Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Behavioral energy use'

Complete overview of energy use in a residential building is depends on many different factors. When analyzing proper and effective ways for energy reducing/conserving systems, often times only technological solutions for households appliances are considered. Human behavior has been shown to be an important factor affecting the overall energy use in the household. Many aspects of energy use are directly connected to user behavior and are affected by how the user utilizes available systems. This paper focuses on describing the mean influencing causes of human environmental psychology based on study on a Swedish suburb community, called Fårdala. User behaviors and actions affecting residential energy use are analyzed and presented in form of eleven (11) abstract triggers to households energy use. Finally an energy monitoring system based on the findings are purposed. What is found from study on human psychology, shows that human behavior is mainly controlled by three (3) key categories of behavior. Conscious/voluntary behavior, Socio-environmental/cultural based behavior and Systemic/learned behavior. Out of the three, while the last one poses as most influential on behavior related energy use, it is also the hardest to affect and change. To effectively counteract the negative effects of user behavior on residential energy use, energy saving devices should react more accordingly to the users and offer engagement. Such a system is an energy monitoring device, which allows for a “double-sided” communication with the user. The user is presented with relevant information about real-time energy use of all of the systems and is able to make changes on the fly. The system should also be able to learn and apply energy saving actions based on user behavior.

Thesis: S.M. in Transportation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2013.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 101-109).
Household in-home activities and out-of-home transportation are two major sources of urban energy consumption. In light of China's rapid urbanization and income growth, changing lifestyles and consumer patterns - evident in increased ownership of appliances and motor vehicles - will have a large impact on residential energy use in the future. The pattern of growth of Chinese cities may also play an intertwined role in influencing and being influenced by consumption patterns and, thus energy use. Nonetheless, models for evaluating energy demand often neglect the evolution of appliance & vehicle ownership and directly correlate consumption with static characteristics without explicit behavioral links. In this thesis I aim to provide a comprehensive method for understanding household energy behavior over time. Using household survey data and neighborhood form characteristics from Jinan, a mid-sized Chinese city, I explore the relationship between neighborhood design and household-level behaviors and their impact on final energy consumption. My ultimate goal is to provide the modeling engine for the "Energy Proforma©" a tool intended to help developers, designers, and policy-makers implement more energy-efficient neighborhoods. To predict in-home and transportation energy use, and their trade-offs, I develop an integrated household-level micro-simulation framework. The simulation tool is based on a total of eight inter-related behavioral models which estimate out-of-home energy use by predicting trip generation, mode choice and trip length for each household and in-home energy use according to different energy sources. In the various sub-models, relevant dimensions of neighborhood form and design are included as explanatory variables. These models are then combined with modules that update household demographics, appliance & vehicle ownership information, and activity trade-off patterns. These inter-linked models can then be used to estimate the long-term effects of neighborhood design on household energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Unlike separate in-home or out-of-home energy demand models, I develop an integrated simulation framework for forecasting. It captures estimated trade-off effects between in-home and transportation energy-consuming behaviors. The approach produces indicators of detailed behavioral outcomes such as trip mode and trip length choice, making it easier to relate policies, such as mode-oriented strategies, to ultimate outcomes of interest. I ultimately aim to provide urban designers, developers, and policy makers a decision support tool to explore and compare long-term energy performance across proposed neighborhood development projects.
by Feifei Yu.
S.M. in Transportation

As the effects of global climate change become increasingly apparent, many concerned individuals are making efforts to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. One simple and effective method of reducing one s personal carbon footprint is through energy conservation behavior. Studies have shown that occupant behavior can control as much as 50% of residential energy use and that energy use varies widely between residences with the same number of occupants depending on consumption behavior. In light of this, energy conservation behavior is a valuable method of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and curbing the effects of climate change. Motivating people to conserve energy could have profound positive effects on the environment. The following study applies Icek Ajzen s Theory of Planned Behavior (1991) to energy conservation behavior among college students in the state of Florida. This research tests the hypothesis that pro-environmental attitudes, influence of peers, and a high level of perceived control over behavior have a significant impact on energy conservation behavior.
M.A.
Department of Sociology
Sciences
Applied Sociology MA

Research on interventions aimed to promote energy savings has shown support for direct feedback using in-home displays (IHDs) to reduce energy consumption. These displays are electronic devices that provide real-time energy information and are emerging as an effective tool to communicate with people about their energy consumption. How feedback is presented to people and how they understand the meaning of such feedback largely depends on the design of the display, yet there are relatively few studies that investigate the way in which the display can best be designed to present energy information and motivate energy-saving behaviour. Further, even though there is a wide range of variations in the visual presentation of feedback, there is a lack of focus on the process of optimising the IHD design. This thesis aims to address the need for designing IHDs at the display component level, by examining three types of display design (numerical displays, analogue displays using speedometer dials, and ambient displays using emotional faces) in both laboratory-based computer-simulated experiments and field-based experiments: participants’ abilities to detect changes in energy information shown on the computer-simulated displays were measured by means of accuracy rate and response time, and their subjective preferences for display types were assessed against experimental data; live energy data were displayed using the three design types in a student residence at the University of Bath to see how they would influence energy-use behaviour. Results from the laboratory experiments demonstrated that both accuracy rate and response time for seeing changes in the information displayed were strongly associated with the type of display design. Participants preferred numerical display and were better at detecting changes in information with this display than with the other two. Conversely, the student residence experiments showed that when participants’ attention was divided in a household setting, there was no difference in energy consumption among experimental groups who received information from any of the three display types. However, these experimental groups used significantly less energy compared with control groups, who had no displays installed. It was concluded that 1) the mere presence of a display device could influence people’s behaviour, regardless of the type of display design, people’s preferences or the level of user engagement with the display, although there was a strong indication that the ambient design worked better than the other two designs at an arbitrary statistical significance level of 0.95, and 2) subjective preferences and computer-simulated studies are poor guides to the actual performance of IHDs in real-world settings. This work helps establish how IHDs can be designed and the influence that they may have on people’s energy-consumption behaviour. It also contributes to the literature of exploring people’s perceptibility of energy information. The method used is replicable and can be applied in similar studies on energy display design. Lastly, the improved understanding gained through this work will facilitate the development of effective smart meter display technology that may help people adopt conscious energy behaviour in the long term.

This thesis focus on the free rider problem, well known in the field of economics. It is an unwanted situation that gives rise to unnecessary deadweight costs. The aim of this thesis is to analyse the free rider problem that occur when rent include housing utilities and especially when electricity is billed collectively. A Difference-in-Differences design has been applied on two different sets of panel data covering tenants electricity consumption. The results show that tenants use 21.3 percent more electricity when not paying directly for their own electricity consumption. This thesis also shed some light on different components of this problem. The findings in this thesis contributes to the limited research in this field with new empirical evidence.

Este trabalho utiliza indicadores de energia para caracterizar unidades consumidoras da Universidade de São Paulo pelo comportamento no uso da eletricidade e estabelecer prioridades de atuação para gestão dos recursos e ações de eficiência energética. Os indicadores foram aplicados na base de dados de consumo de energia extraídos da ferramenta de gestão da USP, o SISGEN, juntamente com as informações físicas, de ocupação, principais usos finais e custos de utilização da energia, em 48 unidades da Cidade Universitária Armando de Sales Oliveira. Os resultados foram utilizados para elaborar listas de prioridades de atuação para cada um dos indicadores e, a partir da análise desses resultados foi possível identificar tendências e semelhanças de comportamento no uso da energia elétrica no campus. Visando auxiliar na análise dos resultados, utilizou-se de uma classificação prévia por especialidades de ensino ou atividades desenvolvidas e, dois períodos distintos, cujo comportamento tende a sofrer alterações, ou seja, letivo e férias escolares. De posse de todas as informações e resultados elaborou-se uma classificação final no intuito de auxiliar os gestores na priorização das ações de gestão dos recursos e eficiência energética.
The work here presented uses indicators to classify energy consumption units at Universidade de São Paulo by consumption behavior and also to prioritize actions on resources management and establish energy efficiency actions. Such indicators have been applied to the energy consumption data base from the USP management tool, called SISGEN, together with current information on: occupation; main final uses and energy use costs gathered from 48 consumption units at Cidade Universitária Armando de Sales Oliveira. The results have been used to elaborate action priority lists to each one of the mentioned indicators. Besides, based on the analysis of these results, it has been possible to identify tendencies and similarities on the electric energy use at the campus. In order to support the results analysis, units have been previously classified in education specialties or activity developed, and also in two different periods of the year, when their behavior tend to vary: school vacation and teaching period. With all results and necessary information in hands a final classification has been established which goal was to support managers on prioritizing manage resources and establish energy efficiency actions.

Demand for potable water and energy is increasing with growing populations and economies and many fear that scarcity of such resources will become a significant worldwide problem in the future. As such, promoting water and energy conservation in residential building environments has become an important focal area for research. Providing feedback of water or energy consumption to residential building occupants has been demonstrated to be effective in promoting water and energy conservation separately. However, although water and energy are inexorably connected, we lack research that investigates the bridge between water and energy in the representation of feedback to promote water conservation. In this paper, we describe a study that was designed to investigate the impact of two different representations of water consumption feedback on water conservation. Water consumption was represented to consumers in one of two different ways: 1) gallons and 2) gallons along with the estimated embodied energy of water consumption. The study was conducted in 18 residential halls at Virginia Tech and lasted approximately six weeks. The outcome of the study suggests that representing water consumption in terms of gallons together with the embodied energy associated with water consumption can lead to a statistically significant reduction in water conservation while representing water consumption only in terms of gallons may not. This has significant implications for future water feedback designed to promote water conservation and the study indicates that non-monetary approach can be taken.
Master of Science

Light-framed wood structures generally have satisfied the life safety objective of the current seismic design approach. The main source of energy dissipation in such structures is the inelastic behavior of the connectors connecting framing and sheathing elements. Wood framed structures when subjected to strong ground excitations experience structural and non-structural damage which may incur large repair/replacement costs or may even render the structure out of service. Thus, it is very important to apply techniques to mitigate the seismic response of the light-framed structures and avoid large monetary losses. It is proposed to use commercially available permanent magnets, incorporated in the form of passive friction dampers, to dissipate a part of input energy induced due to strong ground motions, thereby reducing the inelastic energy dissipation demand of the lateral load resisting system. The force of attraction between the permanent magnet and ferromagnetic material like steel was utilized to produce the required friction resistance. A sliding wall configuration consisting of flexible permanent magnets and steel plates sandwiched between the plywood sheets was analyzed for its effectiveness in mitigating the response of a two story wood shear wall structure. The structural analysis program SAP2000 was used to perform nonlinear dynamic analysis of the finite element models generated using the meshing algorithms incorporated into â WoodFrameMeshâ . Nonlinear link elements available in SAP2000 were used to model the friction between the flexible magnet sheet and the steel plate. The effects of various modeling parameters on the solution of the nonlinear analysis were studied so as to arrive at appropriate values to represent the friction problem. Also the friction damped structure was analyzed to study its forced and free vibration characteristics. Further, the responses of the friction damped structure and the undamped structure were compared when subjected to different ground accelerations. The response of the friction damped structure was also compared to that of the structure in which the proposed friction dampers were replaced by normal shear walls. A huge reduction in the response of the friction damped structure was observed when compared to the response of the undamped structure. The friction damped structure was also analyzed for different values of modal damping ratios. Over all about 60-80% of the input energy was dissipated by friction damping in all the cases. The slip resistance of a flexible permanent magnet sheet was also verified in the laboratory. Above all the magnetic properties of commercially available permanent magnets and the effects of strong permanent magnets on human health were also studied.
Master of Science

The threat of human induced climate change is imminent. The reason is an everyincreasing demand for energy and products, producing more and more greenhousegas emissions. Everybody needs to take responsibility now. The estimations are thatwith 2% annual energy savings from residential households 12TWh and 3.3 billionmetric tonnes of CO2 can be saved per year. Greenely, a startup from KIC InnoEnergy,wants to engage residential households to change their energy behaviour athome. They combine a smartphone application with the smart meter infrastructureto reduce households energy demand. Changing behaviour is complicated and researchprior to this thesis revealed that information and economic incentives aloneare not sufficient.A simple and proven technique to change behaviour is Nudging. A gentle pushin the right direction while leaving the freedom of choice. A popular example is aprinted fly in the men’s urinal. It nudges them to aim at the fly. The cleaning costswere reduced by 80% at the Schiphol Airport Amsterdam.Without application usage change is impossible for Greenely. Their main contacttool to households is a smartphone application. The smartphone market is vast andcompetition between applications is strong. Therefore the system outline needs toprecede Nudging for ongoing engagement and long term change. To achieve thatGamification practices are implemented. It is the incorporation of game design intonon-gaming contexts to achieve engagement through motivation and fun.This master thesis is done in cooperation with Greenely and focuses on residentialdemand reduction schemas, Nudging and Gamification. The aim is to improvetheir actual application and create an outline for an improved version that promoteslong term behaviour change. The result incorporates the most suitable features fromthe relevant topics and enables long term change.

