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Johan, Egebark. "Taxes, Nudges, and Conformity : Essays in Labor and Behavioral Economics." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-113067.
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This thesis consists of four papers summarized as follows. Do Payroll Tax Cuts Raise Youth Employment? We study whether payroll tax reductions are an effective means to raise youth employment. In 2007, the Swedish employer-paid payroll tax was cut on a large scale for young workers, substantially reducing labor costs for this group. Using the variation in payroll taxes across cohorts, we estimate a significant, but small, impact both on employment and on wages. Effects of Taxes on Youth Self-Employment and Income. I examine the link between taxes and youth self-employment. I make use of a Swedish reform that made the payroll tax and the self-employment tax vary by age. The results suggest that youth self-employment is insensitive to tax reductions, both in the short run and in the somewhat longer run. For those defined as self-employed, I find positive effects on income from self-employment, and negative effects on income from wage employment. Can Indifference Make the World Greener? We conducted a natural field experiment at a large university in Sweden to evaluate the effects of two resource conservation programs. The first intervention consisted of a campaign that actively tried to convince people to cut back on printing in general, and to use double-sided printing whenever possible. The second intervention exploited people's tendency to stick with pre-set alternatives. At random points in time we changed the printers’ default settings, from single-sided to double-sided printing. Whereas the moral appeal had no impact, the default change cut paper use by 15 percent. The Origins of Behavioral Contagion: Evidence from a Field Experiment on Facebook. We explore the micro-level foundations of behavioral contagion by running a natural field experiment on the networking site Facebook. Members of Facebook express positive support to content on the website by clicking a Like button. We show that users are more prone to support content if someone else has done so before.
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Plonquet, Matthieu. "Three essays on using Nudges in business firms." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01E062.
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Dans cette thèse, nous utilisons l’approche Nudge pour résoudre des problèmes comportementaux auxquelles les entreprises peuvent être confrontées. Dans le premier chapitre, nous commençons par exposer certains des problèmes que l’économie classique peine à résoudre, puis nous présentons l’approche Nudge et expliquons en quoi elle peut être une alternative efficace. Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous utilisons le Nudge pour changer la formulation d’invitations à participer à des enquêtes sur internet afin d’en augmenter le taux de participation. Nous trouvons que la plupart des Nudges parviennent à convaincre les individus de laisser leur adresse e-mail, mais que seuls ceux qui reconnaissent leurs efforts améliorent le taux de participation. Dans le troisième chapitre, nous utilisons le Nudge pour développer des enquêtes de satisfaction très courtes, administrées chaque mois, et comparons les résultats ainsi obtenus à ceux d’une enquête plus longue en fin de stage. Nous trouvons que la satisfaction lors du premier mois est fortement corrélée à la satisfaction finale, ce qui rend possible de détecter d’éventuels problèmes très tôt. Dans le chapitre final, nous utilisons les Nudges pour rendre une tâche simple plus ludique, une approche appelée « gamification ». Les Nudges augmentent la productivité autant que des incitations monétaires, sans coûter autant que ces dernières. Par ailleurs, les Nudges améliorent la motivation intrinsèque quand ils ne sont pas implémentés en même temps que les incitations. Nous concluons avec des conseils pratiques pour les décideurs souhaitant essayer le NudgeIn this work, we use the Nudge approach to solve behavioral problems that business firms may have to face. In the first chapter, we start by exposing some issues that the classical economic approach struggles with, before presenting the Nudge approach and why we believe it is relevant to the problems that businesses still face today. In the second chapter, we change the formulations of the invitations to participate to web surveys, using Nudge principles, in order to improve participation rate. Most Nudges increase the proportion of individuals giving their e-mail address, but only those that acknowledge the respondent's effort increase participation rate. In the third chapter, we use the Nudge approach's teachings to improve the measurement of job satisfaction. We measure the satisfaction of interns every month during their internships with a very short survey, and compare it to a lengthy survey administered at the end of the internship. We find that satisfaction during the first month of the internship is highly correlated with final satisfaction, which makes it possible to detect potential problems very early. In the final chapter, we use Nudges to improve productivity by making a simple task more playful, a process called “gamification”. Nudges generate the same increase in productivity as the monetary incentives, without the added cost of the latter. Moreover, unless monetary incentives are implemented at the same time, Nudges increase intrinsic motivation. We conclude our work with practical advice for decision-makers who want to try Nudging
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Goepel, Nell, Frida Svanhall, and Maira Rahme. "Strategic Recommendations for the Design of Nudges towards a Sustainable Society." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för strategisk hållbar utveckling, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-10419.
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Chern, Larissa. "Nudging Towards Social Change: The Application of Psychology and Behavioral Economics in Promoting Responsible Consumption." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1641.
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With workplace disasters in developing countries increasingly in the news, a major question is how to encourage consumers to use corporate social responsibility as a criterion in purchasing. Distinct from environmental concerns, social responsibility is defined here with respect to the humanitarian aspects of corporate practice, including fair wages and working conditions, equitable treatment of the disadvantaged, and restriction of child labor. Although the idea of socially responsible consumption (SRC) was first identified over forty years ago, most recent research on changing consumption habits focuses specifically on environmentally responsible consumption (ERC). Combining the psychological concept of social norms with economic emphasis on choice framing, research in behavioral economics has suggested that ERC can be promoted by “nudges,” low-cost initiatives that alter the decision environment to favor specific options. Here, we provide an overview of the existing literature on nudges and consumer choice, including the role of social norms, as well as other factors involved in successful social messaging. Previous research on ERC suggests that social norm nudges may result in higher rates of energy conservation, recycling and reuse, and purchasing of ecologically-friendly products. Applying these findings to the domain of SRC, we propose a set of possible interventions to increase consumer attention to social responsibility, highlighting the distinguishing roles of empathy and targeted demographic appeals in nudging consumers towards social change.
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Jesus, Wesdra Xavier de. "O último a sair apague a luz: a economia comportamental aplicada ao consumo de energia elétrica da UFG." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2018. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/8575.
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This study brings theoretical levers of Behavioral Economics applied to the public sector. The Federal University of Goiás, faced with its expansion in recent years, driven by growth programs, faced with the need to adjust its budgetary reality to the frank expansion of its funding, among them, electric energy that is treated in this research. The institution made use of tools of the Behavioral Economics with the use of nudges in order to seek to circumvent resource allocation needs beyond and behavioral changes of its population for saving of electric energy, being the analysis of this action the objective of the research. The methodology used was to search among the Consumer Units randomly, within some established basic prerequisites, those that served as the basis for comparative mathematical calculations related to assessing the efficiency, effectiveness and effectiveness of the action. The results showed that within what was established by the action, among the Consumer Units tested, the results were within the expected by the action. The intervention proposal was the recommendation of the use of a manual for insertion of nudges, besides proposing other forms of nudge use, and it is suggested to use virtual banners on the institution's internet pages
Este estudo traz alavancas teóricas da Economia Comportamental aplicada ao setor público. A Universidade Federal de Goiás ante sua expansão dos últimos anos, impulsionadas por programas de crescimento, viu-se diante da necessidade de adequar sua realidade orçamentária a franca expansão de seu custeamento, dentre eles, energia elétrica que é tratado nesta pesquisa. A instituição fez uso de ferramentas da Economia Comportamental com uso de nudges afim de procurar contornar necessidades de alocação de recursos além e mudanças comportamentais de sua população para economia de energia elétrica, sendo, a análise desta ação o objetivo da pesquisa. A metodologia utilizada foi buscar entre as Unidades Consumidoras de forma aleatória, dentro de alguns pré-requisitos básicos estabelecidos, aquelas que serviram de base para cálculos matemáticos comparativos afins de aferir a eficiência, efetividade e eficácia da ação. Os resultados mostraram que dentro do que fora estabelecido pela ação, dentre as Unidades Consumidoras testadas, os resultados foram dentro do esperado pela ação. A proposta de intervenção foi recomendação do uso de manual para inserção de nudges além de propor outras formas de uso de nudges, sendo sugerido uso de banners virtuais nas páginas de internet da instituição.
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Zarifnejad, Sirwan, and Petra Johansson. "Nudge Management; a way to Motivate Healthier Behavior." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-38067.
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Today, organizations are facing rising costs caused by increased employee sick - leave. A way to motivate employees to choose a healthier lifestyle is for the employer to offer wellness incentives. However, not too many employees are taking advantage of the incentives. According to the Transtheoretical Model of Health Behavior Change (TTM) , people are at different stages in their behavior change process. By knowing their personal obstacles to change, organizations can use nudge management and wellness incentives to help their employees to choose a healthier lifestyle. In order to get some answers, we conducted qualitative interviews at the Swedish Migration Agency. The result of our research showed seven main obstacles, and in this thesis we have explored dif erent nudges organizations can use to promote health and to lower sick - leave.
