Journal articles: 'Behavioral nudges'

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Khadzhyradieva, Svitlana, Tetiana Hrechko, and Anatolii Savkov. "Behavioral Insights in Public Policy: Ukrainian Case." Public Policy And Administration 18, no. 1 (April 9, 2019): 85–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ppaa.18.1.23130.

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The OECD has identified 196 teams within governments across the world, designed with the purpose of using behavioral insights to improve national administrations. Citizens of various societies support nudges and nudging. However, the determinants of the nudge approval level have not been studied so far. It is not known why some types of nudges are approved by citizens of different countries to a greater extent, and others are actively disapproved. The aim of this study is to reveal the approval level of using Behavioral insights in Public Policy. We have formulated the nudge approval determinants, have analyzed the influence of nudge approval determinants on nudge approval level in 15 countries. We report the results of nationally representative survey of nudge approval level in Ukraine. We have found governance, cultural and experience determinants of nudge approval. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ppaa.18.1.23130

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VAN DER LINDEN, SANDER. "The future of behavioral insights: on the importance of socially situated nudges." Behavioural Public Policy 2, no. 2 (August 14, 2018): 207–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bpp.2018.22.

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AbstractSocially minded nudges are the more sociable cousin of regular nudges: they reveal important information about other people's behavior, raise normative expectations about what is desirable, can be shared and transmitted online or offline and leverage social incentives and sanctions that regulate individual and group behavior. In this article, I argue that many of the most successful nudges – that is, nudges that have been well replicated, offer positive spill-over and whose effects last over time – have in fact been social nudges. Moreover, the efficacy of other nudges can be enhanced by considering the social dimension of the problem that they are trying to address. In asking where behavioral science should go next, I argue that although the Behavioural Insights Team has traditionally shied away from addressing more complex and sticky societal issues, socially situated nudges are particularly well suited to address many of the important challenges raised by Sanders et al. (2018).

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Nahmias, Yifat. "Privacy Preserving Social Norm Nudges." Michigan Technology Law Review, no. 26.1 (2019): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.36645/mtlr.26.1.privacy.

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Nudges comprise a key component of the regulatory toolbox. Both the public and private sectors use nudges extensively in various domains, ranging from environmental regulation to health, food and financial regulation. This article focuses on a particular type of nudge: social norm nudges. It discusses, for the first time, the privacy risks of such nudges. Social norm nudges induce behavioral change by capitalizing on people’s desire to fit in with others, on their predisposition to social conformity, and on their susceptibility to the way information is framed. In order to design effective social norm nudges, personal information about individuals and their behavior must be collected, processed, and later disseminated (usually in some aggregated form). Thus, the use of social norm nudges opens up the possibility for privacy threats. Despite the significant privacy concerns raised by social norm nudges, research on the topic has been scarce. This article makes two contributions to the understanding of the privacy risks underlying the use of social norm nudges. The first contribution is analytic: it demonstrates that using social norm nudges can pose a threat to individuals’ privacy through re-identification of anonymized data. This risk was demonstrated in other contexts (e.g. Netflix recommendation contest). The second contribution is policy oriented: it argues that the strategy of differential privacy can be used to mitigate these privacy risks and offer a way to employ social norms nudges while protecting individuals’ privacy.

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HORTAL, ALEJANDRO. "Nudging and educating: bounded axiological rationality in behavioral insights." Behavioural Public Policy 4, no. 3 (March 8, 2019): 292–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bpp.2019.2.

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AbstractWhile it is broadly accepted that individuals are boundedly rational, the meaning of these boundaries and what to do about them has generated a debate between two different views: one that defendsnudgingas the best possible way to improve the outcome of people's decision and one that criticizes their use. This debate occurs at an instrumental level, conceiving decisions under a goal-oriented perspective. I propose that adding the role of values (axiological rationality) to the discussion can shed new light, not only on this debate, but also on nudges themselves, clarifying and enriching some arguments in the discussion about autonomy and efficiency. This approach will not only be more comprehensive, but it will also increase the effectiveness of nudges by tackling the different components of our rationality. Nudges should not only be goal-oriented; they should also be educational. Non-educational nudges should be used in conjunction with educational interventions. I will illustrate my position with two examples: vaccination policies and nudges in the use of seatbelts.

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Farhi, Emmanuel, and Xavier Gabaix. "Optimal Taxation with Behavioral Agents." American Economic Review 110, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 298–336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20151079.

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This paper develops a theory of optimal taxation with behavioral agents. We use a general framework that encompasses a wide range of biases such as misperceptions and internalities. We revisit the three pillars of optimal taxation: Ramsey (linear commodity taxation to raise revenues and redistribute), Pigou (linear commodity taxation to correct externalities), and Mirrlees (nonlinear income taxation). We show how the canonical optimal tax formulas are modified and lead to novel economic insights. We also show how to incorporate nudges in the optimal taxation framework, and jointly characterize optimal taxes and nudges. (JEL D62, D91, H21)

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Schär, Armando. "Digital Nudge Efficacy and the Influence of Personality in Pre-Purchase Information Research." International Journal of Applied Behavioral Economics 10, no. 4 (October 2021): 21–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijabe.2021100103.

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This study analyses digital nudging in the early stages of the customer journey. The experimental approach investigates the influence of digital nudging principles on decision making when searching for educational programs. The online experiment shows significant impact for three of the five digital nudging principles and greatly varying effect sizes. Social norms, anchoring and adjustment, and status quo nudging principles have a substantial impact when used in the pre-purchase stage. Loss aversion and hyperbolic discounting nudges have not shown a significant influence on choice behavior. Furthermore, extraverted individuals show significantly less behavioral change when confronted with a loss aversion nudge. These results imply a careful consideration of the chosen nudging principle and the target groups personalities when implementing digital nudges and start a novel discussion on the usage of digital nudges in the pre-purchase stage of the customer journey.