Advances in structural systems that resist extreme loading such as earthquake forces are important in their ability to reduce damages, improve performance, increase resilience, and improve the reliability of structures. Buckling resistant shear panels can be used to form new structural systems, which have been shown in preliminary analysis to have improved hysteretic behavior including increased stiffness and energy dissipating ability. Both of these characteristics lead to reduced drifts during earthquakes, which in turn leads to a reduction of drift related structural and nonstructural damage. Shear links are being used for seismic energy dissipation in some structures. A promising type of fuse implemented in structures for seismic energy dissipation, and seismic load resistance consists of a steel plate with cutouts leaving various shaped shear links. During a severe earthquake, inelastic deformation and damage would be concentrated in the shear links that are part of replaceable structural fuses, while the other elements of the building remain in the elastic state. In this study, by identifying the issues associated with general fuses previously used in structures, the behavior of the links is investigated and procedures to improve the behavior of the links are explained. In this study, a promising type of hysteretic damper used for seismic energy dissipation of a steel plate with cutouts leaving butterfly-shaped links subjected to shear deformations. These links have been proposed more recently to better align bending capacity with the shape of the moment diagram by using a linearly varying width between larger ends and a smaller middle section. Butterfly-shaped links have been shown in previous tests to be capable of substantial ductility and energy dissipation, but can also be prone to lateral torsional buckling. The mathematical investigations are conducted to predict, explain and analyze the butterfly-shaped shear links behavior for use in seismic structural fuses. The ductile and brittle limit states identified based on the previous studies, are mathematically explained and prediction equations are proposed accordingly. Design methodologies are subsequently conceptualized for structural shear links to address shear yielding, flexural yielding and buckling limit states for a typical link subjected to shear loading to promote ductile deformation modes. The buckling resistant design of the links is described with the aid of differential equations governing the links� buckling behavior. The differential equations solution procedures are developed for a useful range of link geometries and the statistical analysis is conducted to propose an equation for critical buckling moment. Computational studies on the fuses are conducted with finite element analysis software. The computational modeling methodology is initially verified with laboratory tests. Two parametric computational studies were completed on butterfly-shaped links to study the effect of varying geometries on the shear yielding and flexural yielding limit states as well as the buckling behavior of the different butterfly-shaped link geometries. It is shown that the proposed critical moment for brittle limit state has 98% accuracy, while the prediction equations for ductile limit states have more than 97% accuracy as well. Strategies for controlling lateral torsional buckling in butterfly links are recommended and are validated through comparison with finite element models. The backbone behavior of the seismic butterfly-shaped link is formulized and compared with computational models. In the second parametric study, the geometrical properties effects on a set of output parameters are investigated for a 112 computational models considering initial imperfection, and it is indicated that the narrower mid-width would reach to their limit states in lower displacement as compared to wider mid-width ones. The work culminates in a system-level validation of the proposed structural fuses with the design and analysis of shear link structural fuses for application in three buildings with different seismic force resisting systems. Six options for shear link geometry are designed for each building application using the design methodologies and predictive equations developed in this work and as guided by the results of the parametric studies. Subsequently, the results obtained for each group is compared to the conventional systems. The effect of implementation of the seismic links in multi-story structures is investigated by analyzing two prototype structures, with butterfly-shaped links and simple conventional beam. The results of the nonlinear response history analysis are summarized for 44 ground motions under Maximum Considered Event (MCE) and Design Basic Earthquake (DBE) ground motion hazard levels. It is shown that implementation of the butterfly-shaped links will lead to higher dissipated energy compared to conventional Eccentrically Braced Frame (EBF) systems. It is concluded that implementation of the seismic shear links significantly improves the energy dissipation capability of the systems compared to conventional systems, while the stiffness and strength are close in these two systems.
Ph. D.
Structural fuses are replaceable elements of a structure that are designed to yield and protect the surrounding members from damages, and then be accessible and replaceable after a major event. Several studies have indicated that steel plates with cutouts would have advantages for use in structural fuses. Having cutouts in a steel plate would make different shapes inside of the plate, which are called structural links. To have the same yielding condition all over the links, it is tried to better align the capacity of the links with the shape of the demand diagram caused by loading, which would be leading to the efficient implementation of the steel. In general, links are implemented to substantially increase the energy dissipation capacity of a structure and significantly reduce the energy dissipation demand on the framing members of a structure. For these purposes, various shapes have been proposed in this research study. The main feature of a replaceable link system is that the inelasticity is concentrated at the steel link while the beams and columns remain almost elastic. This study investigated the general behavior of the fuses, the applicability of them for space-constrained applications, the flexure, shear and buckling limit states affecting the behavior of the links. The computational analysis methodologies to model the links are explained and confirmed with the behavior of the different experiment tests as well as the proposed brittle limit state prediction equations. Subsequently, the two parametric studies are done to investigate the effect of geometrical properties on the links output results and establish prediction equations. The results from the analytical and computational studies for the seismic links are incorporated for seismic investigation of multi-story buildings. The results of seismic analysis of the two buildings are summarized for 44 ground motions.

Plug loads—traditionally viewed as behaviorally motivated and beyond the control of designers and operations—are now seen as an integral part of achieving low-energy building targets. Higher education institutions are increasingly recognizing the environmental impacts of campus facilities through holistic approaches to energy savings including energy efficient design and occupant engagement. Residence halls are a compelling example because students bring large numbers of electronics to their rooms and have unlimited access to power for an all-inclusive room rate and resource usage competitions and campaigns are commonplace. However, limited research exists on residence halls plug loads. This dissertation asked the following of residence halls: (1) What are the measured plug loads and how do they compare with design estimates? (2) What role do building design characteristics play in plug loads? (3) What are the specific occupant behaviors that could influence future design? (4) How can plug loads be better understood in terms of behavior, design, and operations? To answer these questions, a sequential mixed methods study included field measurements and student surveys in six residence halls on three Oregon campuses followed by 24 interviews with designers, operators, and students. Findings suggest that plug loads in occupied residence halls are higher and usage profiles differ from design predictions. Results do not show significant correlations between design characteristics and plug loads but suggest that some room/suite level features may play a somewhat stronger role. Survey responses indicated that students are doing more with fewer smart devices, which suggests opportunities for students sharing energy intensive devices. Lighting emerged as both a practical and a social consideration. Finally, the data revealed “balance of power” as a coherent process that explicates the relationships between design, operations, and behavior. Designers have the power to recommend plug load strategies and technologies but are limited by costs, maintenance, and political concerns; operations personnel have the power to impose limits on student power usage but are often reluctant to interfere with the overall living experience; and students have the power to use plug load electricity with few restrictions. This suggests that the balance may be skewed toward student behavior.

University research buildings are significant energy consumers in the United States. There is therefore a need to reduce energy use on the nation\'s campuses, not only cutting their carbon footprints but also saving money. Universities\' efforts to reduce energy use include updating older facilities, implementing renewable energy systems, and encouraging energy saving behavior. This study evaluated the differential effects of two forms of feedback on electricity consumption in two groups of research buildings on a college campus to determine whether providing feedback to energy users has an impact on energy conservation behavior. A control group of buildings received no feedback regarding their electricity use. In the first study group of buildings, occupants received information about their electricity consumption with some electricity saving tips, distributed via email. The same procedure was followed with building occupants in the second study group, who received additional information showing their electricity consumption performance in comparison to other buildings within the study group. The baseline reading was conducted a week before the experiment began in August, 2012. Over the course of the five week study, the daily adjusted average reductions in electricity usage compared to the control group were less than 1 percent for both study groups, with study group 1 achieving an average reduction of 0.2 percent and study group 2 an average reduction of 0.8 percent. Although the reduction observed for study group 2 was 4 times greater than that for study group 1, the saving was not continuous over the study period. Accordingly, the result was deemed to be not statistically significant and the effectiveness of comparative energy use feedback in university research buildings was not supported. However, even small savings in the energy used in university research buildings can be very important in terms of the total amount of energy saved because research buildings use significantly more energy than other buildings on campus such as academic buildings and residence blocks. This study concludes with a consideration of potentially fruitful directions for future research into developing new ways to reduce the energy consumption on university campuses.

Master of Science

O consumo de energia total residencial mundial aumentou 23% na última década e deverá aumentar mais 48% até 2040. Uma estratégia para a economia de energia é a mudança do comportamento dos usuários por meio da apresentação do feedback do consumo. O feedback pode ser apresentado em dispositivos visuais que são aparelhos eletrônicos que medem o consumo de eletricidade das casas e repassam esta informação aos usuários com a intenção de reduzi-lo. Pesquisas anteriores mostram que prover feedback com uso destes dispositivos pode gerar uma redução de 5 a 20% do consumo. No entanto, existem poucas pesquisas sobre o design de tais dispositivos que abordem a preferência e o entendimento do conteúdo (dados que podem ser apresentados no dispositivo) e do modo de apresentação (formato de apresentação do conteúdo). Estudos sugerem que as decisões de design variam conforme o tipo de usuário (crianças, adultos e idosos) e o contexto cultural no qual o dispositivo está inserido. Este trabalho explora os tipos de informações (ex.: consumo instantâneo, consumo por aparelho, etc.) e o formato da informação (numérico, analógico e ambiental) de um dispositivo visual mais adequado ao contexto brasileiro, considerando o tipo de usuário. Com base nos resultados de 7 grupos focados realizados com 50 participantes (20 crianças, 20 adultos e 10 idosos), foram desenvolvidos diretrizes e modelos conceituais para cada tipo de usuário Todos os participantes consideraram o consumo instantâneo importante. Entretanto, para idosos não é necessário apresentar esta informação visto que eles não gostariam de interagir com o dispositivo mais de uma vez ao dia, ao contrário dos adultos e crianças. Para aumentar o conhecimento do uso de energia dos usuários e encorajar a mudança de comportamento, também deve ser apresentada as informações de consumo cumulativo, consumo por aparelhos e dicas. Adultos e idosos preferem comparação histórica ao contrário das crianças que preferem informações que gerem a competição, como a comparação normativa. As informações sobre a preferência e o entendimento são importantes para o desenvolvimento de interfaces de dispositivos visuais que atendam aos requisitos dos usuários. Além disso, como os dispositivos visuais ainda não estão amplamente inseridos no Brasil, este trabalho pode contribuir para que o seu design proporcione o aumento da redução do consumo de energia.
The residential energy consumption in the world has increased by 23% in the past decade and is expected to rise 48% until 2040. One strategy to save energy is to change user behavior by presenting feedback on energy consumption. The feedback can be presented in electronic in-home displays which measure the household energy consumption and pass this information to users with the intention of reducing consumption. Previous research has shown that providing feedback can lead to reductions of 5 to 20%. However, there is still limited research on the design of such devices. The design of visual devices involves decisions regarding the preference and understanding of information types (data that can be displayed in a device) and information formats (ways to present different information types). Studies suggest that design decisions vary according to the type of user (children, adults and elderly) and the cultural context in which the device is inserted. This work explores the information formats (e.g. real-time consumption, consumption of each appliance, etc.) and the information formats (numerical, analogue and ambient) of an in-home display suited to the Brazilian context, considering the type of user Based on the results of 7 focus groups totaling 50 participants (20 children, 20 adults and 10 elderly), guidelines and prototypes were developed for each type of user. All participants considered real-time consumption important. However, it is not necessary to present this information for the elderly since they would not want to interact with the display more than once a day, unlike adults and children. Cumulative consumption, disaggregation by appliance and tips should also be presented for all type of users to increase awareness of energy usage and encourage behavior change. Adults and the elderly prefer historical comparison on contrary to children who prefer information that generates competition, such as normative comparison. Information about user preference and understanding is important for the development of in-home displays interfaces that meet user requirements. In addition, since in-home displays are not yet extensively adopted in Brazil, this work can contribute to the design of such displays that to further reduce the energy consumption.

Jali screens are traditional window treatments in vernacular buildings throughout South Asia and the Middle East. Contemporary builders are starting to incorporate Jali screens as decorative façade elements; however, architects and scholars have largely ignored the impact of Jali screens on overall building energy and day-lighting performance. This research evaluates the effect of Jali screens, across a range of perforation ratios, on energy utilization and day-lighting quality in contemporary office buildings. The data collection and analysis is through fieldwork in Lahore, Pakistan, as well as through computational energy modeling. Results demonstrate that Jali screens have a promising positive impact on cooling loads and may improve visual comfort. The findings suggest a holistic perspective combining traditional architecture and performance enhancement by architects and designers.

