when cues are presented for short compared to longer durations of time. Data collected during other protocols (n = 91) were combined to investigate the influence of stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA; i.e., the amount of time a cue is presented before a target indicated a response should be executed or withheld) on inhibitory control following cocaine-related and neutral cues on the ABBA task. The third aim was to demonstrate impaired inhibitory control following cocaine images on the ABBA task is specific to cocaine users. Cocaine users (data collected in the second experiment of the first aim) and non-using control participants (n = 16) completed the cocaine go and all neutral conditions of the ABBA task and the Cued Go/No-Go task. The fourth aim was to demonstrate the feasibility and acceptability of inhibitory control training to cocaine-related stimuli with cocaine users. A small pilot clinical trial was conducted and cocaine users were randomly assigned to complete inhibitory control training to cocaine images or geometric shapes. Cocaine images impaired inhibitory control on the ABBA task, as demonstrated by an increased proportion of inhibitory failures in the cocaine go condition compared to the neutral go condition in Experiments 1, 2, and 4. The proportion of inhibitory failures following cocaine images in Experiment 4 was increased at short (i.e., 100, 200) compared to long SOAs. Cocaine images also impaired inhibitory control compared to the Cued Go/No-Go Task in Experiment 2, however there were no differences in the proportion of inhibitory failures between the cocaine go and all neutral conditions of the ABBA task. There were no differences between cocaine users and controls in Experiment 3 for the proportion of inhibitory failures on the ABBA or Cued Go/No-Go tasks, but controls responded faster indicating a speed/accuracy trade off occurred in the control group. Inhibitory control training as an approach to improve treatment outcomes is feasible, as indicated by attendance and accuracy on the training task, and participants rated the overall procedure as satisfactory in Experiment 5. A better understanding of inhibitory control in the presence of cocaine related cues could be crucial to better understand how drug cues contribute to the risk for relapse and the continued use of drugs because both occur in the presence of drug cues.
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Fernström, Lovisa, and Ellinor Vikstrand. "Tid är din vän, impuls din fiende : Coronapandemin ur ett börspsykologiskt perspektiv." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-177955.
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Börsåret 2020 har varit ett unikt år som präglats av ett kraftigt börsras, men även en historiskt snabb återhämtning. Det unika händelseförloppet härrör ur en pandemi orsakad av ett coronavirus, vilket skapat nya underlag för studier av investerares beslutsfattande ur ett börspsykologiskt perspektiv. Syftet med studien var att kartlägga vilka börspsykologiska faktorer som indikerats hos investerare under pandemin. Intentionen var att undersöka huruvida det förelåg samband mellan börspsykologiska faktorer och investerares beslutsfattande. Studien har främst tillämpat en kvantitativ metod i form av en tvärsnittsdesign för att uppnå generaliserbarhet, men har även inslag av kvalitativ forskningsdesign för att erhålla en djupare förståelse. I syfte att besvara studiens forskningsfrågor har en statistisk analys i form av bivariata och multivariata linjära regressionsanalyser genomförts. Resultatet visar att samtliga undersökta börspsykologiska faktorer indikeras hos investerare och att det existerar ett flertal signifikanta samband mellan faktorerna och investerares beslutsfattande. Vidare har studien uppmärksammat en problematik i investerares självuppfattning och brister i de tillämpade testerna för börspsykologiska faktorer. Slutligen har en modell framtagits i syfte att bistå med underlag som kan öka förståelsen och medvetenheten inom ämnesområdet och således skapa bättre förutsättningar för rationella investeringsbeslut.<br>The stock market during 2020 has been a remarkable year that has experienced a major marketcrash, but also a historical recovery. The unique course of events derives from a pandemic causedby a coronavirus, which has generated new data for research of investors’ decision making from abehavioral finance perspective. The purpose with the research was to map biases which havebeen indicated by investors during the pandemic. The intention was also to investigate whetherthere were relationships between biases and the decision making of investors. This thesis hasmainly applied a quantitative method in the form of a cross-sectional study to achievegeneralizability, but it also has elements of qualitative research to obtain a deeper understanding.In order to answer the research questions, a statistical analysis in the form of bivariate andmultivariate linear regression models has been applied. The result concludes that all theinvestigated biases were indicated, and several significant relationships between the biases andthe decision making of the investors. Furthermore, the research has shown two problematicaspects. The first is the self-perception of investors and the second is the weaknesses of theapplied tests for biases. Finally, a model has been developed with the aim to contribute withuseful research that can create better conditions for rational investment decisions through anincreased understanding and awareness in the area of behavioral finance.