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Teichman, Doron, and Kristen Underhill. "Infected by Bias: Behavioral Science and the Legal Response to COVID-19." American Journal of Law & Medicine 47, no. 2-3 (July 2021): 205–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/amj.2021.16.

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This Article presents the first comprehensive analysis of the contribution of behavioral science to the legal response to the COVID-19 pandemic. At the descriptive level, the Article shows how different psychological phenomena such as loss aversion and cultural cognition influenced the way policymakers and the public perceived the pandemic, and how such phenomena affected the design of laws and regulations responding to COVID-19. At the normative level, the Article compares nudges (i.e., choice-preserving, behaviorally informed tools that encourage people to behave as desired) and mandates (i.e., obligations backed by sanctions that dictate to people how they must behave). The Article argues that mandates rather than nudges should serve in most cases as the primary legal tool used to regulate behavior during a pandemic. Nonetheless, this Article highlights ways in which nudges can complement mandates.

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Shmakov, Alexandr V. "Nudge in The Conditions of Digital Transformation: Behavioral Basis." Journal of Institutional Studies 13, no. 3 (September 25, 2021): 102–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17835/2076-6297.2021.13.3.102-116.

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Digital transformation in most cases has a positive impact on the economy. However, there is a possibility of negative consequences that worsen the standard of life of the population. Society wants to avoid a decline in living standards. The state policy to minimize the risks of digitalization should be developed for these purposes. Digital transformation leads to the complication of the technological environment, to the deformation of social relations, to a change in decision-making processes. The complexity of the technogenic environment leads to increased cognitive distortions and irrational behavior. Living standards are declining as a result. Classical approaches to government regulation often do not take into account psychophysiological and sociocultural behavioral factors. As a result, the regulation does not have the expected effect. This is especially evident in situations of uncertainty and longtime intervals. Behavioral economics and nudge can help solve these problems. This article provides a systematization and description of the factors that determine behavior. Decision-making processes are characterized. A systematization and explanation of cognitive distortions is proposed. An overview of approaches to the use of nudges to prevent cognitive distortions is proposed. Cases of using nudges to reduce the risks of digitalization are presented.

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Mower, Deborah S. "Reflections on . . . Nudges Across the Curriculum." Teaching Ethics 17, no. 2 (2017): 133–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/tej2017121252.

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The primary problem we face when educating for social justice involves making problems and issues ‘real’ in ways that enable deep comprehension of the nature of injustice, the effects of systemic and dynamic causes, and the interaction of structures and policies on the lives of individuals. To address this problem, I examine work from behavioral economics and moral psychology as theoretical resources. I argue that we can glean insights from the notions of behavioral nudges and virtue labeling and propose a new account of nudges, which I call experiential nudges. Experiential nudges provide an important mechanism in educating for social justice, in particular, and can be extended within moral education more broadly.

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Malina, Mary A., and Frank H. Selto. "Behavioral-Economic Nudges and Performance Measurement Models." Journal of Management Accounting Research 27, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 27–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jmar-50821.

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ABSTRACT We describe the context wherein a Fortune 500 company's performance measurement model (PMM) has endured and evolved over a 15-year period. The PMM's tenure and continued importance refute the alleged faddish nature of PMMs such as the Balanced Scorecard, at least in this case, and allow identification of factors that add to theory about PMM longevity. We use a behavioral-economic framework and qualitative and quantitative data to examine the mechanisms behind this successful PMM. Aspects of the way the PMM is designed and implemented appear to enable the company using the PMM to exploit or mitigate common behavioral heuristics and biases in decision-making. The PMM helps manage cognitive load in a way that is consistent with the company's priorities, and it manages biases by allowing the company to frame performance information in ways that nudge managers toward strategically important results and risks. The behavioral-economic connection might be a reason why this PMM, and perhaps others, endures. Thus, this study adds to and presents preliminary empirical support for testable behavioral-economic PMM theory. Data Availability: Use of all data collected for this study is regulated by a strict nondisclosure agreement, which requires the researchers to protect the company's identity and its proprietary information.

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Li, Eric, Christopher Manz, Manqing Liu, Jinbo Chen, Corey Chivers, Jennifer Braun, Lynn Mara Schuchter, et al. "Oncologist phenotypes and associations with response to a behavioral intervention to increase serious illness conversations." Journal of Clinical Oncology 39, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2021): 12126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2021.39.15_suppl.12126.

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12126 Background: Interventions to increase serious illness conversations (SICs) between oncologists and patients may improve goal-concordant care, patient mood and quality of life. Randomized studies suggest that behavioral nudges to oncologists may prompt more and earlier SICs. Identifying characteristics of oncologists associated with response to such interventions may clarify barriers to SIC adoption. Methods: This was a secondary analysis of a randomized trial showing that machine learning (ML)-based behavioral nudges among 42 oncologist-advanced practice provider (APP) dyads (79 total oncology clinicians total) caring for 14,607 patients in a large academic health system led to a quadrupling of SIC rates (NCT03984773). Latent profile analysis identified oncologist phenotypes based on oncologist, patient, and practice data. We used difference-in-differences analyses among patients with predicted 180-day mortality risk ≥10% (n=2695 [12.6% of cohort]) to test the association between oncologist phenotype and response to the nudge, adjusted for patient and oncologist demographic and practice characteristics. Results: Three oncologist phenotypes were identified: 1) Higher-volume specialists 2) Lower-volume specialists; and 3) Higher-volume generalists. Compared with higher-volume specialists and higher-volume generalists, lower-volume specialists had fewer patients per week (9.2 vs 24.3 vs 53.2), fewer days in clinic per week (1.6 vs 2.5 vs 4.4), a higher proportion of new patients per week (34.9% vs 21.0% vs 17.6%), and higher baseline SIC rates (3.9% vs 1.6% vs 0.8%). Lower-volume specialists had a significantly greater response to the intervention than higher-volume specialists and generalists (see Table), demonstrating a nearly six-fold increase in SIC rate from baseline. Conclusions: Response to an ML-based behavioral nudge to prompt SICs was driven by specialist oncologists with lower patient volume and greater SIC adoption at baseline, although the nudge was associated with significantly higher SIC rates among all phenotypes. While effective among lower-volume oncologists, nudges to prompt supportive care interventions may have limited impact among higher-volume oncologists. Other strategies, including default involvement of specialty palliative care, may be more effective for higher-volume oncologists.[Table: see text]

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Karlsen, Randi, and Anders Andersen. "Recommendations with a Nudge." Technologies 7, no. 2 (June 13, 2019): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/technologies7020045.