Au cours des dernières années, la révolution numérique a continué sa progression. Les technologies de l'information et des communications (TIC) ont totalement changé la vie quotidienne des gens à leur domicile (concept de « maison numérique »). Pendant ce temps, non seulement le volume des émissions de CO2 produit par les TIC, ce qu'on appelle l'empreinte carbone, est sans cesse en croissance mais elle s'accompagne également d'une hausse du prix de l'électricité, augmentant fortement la part des équipements numériques dans la budget global des ménages. Ainsi, pour des raisons environnementale et économique, réduire la consommation d'énergie dans les nombreux équipements du réseau domestique est devenu un enjeu majeur. Dans ce contexte, la thèse porte sur la conception, l'évaluation et la mise en œuvre d'un ensemble de mécanismes dans le but de répondre aux problèmes de consommation d'énergie sur les réseaux locaux rassemblant les équipements numériques domestiques. Nous proposons un réseau de contrôle qui est formé par des noeuds de contrôle de l'énergie placés au-dessus du réseau traditionnel. Chaque nœud de contrôle est relié à un dispositif en vue de coordonner les états d'alimentation de l'équipement domestique associé.. Un démonstrateur pour un système Home Power Efficiency (HOPE) a également été mis en œuvre. Il démontre la faisabilité de la solution technique que nous proposons pour le contrôle de l'énergie dans un réseau domestique réel avec des scénarios réels qui sont souvent utilisées par utilisateur. Après avoir analysé le mode d'utilisation des équipements du réseau domestique, nous proposons un système de gestion d'énergie qui contrôle ces équipements minimisant ainsi que leur consommation. Le système est basé sur l'analyse des services collaboratifs, chaque service est découpé en blocs fonctionnels atomiques, distribués dans les différents équipements. Cela permet de gérer avec plus de précision les besoins énergétiques de chaque équipement de manière à n'alimenter que les composants nécessaires au service demandé. Pour conclure ces travaux, nous avons également cherché à minimiser les impacts de l'économie d'énergie sur la qualité d'expérience perçue par l'utilisateur (notamment le délai d'activation des services). Nous proposons un système de gestion d'énergie pour des services collaboratifs offrant plusieurs compromis possibles entre la consommation d'énergie et le délai d'activation des services dans un réseau domestique. Il est complété par un algorithme d'apprentissage du comportement des utilisateurs domestiques
In recent years, Information and Communications Technology (ICT) has totally changed the people daily life in the Digital Home. Meanwhile, not only the amount of CO2 emission of ICT, so called ''footprint'', is increasing without cease, but also the price of electricity is constantly rising. Thus, it is quite important to reduce energy consumption in the home network and home devices for the environmental and economic reasons. In order to cope with this context, the thesis concerns the design, the evaluation, and the implementation of a novel set of mechanisms with the purpose of responding to home network energy consumption problems. We proposed firstly an Overlay Energy Control Network which is formed by the overlay energy control nodes. Each node is connected to one device which forms an overlay control network to coordinate the power states of the device. Then, a testbed for HOme Power Efficiency system (HOPE) is implemented to demonstrate the technical solution for energy control in a real home network environment with several frequently used scenarios. After analyzing user's way of use of their home network equipment, we propose a power management which controls the devices based on the analysis of the collaborative services. These frequently used collaborative services require different functional blocks in different devices. This model provides the possibility to turn on the right requested functional blocks in the right device at the right moment. Finally, based on the former contribution, the collaborative overlay power management offers several possible tradeoffs between the power consumption and the waiting delay in the home network

The goal of this dissertation is to demonstrate that data from a remotely located building can be utilized for energy modeling of a similar type of building and to demonstrate how to use this remote data without physically moving the data from one server to another using Virtual Information Fabric Infrastructure (VIFI). In order to achieve this goal, firstly an EnergyPlus model was created for Greek Life Center, a campus building located at University of North Texas campus at Denton in Texas, USA. Three thermal comfort models of Fanger model, Pierce two-node model and KSU two-node model were compared in order to find which one of these three models is most accurate to predict occupant thermal comfort. This study shows that Fanger's model is most accurate in predicting thermal comfort. Secondly, an experimental data pertaining to lighting usage and occupancy in a single-occupancy office from Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) has been implemented in order to perform energy analysis of Greek Life Center assuming that occupants in this building's offices behave similarly as occupants in CMU. Thirdly, different data types, data formats and data sources were identified which are required in order to develop a city-scale urban building energy model (CS-UBEM). Two workflows were created, one for an individual scale building energy model and another one for CS-UBEM. A new innovative infrastructure called as Virtual Information Fabric Infrastructure (VIFI) has been introduced in this dissertation. The workflows proposed in this study will demonstrate in the future work that by using VIFI infrastructure to develop building energy models there is a potential of using data for remote servers without actually moving the data. It has been successfully demonstrated in this dissertation that data located at remote location can be used credibly to predict energy consumption of a newly built building. When the remote experimental data of both lighting and occupancy are implemented, 4.57% energy savings was achieved in the Greek Life Center energy model.

Analyse de l'évolution des materiaux et des techniques ainsi que des consequences induites par celles-ci sur la conception du bati. Importance du concept de masse (ou inertie) quant a son influence sur le comportement thermique du batiment vis a vis du rayonnement solaire. Etat des connaissances sur les materiaux presentant un changement de phase, utilisables dans les parois du batiment. Modelisation physique, experimentation sur modeles reduits et a l'echelle 1; methodes numeriques de traitement du signal

Under de senaste åren har användningen av mobilapplikationer i smartphones ökat och kommer förmodligen fortsätta att göra det. Smartphoneanvändare ställer ofta höga krav och vill nästan alltid ha bättre prestanda i smartphones vilket driver utvecklingen framåt. Dock har många smartphoneanvändare klagat på att batteriet inte räcker till för deras användning. Enligt olika forskare är inte batteriet dåligt utan det är mobilapplikationer som förbrukar för mycket energi. De flesta studier som handlar om energiförbrukningen i mobilapplikationer fokuserar mycket på de tekniska aspekterna och det finns relativt lite kunskap om vad användare tycker om energiförbrukningen. Detta har skapat ett behov av att forska mer om användningen av mobilapplikationer utifrån användarens perspektiv. Syftet med denna studie är att ta reda på om mobilapplikationers energiförbrukning påverkar hur smartphoneanvändare använder mobilapplikationer. För att samla in kunskap om detta har sammanlagt åtta smartphoneanvändare intervjuats med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer. Studiens resultat visar bland annat att användningen påverkas på olika sätt och det har även visat sig att vissa applikationer påverkar användningen mer än andra. Studien presenterar också vilka inställningar som användare brukar ändra på för att minska energiförbrukningen i mobilapplikationer.

Depuis plusieurs décennies, les prix des énergies sont sujets à une volatilité croissante pesant considérablement sur l’ensemble de l’économie. Comparée aux prix des autres matières premières (comme, par exemple, les métaux précieux, ou encore les produits agricoles), l’évolution des produits énergétiques est apparue exceptionnellement incertaine, tant à long terme qu’à court terme. Dans un contexte économique global, ce phénomène acquiert toute son importance tant les dommages sur l’économie réelle d’une forte variation des prix des matières premières peuvent être conséquents. Cette thèse s’intéresse donc aux causes profondes expliquant ces fluctuations. Plus spécifiquement, en unissant les différents champs de l’économie de l’énergie, de l’économétrie, de la finance et de la psychologie, elle s’attache à comprendre le phénomène de financiarisation des commodités et les relations étroites entre marchés financiers et marchés des matières premières. Cette réflexion s’articule en trois thèmes : d’une part la relation entre les prix des différentes énergies et leurs propriétés financières est analysée, d’autre part les aspects émotionnels et comportementaux des marchés sont étudiés, enfin les liens directs entre marchés boursiers et marchés de commodités sont abordés
Since decades, energy prices are subject to increasing volatility affecting the whole economy. Compared to other commodity prices (for example precious metals and agro-industrial), energy price dynamics appear to be extremely uncertain both at short and long run. In a global economic context, this phenomenon is very important since intense variations of commodity prices can be tragic to real economy. This thesis focuses on the true nature of these movements. More formally, we investigate the commodity markets’ financialization, as well as the relationships between commodity and stock markets by unifying the fields of energy economics, econometrics, finance and psychology. This analysis is based on three themes: first energy prices relationships and their financial properties are analyzed, and then the behavioral and emotional specification of energy markets are studied, finally comovements between stock and commodity markets’ volatility are considered

The electric power systems are currently being transformed through the integration of intermittent renewable energy resources and new types of electric loads. These developments run the risk of increasing mismatches between electricity supply and demand, and may cause non-favorable utilization rates of some power system components. Using Demand Response (DR) from flexible loads in the building stock is a promising solution to overcome these challenges for electricity market actors. However, as DR is not used at a large scale today, there are validity concerns regarding its cost-benefit and reliability when compared to traditional investment options in the power sector, e.g. network refurbishment. To analyze the potential in DR solutions, bottom-up simulation models which capture consumption processes in buildings is an alternative. These models must be simple enough to allow aggregations of buildings to be instantiated and at the same time intricate enough to include variations in individual behaviors of end-users. This is done so the electricity market actor can analyze how large volumes of flexibility acts in various market and power system operation contexts, but also can appreciate how individual end-users are affected by DR actions in terms of cost and comfort. The contribution of this thesis is bottom-up simulation models for generating load profiles in detached houses and office buildings. The models connect end-user behavior with the usage of appliances and hot water loads through non-homogenous Markov chains, along with physical modeling of the indoor environment and consumption of heating and cooling loads through lumped capacitance models. The modeling is based on a simplified approach where openly available data and statistics are used, i.e. data that is subject to privacy limitations, such as smart meter measurements are excluded. The models have been validated using real load data from detached houses and office buildings, related models in literature, along with energy-use statistics from national databases. The validation shows that the modeling approach is sound and can provide reasonably accurate load profiles as the error results are in alignment with related models from other research groups. This thesis is a composite thesis of five papers. Paper 1 presents a bottom-up simulation model to generate load profiles from space heating, hot water and appliances in detached houses. Paper 2 presents a data analytic framework for analyzing electricity-use from heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) loads and appliance loads in an office building. Paper 3 presents a non-homogeneous Markov chain model to simulate representative occupancy profiles in single office rooms. Paper 4 utilizes the results in paper 2 and 3 to describe a bottom-up simulation model that generates load profiles in office buildings including HVAC loads and appliances. Paper 5 uses the model in paper 1 to analyze the technical feasibility of using DR to solve congestion problems in a distribution grid.
Integrering av förnybara energikällor och nya typer av laster i de elektriska energisystemen är möjliga svar till klimatförändringar och uttömning av ändliga naturresurser. Denna integration kan dock öka obalanserna mellan utbud och efterfrågan av elektricitet, och orsaka en ogynnsam utnyttjandegrad av vissa kraftsystemkomponenter. Att använda efterfrågeflexibilitet (Demand Response) i byggnadsbeståndet är en möjlig lösning till dessa problem för olika elmarknadsaktörer. Men eftersom efterfrågeflexibilitet inte används i stor skala idag finns det obesvarade frågor gällande lösningens kostnadsnytta och tillförlitlighet jämfört med traditionella investeringsalternativ i kraftsektorn. För att analysera efterfrågeflexibilitetslösningar är botten-upp-simuleringsmodeller som fångar elförbrukningsprocesser i byggnaderna ett alternativ. Dessa modeller måste vara enkla nog för att kunna representera aggregeringar av många byggnader men samtidigt tillräckligt komplicerade för att kunna inkludera unika slutanvändarbeteenden. Detta är nödvändigt när elmarknadsaktören vill analysera hur stora volymer efterfrågeflexibilitet påverkar elmarknaden och kraftsystemen, men samtidigt förstå hur styrningen inverkar på den enskilda slutanvändaren.  Bidraget från denna avhandling är botten-upp-simuleringsmodeller för generering av elförbrukningsprofiler i småhus och kontorsbyggnader. Modellerna kopplar slutanvändarbeteende med elförbrukning från apparater och varmvattenanvändning tillsammans med fysikaliska modeller av värmedynamiken i byggnaderna. Modellerna är byggda på en förenklad approach som använder öppen data och statistisk, där data som har integritetsproblem har exkluderats. Simuleringsresultat har validerats mot elförbrukningsdata från småhus och kontorsbyggnader,  relaterade modeller från andra forskargrupper samt energistatistik från nationella databaser. Valideringen visar att modellerna kan generera elförbrukningsprofiler med rimlig noggrannhet. Denna avhandling är en sammanläggningsavhandling bestående av fem artiklar. Artikel 1 presenterar botten-upp-simuleringsmodellen för genereringen av elförbrukningsprofiler från uppvärmning, varmvatten och apparater i småhus. Artikel 2 presenterar ett dataanalytiskt ramverk för analys av elanvändningen från uppvärmning, ventilation, och luftkonditioneringslaster (HVAC) och apparatlaster i en kontorsbyggnad. Artikel 3 presenterar en icke-homogen Markovkedjemodell för simulering av representativa närvaroprofiler i enskilda kontorsrum. Artikel  4 använder resultaten i artiklarna  2 och 3 för att beskriva en botten-upp-simuleringsmodell för generering av elförbrukningsprofiler från HVAC-laster och apparater i kontorsbyggnader. Artikel  5 använder modellen i artikel 1 för att analysera den tekniska möjligheten att använda efterfrågeflexibilitet för att lösa överbelastningsproblem i ett eldistributionsnät.