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Riseley, Rebecca. "Perception of Risk of Depression: The Influence of Optimistic Bias in a Non-Clinical Population of Women." Victoria University, 2005. http://eprints.vu.edu.au/462/1/462contents.pdf.
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Mental illness including depression has been estimated to account for 11% of the world's disease burden with the expectation that this figure will rise to in excess of 15% by the year 2020 (AIHM, 2002; Australian Health Ministers, 1998). Women have been reported to be twice as likely as men to experience depression, making depression a significant public health issue for women. How individuals perceive themself to be at risk has important implications for understanding help seeking behaviour and in turn, diagnosis and treatment outcomes. A number of factors have been identified in the physical health literature that account for the way perception of risk is conceptualised. The present study was designed to explore perception of risk of depression from the perspective of optimistic bias. The work of Weinstein (1980) and Moore and Rosenthal (1996) identify factors such as perceived seriousness, perceived control, stereotyping, perceived commonness, knowledge of a sufferer, perceived knowledge of the illness and attitude to the illness, as potentially influencing a person's perception of personal risk. Weinstein (1980) developed a model for integrating these factors, called optimistic bias. This model has been studied in relation to perception of risk for cancer, sexually transmitted diseases and other physical illnesses, but not in relation to mental illness. Two conceptualizations of optimistic bias were tested in this study, i) as a series of semi-independent illness specific constructs, and ii) as a global personality construct. The value of the Weinstein model for predicting perception of risk of depression was explored in relation to three physical illnesses (HIV/AIDS, Diabetes and Breast cancer). In addition women's conceptualizations of depression were explored in relation to depressive status and ability to recognize typical symptoms of depression. A non- clinical sample of one hundred and five women over the age of 18 were recruited with each participant required to complete a series of questionnaires that were quantitatively analysed. The model of optimistic bias as a series of semi-independent (state) constructs did significantly predict perception of risk for depression, accounting for 27.8% of the variance. The personality model of optimistic bias was also significant for predicting perception of risk of depression, but significantly less powerful accounting for only 8.2% of the variance. Part of the analysis for this study involved a replication of the work by Moore and Rosenthal (1996) utilising both descriptive and inferential data analyses to determine which variables predicted perception of risk of depression with two factors, perceived control and knowledge about the illness, revealed to be most significant. This study found that the illness specific model was more applicable to depression than to physical illness. Perception of risk was demonstrated by the comparative profiles to be different for each illness with the women in this study able to list a number of categories of stereotypical sufferers. A frequency analysis was also conducted to explore the similarities and differences in conceptualisation of the illnesses. Results indicated that 57% of women within the sample reported levels of clinical depression. Evidence emerged that among those who reported clinical levels of depression a subset were unable to recognise depression. A woman's depressive status and her ability to recognise depression from a scenario appeared to influence perception of risk. These results highlight important theoretical and applied implications for health promotion as well as the treatment and management of depression.
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Crawford, Philip S. "Reverse Line Movements in NFL Gambling: Parallels to Financial Market Biases and the Imitation of Informed Bettor Strategies." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1007.
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Participants in the NFL gambling market can largely be divided into two distinct groups: informed bettors (“Sharps”) and uninformed bettors (“Squares”). Empirical and anecdotal evidence suggest that the dynamic between Sharp and Square bettors is very similar to that between institutional and retail investors. Professionals tend to be far better informed and utilize rational betting/investing strategies while individuals exhibit biases which perpetuate irrational strategies and therefore pricing inefficiencies. This study finds that uninformed participants in financial markets and the NFL betting market do share similar biases, and that these biases can be exploited by informed participants to generate positive excess returns. The ability of Sharp bettors to generate excess returns, much like professional investors, is well covered in academic research. This study adds to the existing literature by analyzing whether “Follower” bettors can achieve statistically significant excess returns and higher than expected winning percentages by identifying reverse line movements and imitating the bets of Sharp gamblers.