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In areas such as health, environment, and energy consumption, there is a need to do better. A common goal in society is to get people to behave in ways that are sustainable for the environment or support a healthier lifestyle. Nudging is a term known from economics and political theory, for influencing decisions and behavior using suggestions, positive reinforcement, and other non-coercive means. With the extensive use of digital devices, nudging within a digital environment (known as digital nudging) has great potential. We introduce smart nudging, where the guidance of user behavior is presented through digital nudges tailored to be relevant to the current situation of each individual user. The ethics of smart nudging and the transparency of nudging is also discussed. We see a smart nudge as a recommendation to the user, followed by information that both motivates and helps the user choose the suggested behavior. This paper describes such nudgy recommendations, the design of a smart nudge, and an architecture for a smart nudging system. We compare smart nudging to traditional models for recommender systems, and we describe and discuss tools (or approaches) for nudge design. We discuss the challenges of designing personalized smart nudges that evolve and adapt according to the user’s reactions to the previous nudging and possible behavioral change of the user.

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Els Stroeker, Natasha. "An overview of behavioral economics in Dutch policy making. the next step: how to nudge policy makers." Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce 10, no. 2-3 (August 1, 2016): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.19041/apstract/2016/2-3/3.

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This article describes the beginning of the influence of behavioral economics on the Dutch government. This started in the period that the UK started with its Behavioral Insights Team (BIT UK). The article presents explanation of the concept “nudging” and the way this is integrated in Dutch policy. Also leading publications and examples of how behavioral economics is used in policy making are presented. The advice of the government in 2014 on how to ensure a structural integration of behavioral science knowledge in policy is part of the next step. The next step contains two main parts: 1. How to nudge policy makers and 2. Embedding nudges in policy making on four aspects: positioning, projects, performance and professionality.

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Kasdan, David Oliver. "Do Koreans like being nudged? Survey evidence for the contextuality of behavioral public policy." Rationality and Society 32, no. 3 (July 1, 2020): 313–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1043463120937832.

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This study explores the nuances of South Koreans’ approval for nudge policies by replicating a survey conducted in global nudge research, and then extending the analysis and discussion with greater detail about the context. The traditions, culture, and development of Korea have contributed to a distinct behavioral bias profile that must be integrated into approaches for nudge policy design and implementation. This article proposes the qualities of such a profile from the survey results, as well as the prospect that Koreans are more receptive to information nudges that engage analytic reflection. The findings show significantly lower nudge policy approval rates for Koreans in contrast to Americans and other Western countries. This serves to support previous calls for further research about the generalizability of nudge approaches by contributing evidence to the importance of context for identifying and leveraging behavioral biases in the application of policy. The research offers insights into the Korean context that may be used for nudge policies in Korea and other Eastern contexts.

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Fishbane, Alissa, Aurelie Ouss, and Anuj K. Shah. "Behavioral nudges reduce failure to appear for court." Science 370, no. 6517 (October 8, 2020): eabb6591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abb6591.

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Each year, millions of Americans fail to appear in court for low-level offenses, and warrants are then issued for their arrest. In two field studies in New York City, we make critical information salient by redesigning the summons form and providing text message reminders. These interventions reduce failures to appear by 13 to 21% and lead to 30,000 fewer arrest warrants over a 3-year period. In laboratory experiments, we find that whereas criminal justice professionals see failures to appear as relatively unintentional, laypeople believe they are more intentional. These lay beliefs reduce support for policies that make court information salient and increase support for punishment. Our findings suggest that criminal justice policies can be made more effective and humane by anticipating human error in unintentional offenses.

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Puaschunder, Julia. "Nudgitize me! A behavioral Finance Approach to minimize losses and maximize profits from Heuristics and Biases." International Journal of Management Excellence 10, no. 2 (February 28, 2018): 1241–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17722/ijme.v10i2.957.

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Behavioral Finance is one of the most novel developments in Behavioral Economics. Since the end of the 1970ies a wide range of psychological, economic and sociological laboratory and field experiments proved human beings deviating from rational choices. Standard neoclassical profit maximization axioms were outlined to fail to explain how human actually behave. Human beings were rather found to use heuristics in the day-to-day decision making. These mental short cuts enable to cope with information overload in a complex world. Behavioral economists proposed to nudge and wink citizens to make better choices for themwith many different applications in very many different domains. This paper reviews and proposes how to use mental heuristics, biases and nudges in the finance domain to profit from markets.

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Haupt, Marlene, Werner Sesselmeier, and Aysel Yollu-Tok. "Das Nudging-Konzept und die Altersvorsorge – der Blick zu knuff und puff in Schweden." Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung 87, no. 2 (April 1, 2018): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/vjh.87.2.17.