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Frerichs, Sabine. "What Is the 'Social' in Behavioural Economics? The Methodological Underpinnings of Governance by Nudges." Edward Elgar Publishing, 2018. http://epub.wu.ac.at/5710/1/Frerichs_2018_What%2Dis%2Dthe%2DSocial%2Din%2DBE_submitted%2Dversion.pdf.
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Behavioural economics builds on psychology rather than on sociology, and on cognitive science rather than the science of culture. The same is true for new behavioural scholarship in the legal discipline, whether this is referred to as 'behavioural law and economics' or 'law and the behavioural sciences'. The result of a one-sided definition of a more realist research agenda in legal scholarship is an impoverished understanding of the 'social'. In Thaler and Sunstein's famous concept of nudging, social conformity appears as a property of the individual, which can be instrumentalized by social nudges. More generally, the cognitive strand of behavioural economics lends itself to strategies of regulatory 'debiasing', which suggests that it is possible to get down to pure preferences that are free from any distortions. While this approach neglects the endogeneity, or social contingency, of individual preferences, the social strand of behavioural economics is explicitly concerned with the dynamics of social interaction, or the effects of social interdependence. However, both strands of behavioural economics are still higher on methodological individualism, naturalism or positivism and lower on institutionalism, culturalism or constructivism than a genuinely sociological approach. More specifically, their understanding of the 'social' does not sufficiently account for the social embeddedness of both rational and irrational economic action. What is more, behavioural economics also lacks the means to reflect on the link between science and politics, which includes the question of why different models of economic man are attractive at different points in time. The conceptual move from rational to behavioural economic man bears distinctive policy implications, which are in line with the transformation of welfare capitalism towards 'less state' and 'more market'. While the overall direction of this project gets blurred in Thaler and Sunstein's branding of 'libertarian paternalism', it is evident in the adaptation of consumer policies, which proceeds under the imperative of market-conformity. Accordingly, a strategy of nudging does not put into question the wider institutional context but offers a technical solution to what is defined as a problem of individual behavioural rigidities and cognitive biases in the market environment.
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Berger, Kenneth John. "Saving water in schools: evidence on the use of smart water meters and behavioural insights." Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/31407.
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The city of Cape Town suffered a severe water crisis in 2018. At the peak of the drought in South Africa’s Western Cape, a randomised control trial at 105 schools investigated the impact of two behavioural interventions to encourage responsible water usage: detailed water usage data feedback from smart meters, and an interschool competition. Interventions reduced water usage in these schools by 15 to 26%. The information feedback was found to be more effective in reducing night time water use, indicating better water usage by the staff, while the competition was found to be more effective during the day time, indicating better water usage by the pupils. The contrast highlights the way feedback was understood differently by the two groups, with different effects on their assumption of responsibility. This example from Cape Town demonstrates the effectiveness of combining smart technologies with nudges. It provides a model of water conservation interventions for sustainable cities.
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Raineau, Yann. "Défis environnementaux de la viticulture : une analyse comportementale des blocages et des leviers d'action." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0033.
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Cette thèse traite des enjeux environnementaux et sanitaires de l’agriculture sous l’angle de l’économie comportementale. En partant de l’exemple emblématique fourni par la contestation sociale de l’usage des pesticides dans la filière vin, nous montrons pourquoi la réorientation durable du système productif ne peut s’affranchir d’une analyse des arbitrages effectués par les agents économiques. Du côté de la demande, nous mesurons expérimentalement l’effet concurrentiel des certifications (agriculture biologique) et des innovations technologiques (e.g. cépages résistants, réduction des sulfites) sur les préférences des consommateurs. Nous observons que ceux-ci sont prêts à revoir en partie leurs exigences gustatives en faveur d’un niveau élevé de qualité environnementale, mais que leurs motivations sont en partie liées à des attentes sanitaires, générant des signaux contradictoires pour l’offre. Le faible niveau d’information auquel ils ont accès constitue par ailleurs un frein à la sélection des meilleurs produits. Au niveau de l’offre, nous soutenons que la réponse à cette demande reste fortement limitée par l’inertie du système productif. Celle-ci peut être attribuée à une aversion au risque mais aussi, de nouveau, à un déficit informationnel, bien plus qu’à des comportements déviants liés au mimétisme, souvent incriminé en agriculture. Ce déficit porte cette fois sur les possibilités d’action de l’amont de la filière, dans notre cas les viticulteurs. Nous donnons alors des pistes d’orientation des politiques publiques de régulation, au niveau global ou au niveau plus local de la gouvernance d’entreprise, pour faciliter l’adéquation entre offre et demande sociétaleThis thesis deals with the impact of agriculture on health and the environment from a behavioural economics perspective. Focusing on the controversial use of pesticides in the winegrowing industry, I demonstrate the importance of considering the trade-offs made by economic actors in order to understand the obstacles hindering a shift to sustainable production. On the consumer side, I experimentally measure the competitive effect of certification (organic farming) and technological innovations (e.g. resistant grapevines, reduction of sulphites) on consumers’ preferences. I observe that consumers are partly willing to review their taste requirements in exchange for high environmental quality level, but that their motives are essentially health-oriented, generating contradictory signals towards producers. Besides, selecting the best products is hampered by the little information consumers are provided with. On the supply side, I argue that ability to meet demand is strongly limited by the inertia of the production system. This inertia can be attributed to risk aversion but again, to a large extent, to a lack of information, rather than being, as is often suggested in an agricultural context, the result of imitation. This lack of information this time concerns the various options available upstream, in this instance, on the part of winegrowers. I then provide guidelines for public regulatory policies, at global level or at more local level of corporate governance, to enable a match between supply and societal demand
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Ogrodnik, Marysia. "An economic analysis of addictive behaviors and drug policy in France." Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01E031.
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L'objectif de cette thèse composée de six articles théoriques et empiriques, est d'identifier les moyens les plus efficaces d'encourager les usagers de drogues – légales et illégales – à adopter des habitudes plus saines en réduisant leur consommation. La première étape consiste à évaluer l’ampleur du problème en mesurant le coût social des drogues (tabac, alcool et drogues illicites) en France en 2010. Malgré les campagnes de prévention massives, la proportion inquiétante des consommateurs de substances nocives, mais surtout, la part élevée de personnes déclarant regretter d'avoir commencé leur consommation, conduisent à reconsidérer le paradigme traditionnel de l’addiction rationnelle, à la base de la plupart des travaux de recherche sur les addictions en économie. Au contraire, admettre une polyphasie cognitive chez les individus avec d’une part, un planner prenant ses décisions aussi rationnellement que ses capacités cognitives ne le lui permettent, et un doer ne cherchant qu’à atteindre une satisfaction immédiate, permet de construire un cadre théorique original tenant compte des émotions de court terme et de long terme des agents, ainsi que le rôle des normes sociales sur leurs décisions de consommation addictives. Le modèle construit à partir de ce cadre, ainsi que son analyse sur un panel de fumeurs français, permet de proposer des politiques novatrices visant à renforcer la motivation des individus à arrêter leur consommation addictive en réduisant leurs problèmes d’autocontrôle, en agissant sur leur perception des dangers liés à l’usage de drogues, et en ciblant un changement normatif de leur consommation. La plupart de ces recommandations ne sont pas applicables aux drogues illégales en raison de leur statut juridique. De ce fait, le seul levier permettant de définir une stratégie visant à réduire les coûts induits, est l’étude des alternatives juridiques à la pénalisation de la consommation, en particulier en ce qui concerne le cannabis, qui est la drogue illicite la plus largement utilisée en France, mais également dans la plupart des pays développésThe objective of this thesis, composed of six academic papers, is to identify how to encourage people to adopt healthier habits by reducing their ⎯ legal and illegal ⎯ drug consumption. The first step is to evaluate the importance of the problem by measuring the social costs of drugs (tobacco, alcohol, and illegal drugs) in France in 2010. Despite massive prevention campaigns, the worrying proportion of harmful substance users and the high proportion of individuals who declare they regret having started consumption leads to reconsideration of the traditional paradigm of rational addiction and its extensions at the basis of most research works on addiction in economics. In contrast, admitting that individuals exhibit a dual process of reasoning, with a planner acting as rationally as the individual’s cognitive capabilities permit on the one hand and a doer who only seeks short-term rewards on the other, allows the construction of an original theoretical framework that takes into account consumers’ short-term and long-term emotions, and the role of social norms in addictive consumption. The model built from this framework and its testing through an analysis of smokers permit the proposal of innovative policies aiming to enhance individuals’ motivation to quit addictive consumption by (i) reducing their self-control problems, (ii) acting on their perception of the danger of the drug, and (iii) by targeting a normative change. Most of these recommendations are not applicable to illegal drugs due to their legal status. Thus, the strategy to reduce harm in this instance is to study the legal alternatives to the criminalization of use, especially for cannabis, which is the most widely used illegal drug in France, as it also is in most developed countries
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Houlihan, Shea. "Causal mechanisms of choice architecture interventions in alcohol consumption." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ef75f6d0-30a0-4d85-8224-9dfabcaf9b6a.