QC 20160329

Fractionner son alimentation consiste à augmenter la fréquence de ses prises alimentaires, sans modifier la quantité totale d’énergie ingérée. Dans ce travail de thèse, nous avons étudié les effets du fractionnement alimentaire sur l’appétit et la balance énergétique chez des sujets de poids normal et obèses. Le premier objectif était d’ordre méthodologique : nous avons proposé et validé un dispositif original d’étude de l’appétit, basé sur la duplication du même protocole dans deux lieux de recherche différents et sur l’utilisation d’un restaurant expérimental, en reproduisant une situation écologique de repas. Ce dispositif permet de répondre à deux enjeux méthodologiques. D’une part, il permet une approche intégrée de l’appétit, grâce à l’association de mesures subjectives (sensations de faim et de satiété), physiologiques (biomarqueurs de l’appétit : ghréline et GLP-1) et comportementales (consommations, choix et rythmes alimentaires). D’autre part, le caractère écologique de la situation de repas proposée assure une bonne validité externe des résultats. Le second objectif était d’étudier, grâce à cette méthodologie, les conséquences à court terme du fractionnement alimentaire sur les sensations de faim, les hormones qui régulent l’appétit, le comportement au cours du repas qui suit le fractionnement, ainsi que sur les orientations métaboliques. Chez des sujets de poids normal, les approches subjectives, physiologiques et comportementales ont toutes montré une diminution de l’appétit en réponse au fractionnement. En revanche, nous n’avons pas obtenu les mêmes bénéfices comportementaux chez les obèses, chez qui le fractionnement n’a pas induit de baisse des apports énergétiques au cours du repas suivant. Sur le plan métabolique, nous avons montré les mêmes effets dans les deux populations, à savoir une insulinémie maintenue au-dessus de son niveau basal, entraînant une inhibition prolongée de la lipolyse, elle-même caractérisée par une baisse des concentrations plasmatiques en acides gras non estérifiés. Le fractionnement a également entrainé une diminution de la dépense énergétique via la thermogénèse alimentaire. Ce travail met en évidence les bénéfices possibles du fractionnement alimentaire chez les personnes de poids normal pour mieux contrôler leur appétit. En revanche, cette stratégie ne semble pas adaptée pour des personnes obèses. Les effets sur la dépense énergétique et les orientations métaboliques, potentiellement négatifs, doivent être étudiés sur de plus longues périodes
This thesis project consists in studying the effects of eating smaller more frequent meals, with no change in energy intake, on appetite and energy balance in normal weight and obese subjects. The first objective was methodological: we proposed and validated an original methodology for studying appetite, based on the duplication of the same protocol in two different research centers, and the use of an experimental restaurant, reproducing an ecological meal situation. This methodology enables to answer two methodological issues. Firstly, it allows an integrated approach of appetite, associating subjective (hunger and satiety feelings), physiological (biomarkers of appetite: ghrelin and GLP -1) and behavioral (food intake, choices and eating rhythms) measurements. Secondly, the ecological character of the eating situation we proposed, ensure a good external validity of the results. The second objective was to assess, thanks to this methodology, the short term consequences of eating smaller more frequent meals on subjective appetite, on hormones that regulates appetite, on eating behaviors during the subsequent meal, and on metabolic orientations. In normal weight subjects, subjective, physiological and behavioral approaches showed a decrease in appetite after eating smaller more frequent meals, while in obese subjects we did not obtain the same beneficial behaviors: obese subjects did not consume less energy during the subsequent meal. Metabolic results showed the same effects in both normal weight and obese subjects: insulin concentrations were maintained above their basal level, leading to an extended inhibition of lipolysis, characterized by a decrease in plasmatic concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids. Eating smaller more frequent meals also decreased energy expenditure via diet induced thermogenesis. This work highlights the fact that eating smaller more frequent meals may be beneficial in normal weight individuals in order to better control appetite, but it does not seem to be an adequate strategy in obese individuals. The effects on energy expenditure and metabolic orientations, potentially negative, should be studied over a longer period

Presentation de la methode fet (formalisme d'evolution par transfert) permettant d'utiliser dans une meme simulation des modeles varies pour les diverses parties du systeme etudie, et d'autre part, de comparer a l'experience sur modele d'ecoulement pour le coeur d'une piece d'habitation succeptible d'etre raccordee a d'autres modeles par le fet. Analyse quantitative des resultats

Pour mettre en place des stratégies d’écoconception, il est nécessaire d’évaluer la performance environnementale. L’emploi d’Indicateurs de Performance Environnementale (IPE) est un bon moyen pour y parvenir. Ces IPE doivent être adaptés aux différents acteurs de la chaine de valeur, internes et externes à l’entreprise, susceptibles d’être impliqués dans l’amélioration de la performance environnementale pour qu’ils soient efficaces. Ces différents acteurs ont des besoins différents en matière d’information (détails, type d’information) et ces besoins peuvent être contradictoires. Nous proposons, dans ces travaux, une méthode de sélection des IPE prenant en compte les acteurs de la chaîne de valeur et leurs besoins. Une fois les IPE définis, ils doivent permettre d’évaluer la situation, de définir des stratégies d’écoconception et de suivre l’évolution de la performance environnementale. Pour certains produits consommateurs d’énergie en phase d’utilisation, le scénario d’usage peut faire varier de manière importante la performance environnementale. Un focus est donc fait sur la mise en place de stratégies d’éco-utilisation. Il est nécessaire que les stratégies mises en place permettent aux clients/utilisateurs de diminuer leurs impacts environnementaux et à l’entreprise de prendre un avantage concurrentiel tout en améliorant la performance environnementale de ses produits. Dans ces travaux, cela se traduit par : 1) l’adaptation d’outils d’écoconception existant pour l’intégration des acteurs de la chaîne de valeur ; 2) la définition d’une méthode de diagnostic personnalisé de l’usage des produits. Ces méthodes ont été appliquées et validées sur le cas d’étude des unités de réfrigération pour le transport routier à température dirigée
To implement ecodesign strategies, it is necessary to evaluate the environmental performance. The use of Environmental Performance Indicators (EPI) is a good way to achieve this. These EPI, to be effective, must be adapted to the various value chain actors, internal and external to the company, susceptible to be involved in the improvement of the environmental performance. These different actors have different needs regarding information (details, type of information) and these needs may be contradictory. In this work, we propose a method for selecting EPI that take into account the value chain actors and their needs. Once the EPI have been defined, they must be able to assess the situation, define ecodesign strategies and monitor the evolution of environmental performance. For some energy-using products, the usage scenario can significantly vary the environmental performance. A focus is thus put on the development of sustainable behavior strategies. It is necessary that the strategies put in place allow customers/users to reduce their environmental impact and that the company takes a competitive advantage while improving the environmental performance of its products. In this study, this is reflected in: 1) the adaptation of existing ecodesign tools for the integration of value chain actors; 2) the definition of a method of personalized diagnosis of the use of products. These methods have been applied and validated by the case study of road transport refrigeration units

Cette thèse concerne la récupération d'énergie vibratoire dans le but de proposer une alternative aux batteries conventionnelles pour l’alimentation de systèmes autonomes sans fil. Ceci permettrait d’améliorer leur compacité (moins d’énergie stockée), leur tenue dans des environnements sévères (forte température) et de réduire leur besoin d'entretien. Cette étude se concentre plus particulièrement sur les générateurs oscillants bistables, intéressants pour leur grande plage de fréquences utile comparée à celle offerte par les générateurs linéaires (limitée à la zone de résonance). Cette thèse se divise en quatre grandes parties. La première présente la construction du modèle mathématique permettant de prédire les différents comportements du générateur bistable (ces derniers pouvant coexister sur certaines plages de fréquences) incluant l'étude de la stabilité aux petites perturbations. Ce modèle met en évidence des comportements du générateur encore peu exploités pour la récupération d'énergie : les comportements sous-harmoniques dont la plage de fréquences permet d'agrandir la bande passante globale du générateur. Afin d’améliorer la précision du modèle, celui-ci est ensuite complété dans la deuxième partie par un critère semi-analytique : le critère de robustesse de stabilité qui caractérise la sensibilité du générateur aux perturbations extérieures (plus un comportement est robuste plus il sera facile à maintenir dans le temps). Le modèle ainsi obtenu ainsi que le système expérimentale montrent une grande plage de fréquences sur laquelle coexistent des comportements intéressants pour la récupération d’énergie (les orbites hautes) et des comportements non désirables (les orbites basses). La troisième partie de cette thèse présente donc différentes stratégies permettant de sauter des orbites basses vers les orbites hautes en jouant directement sur les paramètres du générateur. Enfin, la quatrième et dernière partie s’attarde sur l’influence du circuit d'interface AC-DC entre le générateur bistable et la charge en vue de son intégration future
This thesis concerns vibratory energy harvesting in order to propose an alternative to conventional batteries for the power supply of autonomous wireless systems. This would improve their compactness (less stored energy), their resistance to harsh environments (high temperature) and reduce their need for maintenance. This study focuses in particular on bistable oscillating generators, which are interesting for their large useful frequency range compared to that offered by linear generators (limited to the resonance zone). This thesis is divided into four main parts. The first presents the construction of the mathematical model to predict the different behaviors of the bistable generator (these behaviors can coexist over certain frequency ranges) including the study of stability to small disturbances. This model highlights original behaviors for energy recovery: subharmonic behaviors whose frequency range allows increasing the overall generator bandwidth. In order to improve the accuracy of the model, a semi-analytical criterion is then added: the stability robustness criterion which characterizes the sensitivity of the different behaviors to external disturbances (the more robust a behavior, the easier to maintain over time). The model obtained and the experimental prototype show a wide frequency range on which the interesting behaviors (high orbits) and the undesirable behaviors (low orbits) coexist. The third part of this thesis therefore presents different strategies for jumping from low to high orbits by playing directly on the generator parameters. Finally, the fourth and last part focuses on the influence of the AC-DC interface circuit between the bistable generator and the load for future integration

Planung und Ausführung in der Heizungstechnik gehen von einem idealisierten Nutzer aus, dessen Verhalten und Vorlieben bezüglich dieser Technik in der Regel aber nicht bekannt sind. Heizen 2020 untersucht „den“ Nutzer vor diesem Hintergrund statistisch mittels einer groß angelegten Befragung. Es stellt sich heraus, dass eine Unterteilung der Nutzer in drei Cluster, die sich in ihren Vorlieben deutlich unterscheiden, sinnvoll ist. Aus den Clustern wird ein Auslegungs- und Regelungskonzept entwickelt, das abweichend von der bisherigen Vorgehensweise gezielt Reserven aufbaut, diese aber regeltechnisch auf die tatsächliche Nutzeranforderung reduziert. Darauf basierend werden Hinweise für die Anpassung der Anlagentechnik an den Nutzer gegeben
Planning and installation in heating technology are based on an idealized user whose behavior and preferences regarding this technology usually are unknown. "Heizen 2020" ("heating technology in the year 2020") examined "the" user against this background statistically by means of a large-scale survey. It turns out that a subdivision of the users into three clusters, which differ significantly in their preferences, is useful. From the clusters a design and control concept is developed that uses - different to the useal planning process - reserves . These reserves are reduced by control technology to the actual user request. Based on the clusters indications for the choice and adaptation of the heating technology are developed
Planification et l'exécution de la technologie de chauffage sont basées sur un utilisateur idéalisé dont le comportement et les préférences en ce qui concerne cette technologie ne sont généralement pas connus. "Heizen 2020" (technology de chauffage en 2020) a enquêté sur les utilisateurs contre ce contexte statistiquement au moyen d'une enquête à grande échelle. Il se trouve qu'une subdivision des utilisateurs en trois groupes, qui sont diffèrent sensiblement dans leurs préférences, est logique. Basé sur ces groupe un concept de conception et de contrôle est développée. Indépendamment de la procédure précédente ce concept fonctionne avec des réserves dans le processus de planification et l'adaptation à la suite de la demande de l'utilisateur réel en utilisant la technologie de contrôle. Il y a des instructions développées pour sélectionner et ajuster le chauffage à l'utilisateur, sur la base des groupes développés

