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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Behavioral Cues'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Wheeler, Jeanette Danielle. "Behavioral responses of invertebrate larvae to water column cues." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/103337.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Joint Program in Biological Oceanography (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biology; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2016.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 139-150).<br>Many benthic marine invertebrates have two-phase life histories, relying on planktonic larval stages for dispersal and exchange of individuals between adult populations. Historically, larvae were considered passive drifters in prevailing ocean currents. More recently, however, the paradigm has shifted toward active larval beh

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2

Lingner, Andrea. "The Processing of Low-Frequency Spatial Cues – A Behavioral Approach." Diss., lmu, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-123605.

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3

Chute, Christopher. "Decoding Neural Circuits Modulating Behavioral Responses to Aversive Social Cues." Digital WPI, 2018. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-dissertations/496.

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Understanding how the human brain functions on a molecular and cellular level is nearly impossible with current technology and ethical considerations. Utilizing the small nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, and its innate behavioral responses to olfactory social cues, we can begin to unravel the mechanisms underlying social behavior. This is made possible given that innate behaviors are crucial for survival, and therefore hardwired into the genome of organisms. This allows for genetic-level analysis of neural circuitries driving behavior. Studying the neuronal mechanisms underlying C. elegans’ b

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4

Rizzuti, Noel T. "The power of politics: selective exposure and social identity cues." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/17648.

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Master of Science<br>Department of Journalism and Mass Communication<br>Curtis Matthews<br>The objective of this study is to shed light on the interaction between the theory of selective exposure and social identity theory. Both of these theories describe aspects regarding how individuals expose themselves to information. However, the driving question of the study was to investigate the behavior of individuals whom experience cognitive dissonance from an inconsistent political message, but are receiving that message from a member of their perceived in-group. The expectation was that moderatin

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5

Brown, Bridget Kay Gladden. "Do Bats use Olfactory Cues to Find Roosts?" The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1586437502549126.

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6

Trask, Sydney. "Cues Associated with Alternative Reinforcement can Attenuate Resurgence of an Extinguished Instrumental Response." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2017. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/775.

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In resurgence, a target behavior (R1) is acquired in an initial phase and extinguished in a second phase while an alternative behavior (R2) is reinforced. When reinforcement for the second response is removed, however, R1 behavior returns or “resurges.” The resurgence paradigm may have implications for understanding relapse after behavioral interventions in humans such as contingency management, or CM, in which (for example) drug users can earn vouchers contingent upon drug abstinence. The present experiments examined the effectiveness of a putative retrieval cue for treatment in attenuating t

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7

Johnson, Susan K. "The relationship between behavioral cues and assessment of pain in the neonate." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 1998. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/38.

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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf.edu/Systems/DigitalInitiatives/DigitalCollections/InternetDistributionConsentAgreementForm.pdf You may also contact the project coordinator, Kerri Bottorff, at kerri.bottorff@ucf.edu for more information.<br>Bachelors<br>Health and Public Affairs<br>Nursing

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Beattie, Molly C. "Diet and familiarity influence on predator recognition by chemical cues in crayfish." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1521577265172544.

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9

Machado, Mychal A. "Picture this: Smoking cues as conditional elicitors of compensatory responses in smokers." Scholarly Commons, 2011. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/301.

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The current study sought to extend previous research on conditional compensatory responses and illicit drugs to smoking and respondent conditioning by exposing ten adult smokers and nonsmokers to smoking and non-smoking related imagery. Pre- and post-slide show carbon monoxide (CO) levels were taken as the main measure of compensatory actions. As supplementary measures, heart rate and blood pressure readings were also obtained. Results demonstrated that the measures of CO obtained from smokers were lower following a visual presentation of smoking related images as compared to a presentation of

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10

Battisti, John Joseph. "The role of drug-associated cues in behavioral sensitization induced by psychostimulant drugs /." The Ohio State University, 1999. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1488187763846787.

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11

Fulmore, Helena Sasha. "Desperate Coral Larvae? Behavioral Responses to Settlement Cues in Aging Agaricia agaricites Larvae." Thesis, NSUWorks, 2019. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/519.