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This thesis attempts to answer the research question: What are the causal mechanisms for behaviour change undergirding choice architecture (CA) interventions in alcohol use? This thesis is organised along two dimensions: conceptual and empirical. At the conceptual level, this project discusses the application of CA to public policy; the lack of consensus regarding the theory of change underpinning the relationship between CA intervention stimuli and modified behaviour; and the need for clearer understandings of the CA intervention components in relation to other behavioural interventions. At the empirical level, this project systematically reviews available CA interventions intended to reduce alcohol consumption in public drink settings and suggests new alcohol-related CA intervention strategies.
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Perjons, Andreas. "Investigating Acceptance Among the Swedish Population Towards Energy-Saving Behavioral Interventions." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-177608.
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Legislation, economic incentives and informational campaigns are traditional tools of government used to exert its influence on citizens. More recently, other behavioral interventions called nudges and boosts have also come into usage to influence behavior. Nudges exploit faults in human decision making, pushing the individual in a direction of a specific choice, hence the name nudge. Boosts instead try to foster existing competences in the individual, effectivizing decision making while still preserving the individual’s own agency. Both nudges and boosts have proved to be cost-effective ways of influencing behavior, making them attractive alternatives to traditional behavioral interventions. An a priori way to investigate the effectiveness of behavioral interventions without their implementation is by measuring their acceptance. This thesis investigates the acceptance for nudges and boosts compared to traditional behavioral interventions when used in the domain of energy saving practices. The results show that acceptance differs greatly depending on which behavioral intervention is used, which energy saving domain the behavioral intervention is applied to, and to an extent the demographic characteristics of the individuals exposed to the behavioral intervention.
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Barile, Lory. "Environmental morale : an application of behavioural economics." Thesis, University of Bath, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.616874.
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This thesis makes a contribution to that part of the economics literature that explores how behavioural economics can inform environmental economics. Theoretically, the thesis develops the concept of environmental morale. Empirically, the study investigates the role of environmental morale on individuals’ behaviour within two different contexts: recycling participation and intertemporal choices over different goods (i.e., money, environment, and health) and outcomes (i.e., gains and losses). Major objectives of this analysis are: to shed light on how environmental morale interplays with individuals’ behaviour under different recycling policy schemes, and to examine whether temporal discounting is domain specific and depends on environmental morale heterogeneity. Original survey investigations are employed to analyse these issues. Results highlight the relevance of environmental morale both in motivating individuals’ contribution to recycling and intertemporal choices towards environmental outcomes. Regarding the interaction between environmental morale, recycling participation and government interventions, results from this analysis suggest that a facilitating nudge policy seems to be relatively more powerful in increasing individuals’ contribution and motivation towards recycling. Considering intertemporal choices, a paradox of hyperopia seems to be located in data provided in this analysis. Some of the original contributions of the thesis are, first the broader reconceptualization of the definition of environmental morale and its operationalization in analyses of questionnaire preferences. Secondly, in line with other areas of research (i.e., tax compliance literature); this study pursues an investigation of individual and cultural differences with respect to recycling policies, an area which has been neglected in the environmental economics literature. In this regard, the analysis considers a comparison between psychology and economics students in Italy and the UK. Thirdly, conditioning discounting on environmental morale offers a unique opportunity to analyse how ethical considerations influence the way individuals form expectations on (near and far distant) future environmental outcomes.
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Nelander, Lif. "Nudge the lunch : a field experiment testing primacy effects using a menu intervention approach in a university cafeteria." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-392280.
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The world is facing a global climate crisis and a collective step towards a more sustainable lifestyle is of importance. Food consumption accounts for a large part of an individuals’ total emissions and as the production of meat generally emits less green-house-gases than that of plant-based alternatives, changing towards a more plant-based diet can be one step to a more sustainable lifestyle. This study outlines a field experiment at a university cafeteria where the menu order was altered by random assignment. It is tested if placing the vegetarian option at the top of the menu has a causal effect on the share of vegetarian option sold that day, i.e. if it is possible to nudge customers to choose a more sustainable option. Using ordinary least squares and a beta regression models, the results do not show a positive treatment effect on the share of vegetarian option sold but do find a significantly average negative effect of 5.5 percentage points on the share of meat option sold. This effect it translated to an average negative effect of 6 percent on the daily emissions due to food sales at the cafeteria.
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Cosic, Hana. "Essays in behavioural economics." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAB023/document.
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Pourquoi prend-on ou non des risques ? Pourquoi ne recycle-t-on pas davantage ? En situation d'incertitude, quels prix immobiliers peut-on anticiper ? Pour d'éventuelles explications et pronostics concernant ces questions, les principes d'économie comportementale peuvent être invoqués. L'économie comportementale (CE) est l'association de la psychologie et de l'économie ayant pour but de donner une explication aux comportements observés sur les marchés, comportements humains faisant preuve de rationalité limitée et de raisonnements complexes (Mullainathan et Thaler, 2000). L'étude de l'économie comportementale a inspiré un grand nombre de théories différentes et a été utilisée dans de nombreuses applications empiriques et cette thèse suit le même schéma en explorant différentes applications de l'économie comportementale. Cette thèse développe trois nouvelles extensions de l'économie comportementale aux champs du management, du choix en termes de politiques et en termes de décision d'investissement immobilierWhy do we take risks or we do not? Why do not we recycle more? Under uncertainty what do we expect will happen to our home prices? These and many other questions are asked on daily basis.For possible explanations and answers to these and similar questions principles of behavioural economics can be used. Behavioural economics (BE) is the combination of psychology and economics that investigates what happens in markets in which some of agents display human limitations and complications (Mullainathan and Thaler, 2000). Behavioural economics provides more realistic psychological foundations to increase explanatory and predictive power of economic theory. The study of behavioural economics has inspired a number of different theories and has been used in many applications, and this thesis follows the same path and investigates different applications of behavioural economics. This thesis explores three novel applications of behavioural economics to management, policy making and property investment decision making
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Fanghella, Valeria. "Promoting energy conservation and environmental protection with behavioral economics: Theory and evidence." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/294539.
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This Doctoral thesis studies how nudges can help protect the environment. Three empirical and one theoretical studies investigate applications of green nudges and identify situations where they should, or should not, be used to promote environmental conservation.
In Chapter 1, we explore the interplay between nudges and financial policy instruments using an incentivized online experiment that reproduces daily energy behaviors. We find that these two tools do not perform better when implemented together than individually. Our results suggest that in some situations, displacements between behavioral and financial policy tools are more likely to arise than synergies.
Chapter 2 presents a field study in which a behavioral intervention is used to promote energy conservation in the workplace. Using a difference-in-difference approach, we find a significant reduction in branches’ monthly consumption outside the work schedule only, but not on overall consumption. Our findings suggest that nudges that are effective in the household context do not necessarily prompt behavioral change in the working environment.
In Chapter 3, we develop a behavioral model for the usage of in-home displays that provide real-time feedback on energy consumption, focusing on social housing. On top of the cost-benefit analysis between financial and moral utility, on the one hand, and the effort from using them, on the other hand, we add the role of cognitive biases. This study seeks to improve the design of behavioral policies aimed at tackling energy poverty.
Chapter 4 presents an incentivized online experiment that studies moral cleansing in the interpersonal and environmental domains. We find that bad behaviors that impact others trigger costly moral cleansing, whereas those that impact the environment do not even trigger costless cleansing. This empirically shows that people perceive environmental issues differently from other moral issues.
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Gesovski, Daniel, and Erik Gunhamn. "Nudging : Ett verktyg för ett ökat hållbart sparande?" Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekonomistyrning och logistik (ELO), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-85206.