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Zusammenfassung: Wir nehmen die Bedeutung verhaltensökonomischer Erkenntnisse für den sozialpolitisch relevanten Bereich der Alterssicherung in den Blick. Zunächst stellen wir aktuelle Daten zur Entwicklung der Altersvorsorge in Deutschland vor, insbesondere seit der Einführung der Riester-Rente, die mit einer Veränderung des Leitbilds in der Sozialpolitik verbunden war. Dabei haben sich erklärungsbedürftige Besonderheiten im Verhalten der Bürger ergeben. Mit dem Ziel, die Konsumentensouveränität zu stärken und vor dem Hintergrund wichtiger Verhaltensanomalien, die in der Forschung zur Verhaltensökonomie beschrieben werden, diskutieren wir die Einführung von Nudges in der Sozialpolitik als Unterstützung bei der Entscheidungsfindung. Dabei muss die Frage gestellt werden, wie stark die Politik das Verhalten der Bürger steuern will. Zur Beantwortung dieser Frage hilft ein Blick nach Schweden. Dort ist das System der Alterssicherung anders organisiert, und es werden verschiedene Instrumente als Nudges eingesetzt. Durch diese Analysen können Implikationen für die Einführung von Nudges in Deutschland besser bewertet werden. Summary: This article focuses on the importance of behavioral economic findings for pensions as a sociopolitically relevant field. First, current data on the development of old-age provision in Germany are presented, especially since the introduction of the Riester pension, which was associated with a change in the guiding principles in social policy. With the aim of strengthening consumer sovereignty and against the background of important behavioral anomalies described by behavioral economics research, the introduction of nudges to support decision-making is discussed. Furthermore, it is discussed how much politics should be involved in influencing the behavior of the citizens. To answer this question, we look at Sweden, where the old-age pension system is organized slightly different and nudges are implemented. By conducting these analyses implications for the introduction of nudges in Germany can be better assessed.

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Bao, Jiayi, and Benjamin Ho. "Heterogeneous Effects of Informational Nudges on Pro-social Behavior." B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 15, no. 4 (October 1, 2015): 1619–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2014-0125.

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Abstract Numerous experimental studies of informational nudges both in the lab and the field have demonstrated not just that informational nudges are effective policy tools for influencing behavior, but also that nudges have heterogeneous impacts that differ depending on the characteristics of the person involved and the situation. We adapt Andreoni’s theory of warm-glow impure altruism to account for how altruism motives respond differently depending on the disposition of the person and the situation. The model explains both positive spillovers (moral cleansing) and negative spillovers (moral licensing) for behavioral interventions, showing that targeting of informational campaigns depends on the complementarity between people’s traits and the intervention’s content. More importantly, the design of economic incentives (like Pigouvian taxes) to shift economic behavior should depend on both the distribution of social preferences in the population and the use of behavioral interventions.

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Blaga, Oana M., Teodora D. Frățilă, and Cristian I. Meghea. "Using Behavioral Nudges to Engage Pregnant Women in a Smoking Cessation Trial: An Online Field Quasi-Experiment." Healthcare 8, no. 4 (December 2, 2020): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8040531.

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Evidence shows that behavioral nudges could be used to enhance enrollment rates in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) by addressing enrollment barriers, but research on this topic is limited. We conducted an online field quasi-experiment with separate pretest (October 2017–January 2018) and posttest (February–May 2018) samples designed to examine the use of behavioral nudges to engage pregnant smokers in a couple-focused smoking cessation RCT relying on online enrollment through paid Facebook ads and a dedicated website, by reporting aggregate Facebook ads and Google Analytics data. The Facebook ads pretest conversion rate of 1.6% doubled and reached 3.41% in the posttest period. The pretest eligibility assessment rate decreased from 10.3% to 6.46%, but registered a relative increase of approximately 50% in the posttest period, as opposed to the pretest. The number of women who signed the informed consent in the posttest period has increased with 63%, from a proportion of 8.54% in the pretest to 11.73% in the posttest period. These findings might lend support to integrating behavioral nudges in the recruitment and enrollment materials of RCTs to boost enrollment.

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Thaler, Richard H. "From Cashews to Nudges: The Evolution of Behavioral Economics." American Economic Review 108, no. 6 (June 1, 2018): 1265–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.108.6.1265.

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Zamir, Eyal, Daphna Lewinsohn-Zamir, and Ilana Ritov. "It's Now Or Never! Using Deadlines as Nudges." Law & Social Inquiry 42, no. 03 (2017): 769–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lsi.12199.

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Incorporating behavioral insights into regulation is plausibly the most significant development in regulatory theory and practice in recent years. Behaviorally informed regulation encourages self-benefiting and socially desirable behaviors with little intrusion on autonomy. Drawing on new empirical findings, this article puts forward the hitherto overlooked possibility of employing the deadline effect as a regulatory tool. Deadlines serve as an antidote to procrastination and forgetfulness. Many empirical and experimental studies have examined the use of deadlines in marketing. This study explores the possible use of deadlines by legal policy makers. It describes two survey experiments, a randomized field experiment and a natural experiment, which suggest that deadlines may encourage self-benefiting and socially desirable behaviors, and that relaxing deadlines may discourage less desirable behavior. The article discusses the practical and normative aspects of using deadlines as a regulatory means, compared to alternative tools, such as default rules and required choices.

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DAVIDAI, SHAI, and ELDAR SHAFIR. "Are ‘nudges’ getting a fair shot? Joint versus separate evaluation." Behavioural Public Policy 4, no. 3 (April 15, 2018): 273–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bpp.2018.9.

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AbstractThe most effective behavioral policies are often also the most contentious. Psychologically informed interventions that promote non-deliberative behaviors (‘nudges’) are often more effective than ‘traditional’ policies (like informational and educational campaigns) that target more deliberative processes. Yet, precisely because of their deliberative nature, people are often said to prefer the latter over the former. In contrast, we provide evidence that people's preferences regarding nudges are malleable and influenced by the method of evaluation – whether the policy alternatives are evaluated separately or jointly. We show that while people exhibit a strong preference for more traditional public policies in joint evaluation, this preference is significantly attenuated in separate evaluation. We find that people perceive nudges as less paternalistic when judged on their own merits, that they are more likely to endorse nudges in separate than in joint evaluation, and that, provided with relative effectiveness information, people are willing to endorse nudges even in joint evaluation. We discuss the implications of these findings for researchers, policy-makers, and the general public.

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Hertwig, Ralph, and Till Grüne-Yanoff. "Nudging and Boosting: Steering or Empowering Good Decisions." Perspectives on Psychological Science 12, no. 6 (August 9, 2017): 973–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1745691617702496.