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The global stressors of ocean warming and acidification, as well as local stressors such as eutrophication, overfishing, and coastal construction, have all contributed to the severe decline in coral populations worldwide. Recovery of coral reefs depends partly on recruitment, which relies on the response of larvae to settlement cues indicative of habitat quality; however, it remains unclear whether recruitment in disturbed areas will be compromised. Specifically, as reefs become more disturbed and dominated by macroalgae, it is important to understand larval behavior in response to changes in

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12

Eicholtz, Matthew R. "Recognition and Modeling of Planar Mechanical Linkages from Images Using Symbolic and Behavioral Cues." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2015. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/616.

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From windshield wipers to selfie sticks, many of the machines and consumer products we use rely on mechanical linkages to accomplish functional goals. Even though we observe the dynamic behavior of these mechanisms on a daily basis, during the design and analysis of such systems, the visual content is largely static. Students may be forced to grapple with abstract depictions found in textbooks, and engineers may use hand-drawn sketches to brainstorm design ideas. Current software tools are ill-suited for fast kinematic visualization of mechanical designs and may require expertise that hinders

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13

Fan, Yu. "A study on audio-visual interaction: How visual temporal cues influence grouping of auditory events." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1544732438004088.

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14

Norcross, Janet L. "Effects of Dominance/Subordination, Encounter Site and Olfactory Cues on Behavior and Spatial Dynamics of Male Peromyscus leucopus noveboracensis." W&M ScholarWorks, 1986. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625339.

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15

Sörensen, Ida. "Meerkats (Suricata suricatta) are able to detect hidden food using olfactory cues." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Biologi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-151238.

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Meerkats are known to strongly rely on chemical communication in social contexts. However, little is known about their use of the sense of smell in food detection and selection. The aim of the present study was therefore to assess whether meerkats are able to (1) detect hidden food using olfactory cues, (2) distinguish the odour of real food from a single food odour component, and (3) build an association between the odour of real food and a novel odour. I employed the buried food test, widely used with rodents to assess basic olfactory abilities, designed to take advantage of the propensity o

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16

McNeill, Kathryn Bond. "Communication cues to action prompting central Appalachian women to have a mammogram." [Johnson City, Tenn. : East Tennessee State University], 2004. http://etd-submit.etsu.edu/etd/theses/available/etd-0430104-084147/unrestricted/McNeill061704f.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A.)--East Tennessee State University, 2004.<br>Title from electronic submission form. ETSU ETD database URN: etd-0430104-084147 Includes bibliographical references. Also available via Internet at the UMI web site.

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17

Hammett, Patrick John. "Cognitive and Physiological Moderators of Daily Smokers' Early Neural Attentional Biases to Smoking and Nonsmoking Cues." W&M ScholarWorks, 2013. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626742.

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18

De, Tommaso Matteo. "How Learning and Motivational Shifts Determine the Incentive Salience of Reward Cues: a Human Behavioral Perspective." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/11572/368441.

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Reward cues acquire distinctive incentive properties from their association with motivationally significant outcomes. These incentive properties are manifest in an augmented salience that provides reward cues with the capacity to attract attention, also in contexts where pursuing the reward is not relevant. I will first examine the unresolved debate concerning the learning parameters that define the cue-reward association and eventually modulate attention. Specifically, whether the cue attentional salience is governed by reward expectancy or uncertainty. I will then study another incentive pro

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De, Tommaso Matteo. "How Learning and Motivational Shifts Determine the Incentive Salience of Reward Cues: a Human Behavioral Perspective." Doctoral thesis, University of Trento, 2017. http://eprints-phd.biblio.unitn.it/2707/2/Disclaimert_DeTommaso.pdf.

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Reward cues acquire distinctive incentive properties from their association with motivationally significant outcomes. These incentive properties are manifest in an augmented salience that provides reward cues with the capacity to attract attention, also in contexts where pursuing the reward is not relevant. I will first examine the unresolved debate concerning the learning parameters that define the cue-reward association and eventually modulate attention. Specifically, whether the cue attentional salience is governed by reward expectancy or uncertainty. I will then study another incentive pro

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20

Tomas, Stacy Renee. "The effects of selected visual cues on tourists' perceptions of quality and satisfaction, and on their behavioral intentions." Texas A&M University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/85880.