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Bakgrund: Det finns ett starkt intresse kring klimat- och hållbarhetsrelaterade frågor idag vilket speglar sig i allmän opinion och i politiska debatter. Den rationella investeraren antas placera sina pengar med hänsyn tagen till beslutskriterier som risk och avkastning. Men frågan är om etiska och hållbara ställningstaganden kommer till uttryck i människors val av placeringar? Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att testa ifall individer tenderar att välja socialt hållbara investeringar i större utsträckning då de reflekterar över sina attityder och värderingar kring etik och hållbarhet i samband med ett placeringsval. Teori: Studien grundar sig i en deduktiv ansats, där vi utifrån rådande teorier inom ekonomi och beteendevetenskap skapat ett antagande om människan. Antagandet är att människan investerar utifrån beslutskriterierna risk och avkastning, men att denne även har etiska värderingar och attityder som tenderar att falla bort vid placeringsvalet p.g.a. bristande rationalitet och kognitiv bias. Det uppstår därmed en dissonans mellan människans beteende och dess attityder och värderingar. Denna dissonansen ska reduceras genom en system 2 nudge som låter investeraren reflektera över sina värderingar och attityder rörande hållbarhet och etik innan placeringsvalet. Detta för att se om det kan leda till en högre andel placeringar i socialt hållbara investeringar. Empirisk metod: Den empiriska metoden bestod av ett enkätexperiment där två grupper av respondenter fick göra ett hypotetiskt placeringsval, men där experimentgruppens enkät innehöll en system 2 nudge innan valet. Resultat: Vår nudge fick ingen signifikant påverkan på respondenternas placeringsval. Detta kan delvis förklaras av ett felaktig antagande om människan som redan placerade mer hållbart än förväntat samt bristande effektivitet av vår system 2 nudge i kontexten av denna studie.Background: Climate- and sustainable related questions are strong topics in today’s society and are highly debated by decision-makers. The rational investor is supposed make investments based on risk and return. But the question is if the concerns about sustainability and ethics really influence the decision of the investor? Purpose: The purpose of this study is to test if individuals tend to invest more in SRI (Socially responsible investments) if they have a moment of reflection regarding ethics and sustainability before an investment decision. Theory: We apply a deductive approach, by creating an assumption of how humans function according to economics and behavioral science. Due to theory, humans can be seen as rational investors who solely make investment decision based on risk and return. But they can also have strong attitudes and values regarding social responsibility, which because of bounded rationality and cognitive bias tend not to be included as criteria in investment decisions. This creates a dissonance between the person's values and attitudes and their investment decisions. To make people invest more in consonance with their values and attitudes we construct a system 2 nudge that let them reflect about their view of ethics and sustainability before an investment decision. This can lead to increased investments in SRI. Empirical method: The empirical method consisted of a survey experiment in which the participants were asked to make a hypothetical investment decision. The treatment survey contained a system 2 nudge before the investment decision, while the control survey remained neutral. Results: The nudge, or the reflection of attitudes and values by the investor, had no significant effect on their investment decision. This can partly be explained by a wrong assumption of the rational investor who already invested according to their values and attitudes, and by a lack of effectiveness of our system 2 nudge in the context of this study.
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McNabb, Lucas. "‘NUDGING’ ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY BEHAVIOR? EXPERIMENTS ON RECYCLING AT UPPSALA UNIVERSITY." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-324717.
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Incorrect waste disposal has devastating consequences for the environment. Recycling is an environmentally friendlier way to dispose of waste, and recycling opportunities are turning up in more and more public spaces. However, at any given recycling station, lots of recyclables are not recycled. This study posed the question: “Can simple ‘nudges’ be used to increase the proportion of correctly disposed of recyclables at public recycling stations?” And through field experiments at Uppsala University this study has shown that there is a significant potential for nudges when it comes to recycling behavior in common spaces. Various signs were designed and attached to recycling stations spread out over six different campuses. Statistically significant changes were observed and the generalizability of these findings is expected to be wide, as the interventions are operating on a cognitive level.
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Collander, Cristoffer, and Erika Johansson. "Nudging - ett nytt planeringsverktyg för hållbara resor?" Thesis, KTH, Urbana och regionala studier, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-230955.
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Hållbarhet har under de senaste decennierna blivit ett kraftfullt nyckelbegrepp som präglar trafikplaneringens riktlinjer. I kombination med de åtgärder som under många år använts för att öka andelen hållbara resor inom transportsektorn, såsom forskning om elbilar och alternativa bränslen, har på senare år även beteendepåverkande åtgärder implementerats under konceptet mobility management. En aktuell teori i sammanhanget är nudge-teorin, vilken innefattar hur beslutsfattare kan hjälpa människor att fatta bra beslut genom mindre åtgärder: genom att ge dem en knuff i rätt riktning, utan att kräva ekonomiska incitament eller begränsa människors valmöjligheter (Thaler och Sunstein 2008). Nudging som koncept är fortfarande relativt outforskat inom trafikplanering, även det finns vissa likheter med mobility management. Syftet med denna studie är att öka förståelsen om konceptet nudging samt undersöka dess kvaliteter som planeringsverktyg för att påverka resebeteenden. Genom att studera fem kommuner som alla deltagit i det EU-finansierade projektet Knuffa resan rätt, undersöker uppsatsen hur nudge-åtgärder har använts samt hur användarna uppfattat att arbeta med verktyget. Uppsatsen ämnar också belysa hur de deltagande kommunerna tidigare arbetat med beteendepåverkande åtgärder och vilka skillnader de upplever med användandet av nudging som verktyg. Denna studie är en flerfallstudie, där intervjuer har använts som huvudmetod för att samla in empiriska data om de fem olika fallen som studien består av. I kombination med denna metod utfördes även en litteraturstudie, där relevant litteratur om hållbarhet och trafikplanering samlats in, samt ett teoretiskt ramverk om beteendevetenskap, där teorin om nudging lyfts fram. Resultatet från fallstudierna visar att nudging ses som ett nytt spännande verktyg bland kommunerna, även om somliga påpekar att verktyget omedvetet tidigare använts. Skillnaden avser etableringen av nudging som begrepp, samt att kommunerna nu fått en förståelse för teorierna bakom nudging, hämtade från beteendeekonomin. Dessa kunskaper har bidragit till en medvetenhet som kommer effektivisera, men också rättfärdiga, framtida beteendepåverkande projekt inom kommunerna. Däremot finns en problematik vad gäller arbetsprocessen vid nudge-åtgärder. I synnerhet krävs en mer omfattande utvärdering vilket resulterar i än mer resurskrävande projekt. Sannolikt kommer det krävas viss modifikation och flera omgångar av testprojekt innan ett bättre koncept eller modell har utvecklats som effektiviserar nudging som exklusivt planeringsverktyg. Tills dess bör insikterna om nudging användas främst som ett komplement till redan befintliga planeringsverktyg, med syftet att i stället effektivisera dessa.
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Schäfer, Louisa. "Sustainable Communication: Fashion Consumers' Reception and Interaction : The Case of Nudie Jeans." Thesis, Jönköping University, Högskolan för lärande och kommunikation, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-49911.
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The fast fashion industry has a large negative impact on the environment and its workers. Consumers purchasing fast fashion are reinforcing the dominant social paradigm, the assumption that humans are superior and the Earth’s resources unlimited. Even though customers are reconsidering their fashion consumer behavior, they often fall back to making unsustainable choices. Research has shown that communication strengthens ethical consumption and supports reducing the attitude-behavior gap. This study proposes that sustainable communication encourages fashion customers to reason with themselves in a way their behavior evolves to be more sustainable. The aim is to investigate customers’ reception and interaction with sustainable communication using the example of the ethical fashion brand Nudie Jeans. Based on the theories of the attitude-behavior gap and sustainable communication, semi-structured in-depth interviews with Nudie Jeans customers were conducted. The analysis of the interview responses demonstrates the initial presence of an attitude-behavior gap and low awareness of sustainable communication among customers. The research indicates that after customers have developed an awareness of sustainable concerns in the fashion industry, a fashion brand can succeed in encouraging customers to adjust predominant consumption patterns towards more ethical ones. On this basis, it is recommended that ethical fashion brands continuously use transparent sustainable communication to educate consumers about the environmental and social maladministration in the fashion industry.
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Ostheimer, Silva Elena, and Verena Unger. "Nudge Me if You Can : Social Nudging to Reduce Water Consumption in Private Households on the Island of Gotland, Sweden." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-447694.
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This thesis acknowledges the increasingly important issue of global freshwater scarcity. It focuses on water consumption in private households and examines whether social nudging, specifically the focus theory of normative conduct, can serve as a tool to reduce it. This is examined through action research conducted on the island of Gotland, Sweden, in cooperation with the local major housing company GotlandsHem. Despite some limitations, the findings show with a significance of 0.033 that, on average, almost 50 litres of water less were used weekly by each household after two social nudging interventions. This corresponds to 7,472.99 litres for all 151 nudged households. The findings show that the research design represents a way for housing companies to use the focus theory of normative conduct from the field of social nudging to reduce their tenants’ water consumption.
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Tiet, Tuyen Tong. "Individual incentive and pro-environmental behaviors : the role of networks." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020STRAB013.