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Salchak, Caroline R. "Investigation of Mirror Image Bias: Evidence For the Use of Psychophysiological Measures as Indicators of Cognitive Heuristics." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1409236685.
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Charbti, Sana. "Dividend policy, irrationality approaches and behavioral corporate finance : theory and evidence." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UBFCG003.
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La finance d’entreprise comportementale est un domaine qui a suscité beaucoup d’intérêts ces dix dernières années chez les financiers, les psychologues et les spécialistes des neurosciences. Ce travail de recherche s’inscrit dans le courant de la finance d’entreprise comportementale qui s’avère être un champ de recherche novateur, complexe et résistant à l’analyse objective. La question des dividendes, bien que récurrente, ne cesse d’occuper une position axiologique dans les recherches récentes en Finance. Depuis 2015, la France est considérée comme l’un des pays les plus généreux en termes de distribution de dividendes dans l’Union européenne (UE). Il est à ce niveau une question de recherche s’employant à délimiter les contours réels des déterminants de la décision et du montant du dividende distribué. Concrètement, l’objectif de ce travail consiste à étudier d’une part, certains facteurs exogènes susceptibles d’expliquer la politique de distribution de dividende, et à évaluer d’autre part leurs impacts sur la décision de versement et le taux de distribution à travers le sentiment d’investisseur et les biais comportementaux des dirigeants français. En termes d’objectifs ,cette thèse s’est employée à apporter quelques éléments de réponses aux questions de l’importance du sentiment sectoriel dans la décision de versement de dividende objet du premier chapitre (la théorie du Catering). Les résultats montrent que le sentiment d’investisseur n’a pas un impact significatif sur la decision de distribution de dividendes pour le cas de la France (Ferris et al. (2009) ; La Porta et al. (2000)). Contrairement à Anouar et Aubert (2017), les résultats permettent de mettre en évidence un impact positif et significatif du sentiment de l'investisseur sur la probabilité du paiement du dividendes pour le cas du secteur industriel. Un tel résultat montre que les entreprises faisant partie d'un secteur industriel sont en mesure de répondre aux besoins des investisseurs en se basant sur la demande de ces derniers en matière de distribution de dividendes. L'analyse de régression confirme que le sentiment sectoriel est un indicateur approprié pour tester la théorie du Catering (Baker and Wurgler 2004a). Le second chapitre analyse l’impact de l’excès de confiance des dirigeants sur la politique de distribution de dividendes. En utilisant un échantillon d'entreprises françaises, nous démontrons que l'excès de confiance des dirigeants joue un rôle déterminant dans l'explication de la politique de dividende des entreprises françaises. L'excès de confiance des dirigeants exerce un effet positif sur le paiement des dividendes des entreprises.Le troisième chapitre s’interroge sur les implications de la gouvernance en termes de responsabilisation et rationalisation des décisions et ses effets sur la modération des impulsions de l’irrationalité des agents. Nos principaux résultats concernant cette analyse (régression quantile) montrent que les coefficients de l'indice de surconfiance des gestionnaires sont positifs et significatifs, respectivement, aux quantiles de 30 %, 50 %, 60 % et 80 % de distribution de dividendes. L'excès de confiance des dirigeants français se traduit donc par une augmentation de la distribution de dividendes. Toutefois, l'indice du sentiment est insignifiant pour différents quantiles de distribution de dividendes<br>Behavioural corporate finance is an area that has attracted a lot of interest from financial economists, psychologists and neuroscientists over the past decade. This research falls within the scope of behavioural corporate finance, which proves to be an new and promising field of research. The question of dividends, although recurrent, continues to occupy an axiological position in recent research in Finance. Since 2015, France has been considered as one of the most generous countries in terms of dividend distribution in the European Union (EU). At this level, it is a question of research aimed at delimiting the real contours of the determinants of the decision and the amount of the dividend distributed. In concrete terms, the objective of this work is to study certain exogenous factors likely to explain the dividend distribution policy, on the one hand, and to assess their impact on the payment decision and the distribution rate through the investor sentiment and behavioural biases of French executives, on the other hand. In terms of objectives, this thesis has sought to provide some answers to the questions of the importance of sectoral sentiment in the