Multi functional health monitoring wearable devices are quite prominent these days. Usually these devices are battery-operated and consequently are limited by their battery life (from few hours to a few weeks depending on the application). Of late, it was realized that these devices, which are currently being operated at fixed voltage and frequency, are capable of operating at multiple voltages and frequencies. By switching these voltages and frequencies to lower values based upon power requirements, these devices can achieve tremendous benefits in the form of energy savings. Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS) techniques have proven to be handy in this situation for an efficient trade-off between energy and timely behavior. Within imec, wearable devices make use of the indigenously developed MUSEIC v2 (Multi Sensor Integrated circuit version 2.0). This system is optimized for efficient and accurate collection, processing, and transfer of data from multiple (health) sensors. MUSEIC v2 has limited means in controlling the voltage and frequency dynamically. In this thesis we explore how traditional DVFS techniques can be applied to the MUSEIC v2. Experiments were conducted to find out the optimum power modes to efficiently operate and also to scale up-down the supply voltage and frequency. Considering the overhead caused when switching voltage and frequency, transition analysis was also done. Real-time and non real-time benchmarks were implemented based on these techniques and their performance results were obtained and analyzed. In this process, several state of the art scheduling algorithms and scaling techniques were reviewed in identifying a suitable technique. Using our proposed scaling technique implementation, we have achieved 86.95% power reduction in average, in contrast to the conventional way of the MUSEIC v2 chip’s processor operating at a fixed voltage and frequency. Techniques that include light sleep and deep sleep mode were also studied and implemented, which tested the system’s capability in accommodating Dynamic Power Management (DPM) techniques that can achieve greater benefits. A novel approach for implementing the deep sleep mechanism was also proposed and found that it can obtain up to 71.54% power savings, when compared to a traditional way of executing deep sleep mode.
Nuförtiden så har multifunktionella bärbara hälsoenheter fått en betydande roll. Dessa enheter drivs vanligtvis av batterier och är därför begränsade av batteritiden (från ett par timmar till ett par veckor beroende på tillämpningen). På senaste tiden har det framkommit att dessa enheter som används vid en fast spänning och frekvens kan användas vid flera spänningar och frekvenser. Genom att byta till lägre spänning och frekvens på grund av effektbehov så kan enheterna få enorma fördelar när det kommer till energibesparing. Dynamisk skalning av spänning och frekvens-tekniker (såkallad Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling, DVFS) har visat sig vara användbara i detta sammanhang för en effektiv avvägning mellan energi och beteende. Hos Imec så använder sig bärbara enheter av den internt utvecklade MUSEIC v2 (Multi Sensor Integrated circuit version 2.0). Systemet är optimerat för effektiv och korrekt insamling, bearbetning och överföring av data från flera (hälso) sensorer. MUSEIC v2 har begränsad möjlighet att styra spänningen och frekvensen dynamiskt. I detta examensarbete undersöker vi hur traditionella DVFS-tekniker kan appliceras på MUSEIC v2. Experiment utfördes för att ta reda på de optimala effektlägena och för att effektivt kunna styra och även skala upp matningsspänningen och frekvensen. Eftersom att ”overhead” skapades vid växling av spänning och frekvens gjordes också en övergångsanalys. Realtidsoch icke-realtidskalkyler genomfördes baserat på dessa tekniker och resultaten sammanställdes och analyserades. I denna process granskades flera toppmoderna schemaläggningsalgoritmer och skalningstekniker för att hitta en lämplig teknik. Genom att använda vår föreslagna skalningsteknikimplementering har vi uppnått 86,95% effektreduktion i jämförelse med det konventionella sättet att MUSEIC v2-chipets processor arbetar med en fast spänning och frekvens. Tekniker som inkluderar lätt sömn och djupt sömnläge studerades och implementerades, vilket testade systemets förmåga att tillgodose DPM-tekniker (Dynamic Power Management) som kan uppnå ännu större fördelar. En ny metod för att genomföra den djupa sömnmekanismen föreslogs också och enligt erhållna resultat så kan den ge upp till 71,54% lägre energiförbrukning jämfört med det traditionella sättet att implementera djupt sömnläge.

碩士
朝陽科技大學
環境工程與管理系碩士班
96
The consumption of fossil fuels by humans causes massive release of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxides (CO2), that contributes to the serious problem of the global warming. It is estimated that about 80% of CO2 emissions are associated with the use of energy. Therefore, the appropriate energy attitudes and behaviors of humans will reduce the problem of the global warming. The teachers in elementary schools stand on the frontier line of education and take the responsibility of the dissemation of energy education. This study focused on the investigation of the energy attitudes and behaviors of the elementary school teachers in Nantou County according to various explanatory variables. This paper presents the investigation study of energy attitude and energy behavior of elementary school teachers. A questionnaire survey was conducted in Nantou County during October, 2007. The study employed SPSS statistical software to analyze the data in the tools including basic descriptive statistics, independent t-test, one-way anova, and Pearson’s correlation analysis. The results indicated that the average scores in the Likert’s 5-point scale are 4.59 and 4.17 for the energy attitude and energy behavior, respectively. The parameters which influence the energy attitude of elemental school teachers include gender, age, teachimg experience, reading experience of environmental magazines, and knowledge of global warming. The parameters which influence the energy behavior of elemental school teachers include gender, age, teachimg experience, the frequence of watching TV related to environmetal issues, reading experience of environmental magazines, the search of environmental issues in the internet, and knowledge of global warming. It was also found that the correlation coefficient between the energy attitude and the energy behavior are 0.306~0.448, representing a low positively associated. It could not conclude that good energy attitude leads the good energy behavior of teachers.

Tese de doutoramento em Sistemas Sustentáveis de Energia, apresentada ao Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra
Os comportamentos associados ao uso da energia são um recurso importante na promoção da eficiência energética no setor residencial, sendo também cada vez mais reconhecidos como um fator chave a considerar na transição para as redes elétricas inteligentes. As poupanças devidas a práticas comportamentais têm sido negligenciadas apesar de serem potencialmente tão significativas quanto as das soluções tecnológicas. Porém, por envolverem diferentes dimensões, os comportamentos no uso de energia são um tema complexo que requer programas de mudança comportamental e políticas energéticas mais eficazes. Esta tese aborda a influência dos comportamentos relacionados com o uso da energia na promoção da eficiência energética no setor residencial, de modo a contribuir para a compreensão desta relação e, assim, contribuir para o planeamento de programas de mudança comportamental e políticas energéticas mais eficazes. Uma vez que os comportamentos no uso da energia envolvem diferentes dimensões (ex. uso, aquisição, manutenção, provisão de recursos energéticos) e são influenciados por diversas variáveis do domínio pessoal, tecnológico e de contexto, estamos perante uma temática complexa que requer abordagens multidisciplinares desenhadas à medida de cada situação, com o envolvimento das diversas partes interessadas. Neste trabalho, através da combinação de diferentes metodologias e ferramentas de engenharia, das ciências sociais e humanidades, é desenvolvida uma abordagem multidisciplinar de modelação dos comportamentos no uso da energia, incluindo a dimensão qualitativa e quantitativa dos comportamentos, como o consumo energético. São também exploradas as adaptações comportamentais que podem ocorrer na transição para as redes elétricas inteligentes e utilizados estudos de caso para contextualizar a metodologia desenvolvida. O comportamento dos utilizadores finais tem um impacte muito significativo no consumo energético doméstico. Os resultados demonstraram que é possível poupar cerca de 72% do consumo de energia primária de um agregado familiar se, por comparação com um perfil ineficiente, forem adotadas as práticas mais eficientes. A troca de equipamentos é a dimensão comportamental com maior impacte no consumo energético, comparativamente as práticas de uso. Por outro lado, o potencial de poupança é maior nos serviços de energia com maior consumo energético. A transição para redes elétricas mais “inteligentes” é um processo gradual que condiciona e é condicionado por alterações comportamentais, como a participação crescente no mercado liberalizado de energia, a adoção de tecnologias “inteligentes”, a alteração das rotinas dos agregados familiares para ajustar o consumo a períodos tarifários mais baratos e a aceitação do controlo de cargas pelas empresas fornecedoras de eletricidade. De modo a facilitar estas alterações são necessárias diferentes estratégias, tais como: i) melhorar a regulação do mercado de energia; ii) avaliar previamente as práticas comportamentais dos agregados familiares; iii) dar prioridade a práticas já incorporadas nas rotinas desses agregados; iv) não interferir com as atividades das famílias, assegurando que mantêm o controlo sobre os seus equipamentos; v) melhorar os serviços de energia, a informação disponibilizada e a confiança entre consumidores e fornecedores de eletricidade. Em conclusão, o recurso a abordagens de modelação integradoras de diversas áreas do conhecimento contribui para melhor avaliar as diversas dimensões dos comportamentos no uso da energia e, assim, planear programas de mudança comportamental e políticas de promoção da eficiência energética mais eficazes.
Energy behaviours are an important underexploited resource in the context of promoting end-use energy efficiency in the residential sector. The potential of energy savings due to behaviours is usually neglected, albeit being as high as those from technological solutions. In addition, energy behaviours are also increasingly recognised as a key factor to foster higher levels of energy efficiency during the transition to smart grids. However, addressing the multidimensional nature of energy behaviours is a complex task and more effective behaviour change interventions and energy efficiency policies grounded on comprehensive approaches are required. This thesis explores the influence of energy behaviours on end-use energy efficiency in the residential sector, as a contribution to a better understanding of this relation and the design of more effective behavioural change interventions and energy efficiency policies. Energy behaviours comprise several dimensions (e.g., usage, investment, maintenance and provision of energy resources) and are influenced by multiple variables of the personal, contextual, and technological domains. Being a complex topic, energy behaviours require the development of multidisciplinary and tailored interventions where the different energy stakeholders are involved. An integrative multidisciplinary modelling approach of the influence of energy behaviours on energy consumption is developed through the combination of methods and techniques from engineering, the social sciences and humanities, including the qualitative and quantitative dimensions of behaviours, namely the impacts on energy consumption. Behavioural adaptations during the transition to smart grids are also explored and real-world case studies are utilised to generate contextualised understanding. Energy behaviours may significantly impact households’ energy consumption. Simulations have estimated a savings potential of 72% when comparing primary energy consumption of the inefficient and efficient households. Investment energy behaviours have a higher savings potential than usage behaviours, and the behavioural savings potential per energy service is proportional to the energy consumption breakdown. Energy behaviours also shape and are shaped by the transition to smart(er) grids and strategies aimed at enabling behavioural adaptations are needed. Behavioural adaptations comprise the increasingly active participation in the liberalised energy market, the adoption of smart grid technologies, the adaptation of household routines to shift demand and acceptance of direct load control performed by the utilities. Different strategies are required to facilitate these adaptations, x such as: (i) improving market regulation; (ii) previously assessing households’ activities and usage behaviours; (iii) prioritising actions already embedded in households’ daily routines; (iv) not interfering with households’ activities while ensuring an override option; and (v) improving energy services, trust and information provided to end-users. In conclusion, integrative modelling approaches contribute to properly address the influence of energy behaviours on energy consumption and design more effective behavioural change interventions and energy efficiency policies
FCT - SFRH/BD/51104/2010

碩士
立德大學
資源環境研究所
96
The rapid growth of global economies and the world population has increased the depletion of natural energy and resources. For the sustainability of energy use, reusable energy sources should be developed, and the conservation of energy should be emphasized.The concept of sustainability of energy use needs to be established from childhood. And, without doubt, the energy-related lessons in grade schools play a key role to success. The purpose of this study is to investigate the sixth grade students’ cognition of energy sources, attitude toward energy use, and actual behavior of energy conservation in both Kaohsiung City and Kaohsiung County. Meanwhile, the relationship between these elements and their influences was also examined. The results hope to provide some suggestions for the grade school authorities on energy conservation lessons and plans. A questionnaire was designed by the researcher and served as the research tool. The total effective copies of the questionnaire were 612. The collected data were statistically analyzed by the frequency distribution, mean and standard deviation, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's product moment correlation, and stepwise multiple regression. The findings indicate that these students’ main sources of energy-related information come from schoolteachers, family members, and books. The most frequent energy-related lessons or activities at school are recycling, film presentations, and public speeches on energy issues. Among them, film presentations are these graders’ favorite.The overall performances of the graders’ cognition of energy sources, attitude toward energy use, and actual behavior of energy conservation in both Kaohsiung City and Kaohsiung County are above the average. It shows that those school energy lessons have been effective. Therefore, the link between school energy lessons and family supports should be maintained.For the cognition of energy sources, the graders’ performances in Kaohsiung City are better than that in Kaohsiung County. For the attitude toward energy use, the females and those who come from the middle-class families tend to have more positive performances. As to the behavior of energy conservation, girls perform better than boys. The students from the middle-class and poor families perform vigorously than those from the rich families.Moreover, those who have participated in environmental protection or energy-related activities tend to have better performances in energy conservation behavior. The cognition of energy sources, the attitude toward energy use, and the energy conservation behavior have positively correlated with each other. Generally speaking, the more information of energy sources a student has, the more he or she will conserve the energy. Therefore, the school educators can make good use of this relationship to design energy-related lessons to elevate the degree of students’ willingness to conserve the energy.