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La question fondamentale à laquelle sont confrontés les économistes et les écologistes est de savoir comment promouvoir de manière adéquate les comportements individuels favorables à l'environnement (c'est-à-dire motiver les gens à protéger leur environnement local ou à lutter contre le changement climatique mondial). En ce sens, diverses études théoriques et empiriques ont été élaborées pour expliquer comment les incitations monétaires (par exemple, les taxes, les subventions, etc.) ainsi que les incitations sociales (par exemple, l'influence sociale, les normes, etc.) pourraient contribuer à motiver les individus à adopter un comportement favorable à la durabilité environnementale. Dans le monde actuel, chacun est lié à plusieurs types de réseaux sociaux (par exemple, un réseau de famille, d'amis, de parents, de voisins, de collègues, etc.). En raison de ces liens, l'influence des pairs pourrait être utilisée pour motiver les individus à adopter un comportement cible (Thaler, 2008). Il est donc crucial de comprendre comment les incitations sociales (par exemple, les normes sociales, la comparaison sociale, les coups de coude, etc.) et la structure du réseau pourraient contribuer à promouvoir et à maintenir les comportements pro-environnementaux des individus. Dans cette perspective, ce mémoire contribue à l'analyse du rôle du réseau et de son impact sur les comportements pro-environnementaux de manière théorique et expérimentale. [...]The fundamental issue faced by both economist and environmentalist scholars is how to adequately promote individual pro-environmental behaviors (i.e., motivating people to either protect their local surrounding environment or fight against global climate change). In this sense, a variety of theoretical and empirical studies has been developed to explain how monetary (e.g., tax, subsidy, etc.) as well as social incentives (e.g., social influence, norms, etc.) could help to motivate individuals to behave toward environmental sustainability. In a today world of social relationship, everyone is linked to a social network (e.g., a network of family, friends, relatives, neighbors, co-workers, etc.). Since individuals are linked to each other, peer influence could be used to motivate individuals to perform a target behavior (Thaler, 2008). It is therefore crucial to understand how social incentives (e.g., social norms, social comparison, nudges, etc.) and network structure could help to promote and sustain individuals' pro-environmental behaviors. In this perceptive, this dissertation contributes to the analysis of the role of network and its impact on pro-environmental behaviors in a theoretical and experimental way. [...]
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Makovec, Petr. "Evaluace behaviorálního přístupu k vybraným částem hospodářské politiky s aplikací na Českou republiku." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-360286.
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Implementing behavioral insights into policy making goes along well with widespread effort for increased efficiency. From the public budget administrator point of view, this efficiency is crucial since it directly affects the current state of the budget. The theoretical part of this thesis consists of description of the most important parts of behavioral economics that can be used during the creation and setting of public policies. It also consists of brief description of current behavioral insights teams that are already using the insights representing more realistic behavior and decision making of individuals. In the analytical part of this thesis, I provide methodology of experiment evaluation as well as result extrapolation facets and risks. Those experiments usually take place before any reasonable extension is made. I also provide financial analysis of several experiments, should they be extended to larger group of individuals. In the last chapter of the analytical part, I discuss the possibilities of implementation of behavioral economics in the Czech Republic. Based on the calculations I ran, even a small change of the environment where people make decisions can significantly improve the results of the intervention, all that with minimal costs. It is however important to point out that not all behavioral insights inspirations end with success. Application of behavioral insights into policy making has got a great potential when it comes to the Czech Republic, as I show Using two examples from Health care and taxes revenues.
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Goldzahl, Léontine. "A behavioral approach to breast cancer screening decision." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010011.
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Cette thèse étudie les facteurs d’offre et de demande associés au recours au dépistage du cancer du sein. Parmi les facteurs d’offre, j’examine comment la coexistence du dépistage organisé au côté du dépistage individuel influence le contenu de l’examen de dépistage ainsi que le recours régulier au dépistage. En plus des facteurs de demande tels les caractéristiques socioéconomiques, une attention particulière est portée à la possibilité d’expliquer le recours régulier au dépistage par les préférences face au risque et temporelles ainsi que les perceptions. À partir de régularités psychologiques identifiées dans les travaux d’économie comportementale et de psychologie, trois interventions de type nudge sont testées dans le cadre d’une expérience randomisée sur le terrain visant à augmenter le taux de dépistage dans le programme nationalThis thesis explores supply and demand factors associated with the use of breast cancer screening. Among the supply factors, I examine how the coexistence of organized and opportunistic screenings influences the content of the screening exam and screening regularity. Besides the usual demand factors such as socioeconomic characteristics, a special attention is being given to the possibility of explaining screening regularly by individuals’ risk and time preferences and perceptions. Based on psychological patterns identified in the literature in behavioral economics and psychology, three nudge interventions are tested in a randomized field experiment to increase the national program uptake rate
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Ferm, Robert. "Investigating the impact of nudging on customers’ behavior : A retail store experiment with IoT devices." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Handelshögskolan (from 2013), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-84605.
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Between 4000-10 000 ads each day every day. That is how many ads we as customers are exposed to individually, each and every day. To reach a higher efficiency in marketing, marketing managers and store owners nowadays aiming to increase the customer satisfaction by striving to understand the customer behavior and their decisioning-making. For the aim of this thesis, we investigated if coloring cues in the retail environment had an impact on customers’ behavior in a specific retail store environment. This experiment was taken place in a small town within Sweden, named Karlstad. The retail store belongs to the electronic sector and the participants included in the experiment were randomly visiting customers of this electronical retail store. In the experiment we used IoT devices from Texas Instruments, a sensor device, called CC2650, enabled us to collect data from interactions by customers and products. In our experiment we compared three periods of data with the help from the analysis method of one-way ANOVA. The result was showing that there is a significant variance between at least two of our three periods of measurements, and by the results of this thesis we could reject the Null Hypothesis (H0). As the H0, were telling that there would not be any differences between any of the three measured periods of time. Further, with insights from our one-way ANOVA, we could determine with help from a complementary analysis method, the Tukey’s HSD, we could point out which periods that were significant different from one another. This made us come into conclusions that there is a possibility to predict the customer behavior and the customer’s Need for Touch (NFT), a part of the nudging theory, and can give the marketing managers and store owners in retail an increase of understanding of the customer’s behavior. Future research could look into how customer’s behavior can change within different type of retail stores, and also if coloring cues in retail stores within bigger cities will have another impact on customer’s behavior.
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Melendrez, Ruiz Juliana. "Understanding the low consumption of pulses among French non vegetarian consumers : combining direct and indirect approaches to identify barriers and opportunities." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UBFCK030.
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L’objectif de cette thèse était de comprendre quels sont les barrières à la consommation de légumes secs chez les consommateurs français non végétariens, en combinant des méthodes directes, indirectes et implicites.Après avoir montré que les représentations sociales des consommateurs sont très différentes de celles des professionnels de la filière, nous avons exploré les représentations mentales, croyances et connaissances des légumes secs chez les consommateurs. Ceci a fait apparaitre que même si les participants de nos études avaient des connaissances sur les légumes secs, ils les choisissaient peu. De plus, ils associaient plutôt les legumes secs avec la viande, qui occupe pour eux la place centrale du repas. La difficulté de préparation des légumes secs semble être un frein majeur à leur consommation. Leur niveau de transformation est un autre facteur qui influence fortement les représentations mentales qu’en ont les consommateurs.Une étude en supermarché virtuel a montré que l’attention visuelle envers les légumes secs est différente de celle accordée à d’autres produits, et qu’elle est influencée par le rayon dans lequel ils sont présentés. Nous avons évalué l’influence de stratégies pour augmenter les choix des légumes secs dans un environnement de supermarché virtuel, par le moyen de « nudges » et de contextes évoqués qui soulignaient des motivations de choix différentes. Nous avons mis en évidence un choix plus élevé de légumes secs dans certains de ces contextes (ex: une motivation pour l’environnement tend à augmenter les choix de légumes secs). En revanche, la stratégie utilisant des « nudges » seuls n’a pas augmenté le choix des légumes secs. Mais, lorsqu’on combine ces deux stratégies, des modifications de choix chez certains participants sont observées.Une dernière étude a permis de comparer les représentations sociales des légumes secs pour les consommateurs français et espagnols dans un contexte cross-culturel, et a montré des éléments partagés dans les représentations de ces deux populations, et des éléments spécifiques à chaque culture et au niveau d’éducation des participants.L’ensemble de ces résultats nous a permis de proposer un certain nombre de recommandations destinées à l’industrie, aux autorités nationales et au monde de la recherche, pour contribuer à l’augmentation de la consommation de légumes secs en FranceThe objective of this thesis was to understand the barriers related to the consumption of pulses by French non-vegetarian consumers, by combining direct, indirect and implicit approaches.After showing that the social representations of consumers towards pulses are very different from those of professionals of the industry, we explored the mental representations, beliefs and knowledge about pulses among consumers. We showed that, even if the participants in our study had knowledge regarding pulses, they did not choose them frequently and associated them mostly with meat, which holds the central place of their meal. The difficulty of preparation of pulses seems to be a major obstacle to their consumption. Their level of transformation is another factor that has a strong influence on consumers’ mental representations.A study in a virtual supermarket showed that visual attention is different towards pulses and other food-groups and that the shelf in which pulses are presented influences the visual attention of consumers. We evaluated the influence of strategies to increase pulses choice in a virtual supermarket, using nudges and contexts that highlighted different buying motivations. We found a higher choice of pulses in some contexts. In particular, a motivation for the environment tends to increase the choice of pulses. Te strategy using nudges alone did not increase the choice of pulses. However, when these two strategies were combined, some participants modified their choices.A final study allowed us to compare the social representations of pulses for French and Spanish consumers in a cross-cultural context; it showed that some elements are shared in the representations of these two populations, while other elements are specific to a culture, and to the level of education of the participants.All these results enabled us to propose some recommendations for the industry, national authorities and the research, to help to promote pulses consumption in France
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Koumpias, Antonios M. "Public, Tax, and Health Policies and Institutional Performance." 2017. http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/econ_diss/132.