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In tourism, the product is the experience. The destination sets the stage, which facilitates the experience. First impressions, based largely on visual cues in the environment, help to determine the level of quality tourists should expect from their encounter. While much research has focused on destination image in advertising, little attention has been given to on-site assessments of tourists' perceptions of the visual environment. This study had three specific objectives. The first was to determine if changes in the visual environment affect respondents' attitudes, perceptions of quality a

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21

Sizemore, Brittany A. "Time-of-Day Associative Learning to Spatial or Feature Information in Homing Pigeons (Columba livia)." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1447777465.

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22

Ploense, Kyle Lawrence. "Self-Administration Results in Dynamic Changes in DNA Methylation of the Dorsal Medial Prefrontal Cortex throughout Forced Abstinence, and after Re-exposure to Cues." Thesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10689933.

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<p> Similar to the pattern observed in people with substance abuse disorders, laboratory animals will exhibit escalation of cocaine intake when the drug is readily available and will exhibit increased drug-seeking behaviors after long periods of abstinence. Additionally, there are long term changes in neuron structure, receptor function, and neurotransmission associated with abstinence from cocaine in humans and animals. DNA methylation is an epigenetic modification to the DNA structure that mediates mRNA expression to confer different cell types, but has recently been implicated in learning a

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23

Jones, Jared K. "THE ALTERATION OF HABITAT USE BY CRAYFISH (ORCONECTES RUSTICUS) IN RESPONSE TO PREDATOR (ICTALURUS PUNCTATUS) CUES." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1335197748.

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24

Enax, Laura [Verfasser]. "Neuronal and behavioral correlates of the influence of contextual cues on value-based decision making : Kumulative Arbeit / Laura Enax." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1135608148/34.

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Enax, Laura L. M. [Verfasser]. "Neuronal and behavioral correlates of the influence of contextual cues on value-based decision making : Kumulative Arbeit / Laura Enax." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1135608148/34.

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26

Acerbi, Merissa Lynne. "Neural Processing of Magnetic Intensity Cues by Lesioned Homing Pigeons (Columba livia) in a Magnetic Conditioning Paradigm." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu14913435853746.

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27

Ayers, Megan. "Behavioral Responses of Male Parasitic Wasps to Plant Cues: A Comparison of Two Host-Plant Complex Sources of Cotesia congregata (Say)." VCU Scholars Compass, 2015. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3766.

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Prior exposure to plants cues can enhance assortative mating in insects. We hypothesized that, as previously reported for females, males of Cotesia congregata would display inherent responses to plant cues that could be modified by postemergence experience and further, that males originating from two different host-plant complexes (HPCs) would display different behavioral responses to these HPCs. In no-choice contact assays with a non-host plant, searching responses of males and females increased sharply at Day 2 and remained stable through Day 4. In no-choice assays with potential host plants

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28

Henley, William F. "Recovery status and chemosensory cues affecting reproduction of freshwater mussles in the North Fork Holston River downstream of Saltville, Virginia." Thesis, This resource online, 1996. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-09182008-063340/.

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29

Merrick, Melissa Jane, and Melissa Jane Merrick. "Proximate Cues and Ultimate Consequences for Natal Dispersal and Settlement in an Altered Forest Landscape: Influence of Experience, Behavior, and Habitat." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621744.

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Natal dispersal is at the nexus of ecology, ethology, population genetics, and evolution. While abundant research exists on emigration and associated proximate and ultimate causes, less is known about exploration, settlement, and factors that influence settlement decisions. Further, the role of individual behavioral phenotypes in the domains of wildlife ecology and conservation, which include natal dispersal, is a recent and expanding area of inquiry. Understanding the relationships among individual phenotype, environmental conditions, and natal dispersal is increasingly important as landscap

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30

Wood, Tyler C. "Ecological Effects of Predator Information Mediated by Prey Behavior." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu158592647245611.

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31

Daar, Jacob. "Using Contextual Cues to Influence the Role of Priming in the Transformation of Stimulus Functions: A Relational Frame Theory Investigation in Implicit Social Stereotyping." Scholar Commons, 2011. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3056.

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This basic study was designed to explore the conceptualization of prejudice as a form of contextually controlled, derived, and arbitrarily applicable relational responding. Basic studies utilizing RFT methodologies have yielded examples of how stimulus functions of one set of stimuli, such as a stereotyped group, can transform the functions of another stimulus, such as an individual. Priming procedures, as contextual cues, have been used to affect prejudicial responding. Stimuli participating in relational frames have been shown to be sensitive to such priming procedures; however, the role

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Trevor, Caitlyn M. "Cognitive and Theoretical Analyses of Expressive Performance Choices." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1543507401915102.