碩士
國立清華大學
資訊工程學系
100
Energy optimization has been a popular area of research in mobile computing device. However, most of the previous researches on energy optimization focus on the device itself and seldom consider the interaction of the user and the device, or take the user behavior pattern as well as user experience into account. One area where energy optimization can be exercised on mobile device is background applications. Applications running in background will consume energy, leading to shorter usage time and worse user experience. However, if we kill every application whenever it is put into background, the relaunch time will be very long once the user wants to switch back to that application. This also leads to bad user experience. Apparently, we need a good mechanism that keeps only those background applications that will be needed by user. This requires that user behavior in the next period time be modeled and predicted accurately. We believe accurate prediction can be made depends on the behavior patterns of the usage of the apps and other observable context variables. In this thesis, we introduce such a mechanism that manages background application for energy optimization by predicting user behavior through usage modeling.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
建築系
104
“Energy conservation and carbon reduction” has become a global effort. Practices and tips to improve household energy efficiency are as follows:(1) encourage occupants to use energy-efficient appliances; (2) improve the building envelope energy efficiency; (3) advocate occupants to develop energy-conscious, etc. There are rarely from the dimension of how to make occupants can immediately understand their household electricity end-use consumption results which trigger occupant’s energy-saving behavior spontaneously or how to maintain the previous patterns of family lifestyle which can also reduce household electricity end-use consumption results, proposing “humanize” energy-saving practices and tips. In addition, ICT technology is upgrading and internet of things era is coming, the related smart home technology may potentially change occupant behavior of energy consumption or save energy automatically. But most of the time smart home developers solely focus on upgrading the specifications or technical innovation which neglect patterns of family lifestyle anywhere There has been little research on whether smart home energy-saving devices are suitable for occupants. Therefore, this study is to investigate how to install smart home energy-saving devices appropriately into the new or existing housing in order to reduce residential energy consumption and change occupant behavior. In this study, the representative households in Minsheng community Taipei are selected as study object. Then (1) based on time-use survey approach to investigate patterns of family lifestyle in Taiwan’s urban areas in order to find out the relationship between residential electricity consumption and occupant behavior. (2) Collecting and finding out the current products and services and their design features and functional specifications related to smart home energy-saving application while exploring the impact factors of residential intelligent levels. And (3) linking smart home energy-saving devices with occupant behavior in order to propose the design guidelines of smart home energy-saving application of urban areas in Taiwan. Based on the above points, the results of this study are shown below： 1. Electricity consumption per household and occupant behavior are highly relevant. 2. The two factors, which are “ability of families to pay” and “occupant behavior”, are determined by the intelligence extent and appropriate technology of smart home devices. 3. This study proposed the design guidelines of smart home energy-saving application of urban areas in Taiwan. (1) HEMS combine with lifestyle services. Instant messages with using electricity and saving tips of HEMS can be triggered and intended to save energy spontaneously. And if HEMS through additional messages with lifestyle services, it will increase the satisfaction of households and encourage energy-saving behavior. (2) Linking smart home energy-saving devices with occupant behavior appropriately which will not impact the previous patterns of family lifestyle and is able to reduce electricity consumption per household.

碩士
國立臺北教育大學
自然科學教育學系
102
The research is focused on the study of Taipei elementary 5th graders’ knowledge, attitudes and behavior in energy, and the correlation among the three. This study investigates the relationship between personal background, energy knowledge, attitudes and behavior, understands the effect of the Energy National Science and Technology Talents Training Program, and makes recommendations based on the results. The research is based on questionnaires which were targeted on elementary 5th graders in Taipei. 1200 subjects were recruited by cluster sampling, and 983 valid questionnaires were recovered. The data from the valid questionnaires is calculated and analyzed by the SPSS Windows 12.0 version, and the methods include descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, and the Pearson product-moment correlation analysis. The study has reached the conclusions as follows： 1. Taipei elementary 5th graders’ correct rate of energy knowledge in average is 61.7%, and it showed that some students’ energy knowledge still had space to improve. In energy attitudes part, Taipei elementary 5th graders scored 4.56 points in average for each question. It explained that students’ attitude of energy was positive. As to the energy behaviors, Taipei elementary 5th graders’ average score was 4.09 points for each question. It explained that students’ attitude towards energy was positive. 2. Taipei elementary 5th graders’ knowledge, attitudes and behavior in energy made significant differences statistically in participating “Energy National Science and Technology Talents Training Program” partner schools or not. And subjects’ knowledge, attitudes and behavior in energy differd from schools if holding “energy-saving slogan design contest”, “energy-saving poster contest”, “handmade books about energy contest” , “Earth-day activities”. And there was significant different in subjects’ knowledge, attitudes and behavior in energy while schools have green devices like wind turbines, energy classrooms, and solar panels or not as well. 3. This research showed that the knowledge and the attitudes in energy of Taipei elementary 5th graders’ is lowly related. Neither between the knowledge and the behavior in energy nor between the attitudes and the behavior in energy for Taipei elementary 5th graders Based on the results of study, researcher provided some recommendations in proving Energy courses and future studies.

碩士
中原大學
工業與系統工程研究所
104
Global warming is one of the major issue that needs to solved nowadays, countries around the world begin to focus on the arrangement of energy and developing green industry, heading to low carbon society and developing low carbon economic. Global warming gas doesn’t only associate with industries but also associate with people live, therefore living habits should promote sustainable development concepts. According Sustainable Development Strategies report shows that it’s a complicated job for people to change attitude and behavior, the change of attitude and behavior were caused by both inner and external elements, it can’t be change easily with single information. Recently many researches show that through the interactive between men and products, it has big potential economic benefit on changing the user’s behavior. This kind of research is called Design for Sustainable Behavior, (DfSB), in the current DfSB research area start to promote designer can consider DfSB strategies products from psychological level, extend better ways of design, try to change the consumer’s unsustainable behavior and decrease environmental damage that people made. However it is a challenge to decrease the consumers’ sustainable barrier by product design to change unsustainable behavior because product usage behavior involve both inner and external elements on consumer, products and environment. Therefore this research use smart device to collect interrelated data through ecology feedback in Design for Sustainable Behavior and persuasive technology, through community feedback personal usage in electronic information, compare peer and personal usage in electronic information and giving awards at the same time giving questionnaire survey to see the impact on personal behavioral intension of sustainable development and demographic variable. Result shows that different Sustainable Development Strategies, “giving personal usage in electronic information”, “compare peer and personal usage in electronic information” and “giving award” has significant deviation on behavioral intention so it has distinctiveness deviation on consumer actual usage on electronic behavior, further more on comparison giving peer and personal usage in electronic information has the most deviation. This research confirm that The theory of planned behavior has predict ability. At last give feasible suggestions, hope when designing products can follow sustainable behavior course and strategies with the mix on practical application, decrease the barrier of engage sustainable behavior.

碩士
國立臺灣師範大學
生命科學研究所
101
The purpose of this study was conferred on the influence of multimedia instruction toward environmental knowledge, attitude and behavior intentions to junior high school students. The study was used the ways of multimedia teaching and then sending out 2045 questionnaires of environmental education to the seventh and eighth grade students in a junior high school total sixty-seven classes in New Taipei City, and finally recycled 2001 effective questionnaires to complete this study. The resulting materials was subjected to a variation analysis by describing statistics, independent sample t test, and paired-samples t test. Results indicated that the attitude aspect of the seventh grade students was better than the eighth grade students’ before attending the multimedia instruction. However, there was remarkable enhancement and advancement toward their knowledge, attitude, and behavior intentions while the seventh grade students and the eighth grade students were both going to watch the film of environmental education. The research conclusion and discovers could provide to more educators who disposes to write the environmental education for teaching, enhance the relevant knowledge of environmental education for students, and furthermore impel students to bring up the positive attitude toward environment educational and behavior intentions.

The movements of two vervet monkey troops were studied to determine whether they optimize their rate of food intake in relation to seasonal energy availability. The effect of variation in habitat structure on the troops’ foraging strategies while utilizing temporally and spatially distributed resources was determined. Troop home range boundaries were delineated, the various plant communities and species utilised by the troops identified and classified, and variations in home range and vegetation structure were reported. The diets of the troops were determined and compared. Effects of coexistence on competition were assessed. Vervet food trees were randomly selected, marked and seasonal phenological data collected. Samples of food items constituting the two troops diets were collected for energy analysis. Using geostatistical interpolation techniques, monthly energy values were extrapolated onto home range grids for the two vervet monkey troops. Grids were stored as database files that were interrogated through GIS simulation models. Using the stochastic processes inherent in Markov chain theory, a series of non-returning random walks were simulated for comparison to original routes taken by the two troops. Results from comparisons of home range energy, day range lengths and areas, shortest route energy to actual route energy, time spent in high energy areas, and energy utilisation from actual and randomly generated routes indicated that the two troops optimize resource energy available to them by adopting flexible foraging strategies. In environments where temporal and spatial variations in habitat structure affect the distribution of resources, it is essential that animals develop optimal foraging strategies to survive. For the two troops investigated, foraging strategies fluctuate between being time minimizers in more heterogeneous environments where resources are abundant, and energy maximisers in homogeneous environments where resources are constrained by low diversity and seasonality.
Environmental Sciences (Department)
D.Litt et Phil (Environmental Management)