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In recent years, policy makers worldwide have begun to acknowledge the potential value of insights from psychology and behavioral economics into how people make decisions. These insights can inform the design of nonregulatory and nonmonetary policy interventions—as well as more traditional fiscal and coercive measures. To date, much of the discussion of behaviorally informed approaches has emphasized “nudges,” that is, interventions designed to steer people in a particular direction while preserving their freedom of choice. Yet behavioral science also provides support for a distinct kind of nonfiscal and noncoercive intervention, namely, “boosts.” The objective of boosts is to foster people’s competence to make their own choices—that is, to exercise their own agency. Building on this distinction, we further elaborate on how boosts are conceptually distinct from nudges: The two kinds of interventions differ with respect to (a) their immediate intervention targets, (b) their roots in different research programs, (c) the causal pathways through which they affect behavior, (d) their assumptions about human cognitive architecture, (e) the reversibility of their effects, (f) their programmatic ambitions, and (g) their normative implications. We discuss each of these dimensions, provide an initial taxonomy of boosts, and address some possible misconceptions.

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Warner, Laura A. Sanagorski, Kathryn Stofer, and Hayk Khachatryan. "Making Action Easier: Behavioral Economics and Nudges for Extension Professionals." EDIS 2019, no. 5 (October 25, 2019): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-wc343-2019.

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As Extension turns more to effecting behavior change beyond simply raising awareness or understanding concerns, how do we not only help clientele make a change, but make it easier? Behavioral economics principles can improve the way we present options to clients, increasing the likelihood of them choosing desirable behaviors. This new 3-page publication of the UF/IFAS Department of Agricultural Education and Communication offers an introduction to these concepts as well as practical strategies for setting up the environment for change. Written by Laura Warner, Kathryn Stofer, and Hayk Khachatryan. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/wc343

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Bauer, Brian W., and Daniel W. Capron. "How Behavioral Economics and Nudges Could Help Diminish Irrationality in Suicide-Related Decisions." Perspectives on Psychological Science 15, no. 1 (November 7, 2019): 44–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1745691619866463.

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People regularly make decisions that are not aligned with their own self-interests. These irrational decisions often stem from humans having bounded rationality (e.g., limited computational power), which produces reliable cognitive biases that occur outside of people’s awareness and influences the decisions people make. There are many important decisions leading up to a suicide attempt, and it is likely that these same biases exist within suicide-related decisions. This article presents an argument for the likely existence of cognitive biases within suicide-related decision making and how they may influence people to make irrational decisions. In addition, this article provides new evidence for using a behavioral economic intervention—nudges—as a potential way to combat rising suicide rates. We explore how nudges can help increase means safety, disseminate suicide prevention skills/materials, diminish well-known biases (e.g., confirmation bias), and uncover biases that may be occurring when making suicide-related decisions.

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Woodend, Ashleigh, Vera Schölmerich, and Semiha Denktaş. "“Nudges” to Prevent Behavioral Risk Factors Associated With Major Depressive Disorder." American Journal of Public Health 105, no. 11 (November 2015): 2318–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2015.302820.

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Kostick, Kristin M., Meredith Trejo, Robert J. Volk, Jerry D. Estep, and J. S. Blumenthal-Barby. "Using Nudges to Enhance Clinicians’ Implementation of Shared Decision Making With Patient Decision Aids." MDM Policy & Practice 5, no. 1 (January 2020): 238146832091590. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2381468320915906.

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Background. Although effective interventions for shared decision making (SDM) exist, there is a lack of uptake of these tools into clinical practice. “Nudges,” which draw on behavioral economics and target automatic thinking processes, are used by policy makers to influence population-level behavior change. Nudges have not been applied in the context of SDM interventions but have potential to influence clinician motivation, a primary barrier to long-term adoption of SDM tools. Objective. Describe, evaluate, and propose recommendations for the use of a behavioral economics framework (MINDSPACE) on clinician motivation and behavior during implementation of a validated decision aid (DA) for left ventricular assist device at nine hospitals. Methods. Qualitative thematic analysis of process notes from stakeholder meetings during the first 6 months of implementation to identify examples of how the MINDSPACE framework was operationalized. Quantitative implementation progress was evaluated using the RE-AIM framework. Results. MINDSPACE components were translated into concrete approaches that leveraged influential stakeholders, fostered ownership over the DA and positive emotional associations, spread desirable norms across sites, and situated the DA within established default processes. DA reach to eligible patients increased from 9.8% in the first month of implementation to 70.0% in the sixth month. Larger gains in reach were observed following meetings using MINDSPACE approaches. Limitations. The MINDSPACE framework does not capture all possible influences on behavior and responses to nudges may differ across populations. Conclusions. Behavioral economics can be applied to implementation science to foster uptake of SDM tools by increasing clinician motivation. Our recommendations can help other researchers effectively apply these approaches in real-world settings when there are often limited incentives and opportunities to change organizational- or structural-level factors.

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Bhargava, Saurabh, and George Loewenstein. "Behavioral Economics and Public Policy 102: Beyond Nudging." American Economic Review 105, no. 5 (May 1, 2015): 396–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20151049.

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Policymakers have recently embraced Behavioral Economics as an alternative approach which recognizes the limits and consequences of human decision-making. Early applications of BE (“nudges”) produced notable successes and helped to set the stage for more aggressive applications aimed at the deeper causes of policy problems. We contend that policies that aspire to simplify products and incentives, rather than choice environments, aggressively protect consumers from behavioral exploitation, and leverage BE to enhance the design and implementation of traditional policy instruments offer solutions commensurate with contemporary challenges. Case studies in health insurance, privacy, and climate change illustrate the application of these ideas.

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Alm, James, Laura Rosales Cifuentes, Carlos Mauricio Ortiz Niño, and Diana Rocha. "Can Behavioral “Nudges” Improve Compliance? The Case of Colombia Social Protection Contributions." Games 10, no. 4 (October 29, 2019): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/g10040043.