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This dissertation evaluates the effectiveness of public interventions in tax policy (such as a tax compliance campaign in Greece), the performance of public institutions that dictate land zoning (corruption of zoning officials in Greece and Spain) and public health (publicly-provided health insurance; namely, Medicaid). The common underlying theme of the dissertation is the public nature of the policies examines with an empirical emphasis. The ultimate goal of this research body is to provide credible policy solutions for the improvement of public administration.
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Pinho, Mariana Vieira de Almeida. "Economia comportamental aplicada à criação de nudges para o desenvolvimento da igualdade de género nas organizações." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/27633.
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A igualdade de género é, nos dias de hoje, um imperativo social e um princípio fundamental para a vivência plena da cidadania. Apesar da relevância do conceito para a sociedade, e inclusivamente de todos os esforços e diretivas regulamentares publicadas, os resultados demonstram que as desigualdades subsistem ainda no mercado de trabalho.
No domínio da Gestão de Pessoas, estas desigualdades podem emergir logo num primeiro contacto entre o possível candidato e a empresa, como nas atividades atinentes ao recrutamento e seleção. Como tal, urge a necessidade de as organizações pensarem e reavaliarem o modo de atuação a todos os níveis perante os seus recursos humanos, (re)definindo os procedimentos pelos quais internamente se pautam.
Nessa atuação, a Economia Comportamental poderá constituir um meio viável e eficaz na prossecução de práticas de recrutamento e seleção mais justas e equitativas. O presente trabalho pretende promover o encontro entre a Economia Comportamental, e em especial dos nudges, na promoção e desenvolvimento da igualdade de género nas organizações. Através de uma análise aprofundada desta relação e da identificação dos pressupostos cientificamente validados, pretende-se que este seja um contributo na incorporação de ferramentas comportamentais no caminho para a igualdade nas organizações.Gender equality is nowadays a social imperative and a fundamental principle for the full experience of citizenship. Despite the relevance of the concept to society, and even all publications of regulatory efforts and directives, the results show that inequalities still exist in the labor market. In the field of People Management, these inequalities can emerge soon on a first contact between the potential candidate and the company, such as in the recruitment and selection activities. Consequently, it is urgent for organizations to think and re-evaluate the way they act at all levels in relation to their human resources, (re)defining the procedures by which they are internally guided. In this action, Behavioral Economics can be a viable and effective way of pursuing fairer and more equitable recruitment and selection practices. The present work aims to promote the encounter between Behavioral Economics, and particularly the Nudges, in the promotion and development of gender equality in organizations. Through an in-depth analysis of this relationship and the identification of scientifically validated assumptions, this work is pretended to be a contribution in the incorporation of behavioral tools into the path to equality in organizations.
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Chang, Hsiu-Cheng, and 張修誠. "Government of Behavioral Science in the Divided Society : On Cass Sunstein’s Nudge Theory." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/4c9yyy.
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Musarra, Roberto. "Nudge practices: A smart and cheap way to manage human resources." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/19458.
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There is a new strand of literature that argues about the possibility to construct some HR practices using insights from behavioral science. These practices are manly inspired by the nudge theory formulated by Thaler and Sunstein (2008). A nudge is something that aims to alter people predictable behavior in order to protect their interests, but without restricting people’s freedom of choice. As we will see in this paper, HR practices built with this setting can lead to remarkable results at minimum or even no costs. This dissertation aims to answer to the following questions: When can we talk of nudge practices? What are the roots of these practices? What are the characteristics that define them? To identify the characteristics that a nudge practice should possess in order to be considered as such, I will first trace the literature behind these kinds of practices. Once this work is done, I extract the relevant variables. To give some empirical evidence to my argument, I picked up a practice that I consider to be a nudge practice and I examine whether this practice possesses all the identified characteristics.Há uma nova vertente da literatura que discute sobre a possibilidade de construir algumas práticas de RH, usando ideias da ciência do comportamento. Essas práticas são maiormente inspiradas na teoria do nudge formulada por Thaler e Sunstein (2008). Um nudge é algo que visa alterar o comportamento previsível das pessoas para proteger seus interesses, mas sem restringir a liberdade de escolha das pessoas. Como veremos neste artigo, as práticas de RH construídas com essa configuração podem levar a resultados notáveis a custos mínimos ou mesmo sem custos. Esta dissertação tem como objetivo responder às seguintes perguntas: quando podemos falar de práticas de nudge? Quais são as raízes dessas práticas? Quais são as características que os definem? Para identificar as características que uma prática de nudge deve possuir para ser considerada como tal, primeiro vou traçar a literatura por trás desses tipos de práticas. Uma vez concluído este trabalho, vou extrair as variáveis relevantes. Para dar alguma evidência empírica ao meu trabalho, vou pegar uma prática que considero uma prática de nudge e vou examinar essa prática para ver se possui todas as características identificadas.
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Dorsi, Alison M. "Behavioral insights from across the pond: how nudging tools from the U.K. won't help reduce obesity In the U.S." Thesis, 2015. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/15717.
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Obesity has become a major issue in advanced societies having serious impacts on various social as well as economic levels. In addition to the personal costs of obesity leading to serious and chronic diseases, obesity projects additional burdens upon society including lack of productivity, often resulting in increased dependence on governmental benefits, as well as increasing health care costs, most of which are paid for by taxes. This phenomenon has become especially prevalent in the United States and the United Kingdom, with both countries attempting to reduce obesity levels with programs that utilize varying levels of paternalism. As the costs to these societies have become unsustainable, both have begun to experiment with behavioral insights to address the faults in their current programs. The resulting policy tool, known as a nudge, focuses on consumers' choice environments that contribute to poor health decisions and reframes the choice structures to intuitively encourage healthier choices. While both countries continue to study the use of nudges to reduce obesity, there are large differences in how each country has utilized nudges as a policy tool. For this large-scale problem and others like it, having the resources to develop policy solutions is not enough to resolve the problem: a country must be able to properly implement the solutions for them to be effective. This paper examines the development of nudging in each country and determines whether their differences in policy application reflect a broader problem of obesity-related policy intervention.
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Moça, João Emanuel Cardoso. "Economia comportamental e políticas públicas : diagnósticos para a criação de um Nudge." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/31337.
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A adesão aos tratamentos representa, cada vez mais, um dos principais focos dos profissionais de saúde, na medida em que estes definem como sendo um imperativo a sua promoção.
O presente plano de tese procura, conjugando uma vertente de revisão de literatura com uma vertente de análise de casos práticos, fornecer as condições necessárias para que, através da utilização de conceitos da Economia Comportamental, possam ser encontradas as condições para criar políticas que resolvam os problemas que afectam os níveis de adesão em Portugal.
As políticas de incentivo a uma maior adesão aos tratamentos damos o nome de Nudges.
Este plano de tese adopta uma abordagem de cariz qualitativo, contando com uma forte componente de revisão de literatura onde é feito um enquadramento teórico relativamente ao tema do plano tese e a alguns conceitos relacionados com a adesão e a Economia Comportamental, seguindo-se de uma análise à situação portuguesa e terminando com a análise a casos de nudge implementados e respectivas propostas para o caso português.Adherence to treatment represents, increasingly, one of the main focuses of health professionals, insofar as they define it as an imperative to promote it. The present thesis plan, combining a literature review section with a case study perspective, provides the necessary conditions so that, through the use of Behavioral Economics concepts, the conditions can be found to create policies that solve the problems affecting the levels of membership in Portugal. Policies to encourage greater adherence to treatments are called Nudges. This thesis plan adopts a qualitative approach, with a strong literature review component where a theoretical framework is made regarding the theme of the thesis plan and some concepts related to membership and Behavioral Economics, followed by a analysis to the Portuguese situation and ending with the analysis of nudge cases implemented and respective proposals for the Portuguese case.
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Brahim, Mehdi Ibn. "Reducing vandalism in elevators: the use of visual cues to nudge an altruistic behavior." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/123542.
Full textAbstract:
Vandalism is an issue from which many people, policymakers and organizations suffer. This study investigates the use of visual cues (i.e., Nudges) to reduce vandalism in elevators. An online questionnaire was administered to n = 264 participants, they were primed with one of three visual cues, then asked to answer a set of questions. Results indicate that the image of a hero is the most effective one in reducing vandalism; they also show that Nudges in the form of visual cues are situation dependent and that variables such as gender are important to take into consideration while planning Nudge interventions.
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Fetterly, Nicole. "Altering the cafeteria environment to improve health: a pragmatic observational trial of nudges and a marketing campaign to increase salad purchasing by first-year students." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/12475.