decision to pay dividends, which is the subject of the first chapter (the Catering theory). The results show that the investor sentiment does not have a significant impact on the decision to distribute dividends in the French case (Ferris et al. (2009); La Porta et al. (2000). Contrary to Anouar and Aubert (2017), our results highlight a positive and significant impact of the investor sentiment on the probability of dividend payment in the industrial sector. Such a result shows that companies in the industrial sector are able to meet investors' needs based on their demand for dividend distribution. Regression analysis confirms that sectoral sentiment is an appropriate indicator to test the Catering theory (Baker and Wurgler 2004a). The second chapter analyses the impact of managerial overconfidence on dividend distribution policy. By using a sample of French companies, we show that the excess confidence of managers plays a decisive role in explaining the dividend policy of French companies. Over-confidence of CEO has a positive effect on the dividend payout. The third chapter examines the implications of governance in terms of accountability and rationalization of decisions and its effects on the moderation of the impulses of agents' irrationality. Our main results concerning this analysis (quantile regression) show that the coefficients of the managers' overconfidence index are positive and significant, respectively, in the quantile of 30%, 50%, 60% and 80% dividend distribution. The over-confidence of French executives is reflected by an increase in dividend payments. However, the sentiment index is non-significant for different dividend distribution quantile
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Cottin, Arredondo Randall Ismael, and Enzo Garry. "The Venture Capital behavioral bias and the ecosystem investment flows : A comparative quantitative study about the relationship between Venture Capitalist's drivers and their investment behavior in Stockholm and Silicon Valley." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-137128.
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The purpose of this study is to test if there is bias in the Venture Capital investment decision-making process towards ecosystems. To guide the research and ensure the fulfillment of the study’s main purpose, we will analyze two specific ecosystems (Stockholm and Silicon Valley). This choice is motivated by their respective importance (Worldwide and Nordics reference) in the global entrepreneurial landscape. The aim is to make an empirical contribution regarding how a herding behavior from Venture Capital investments can drive irrational investment flows towards specific ecosystem such a Silicon Valley, regardless available information towards other ecosystems, in this case, Stockholm. Most researches until today have been focusing on the assessment of startup-focused factors which we believe only picture partly the attractiveness of a startup ecosystem. In our perception, environmental factors in which the ecosystem take place also play an essential role in the attractiveness of an ecosystem to invest in. Is there a behavioral bias in the investment decision processes of Venture Capital regarding startup ecosystems? To assess the presence or absence of a behavioral bias in the investment decision of Venture Capital investors, we are first going to establish an objective attractiveness score using environment-based factors. These factors are going to be combined into six main variables that picture the environmental attractiveness of both ecosystems. In a second time, we are going to submit these six variables to two populations of investors operating in each ecosystem. To do so, we will operate a quantitative study of Stockholm and Silicon Valley-localized private Venture Capital investors towards our different environmental variable. This will enable us to obtain their specific drivers toward these variables and therefore adapt our objective attractiveness scores to obtain weighted attractiveness scores. In a third time, we are going to compare our obtained weighted attractiveness scores per ecosystem with the investment flows effectuated respectively in both ecosystems in 2016. To be able to compare both settings on the same range, we are going to calculate both investment flow data: investment volumes and number of deal closed per capita. The results of this comparison will then bring us either a correlation relation between weighted attractiveness and investment flows per capita for both ecosystems, infirming our theory or a non-correlative relation, which would confirm our theory. Indeed, a non- correlative relation will show that investors do no follow a rational investment behavior based only on the attractiveness of their ecosystem.
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Riseley, Rebecca. "Perception of Risk of Depression: The Influence of Optimistic Bias in a Non-Clinical Population of Women." Thesis, Victoria University, 2005. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/462/.