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33

Cumming, John Freeman IV. "The Ability of Hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) to Use the Binaural Phase Cue to Localize Sound." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo156475592795121.

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34

Eliker, Michelle Lee. "The use of spatial reference cues and primary cue strategies for maze running by the desert tortoise, Gopherus Agassizii." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1997. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1438.

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35

Malkin, Kathleen Bechstein 1957. "Adolescent contraceptive use: Cues to behavior." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291913.

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This study investigated the cues to behavior that influence adolescent contraceptive use. Forty adolescent females between the ages of 14 and 18 who were currently using contraceptives participated in this descriptive study. The Contraceptive Cue Questionnaire was completed by the participants, who attended a county family planning clinic. Using descriptive statistics, the cues of having a steady boyfriend, having accurate knowledge of reproduction and contraception, and having been pregnant previously were found to be important in cuing adolescent females to use contraceptives. Having future

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36

Campbell, Robert A. A. "Monaural & binaural level cues : a behavioural & physiological investigation." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.437373.

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37

Chapman, Trevor. "Enemy Exacerbation: Effects of Predator Stress on Sulfate Lethality in Freshwater Amphipods (Gammarus minus)." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3297.

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Predator cues can influence how aquatic organisms respond to anthropogenic contaminants. This study examined the effects of predator cues on behavior, metabolic rate, and sulfate (as Na2SO4) toxicity in amphipods (Gammarus minus). Predator cues included alarm cue (macerated conspecifics) and kairomone from mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis). Amphipods decreased activity and increased time in refuge when exposed to alarm cue, and increased time in refuge when exposed to kairomone. While median lethal concentrations (96-h LC50) were not influenced by predator cues, analysis of dose response curves

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38

Calvo, Ester. "Effects of pharmaceuticals on fishbehavior : Oxazepam impact on social preferences and responses onpredation risk (olfactory cue mixture) in guppies." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-126098.

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Effects of oxazepam concerning on social behavior in guppies are still unknown. The purpose ofthis thesis is to investigate if the benzodiazepine oxazepam has effects on fish behavior in terms ofsocial preferences and responses to predation risk using an olfactory cue mixture. After anexposure period of 15 days to 100 μg/l of oxazepam, behavioral experiments were performed overtwo days. Results indicate that oxazepam exposed fish were more social at the beginning of theexperiment, which differ from what was expected and from previous social preferences studies.Moreover, less social behavior wa

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Painter, Michael Scott. "Characterizing the Role of Magnetic Cues Underlying Spatial Behavior." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/74049.

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In the 50+ years since the discovery of magnetic compass orientation by migratory songbirds, evidence for the use of magnetic cues has been obtained for a range of taxonomic groups, including several classes of vertebrate and invertebrate taxa. Surprisingly, however, the biophysical mechanisms and biological substrate that underlie magnetic sensing are still not fully understood. Moreover, while use of magnetic cues for compass orientation is intuitive, the functional significance of other forms of behavioral responses mediated by magnetic cues, such as spontaneous magnetic alignment, is less

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Zou, Jie [Verfasser]. "Microscale topographical cues regulate mesenchymal stem cell behaviors / Jie Zou." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1240674678/34.

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41

Field, Matthew J. "Smoking expectancy and physiological, subjective and attentional responses to cues associated with smoking." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.343371.

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42

Ellis, Will A., Trevor Chapman, and Joseph Bidwell. "The Behavior of Gammarus sp. When Exposed to Predation Cues." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/honors/377.

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Predator avoidance behaviors are a critical defense mechanism that can increase the chances of survival for potential prey species. We tested the avoidance behavior of the freshwater amphipod, Gammerus sp., under two different chemical predation cues. The first was the presence of kairomone, which was derived from a species of fish, Gambusia affinis, that was fed a diet exclusively of amphipods. The second predation cue was potential alarm cue derived from macerated conspecific amphipods from the same population as the test species. Response variables included time spent moving after the intro

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43

Sirianni, Lindsey. "Behavioral and Neural Correlates of Misses During Cued Recall." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/812.