Planung und Ausführung in der Heizungstechnik gehen von einem idealisierten Nutzer aus, dessen Verhalten und Vorlieben bezüglich dieser Technik in der Regel aber nicht bekannt sind. Heizen 2020 untersucht „den“ Nutzer vor diesem Hintergrund statistisch mittels einer groß angelegten Befragung. Es stellt sich heraus, dass eine Unterteilung der Nutzer in drei Cluster, die sich in ihren Vorlieben deutlich unterscheiden, sinnvoll ist. Aus den Clustern wird ein Auslegungs- und Regelungskonzept entwickelt, das abweichend von der bisherigen Vorgehensweise gezielt Reserven aufbaut, diese aber regeltechnisch auf die tatsächliche Nutzeranforderung reduziert. Darauf basierend werden Hinweise für die Anpassung der Anlagentechnik an den Nutzer gegeben.:1. Einleitung 1.1. Ein Wort zur historischen Entwicklung 1.2. Herleitung der Problemstellung 1.3. Erläuterung der Problemstellung 1.4. Beschreibung der Methodik und des daraus resultierenden Aufbaus 2. Literaturrecherche 2.1. Studien mit vorwiegend technischem Hintergrund 2.1.1. Felduntersuchungen zur Begrenzung des natürlichen und erzwungenen Transmissions- und Lüftungswärmeverbrauchs durch Nutzerinformation sowie durch heiz- und regelungstechnische Maßnahmen 2.1.2. Einfluss des Nutzerverhaltens auf den Energieverbrauch in Niedrigenergie- und Passivhäusern 2.1.3. Offenlegungsschrift DE 196 13 021 A1 – Patentanmeldung Vaillant aus dem Jahr 1996 22 2.1.4. Energieeffizienz und Wirtschaftlichkeit – Investitions- und Nutzungskosten in Wohngebäuden gemeinnütziger Bauvereinigungen unter Berücksichtigung energetischer Aspekte 2.2. Studien mit vorwiegend sozialwissenschaftlichem Hintergrund 2.2.1. (Ältere) Studien aus dem Bereich Passivhaus 2.2.2. Wohnkomfort und Heizwärmeverbrauch im Passivhaus und Niedrigenergiehaus 2.2.3. Introducing the prebound effect: the gap between performance and actual energy consumption 2.2.4. Arbeitsgemeinschaft für zeitgemäßes Bauen 2.2.5. Wohnkonzepte als Hilfsmittel für die dauerhafte Bewirtschaftung von Liegenschaften 2.2.6. Wohnen im ökologischen „Haus der Zukunft“ 2.3. Auswertungen auf Datenbasis der Heizkostenabrechnungen 2.3.1. Reale Raumtemperaturen in Mehrfamilienhäusern und Implikationen für die Einschätzung des Heizenergiebedarfs 2.3.2. Auswirkungen der verbrauchsabhängigen Abrechnung in Abhängigkeit von der energetischen Gebäudequalität 2.4. Auswertungen aus dem Bereich Marketing/Kommunikation 2.4.1. Vaillant Wärmebarometer 2012 2.5. Stand der Normung 2.5.1. DIN EN ISO 7730: Ergonomie der thermischen Umgebung 2.5.2. DIN EN 15251: Eingangsparameter für das Raumklima 2.5.3 Vornormenreihe DIN V 18599 – Energetische Bewertung von Gebäuden 2.5.4. Normenreihe DIN EN 12831 – Verfahren zur Berechnung der Normheizlast 2.5.5. DIN 1946-6: Lüftung von Wohnungen 2.5.6. Überarbeitung der DIN 4708 – Dimensionierung von Trinkwarmwasseranlagen 2.5.7. VDI 6030 Blatt 1 – Auslegung von Raumheizflächen – Grundlagen – Auslegung von Raumheizflächen 2.5.8. Schallschutz in der Normung: Normenreihe DIN 4109 (Entwurf), VDI 2081 und VDI 4100 62 2.5.9. VDI 6003 Trinkwassererwärmungsanlagen 2.6. Zusammenfassung Literaturrecherche 3. Nutzerbefragung allgemein 4. Auswertung – Ableitung von neuen Erkenntnissen 4.1. Erste Beschreibung des Datensatzes 4.1.1. Repräsentativität der Umfrage, Eigentum 4.1.2. Altersverteilung, Wohnkonzepte 4.1.3. Onlinebefragung 4.1.4. Präsenzbefragung 4.1.5. Einstufung Wohnkonzepte 4.2. Allgemeine Auswertungen 4.2.1. Raumtemperatur und Behaglichkeit 4.2.2. Warmwasserkomfort 4.2.3. Luftwechsel und Lüftungsverhalten, CO2 und Luftfeuchte 4.2.4. Regelstrategien des Nutzers zur Raumtemperatur 4.2.5. Beeinflussung des Nutzerverhaltens - allgemein 4.2.6. Nutzerbeeinflussung durch Information 4.2.7. Technische Wünsche 4.2.8. Kühlwunsch 4.2.9. Umwelt, Komfort, Kosten- Treibende Elemente für den Nutzer 4.2.10. Fossile und erneuerbare Energieträger 4.2.11. Paaranalyse, insbesondere Temperatur 4.2.12. Heizkörpergröße und –temperatur (Auslegung) 4.2.13. Wartung der Lüftungstechnischen Anlage 4.2.14. Zu beachtende Randbedingungen für neue Regelungskonzepte vor dem Hintergrund der Einsparung von Heizwärme 4.3. Überprüfung der eingangs aufgestellten Problemstellung 4.4. Clusterbildung 4.4.1. Überprüfung auf offensichtliche Cluster 4.4.2. Finale Clusterbildung 5. Ableitung einer nutzerorientierten Planungsmethodik 5.1. Referenzanlage 5.1.1. Wärmeerzeugung 5.1.2. Wärmeverteilung 5.1.3. Wärmeübergabe 5.1.4. Lüftung 5.1.5. Trinkwassererwärmung 5.1.6. Schulung/Information der Nutzer – Wartung der Anlage 5.2. Aufwertung der Anlagenkonfiguration 5.3. Auslegungskonzept 5.3.1. Auslegung Wärmeerzeuger 5.3.2. Auslegung der Heizflächen 5.3.3. Auslegung hydraulische Komponenten 5.3.4. Auslegung Lüftung 5.4. Regelungskonzept 5.4.1. Nutzerschnittstelle 5.4.2. Vorgaben an die Regelung 5.4.3. Eingaben Fachhandwerkerebene (Erstinstallation) 5.4.4. Folgen der Wahl der jeweiligen Regelstufe durch den Nutzer 5.4.5. Leistungsregelung und Nebenanforderungen 5.5. Anpassung Mehrfamilienhaus 5.6. Anpassung des Auslegungs- und Regelungskonzepts an den Bestand 6. Überprüfung und Fortschreibung der Ergebnisse 6.1. Folgen Energieausweis und Energieberatung/DIN V 18599 6.2. Abschätzung manuelle Heizkurvenverschiebung 6.3. Nutzerwunsch „Duschpanel“ und zukünftiger Verbrauch 6.4. Folgenabschätzung Investition 6.5. Weiterer Forschungsbedarf 6.5.1. Umsetzung in die Praxis 6.5.2. Warmwasserbedarf 6.5.3. Verschattung 6.5.4. Kühlungswunsch 6.5.5. Einfluss von Außenluftdurchlässen auf den Komfort in der Praxis 6.5.6. Dauer der Nachtabsenkung 6.5.7. Art der Tätigkeit und Bekleidung im häuslichen Bereich 6.5.8. Automationskonzept 7. Zusammenfassung und Erarbeitung zielgruppengerechter Empfehlungen 7.1. Allgemeine Zusammenfassung 7.2. Zusammenfassung aus bestimmten Blickwinkeln 7.2.1. Blickwinkel Handwerk 7.2.2. Blickwinkel Normung 7.2.3. Blickwinkel Politik 7.2.4. Blickwinkel Hersteller 7.3. Persönlicher Ausblick 8. Verzeichnisse 8.1. Abbildungsverzeichnis 8.2. Tabellenverzeichnis 8.3. Literaturverzeichnis 9. Anhang 9.1. Dokumentation Vorgehensweise 9.1.1. Beteiligte Personen und Institutionen 9.1.2. Entwicklung Fragebogen 9.1.3. Präsenzumfrage im Detail 9.1.4. Überarbeitung und Korrektur Datensatz Präsenzinterviews vor Auswertung 9.1.5. Dokumentation Datensatz Online 9.1.6. Auslegungsfragen Präsenzumfrage 9.1.7. Verwendete Messgeräte 9.2. Eigene Definitionen und Begrifflichkeiten 9.3. Verwendete statistische Definitionen in der Kurzfassung 9.4. Tabellarische Zusammenfassung des Auslegungs- und Regelungskonzepts bzw. der Referenzanlage 9.4.1. Referenzanlage 9.4.2. Auslegung Wärmeerzeugung und –übergabe 9.4.3. Auslegung Lüftungsanlage 9.4.4. Auslegung Kühlung 9.4.5. Visualisierung Nutzerschnittstelle (Bedienoberfläche Regelung) 9.4.6. Eingaben Fachhandwerkerebene 9.4.7. Vorgaben bei Nutzerwahl „Öko“-Regelstufe 9.4.8. Vorgaben bei Nutzerwahl „Eco“-Regelstufe 9.4.9. Vorgaben bei Nutzerwahl „Komfort“-Regelstufe 9.4.10. Leistungsregelung 9.4.11. Regelungsvorgaben Lüftung 9.4.12. Anpassung Mehrfamilienhaus 9.4.13. Einschränkungen im Bestand 9.5. Belegexemplare 9.5.1. Belegexemplar Fragebogen Präsenzumfrage Liegenschaft 9.5.2. Belegexemplare Fragebogen Präsenzumfrage Bewohner 9.5.3. Belegexemplare Fragebogen Onlineumfrage 9.5.4. Vergleich Online- und Präsenzfragenbogen
Planning and installation in heating technology are based on an idealized user whose behavior and preferences regarding this technology usually are unknown. "Heizen 2020" ("heating technology in the year 2020") examined "the" user against this background statistically by means of a large-scale survey. It turns out that a subdivision of the users into three clusters, which differ significantly in their preferences, is useful. From the clusters a design and control concept is developed that uses - different to the useal planning process - reserves . These reserves are reduced by control technology to the actual user request. Based on the clusters indications for the choice and adaptation of the heating technology are developed.:1. Einleitung 1.1. Ein Wort zur historischen Entwicklung 1.2. Herleitung der Problemstellung 1.3. Erläuterung der Problemstellung 1.4. Beschreibung der Methodik und des daraus resultierenden Aufbaus 2. Literaturrecherche 2.1. Studien mit vorwiegend technischem Hintergrund 2.1.1. Felduntersuchungen zur Begrenzung des natürlichen und erzwungenen Transmissions- und Lüftungswärmeverbrauchs durch Nutzerinformation sowie durch heiz- und regelungstechnische Maßnahmen 2.1.2. Einfluss des Nutzerverhaltens auf den Energieverbrauch in Niedrigenergie- und Passivhäusern 2.1.3. Offenlegungsschrift DE 196 13 021 A1 – Patentanmeldung Vaillant aus dem Jahr 1996 22 2.1.4. Energieeffizienz und Wirtschaftlichkeit – Investitions- und Nutzungskosten in Wohngebäuden gemeinnütziger Bauvereinigungen unter Berücksichtigung energetischer Aspekte 2.2. Studien mit vorwiegend sozialwissenschaftlichem Hintergrund 2.2.1. (Ältere) Studien aus dem Bereich Passivhaus 2.2.2. Wohnkomfort und Heizwärmeverbrauch im Passivhaus und Niedrigenergiehaus 2.2.3. Introducing the prebound effect: the gap between performance and actual energy consumption 2.2.4. Arbeitsgemeinschaft für zeitgemäßes Bauen 2.2.5. Wohnkonzepte als Hilfsmittel für die dauerhafte Bewirtschaftung von Liegenschaften 2.2.6. Wohnen im ökologischen „Haus der Zukunft“ 2.3. Auswertungen auf Datenbasis der Heizkostenabrechnungen 2.3.1. Reale Raumtemperaturen in Mehrfamilienhäusern und Implikationen für die Einschätzung des Heizenergiebedarfs 2.3.2. Auswirkungen der verbrauchsabhängigen Abrechnung in Abhängigkeit von der energetischen Gebäudequalität 2.4. Auswertungen aus dem Bereich Marketing/Kommunikation 2.4.1. Vaillant Wärmebarometer 2012 2.5. Stand der Normung 2.5.1. DIN EN ISO 7730: Ergonomie der thermischen Umgebung 2.5.2. DIN EN 15251: Eingangsparameter für das Raumklima 2.5.3 Vornormenreihe DIN V 18599 – Energetische Bewertung von Gebäuden 2.5.4. Normenreihe DIN EN 12831 – Verfahren zur Berechnung der Normheizlast 2.5.5. DIN 1946-6: Lüftung von Wohnungen 2.5.6. Überarbeitung der DIN 4708 – Dimensionierung von Trinkwarmwasseranlagen 2.5.7. VDI 6030 Blatt 1 – Auslegung von Raumheizflächen – Grundlagen – Auslegung von Raumheizflächen 2.5.8. Schallschutz in der Normung: Normenreihe DIN 4109 (Entwurf), VDI 2081 und VDI 4100 62 2.5.9. VDI 6003 Trinkwassererwärmungsanlagen 2.6. Zusammenfassung Literaturrecherche 3. Nutzerbefragung allgemein 4. Auswertung – Ableitung von neuen Erkenntnissen 4.1. Erste Beschreibung des Datensatzes 4.1.1. Repräsentativität der Umfrage, Eigentum 4.1.2. Altersverteilung, Wohnkonzepte 4.1.3. Onlinebefragung 4.1.4. Präsenzbefragung 4.1.5. Einstufung Wohnkonzepte 4.2. Allgemeine Auswertungen 4.2.1. Raumtemperatur und Behaglichkeit 4.2.2. Warmwasserkomfort 4.2.3. Luftwechsel und Lüftungsverhalten, CO2 und Luftfeuchte 4.2.4. Regelstrategien des Nutzers zur Raumtemperatur 4.2.5. Beeinflussung des Nutzerverhaltens - allgemein 4.2.6. Nutzerbeeinflussung durch Information 4.2.7. Technische Wünsche 