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The Government of Colombia imposes a variety of taxes that must be paid by individual wage earners, called in their entirety “social protection contributions”. Since 2007 individual payments have been collected using an on-line mechanism. In order to improve compliance, the Government used a controlled field experiment in which various “pop-up messages” were sent to individuals when making their on-line payments, as behavioral “nudges”. We examine the impact of these nudges on individual reporting behavior. We find mixed evidence that these messages increased compliance rates relative to a control group that received a so-called “neutral” message. However, we also demonstrate that the use as the control group of individuals receiving a so-called “neutral” message creates considerable bias; that is, the receipt of any message of any type clearly influences behavior. Instead, we show that the appropriate control group should be individuals who receive no message at all. When this control group is used, we find that self-employed individuals generally increase their contributions; individuals who are making declarations on behalf of all employees in their company are less likely to respond to messages in a systematic way.

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Ibrahim, Ahmed, Heng Zhang, Sarah Clinch, Ellen Poliakoff, Bijan Parsia, and Simon Harper. "Digital Phenotypes for Understanding Individuals' Compliance With COVID-19 Policies and Personalized Nudges: Longitudinal Observational Study." JMIR Formative Research 5, no. 5 (May 27, 2021): e23461. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/23461.

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Background Governments promote behavioral policies such as social distancing and phased reopening to control the spread of COVID-19. Digital phenotyping helps promote the compliance with these policies through the personalized behavioral knowledge it produces. Objective This study investigated the value of smartphone-derived digital phenotypes in (1) analyzing individuals’ compliance with COVID-19 policies through behavioral responses and (2) suggesting ways to personalize communication through those policies. Methods We conducted longitudinal experiments that started before the outbreak of COVID-19 and continued during the pandemic. A total of 16 participants were recruited before the pandemic, and a smartphone sensing app was installed for each of them. We then assessed individual compliance with COVID-19 policies and their impact on habitual behaviors. Results Our results show a significant change in people’s mobility (P<.001) as a result of COVID-19 regulations, from an average of 10 visited places every week to approximately 2 places a week. We also discussed our results within the context of nudges used by the National Health Service in the United Kingdom to promote COVID-19 regulations. Conclusions Our findings show that digital phenotyping has substantial value in understanding people’s behavior during a pandemic. Behavioral features extracted from digital phenotypes can facilitate the personalization of and compliance with behavioral policies. A rule-based messaging system can be implemented to deliver nudges on the basis of digital phenotyping.

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Button, Mark E. "Bounded Rationality without Bounded Democracy: Nudges, Democratic Citizenship, and Pathways for Building Civic Capacity." Perspectives on Politics 16, no. 4 (November 23, 2018): 1034–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592718002086.

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The behavioral sciences are playing an increasingly important role in the design and implementation of public policy worldwide. While there have been several important critiques of the latest policy revolution linking the behavioral sciences and the state in the pursuit of human behavioral change, few scholars have investigated the potential costs of “nudging” for democratic citizenship and the deliberative capacities upon which democratic self-governance relies. A central purpose here is to consider the possible civic consequences of nudging within the pursuit of otherwise desirable social outcomes (like improved public health, energy conservation, or higher rates of financial saving). Through a critical investigation of the governing philosophy of the “nudging state” and drawing on the policy feedback literature, I argue that the recent behavioral turn in public policy risks overlooking or bypassing the personal capacities and institutional conditions necessary for the meaningful exercise of democratic citizenship. Evidence from the empirical assessment of deliberative democracy shows how liberal societies can fruitfully address bounded rationality while facilitating civic virtues like public practical reason without violating liberty or constraining pluralism.

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Takvorian, Samuel U., Vrushabh P. Ladage, E. Paul Wileyto, Drew S. Mace, Rinad S. Beidas, Lawrence N. Shulman, and Justin E. Bekelman. "Association of Behavioral Nudges With High-Value Evidence-Based Prescribing in Oncology." JAMA Oncology 6, no. 7 (July 1, 2020): 1104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2020.0746.

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Elbel, Brian, Colleen Gillespie, and Maria C. Raven. "Presenting quality data to vulnerable groups: charts, summaries or behavioral economic nudges?" Journal of Health Services Research & Policy 19, no. 3 (February 24, 2014): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1355819614524186.

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Samek, Anya. "Gifts and goals: Behavioral nudges to improve child food choice at school." Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 164 (August 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2019.05.008.

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Baicker, Katherine, Sendhil Mullainathan, and Joshua Schwartzstein. "Behavioral Hazard in Health Insurance *." Quarterly Journal of Economics 130, no. 4 (July 15, 2015): 1623–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjv029.

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Abstract A fundamental implication of standard moral hazard models is overuse of low-value medical care because copays are lower than costs. In these models, the demand curve alone can be used to make welfare statements, a fact relied on by much empirical work. There is ample evidence, though, that people misuse care for a different reason: mistakes, or “behavioral hazard.” Much high-value care is underused even when patient costs are low, and some useless care is bought even when patients face the full cost. In the presence of behavioral hazard, welfare calculations using only the demand curve can be off by orders of magnitude or even be the wrong sign. We derive optimal copay formulas that incorporate both moral and behavioral hazard, providing a theoretical foundation for value-based insurance design and a way to interpret behavioral “nudges.” Once behavioral hazard is taken into account, health insurance can do more than just provide financial protection—it can also improve health care efficiency.

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Nemec, Patricia B., Margaret Swarbrick, Amy Spagnolo, and Crystal L. Brandow. "Nudges to Support Health and Wellness for Individuals Served by Behavioral Health Programs." Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services 59, no. 1 (October 23, 2020): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/02793695-20201015-03.