Full textAbstract:
Chronic diseases, including obesity are a global epidemic with significant long term mental and physical health complications, as well as societal costs from loss of productivity and health care expenditures. The causes of chronic disease and obesity are multifaceted and are linked to the complexity of eating behaviour, which develops over many years and is a product of our food environment as well as our social influences. First-year undergraduate students living in residence and on meal plans have lower vegetable intake than is recommended for optimal health and disease and obesity prevention. They also gain on average 2-3 kg in their first year due to factors like stress, increased autonomy in food choices and the food environment they face. With more than 2 million Canadian young adults attending post-secondary institutions and the importance of diet to overall health and wellness, building healthy eating habits and preventing weight gain during this life transition is an important public health priority.
Nudges or choice architecture interventions aim to encourage public health goals without removing choice for participants. Nudging seems to have a stronger effect in deterring the choice of unhealthy foods over motivating the choice of healthy foods. Conversely, pricing strategies where healthy foods are subsidized appear effective. Many intervention studies have been conducted in cafeterias with young adults but there was a need for studies that compared the impact of nudge interventions against economic strategies on the purchase of vegetables.
This study occurred in the main cafeteria serving undergraduate students on meal plans at the University of Victoria (n=1700). A longitudinal, quasi-experimental, single case ABACA research design was conducted and salad bar sales data was tracked. After a baseline period (A), an economic incentive was provided in the form of a loyalty card (B), this was then withdrawn for a second baseline period (A), followed by a cognitive and affect nudge implemented in the form of tent cards and sandwich boards with reasons to eat more vegetables conveyed with eye-catching, colourful graphics and messaging (C) and finally a third baseline measure (A) after withdrawal of the cognitive nudge.
The results showed that small economic incentives and nudges were not enough to have an impact on salad bar sales and that they declined throughout the term with too much overlapping data to establish an intervention effect. Larger economic incentives, behaviour or placement nudges and a focus on deterring unhealthy foods may have had an effect but these intervention options were not deemed feasible by food service management in this context. It may also be that there need to be more extensive changes to an individual’s microsystem and that these need to be supported by other changes in the microsystem and further changes at the level of the meso, macrosystem or exosystem through university-level intervention in food service operations or government policy or regulation.Graduate
2021-12-10
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(7038542), Brittni Echols. "Effect of an Unobtrusive and Low-Cost Nudge on Food Choice Behavior of Food Pantry Clients." Thesis, 2019.
Find full textAbstract:
Understanding the effect of food insecurity of vulnerable individuals is necessary to develop strategies for improving lives of those individuals. In this study I explore the effect of a low-cost, unobtrusive intervention on food pantry clients’ choice of healthier food items at a local food pantry. A cross-sectional study was conducted at a food pantry in the Midwest U.S. using the randomized controlled trial method. Participants in the intervention group received a nutrition ranking information about the food items in the pantry during their visit. Both the intervention and control groups reported their food selections. Additionally, client demographic information was collected in surveys. Data were collected from October 2018 to January 2019. A total of 615 adults were recruited and randomized for the nutrition ranking intervention (n=300) and control group (n=315). Multiple linear regression models were used to predict the outcomes of the intervention while controlling for demographic characteristics such as age, gender, household size, and education level. There was no significant response to the nutritional ranking intervention as it appears that the intervention was ineffective at changing behavior. Results suggest that future studies are needed to determine a low-cost intervention for food pantry clients during their short time at the food pantry.
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Ribeiro, Francisco Adriano. "Behavioral economics : nudging towards weight loss." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/27609.
Full textAbstract:
Esta tese final de mestrado tem o tema de Economia comportamental ligado ao conceito de uma nutrição saudável com o objetivo de utilizar as heurísticas e enviesamentos provenientes da racionalidade limitada do ser humano para dar um incentivo (nudge) as pessoas a mudar os seus hábitos alimentares com o objetivo de atingir e manter um peso saudável.
Para isso, depois de explicar e rever os conceitos mais importantes ligados a Economia comportamental, avanço para uma discussão acerca de algumas sugestões sobre como lidar com a tentação com particular enfase em incentivos económicos e de seguida um extensivo estudo de intervenções alimentares já efetuadas e agrupando estas por tipo de intervenção e classificando-as de acordo com a matriz classificativa do Kim Ly e Dilip Soman com o objetivo de perceber caso se verifiquem, as tendências do tipo de “nudges” e intervenções utilizados e verificar se há também melhores resultados obtidos com uns comparativamente a outros.This final master's thesis has the theme of behavioral economics linked to the concept of healthy nutrition with the goal of using heuristics and biases from the limited rationality of the human being to give an incentive (nudge) people to change their eating habits with the goal of attaining and maintaining a healthy weight. For this, after explaining and reviewing the most important concepts related to Behavioral Economics, I advance to a discussion about some suggestions on how to deal with temptation with particular emphasis on economic incentives and then an extensive review of already tested nutrition interventions, grouping by type of intervention and classifying them according to the Kim Ly and Dilip Soman classification matrix in order to perceive if there are any trends in the type of nudges and interventions used and to verify if there are better results obtained with some compared to others.
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Alves, Ana Clara de Sousa. "A contribuição da Behavioural law and economics na definição das políticas públicas." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/41966.
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A investigação em apreço tem por objetivo analisar e constatar como e de que forma é que a utilização de uma abordagem comportamental nas políticas públicas pode contribuir para uma maior eficiência e eficácia das mesmas.
Antes de mais, é necessário atentarmos às três principais funções do Estado e percebermos em que consistem e em que direção têm evoluído. A partir desta análise, importa sobretudo relacionar a intervenção estatal com essas mesmas três funções e em que medida a escolha pública é influenciada por essas nuances.
Por outro lado, necessitamos também de conhecer os principais modelos teóricos relativos às escolhas públicas para que possamos perceber se os mesmos têm atingido os seus objetivos, quais as vantagens e desvantagens de cada um e se há uma verdadeira necessidade de se considerarem novas perspetivas.
Posto isto, e antes de uma análise mais prática, importa conhecermos e descrevermos em que consiste a economia comportamental e a sua diferença da perspetiva mais racional e tradicional da economia, bem como o porquê de a considerarmos mais relevante e eficaz quando aplicada no que diz respeito às políticas públicas do que a perspetiva mais racional. Como tal, serão apresentados os princípios básicos de uma boa arquitetura da escolha bem como as principais vantagens de se aplicar uma perspetiva comportamental nas políticas públicas, contribuindo dessa forma para uma maior eficácia e eficiência das mesmas e uma melhoria das condições de vida dos indivíduos em geral.
Seguidamente, e após este enquadramento mais teórico, verificaremos através de estudos e experiências realizadas quer por instituições internacionais de relevo quer pelos teóricos desta perspetiva, como, quando e em que tipo de políticas públicas a aplicação de uma perspetiva comportamental pode ser mais eficiente e eficaz no que diz respeito ao objetivo que determinada política pretende atingir.
Por fim, a conclusão permitirá perceber se a aplicação de uma perspetiva comportamental nas políticas públicas tem trazido bons e promissores resultados e qual a direção que se prevê que perspetiva aqui em análise venha a seguir.The present research has as main objective the analysis and verification of how and in which way the use of a behavioral approach in public policies can contribute to greater efficiency and effectiveness of these policies. First of all, it is necessary to look at the three main functions of the State and in what they consist and in which direction they’re evolving. From this analysis, the question is about the State intervention with these three functions and how the public choice is influenced by it. On the other hand, we also need to know the main theoretical models regarding public choices in order to verify if they have achieved their objectives, what are the advantages and disadvantages of each and if there is a real need to consider new perspectives. Given this, and before a more practical analysis, it is important to know and describe the behavioral economy and its difference from the more rational and traditional perspective of the economy, as well as why we consider it more relevant and effective when applied in what it says public policy than the more rational view. As such, the basic principles of a good choice’s architecture will be presented as well as the main advantages of applying a behavioral perspective in public policies, thus contributing to a greater effectiveness and efficiency of the same and an improvement of the living conditions of individuals in general. Then, and after this more theoretical framework, we will verify through studies and experiences carried out both by relevant international institutions and by theorists of this perspective, and when and in what kind of public policies the application of a behavioral perspective can be more efficient and effective in relation to the objective that a certain policy intends to achieve. Finally, the conclusion will allow us to understand if the application of a behavioral perspective in public policies has brought good and promising results and which direction is expected to be analyzed here.
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Ferreira, Gonçalo Guimarães Durães. "Organizações sem fins lucrativos e a economia comportamental : o nudge como ferramenta para aumentar a captação de recursos." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/31363.
Full textAbstract:
A presente tese investiga de que forma a Economia Comportamental pode contribuir para o aumento da captação de recursos nas Organizações sem Fins Lucrativos e tem como objectivo central a agregação de diferentes estudos e aplicação de ferramentas a causas, associadas à captação de recursos por parte destas Organizações.