4.2.8. Kühlwunsch 4.2.9. Umwelt, Komfort, Kosten- Treibende Elemente für den Nutzer 4.2.10. Fossile und erneuerbare Energieträger 4.2.11. Paaranalyse, insbesondere Temperatur 4.2.12. Heizkörpergröße und –temperatur (Auslegung) 4.2.13. Wartung der Lüftungstechnischen Anlage 4.2.14. Zu beachtende Randbedingungen für neue Regelungskonzepte vor dem Hintergrund der Einsparung von Heizwärme 4.3. Überprüfung der eingangs aufgestellten Problemstellung 4.4. Clusterbildung 4.4.1. Überprüfung auf offensichtliche Cluster 4.4.2. Finale Clusterbildung 5. Ableitung einer nutzerorientierten Planungsmethodik 5.1. Referenzanlage 5.1.1. Wärmeerzeugung 5.1.2. Wärmeverteilung 5.1.3. Wärmeübergabe 5.1.4. Lüftung 5.1.5. Trinkwassererwärmung 5.1.6. Schulung/Information der Nutzer – Wartung der Anlage 5.2. Aufwertung der Anlagenkonfiguration 5.3. Auslegungskonzept 5.3.1. Auslegung Wärmeerzeuger 5.3.2. Auslegung der Heizflächen 5.3.3. Auslegung hydraulische Komponenten 5.3.4. Auslegung Lüftung 5.4. Regelungskonzept 5.4.1. Nutzerschnittstelle 5.4.2. Vorgaben an die Regelung 5.4.3. Eingaben Fachhandwerkerebene (Erstinstallation) 5.4.4. Folgen der Wahl der jeweiligen Regelstufe durch den Nutzer 5.4.5. Leistungsregelung und Nebenanforderungen 5.5. Anpassung Mehrfamilienhaus 5.6. Anpassung des Auslegungs- und Regelungskonzepts an den Bestand 6. Überprüfung und Fortschreibung der Ergebnisse 6.1. Folgen Energieausweis und Energieberatung/DIN V 18599 6.2. Abschätzung manuelle Heizkurvenverschiebung 6.3. Nutzerwunsch „Duschpanel“ und zukünftiger Verbrauch 6.4. Folgenabschätzung Investition 6.5. Weiterer Forschungsbedarf 6.5.1. Umsetzung in die Praxis 6.5.2. Warmwasserbedarf 6.5.3. Verschattung 6.5.4. Kühlungswunsch 6.5.5. Einfluss von Außenluftdurchlässen auf den Komfort in der Praxis 6.5.6. Dauer der Nachtabsenkung 6.5.7. Art der Tätigkeit und Bekleidung im häuslichen Bereich 6.5.8. Automationskonzept 7. Zusammenfassung und Erarbeitung zielgruppengerechter Empfehlungen 7.1. Allgemeine Zusammenfassung 7.2. Zusammenfassung aus bestimmten Blickwinkeln 7.2.1. Blickwinkel Handwerk 7.2.2. Blickwinkel Normung 7.2.3. Blickwinkel Politik 7.2.4. Blickwinkel Hersteller 7.3. Persönlicher Ausblick 8. Verzeichnisse 8.1. Abbildungsverzeichnis 8.2. Tabellenverzeichnis 8.3. Literaturverzeichnis 9. Anhang 9.1. Dokumentation Vorgehensweise 9.1.1. Beteiligte Personen und Institutionen 9.1.2. Entwicklung Fragebogen 9.1.3. Präsenzumfrage im Detail 9.1.4. Überarbeitung und Korrektur Datensatz Präsenzinterviews vor Auswertung 9.1.5. Dokumentation Datensatz Online 9.1.6. Auslegungsfragen Präsenzumfrage 9.1.7. Verwendete Messgeräte 9.2. Eigene Definitionen und Begrifflichkeiten 9.3. Verwendete statistische Definitionen in der Kurzfassung 9.4. Tabellarische Zusammenfassung des Auslegungs- und Regelungskonzepts bzw. der Referenzanlage 9.4.1. Referenzanlage 9.4.2. Auslegung Wärmeerzeugung und –übergabe 9.4.3. Auslegung Lüftungsanlage 9.4.4. Auslegung Kühlung 9.4.5. Visualisierung Nutzerschnittstelle (Bedienoberfläche Regelung) 9.4.6. Eingaben Fachhandwerkerebene 9.4.7. Vorgaben bei Nutzerwahl „Öko“-Regelstufe 9.4.8. Vorgaben bei Nutzerwahl „Eco“-Regelstufe 9.4.9. Vorgaben bei Nutzerwahl „Komfort“-Regelstufe 9.4.10. Leistungsregelung 9.4.11. Regelungsvorgaben Lüftung 9.4.12. Anpassung Mehrfamilienhaus 9.4.13. Einschränkungen im Bestand 9.5. Belegexemplare 9.5.1. Belegexemplar Fragebogen Präsenzumfrage Liegenschaft 9.5.2. Belegexemplare Fragebogen Präsenzumfrage Bewohner 9.5.3. Belegexemplare Fragebogen Onlineumfrage 9.5.4. Vergleich Online- und Präsenzfragenbogen
Planification et l'exécution de la technologie de chauffage sont basées sur un utilisateur idéalisé dont le comportement et les préférences en ce qui concerne cette technologie ne sont généralement pas connus. "Heizen 2020" (technology de chauffage en 2020) a enquêté sur les utilisateurs contre ce contexte statistiquement au moyen d'une enquête à grande échelle. Il se trouve qu'une subdivision des utilisateurs en trois groupes, qui sont diffèrent sensiblement dans leurs préférences, est logique. Basé sur ces groupe un concept de conception et de contrôle est développée. Indépendamment de la procédure précédente ce concept fonctionne avec des réserves dans le processus de planification et l'adaptation à la suite de la demande de l'utilisateur réel en utilisant la technologie de contrôle. Il y a des instructions développées pour sélectionner et ajuster le chauffage à l'utilisateur, sur la base des groupes développés.:1. Einleitung 1.1. Ein Wort zur historischen Entwicklung 1.2. Herleitung der Problemstellung 1.3. Erläuterung der Problemstellung 1.4. Beschreibung der Methodik und des daraus resultierenden Aufbaus 2. Literaturrecherche 2.1. Studien mit vorwiegend technischem Hintergrund 2.1.1. Felduntersuchungen zur Begrenzung des natürlichen und erzwungenen Transmissions- und Lüftungswärmeverbrauchs durch Nutzerinformation sowie durch heiz- und regelungstechnische Maßnahmen 2.1.2. Einfluss des Nutzerverhaltens auf den Energieverbrauch in Niedrigenergie- und Passivhäusern 2.1.3. Offenlegungsschrift DE 196 13 021 A1 – Patentanmeldung Vaillant aus dem Jahr 1996 22 2.1.4. Energieeffizienz und Wirtschaftlichkeit – Investitions- und Nutzungskosten in Wohngebäuden gemeinnütziger Bauvereinigungen unter Berücksichtigung energetischer Aspekte 2.2. Studien mit vorwiegend sozialwissenschaftlichem Hintergrund 2.2.1. (Ältere) Studien aus dem Bereich Passivhaus 2.2.2. Wohnkomfort und Heizwärmeverbrauch im Passivhaus und Niedrigenergiehaus 2.2.3. Introducing the prebound effect: the gap between performance and actual energy consumption 2.2.4. Arbeitsgemeinschaft für zeitgemäßes Bauen 2.2.5. Wohnkonzepte als Hilfsmittel für die dauerhafte Bewirtschaftung von Liegenschaften 2.2.6. Wohnen im ökologischen „Haus der Zukunft“ 2.3. Auswertungen auf Datenbasis der Heizkostenabrechnungen 2.3.1. Reale Raumtemperaturen in Mehrfamilienhäusern und Implikationen für die Einschätzung des Heizenergiebedarfs 2.3.2. Auswirkungen der verbrauchsabhängigen Abrechnung in Abhängigkeit von der energetischen Gebäudequalität 2.4. Auswertungen aus dem Bereich Marketing/Kommunikation 2.4.1. Vaillant Wärmebarometer 2012 2.5. Stand der Normung 2.5.1. DIN EN ISO 7730: Ergonomie der thermischen Umgebung 2.5.2. DIN EN 15251: Eingangsparameter für das Raumklima 2.5.3 Vornormenreihe DIN V 18599 – Energetische Bewertung von Gebäuden 2.5.4. Normenreihe DIN EN 12831 – Verfahren zur Berechnung der Normheizlast 2.5.5. DIN 1946-6: Lüftung von Wohnungen 2.5.6. Überarbeitung der DIN 4708 – Dimensionierung von Trinkwarmwasseranlagen 2.5.7. VDI 6030 Blatt 1 – Auslegung von Raumheizflächen – Grundlagen – Auslegung von Raumheizflächen 2.5.8. Schallschutz in der Normung: Normenreihe DIN 4109 (Entwurf), VDI 2081 und VDI 4100 62 2.5.9. VDI 6003 Trinkwassererwärmungsanlagen 2.6. Zusammenfassung Literaturrecherche 3. Nutzerbefragung allgemein 4. Auswertung – Ableitung von neuen Erkenntnissen 4.1. Erste Beschreibung des Datensatzes 4.1.1. Repräsentativität der Umfrage, Eigentum 4.1.2. Altersverteilung, Wohnkonzepte 4.1.3. Onlinebefragung 4.1.4. Präsenzbefragung 4.1.5. Einstufung Wohnkonzepte 4.2. Allgemeine Auswertungen 4.2.1. Raumtemperatur und Behaglichkeit 4.2.2. Warmwasserkomfort 4.2.3. Luftwechsel und Lüftungsverhalten, CO2 und Luftfeuchte 4.2.4. Regelstrategien des Nutzers zur Raumtemperatur 4.2.5. Beeinflussung des Nutzerverhaltens - allgemein 4.2.6. Nutzerbeeinflussung durch Information 4.2.7. Technische Wünsche 4.2.8. Kühlwunsch 4.2.9. Umwelt, Komfort, Kosten- Treibende Elemente für den Nutzer 4.2.10. Fossile und erneuerbare Energieträger 4.2.11. Paaranalyse, insbesondere Temperatur 4.2.12. Heizkörpergröße und –temperatur (Auslegung) 4.2.13. Wartung der Lüftungstechnischen Anlage 4.2.14. Zu beachtende Randbedingungen für neue Regelungskonzepte vor dem Hintergrund der Einsparung von Heizwärme 4.3. Überprüfung der eingangs aufgestellten Problemstellung 4.4. Clusterbildung 4.4.1. Überprüfung auf offensichtliche Cluster 4.4.2. Finale Clusterbildung 5. Ableitung einer nutzerorientierten Planungsmethodik 5.1. Referenzanlage 5.1.1. Wärmeerzeugung 5.1.2. Wärmeverteilung 5.1.3. Wärmeübergabe 5.1.4. Lüftung 5.1.5. Trinkwassererwärmung 5.1.6. Schulung/Information der Nutzer – Wartung der Anlage 5.2. Aufwertung der Anlagenkonfiguration 5.3. Auslegungskonzept 5.3.1. Auslegung Wärmeerzeuger 5.3.2. Auslegung der Heizflächen 5.3.3. Auslegung hydraulische Komponenten 5.3.4. Auslegung Lüftung 5.4. Regelungskonzept 5.4.1. Nutzerschnittstelle 5.4.2. Vorgaben an die Regelung 5.4.3. Eingaben Fachhandwerkerebene (Erstinstallation) 5.4.4. Folgen der Wahl der jeweiligen Regelstufe durch den Nutzer 5.4.5. Leistungsregelung und Nebenanforderungen 5.5. Anpassung Mehrfamilienhaus 5.6. Anpassung des Auslegungs- und Regelungskonzepts an den Bestand 6. Überprüfung und Fortschreibung der Ergebnisse 6.1. Folgen Energieausweis und Energieberatung/DIN V 18599 6.2. Abschätzung manuelle Heizkurvenverschiebung 6.3. Nutzerwunsch „Duschpanel“ und zukünftiger Verbrauch 6.4. Folgenabschätzung Investition 6.5. Weiterer Forschungsbedarf 6.5.1. Umsetzung in die Praxis 6.5.2. Warmwasserbedarf 6.5.3. Verschattung 6.5.4. Kühlungswunsch 6.5.5. Einfluss von Außenluftdurchlässen auf den Komfort in der Praxis 6.5.6. Dauer der Nachtabsenkung 6.5.7. Art der Tätigkeit und Bekleidung im häuslichen Bereich 6.5.8. Automationskonzept 7. Zusammenfassung und Erarbeitung zielgruppengerechter Empfehlungen 7.1. Allgemeine Zusammenfassung 7.2. Zusammenfassung aus bestimmten Blickwinkeln 7.2.1. Blickwinkel Handwerk 7.2.2. Blickwinkel Normung 7.2.3. Blickwinkel Politik 7.2.4. Blickwinkel Hersteller 7.3. Persönlicher Ausblick 8. Verzeichnisse 8.1. Abbildungsverzeichnis 8.2. Tabellenverzeichnis 8.3. Literaturverzeichnis 9. Anhang 9.1. Dokumentation Vorgehensweise 9.1.1. Beteiligte Personen und Institutionen 9.1.2. Entwicklung Fragebogen 9.1.3. Präsenzumfrage im Detail 9.1.4. Überarbeitung und Korrektur Datensatz Präsenzinterviews vor Auswertung 9.1.5. Dokumentation Datensatz Online 9.1.6. Auslegungsfragen Präsenzumfrage 9.1.7. Verwendete Messgeräte 9.2. Eigene Definitionen und Begrifflichkeiten 9.3. Verwendete statistische Definitionen in der Kurzfassung 9.4. Tabellarische Zusammenfassung des Auslegungs- und Regelungskonzepts bzw. der Referenzanlage 9.4.1. Referenzanlage 9.4.2. Auslegung Wärmeerzeugung und –übergabe 9.4.3. Auslegung Lüftungsanlage 9.4.4. Auslegung Kühlung 9.4.5. Visualisierung Nutzerschnittstelle (Bedienoberfläche Regelung) 9.4.6. Eingaben Fachhandwerkerebene 9.4.7. Vorgaben bei Nutzerwahl „Öko“-Regelstufe 9.4.8. Vorgaben bei Nutzerwahl „Eco“-Regelstufe 9.4.9. Vorgaben bei Nutzerwahl „Komfort“-Regelstufe 9.4.10. Leistungsregelung 9.4.11. Regelungsvorgaben Lüftung 9.4.12. Anpassung Mehrfamilienhaus 9.4.13. Einschränkungen im Bestand 9.5. Belegexemplare 9.5.1. Belegexemplar Fragebogen Präsenzumfrage Liegenschaft 9.5.2. Belegexemplare Fragebogen Präsenzumfrage Bewohner 9.5.3. Belegexemplare Fragebogen Onlineumfrage 9.5.4. Vergleich Online- und Präsenzfragenbogen