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Wright, Bill J., Ginny Garcia-Alexander, Margarette A. Weller, and Katherine Baicker. "Low-Cost Behavioral Nudges Increase Medicaid Take-Up Among Eligible Residents Of Oregon." Health Affairs 36, no. 5 (May 2017): 838–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2016.1325.

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White, Ronald F. "An introduction to “nudge science”." Politics and the Life Sciences 37, no. 1 (2018): 114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pls.2018.6.

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Let’s begin by addressing the most obvious question: given the vast number of books published on political science every year, why would the Association for Politics and the Life Sciences (APLS) and its journal Politics and the Life Sciences expend time, energy, and resources publishing a multiple-author analysis of a series of books that contain little (if anything) about the life sciences, Darwin, or evolution? The answer is that Cass R. Sunstein’s recent research on “nudge science” provides an excellent opportunity for APLS to expand its commitment to interdisciplinarity, especially its long-standing interest in behavioral economics. Sunstein, a prolific author, has written many books and scholarly articles defending “libertarian paternalism.” Libertarian critics have long argued that the conjunction of “libertarian” and “paternalism” is oxymoronic and that the “liberty principle” or the “principle of autonomy” excludes paternalistic intervention on behalf of rational, competent adults. Over the years, with varying degrees of success, Sunstein has addressed many, if not most, lines of criticism emanating from the political left and right. Like many scholars, his views have evolved over time based on that criticism. This introductory essay will focus on some of the more enduring elements of the conceptual framework and issues that underlie nudge science in the larger context of behavioral economics, including choice architecture, political bans and mandates, political nudges, ethics, and paternalistic intervention.

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Özdemir, Şebnem. "Digital nudges and dark patterns: The angels and the archfiends of digital communication." Digital Scholarship in the Humanities 35, no. 2 (March 8, 2019): 417–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqz014.

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Abstract Nudging is simply guiding people behaviors by the use of user-interface and design elements in digital environments. Today, many decisions are made in online environments. Gaining insights about digital nudging can greatly help communicators, policy makers, and designers lead users to make the most desirable choice for them and/or for the wealth of the society as well. Digital nudges can be used in many digital environments like e-mail, SMS, push notifications, mobile apps, social media, gamification, e-commerce, e-government, location services, corporate digital information systems, and many other digital interfaces that include any kind of decision-making processes. This study is a descriptive study and more of a qualitative nature and aims to identify the digital nudging concept, dark patterns, and usage of digital nudges in real-life applications. It also proposes a brief digital nudging process schema to be used for designing behavioral digital interventions.

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Morgan, Brianna, and Elise Tarbi. "Behavioral Economics: Applying Defaults, Social Norms, and Nudges to Supercharge Advance Care Planning Interventions." Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 58, no. 4 (October 2019): e7-e9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2019.06.014.

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Krutsinger, Dustin C., Kelly L. O’Leary, Susan S. Ellenberg, Cody E. Cotner, Scott D. Halpern, and Katherine R. Courtright. "A Randomized Controlled Trial of Behavioral Nudges to Improve Enrollment in Critical Care Trials." Annals of the American Thoracic Society 17, no. 9 (September 2020): 1117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1513/annalsats.202003-194oc.

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Fonseca, Miguel A., and Shaun B. Grimshaw. "Do Behavioral Nudges in Prepopulated Tax Forms Affect Compliance? Experimental Evidence with Real Taxpayers." Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 36, no. 2 (September 2017): 213–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jppm.15.128.

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Chetty, Raj. "Behavioral Economics and Public Policy: A Pragmatic Perspective." American Economic Review 105, no. 5 (May 1, 2015): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20151108.

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The debate about behavioral economics–the incorporation of insights from psychology into economics–is often framed as a question about the foundational assumptions of economic models. This paper presents a more pragmatic perspective on behavioral economics that focuses on its value for improving empirical predictions and policy decisions. I discuss three ways in which behavioral economics can contribute to public policy: by offering new policy tools, improving predictions about the effects of existing policies, and generating new welfare implications. I illustrate these contributions using applications to retirement savings, labor supply, and neighborhood choice. Behavioral models provide new tools to change behaviors such as savings rates and new counterfactuals to estimate the effects of policies such as income taxation. Behavioral models also provide new prescriptions for optimal policy that can be characterized in a non-paternalistic manner using methods analogous to those in neoclassical models. Model uncertainty does not justify using the neoclassical model; instead, it can provide a new rationale for using behavioral nudges. I conclude that incorporating behavioral features to the extent they help answer core economic questions may be more productive than viewing behavioral economics as a separate subfield that challenges the assumptions of neoclassical models.

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O’Meara, KerryAnn, Dawn Culpepper, and Lindsey L. Templeton. "Nudging Toward Diversity: Applying Behavioral Design to Faculty Hiring." Review of Educational Research 90, no. 3 (April 8, 2020): 311–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/0034654320914742.

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This narrative and integrative literature review synthesizes the literature on when, where, and how the faculty hiring process used in most American higher education settings operates with implicit and cognitive bias. The literature review analyzes the “four phases” of the faculty hiring process, drawing on theories from behavioral economics and social psychology. The results show that although much research establishes the presence of bias in hiring, relatively few studies examine interventions or “nudges” that might be used to mitigate bias and encourage the recruitment and hiring of faculty identified as women and/or faculty identified as being from an underrepresented minority group. This article subsequently makes recommendations for historical, quasi-experimental, and randomized studies to test hiring interventions with larger databases and more controlled conditions than have previously been used, with the goal of establishing evidence-based practices that contribute to a more inclusive hiring process and a more diverse faculty.

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HIEDANPÄÄ, JUHA, and DANIEL W. BROMLEY. "Payments for ecosystem services: durable habits, dubious nudges, and doubtful efficacy." Journal of Institutional Economics 10, no. 2 (January 9, 2014): 175–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744137413000428.