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Recognition memory is thought to rely upon both recollection and familiarity. When people recall an episode from the past it is generally considered to reflect the memory process of recollection. Therefore, if people can successfully recall an item, they should be able to recognize it. However, in cued recall paradigms of memory research, participants sometimes correctly recall a studied target word in the presence of a strong semantic cue but then fail to recognize that word as actually having been studied. This paradox and underlying cognitive processes have been minimally studied by scienti

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Tsay, Chia-Jung. "The Impact of Visual Cues on Judgment and Perceptions of Performance." Thesis, Harvard University, 2012. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10329.

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No matter what domain, the judgment of performance occupies a key area of investment. Experts are trained and societal institutions are constructed to judge performance, and to identify, develop, and reward the highest levels of achievement. This research demonstrates that experts are just as vulnerable as novices to being confounded by the vision heuristic--the dominance of visual information over more relevant evaluation metrics. Using a multi-method approach spanning laboratory experiments, surveys, interviews, and field data, this research explores the impact of visual information on judgm

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Naeem, Maliha. "The role of Amygdala in Conditioned Cue Preference learning." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66646.

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The Conditioned Cue Preference (CCP) task, which requires rats to differentiate between two widely separated locations on an 8-arm radial maze, was used to show that this ability is determined by a complex interaction between pre-exposure to the maze (without a reinforcer) and number of training trials (with a reinforcer). Lesion data suggested that the discrimination is learned by two parallel information processes involving different parts of the amygdala (together with other parts of the brain). When the rat has been pre-exposed to the maze, basolateral amygdala (BLA) medi

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True, Aaron Conway. "Ecological engines: Finescale hydrodynamic and chemical cues, zooplankton behavior, and implications for nearshore marine ecosystems." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/54019.

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Ephemeral patches of hydrodynamic and chemical sensory cues at fine scales are fundamentally important to the life success of plankton populations and thus the overall health and vitality of nearshore marine ecosystems. We employed various tools from experimental fluid mechanics to create ecologically-relevant hydrodynamic and chemical conditions in a recirculating flume system for zooplankton behavioral assays. The goal was to quantify and correlate changes in zooplankton behavior with coincident sensory cues. A laminar, planar free jet (the Bickley jet) was used to create finescale, free she

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Cahill, Brian S. "Eyewitness Choosing Behavior: The Role of Ecphoric Experience and Non-Memorial Cues." FIU Digital Commons, 2015. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2269.

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Researchers’ attempts at understanding the processes underlying witness choosing behavior have focused on applying models that predict that identifications will be primarily driven by memorial factors. However, research has shown that several non-memorial variables affect witness choosing behavior (e.g., administrator influence, clothing bias, co-witness information); thus a full understanding of the processes underlying witness choosing behavior needs to account for these effects. While the memory-based models do attempt to provide explanations for the effects of non-memorial based variables

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48

McManus, Susan M. "Gaze Fixation during the Perception of Visual and Auditory Affective Cues." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2009. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/psych_theses/70.

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The accurate integration of audio-visual emotion cues is critical for social interactions and requires efficient processing of facial cues. Gaze behavior of typically developing young adults was measured via eye-tracking during the perception of dynamic audio-visual emotion (DAVE) stimuli. Participants were able to identify basic emotions (angry, fearful, happy, neutral) and determine the congruence of facial expression and prosody. Perception of incongruent videos resulted in increased reaction times and emotion identification consistent with the facial expression. Participants consistently d

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49

Myrick-Bragg, Kennesha. "Effects of Olfactory Cues on the Movement Behavior of the Predatory Beetle Calosoma wilcoxi." VCU Scholars Compass, 2016. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4437.

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Arthropod predators often use prey and conspecific cues to make foraging decisions. Calosoma wilcoxi (Leconte) is a voracious predatory beetle that specializes on lepidopteran larvae often found in the forest canopy, including the fall cankerworm. This study tested the hypothesis that C. wilcoxi uses olfactory cues to detect prey and conspecifics. A Y-tube olfactometer was used to test attractiveness to larvae, larval frass, conspecific cues, and volatiles from herbivore-damaged white oak leaves. C. wilcoxi did not preferentially choose the treatment in any of the experiments. There was no dif

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Harris, Anna Kathleen. "The Impact of Warning Label Exposure on Attentional Bias to Smoking Cues in Smokers and Nonsmokers." W&M ScholarWorks, 2013. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626741.

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