Para a realização desta tese, definiu-se a seguinte questão de pesquisa: de que forma o nudge, enquanto ferramenta da Economia Comportamental, pode aumentar a captação de recursos nas Organizações sem Fins Lucrativos?
Este é um estudo exploratório baseado numa abordagem qualitativa, tendo sido desenvolvido em três fases.
Na primeira fase, é elaborado um enquadramento do sector onde se inserem as Organizações sem Fins Lucrativos. Este sector, apelidado de Terceiro Sector, foi posteriormente analisado relativamente ao seu peso na economia numa perspectiva global e numa perspectiva portuguesa. Após esta análise, são contextualizadas e identificadas as diferentes Organizações sem Fins Lucrativos, as suas tipologias e as suas principais fontes de financiamento.
Na fase seguinte, é realizado um enquadramento ao conceito de Economia Comportamental, ao comportamento humano e de que forma este último pode ser influenciado em detrimento de uma outra pessoa, uma causa ou uma acção. Ainda nesta fase, é apresentado o Nudge, o seu conceito, aplicação e alguns exemplos de modo a compreender melhor de que forma funciona esta ferramenta da Economia Comportamental e de que forma pode ser usada para a captação de recursos.
Neste contexto, foram analisados estudos teóricos de aplicação que identificam os nudges passíveis de serem utilizados na captação de recursos financeiros por parte das Organizações sem Fins Lucrativos.
Na última fase do estudo, pretende-se compreender a aplicação dos nudges identificados, através de acções realizadas por diferentes Organizações sem Fins Lucrativos.The present thesis investigates how Behavioural Economy can contribute to fundraising increase in Non-Profit Organizations, being its core objective the aggregation of different studies and application of tools in causes associated to the fundraising by these Organizations. In order to carry out this thesis, the following research question was defined: how can nudge, as a Behavioural Economics tool, increase fundraising in Non-Profit Organizations? This is an exploratory study based on a qualitative approach, having been developed in three phases. In the first phase, a framework of the sector where non-profit organizations are inserted is elaborated. This sector, dubbed the Third Sector, was later analysed as to its weight in the economy from a global perspective and from a Portuguese perspective. After this analysis, different Non-Profit Organizations their typologies and their main sources of financing are contextualized and identifies. In the next phase, the concept of Behavioural Economics, of human behaviour and how this can be influenced in detriment of another person, a cause or an action, is developed. Also at this stage, Nudge, its concept, application and some examples are presented in order to better understand how this Behavioural Economy tool works and how it can be used for fundraising. In this context, theoretical studies that identify the application insusceptible nudges to be used in fundraising by the Non-Profit Organizations were analysed. In the last phase of the study, we aim to understand the application of the identified nudges, through actions carried out by different Non-Profit Organizations.
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Coelho, Pedro Miguel Vaz. "Nudging in retail context: changing purchasing habits using social norms." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/104025.
Full textAbstract:
Food choices can heavily influence health of individuals.Different methods to influence food purchasing habits have been tested, with nudge revealing promising results for the near future. The purpose of this work project is to understand how nudge, specifically social norms, can effectively change food choicesand how strong is the applicability in the retail context.Using data from an intervention in a Portuguese supermarket, 1636 participants are studied and concluded that, in fact, nudge positively affected those whose purchasing habits are categorized as less healthy, while those with healthy habits are negatively affected. Moreover, applying this intervention in a larger scale, could deliver great results for retailers and improve society health in general, as well improveresearch regarding long-term effects of nudging.
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Mičková, Barbora. "Koncepce libertariánského paternalismu v rekodifikaci českého soukromého práva." Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-336727.
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The master thesis The concept of libertarian paternalism in the recodification of Czech private law introduces a concept that works as an efficient synthesis of two different approaches to the relationship between the individual and the state: liberalism and paternalism. Libertarian paternalism deals mainly with the default system setting and setting of the recommendations and mechanism that are helpful in the decision making process of an individual as well as the whole society. The master thesis defines this concept, its main attributes and its tradition in the behavioral economics as well as its means and limits. The thesis shows how the use of this concept provides cheap and effective tools for nudging human decisions and behavior. The libertarian paternalistic approach in the law regulation is demonstrated in the new civil recodification, especially Civil Code 2012 as the fundamental act of civil law. The master thesis uses interdisciplinary approach to the topic, applying the perspectives of philosophy of law, economy, psychology and sociology.
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Silva, João Teotónio Torgal Mendes Pedroso da. "Sedentarismo e mudança comportamental." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/21610.
Full textAbstract:
O comportamento sedentário prolongado é um fator de risco para o bem-estar e saúde da
população. O uso de escadas é uma atividade física que pode ser promovida para prevenir ou
minimizar os riscos consequentes do sedentarismo. Intervenções baseadas em pistas externas
("nudge") podem ser eficazes em mudar comportamento, mas mais investigação é necessária
sobre os seus elementos eficazes. Portanto, reportamos dois estudos desenhados para 1)
explorar as condições contextuais e as motivações/objetivos que podem influenciar a tomada
de decião para o uso de escadas vs. elevador, e 2) aferir a potencial eficácia de um "nudge" para
elicitar o uso de escadas. Propomos a "primação de objetivos" e "prompting" como técnicas "nudge"
associadas ao fator manipulado na intervenção. O primeiro estudo consistiu num questionário.
O segundo estudo consistiu num desenho experimental com duas condições (poster vs.
controlo). No primeiro estudo, os resultados mostram que as motivações de saúde foram
classificadas como mais importantes e motivantes de uma forma geral do que a motivação de
pró-ambiente, e mais motivantes para a escolha do uso de escadas vs. elevador quando dadas
barreiras contextuais. Contudo, no segundo estudo, a diferença das escolhas entre escadas vs.
elevador não foi significativa. Apesar do resultado nulo, foram sugeridas potenciais limitações
do presente estudo que podem ter sido críticas.Prolonged sedentary behavior is a risk factor for the well-being and health of the population. Stairs use is a physical activity that can be promoted to prevent or minimize the risks resulting from sedentary behavior. Interventions based on external cues ("nudge") can be effective in changing behavior, but more research is needed on its effective elements. Therefore, we report two studies designed to 1) explore the contextual conditions and the motivations/goals that may influence decision making for the use of stairs vs. elevator and 2) to assess the potential effectiveness of a "nudge" to elicit the use of stairs. We propose "goal priming" and "prompting" as "nudge" techniques associated with the manipulated factor in the intervention. The first study consisted of a questionnaire. The second study consisted of an experimental design with two conditions (poster vs. control). Results in the first study shows that health motivations were classified as more important and motivating than the pro-environment motivation in general, and more motivating to choose the stairs vs. elevator when given contextual barriers. However, in the second study, the difference between stairs vs. elevator choices was not significant. Despite the null result, potential limitations of the present study were suggested that could have been critical.
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Havlíček, Petr. "Etické aspekty využívání behaviorálních poznatků při tvorbě veřejné politiky na případu sdíleného lékového záznamu." Master's thesis, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-438133.
Full textAbstract:
The master's thesis is focused on the use of behavioural insights in public policy making. It presents possibilities and limitations that this approach brings in general and in the case study of shared medication record, describes the legislative framework and explores the ethical issues perceived by relevant stakeholders. The shared medication record is based on the principle of presumed consent of access doctors and pharmacists to the database of prescribed and dispensed medicines of the patient. He or she may thus make no effort to allow consent. If the patient does not agree with their access, he or she has the option of so-called opt-out, the granting of a prohibition of access. This type of public policy measure, i.e., nudge, is based on the libertarian paternalism. The paternalistic aspect in the shared medication record is represented by the protection of all citizens from possible unwanted medication interactions, the libertarian aspect is the possibility of opt-out.
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Tošnerová, Ráchel. "Evropské trendy v soudní mediaci a jejich využití v ČR." Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-379492.
Full textAbstract:
EUROPEAN TRENDS IN JUDICIAL MEDIATION AND THEIR USE IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC Abstract This dissertation deals with the phenomenon of judicial mediation. In the first part, it defines the term of mediation as such and determines its essential and additional elements. Further, the text looks into the wide spectrum of cases in which this method of alternative dispute resolution can be applied. The author specifically points out that limiting its use to family matters is rather inappropriate. The following section systematically identifies the individual types, forms and methods of mediation so that each mediation can be customized for the respective case. Finally, the first part ends with a reflection on the current issues connected to criticism of mediation. These are the enforcement of international mediated settlement agreements, the potential conflict with access to justice and the binding nature as well as enforceability of mediation clauses including their stipulation in general terms and conditions. The second part is an analysis of the use of judicial mediation in selected European countries - Italy, Germany, the Netherlands, Poland, Slovenia and Spain. Different approaches to the implementation of the mediation directive are described as well as techniques for the promotion of its use. The output of the...