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Abstract:Payments for ecosystem services (PES) have become a popular approach to bring about improved environmental behaviors. When such programs are launched in developing countries, an additional benefit is that they are said to improve incomes for the poor. In this paper, we argue that PES schemes are not ‘market-based’. Indeed, they are not even ‘market-like’. The incentive properties said to be present in such programs are of doubtful efficacy. We suggest that PES schemes are instances of a new class of transaction – the inducing transaction – whose purpose is to make certain resource users the instruments of the desires of others. We relate the success of PES schemes to Veblenian ‘habituation’ and Peircean ‘habit breaking and habit taking’ to suggest that PES schemes face a daunting challenge if they are to bring about durable behavioral changes.

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Cohen, Jessica, Claire Rothschild, Ginger Golub, George N. Omondi, Margaret E. Kruk, and Margaret McConnell. "Measuring The Impact Of Cash Transfers And Behavioral ‘Nudges’ On Maternity Care In Nairobi, Kenya." Health Affairs 36, no. 11 (November 2017): 1956–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2017.0537.

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Knittel, Christopher R., and Samuel Stolper. "Machine Learning about Treatment Effect Heterogeneity: The Case of Household Energy Use." AEA Papers and Proceedings 111 (May 1, 2021): 440–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20211090.

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We use causal forests to evaluate the heterogeneous treatment effects (TEs) of repeated behavioral nudges toward household energy conservation. The average response to treatment is a monthly electricity reduction of 9 kilowatt-hours (kWh), but the full distribution of responses ranges from -40 to +10 kWh. Households learn to reduce more over time, conditional on having responded in year one. Pre-treatment consumption and home value are the most commonly used predictors in the forest. The results suggest the ability to use machine learning techniques for improved targeting and tailoring of treatment.

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Mamede, André, Gera Noordzij, Joran Jongerling, Merlijn Snijders, Astrid Schop-Etman, and Semiha Denktas. "Combining Web-Based Gamification and Physical Nudges With an App (MoveMore) to Promote Walking Breaks and Reduce Sedentary Behavior of Office Workers: Field Study." Journal of Medical Internet Research 23, no. 4 (April 12, 2021): e19875. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/19875.

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Background Sedentary behavior (SB) and lack of physical activity (PA) have been associated with poorer health outcomes and are increasingly prevalent in individuals working in sedentary occupations such as office jobs. Gamification and nudges have attracted attention as promising strategies to promote changes in health behavior. However, most effectiveness studies thus far lacked active controls, and few studies have tested interventions combining these strategies. Objective This study investigates the effectiveness of combining a gamified digital app with physical nudges to increase PA and reduce SB in Dutch office workers. Methods Employees in the municipality of Rotterdam (N=298) from two office locations were randomized at the location level to either a 10-week intervention, combining a 5-week gamification phase encompassing a gamified digital app with social support features and a 5-week physical nudges phase, or to an active control (ie, basic digital app with self-monitoring and goal setting). The primary outcome was the daily step count, objectively measured via accelerometers. Secondary outcomes were self-reported PA and SB measured at baseline and at 5, 10, and 14 weeks. Mixed effects models were used to analyze the effects of the intervention on the outcome measures. Results A total of 78.5% (234/298) of participants completed the study and provided accelerometer data, whereas 36.9% (110/298) participants completed the self-report measures at 14 weeks. In the gamification phase, step count data were missing for 13.5% (473/3492) of observations in the control and 11.4% (445/3888) in the intervention condition; however, these percentages increased to 39.6% (1154/2910) and 59.6% (1932/3492) at follow-up, respectively. During the gamification phase, intervention participants increased their number of daily steps by 634 (95% CI 154.2-1113.8; P=.01) more than participants in the control group, after controlling for relevant factors. Improvements were not sustained during the physical nudges phase (P=.76) or follow-up (P=.88). Conclusions A digital intervention with gamification and social support features significantly increased the step count of office workers compared with an active control. Physical nudges in the workplace were insufficient to promote the maintenance of behavioral changes achieved in the gamification phase. Future research should explore the long-term effectiveness of similar gamified digital interventions. Trial Registration International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN) 49129401; https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN14881571

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Hainmueller, Jens, Duncan Lawrence, Justin Gest, Michael Hotard, Rey Koslowski, and David D. Laitin. "A randomized controlled design reveals barriers to citizenship for low-income immigrants." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 5 (January 16, 2018): 939–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1714254115.

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Citizenship endows legal protections and is associated with economic and social gains for immigrants and their communities. In the United States, however, naturalization rates are relatively low. Yet we lack reliable knowledge as to what constrains immigrants from applying. Drawing on data from a public/private naturalization program in New York, this research provides a randomized controlled study of policy interventions that address these constraints. The study tested two programmatic interventions among low-income immigrants who are eligible for citizenship. The first randomly assigned a voucher that covers the naturalization application fee among immigrants who otherwise would have to pay the full cost of the fee. The second randomly assigned a set of behavioral nudges, similar to outreach efforts used by service providers, among immigrants whose incomes were low enough to qualify them for a federal waiver that eliminates the application fee. Offering the fee voucher increased naturalization application rates by about 41%, suggesting that application fees act as a barrier for low-income immigrants who want to become US citizens. The nudges to encourage the very poor to apply had no discernible effect, indicating the presence of nonfinancial barriers to naturalization.

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Tichavakunda, Antar A. "Fostering College Readiness: An Ethnography of a Latina/o Afterschool Program." Education and Urban Society 51, no. 7 (August 29, 2017): 922–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013124517727055.

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There are two, related types of college readiness: (a) cognitive—students’ test scores and grades and (b) noncognitive—students’ academic mind-sets, behaviors, and motivation. This study uses an ethnographic approach to examine how an afterschool program for Latina/o high school youth fosters noncognitive factors of college readiness. Based on over 80 hr of participant observation and 31 semistructured interviews, this work demonstrates how an afterschool program acts as a supplement to students’ noncognitive factors of college readiness. The findings also suggest that afterschool programs for high school youth can act as hubs of behavioral nudges toward noncognitive college readiness and access.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Behavioral nudges'

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