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Mental illness including depression has been estimated to account for 11% of the world's disease burden with the expectation that this figure will rise to in excess of 15% by the year 2020 (AIHM, 2002; Australian Health Ministers, 1998). Women have been reported to be twice as likely as men to experience depression, making depression a significant public health issue for women. How individuals perceive themself to be at risk has important implications for understanding help seeking behaviour and in turn, diagnosis and treatment outcomes. A number of factors have been identified in the physical health literature that account for the way perception of risk is conceptualised. The present study was designed to explore perception of risk of depression from the perspective of optimistic bias. The work of Weinstein (1980) and Moore and Rosenthal (1996) identify factors such as perceived seriousness, perceived control, stereotyping, perceived commonness, knowledge of a sufferer, perceived knowledge of the illness and attitude to the illness, as potentially influencing a person's perception of personal risk. Weinstein (1980) developed a model for integrating these factors, called optimistic bias. This model has been studied in relation to perception of risk for cancer, sexually transmitted diseases and other physical illnesses, but not in relation to mental illness. Two conceptualizations of optimistic bias were tested in this study, i) as a series of semi-independent illness specific constructs, and ii) as a global personality construct. The value of the Weinstein model for predicting perception of risk of depression was explored in relation to three physical illnesses (HIV/AIDS, Diabetes and Breast cancer). In addition women's conceptualizations of depression were explored in relation to depressive status and ability to recognize typical symptoms of depression. A non- clinical sample of one hundred and five women over the age of 18 were recruited with each participant required to complete a series of questionnaires that were quantitatively analysed. The model of optimistic bias as a series of semi-independent (state) constructs did significantly predict perception of risk for depression, accounting for 27.8% of the variance. The personality model of optimistic bias was also significant for predicting perception of risk of depression, but significantly less powerful accounting for only 8.2% of the variance. Part of the analysis for this study involved a replication of the work by Moore and Rosenthal (1996) utilising both descriptive and inferential data analyses to determine which variables predicted perception of risk of depression with two factors, perceived control and knowledge about the illness, revealed to be most significant. This study found that the illness specific model was more applicable to depression than to physical illness. Perception of risk was demonstrated by the comparative profiles to be different for each illness with the women in this study able to list a number of categories of stereotypical sufferers. A frequency analysis was also conducted to explore the similarities and differences in conceptualisation of the illnesses. Results indicated that 57% of women within the sample reported levels of clinical depression. Evidence emerged that among those who reported clinical levels of depression a subset were unable to recognise depression. A woman's depressive status and her ability to recognise depression from a scenario appeared to influence perception of risk. These results highlight important theoretical and applied implications for health promotion as well as the treatment and management of depression.
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Moore, Michael Thomas. "Memory Biases and Depressive Realism." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1248092716.
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Eiler, Brian A. "The Behavioral Dynamics of Shooter Bias in Virtual Reality: The Role of Race, Armed Status, and Distance on Threat Perception and Shooting Dynamics." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1511798377909988.
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Neff, Molly. "Relationships among Acculturation, Self-positivity Bias, Stigma, and Condom Use in a Sample of Urban College Students." VCU Scholars Compass, 2012. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3200.
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Despite an increase in interventions targeted at lowering the rate of HIV/AIDS among college students, the rate of HIV/AIDS infections has not decreased. The purpose of this study was to identify factors (i.e., HIV-sexual knowledge, self-positivity bias, peer norms, acculturation, perceived risk of HIV, HIV-related stigma, and condom use) that may affect condom use among college students who live in an area where the prevalence of HIV is relatively high. The current study utilized a sexually active sample (N=397) of diverse college students (predominantly African American and White) in an urban setting to examine the relationships. Path analysis was used to explore hypotheses. Results indicated that students who endorsed higher levels of self-positivity bias were more likely than other students to report not using condoms the last time they had sex and to perceive themselves at less risk of HIV/AIDS infection. In addition, students who reported unsupportive peer norms regarding safe sex practices perceived themselves at a higher risk of HIV/AIDS. With respect to gender differences, females reported more stigma towards individuals with HIV/AIDS than males, and males reported more perceived risk of HIV/AIDS than females. Lastly, African American college students perceived themselves to be at greater risk of contracting HIV/AIDS than other students and minority students endorsed greater stigma towards individuals with HIV/AIDS than White students. Results emphasize the need for college HIV/AIDS interventions to target peer norms and personal bias as well as cultural and gender differences that might impact condom use.