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1
Finger, Jean Sebastien. "Personality in wild juvenile lemon sharks: Consistency, behavioral syndrome and ontogeny." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/19996.
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In dieser Doktorarbeit behandle ich verschiedene Persönlichkeitsaspekte von jugendlichen Zitronenhaien (Negaprion brevirostris).
Ich habe wiederholt Individuen in einem neuartigen Testfeld untersucht. Diese Experimente zeigten, dass jugendliche Zitronenhaie sich konstant verschieden verhalten. Außerdem konnte ich durch eine wiederkehrende Exposition in dem neuartigen Testfeld ein Gewöhnungsverhalten aufzeigen. Gewöhnung war ein Indikator, dass dieser Test es möglich macht, Reaktionen auf Veränderungen zu erforschen. Und endlich zeigte dieses Experiment dass Individuen verschiedene Gewöhnungsraten besitzen.
Zweitens testete ich konsistente individuelle Verschiedenheiten in einigen der sozialen Verhaltensweisen über Zeiträume von einigen Tagen bis Perioden von vier Monaten. Während des neuerlichen Tests von Individuen wurde die Zusammensetzung der Gruppen geändert, um sicher zu gehen, dass die Wiederholbarkeit nicht vom gleichen sozialen Umfeld zwischen den wiederholten Versuchen kam. Hier wiederum fand ich, dass jugendliche Zitronenhaie Persönlichkeitsdifferenzen in ihrem sozialen Umfeld besaßen und dies trotz der veränderten Gruppen und einer viermonatigen Periode zwischen den Tests.
Drittens testete ich die Präsenz eines Verhaltenssyndroms zwischen der Sozialisierung und der Reaktion auf ein neues Testfeld unter Berücksichtigung einer möglichen Variation dieses Syndroms durch Ontogenese und den Fangplatz. Dazu untersuchte ich noch die Dauerhaftigkeit von individuellen Unterschieden in verschiedenen Altersklassen und von verschiedenen Fangplätzen. Ich fand eine starke negative Korrelation zwischen der Soziabilität und der Reaktion auf Ungewohntes bei den Haien, in einer von zwei getesteten Kinderstuben, aber nur wenn sie älter als ein Jahr waren. Dazu fand ich, dass Haie, die weniger als ein Jahr alt waren, keine langdauernde Verhaltenskonsistenz zum Gegensatz zu älteren Haien zeigten.In this thesis, I investigated different aspects of personality in juvenile lemon sharks (Negaprion brevirostris). I repeatedly tested individuals in a novel open field test. This experiment showed that juvenile lemon sharks consistently differ in their behavior. In addition, repeated exposures to the novel open field, allowed me to demonstrate the presence of habituation. Habituation was used as an indication that this test can be used to investigate reaction to novelty. Finally, this experiment also revealed that individuals have variable rates of habituation. Second, I tested consistent individual differences in some aspects of their social behavior over a few days up to a four-month period. While retesting individuals, group composition was changed to insure that repeatability was not due to the repetition of the same social environment between tests. Here again, I found that juvenile lemon sharks showed personality differences in their social behavior and this despite group composition changes and a four-month period between tests. Third, I tested the presence of a behavioral syndrome between sociability and reaction to a novel open field while considering potential variation in this syndrome through ontogeny and locations of capture. In addition, I investigated the maintenance of individual differences in different age classes and locations of capture. I found a significant negative correlation between sociability and reaction to novelty in sharks from one of the two nurseries tested but only when they were older than a year. In addition, I found that young of year sharks did not demonstrate long term consistency in their behavior as opposed to older sharks.
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Ngo, Chi Thao. "ONTOGENY OF EPISODIC MEMORY: A COMPONENTIAL APPROACH." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2019. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/571412.
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PsychologyPh.D.
Episodic memory binds together the people, objects, and locations that make up the specific events of our lives, and allows the recall of our past in the service of current and future goals. Recent models of memory have posited that the hippocampus instantiates computations critical for episodic memory including mnemonic discrimination, relational binding, and holistic retrieval. Collectively, this set of studies aim to chart the ontogeny of each key components of episodic memory. We found robust improvements in children’s abilities to form complex relational structures and to make fine-grained discrimination for individual items from age 4 to age 6. However, relational memory dependent on context discrimination appears to follow a more protracted development. Furthermore, relational binding and mnemonic discrimination (item and context levels) undergo age-related decrements in senescence. Despite relatively poor relational binding capabilities, children as young as age 4 are able to retrieve multi-element events holistically, such as successfully retrieving of one aspect of an event predicts the retrieval success of other aspects from the same event. Critically, the degree of holistic episodic retrieval increases from age 4 to young adulthood. This multi-process approach provides important theoretical insights into lifespan profile of episodic memory.
Temple University--Theses
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Gurguis, Christopher Ignatius. "The Function And Early Ontogeny Of Individual Variation In Conspicuous Begging Behavior In A Passerine Bird." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/338958.
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Increasingly, individual variation is being recognized as an important influence on behavioral evolution. Sources of variation are therefore an important target for research into the development, evolution, and function of behavior. By providing information about the timescale on which individuals are responsive to their environment, patterns of within-individual variation can shed light on function of behavioral variation. Here, I wanted to understand the function of behavioral variation and the genetic and environmental sources of variation in behavior. First, I test the hypotheses that variation in begging signals nestling hunger, need, or quality. Hunger is a short-term response to food deprivation, while need and quality give long-term information about fitness benefits of gaining more food and fitness potential, respectively. Second, I test the hypotheses that variation in begging is due to genetic, permanent environment, common environmental, and maternal effects. I test these hypotheses in the begging behavior of western bluebirds (Sialia mexicana), making repeated measurements across the nestling period. I show that begging behavior is consistent across the nestling period, and that nestling begging intensity increases with food deprivation. Nestlings fed during a given parental visit beg at higher intensity than nestmates, and on average wait longer since their last meal compared to individuals who were not fed in the same visit. These results support the hypothesis that variation in nestling begging signals hunger. I also show that responsiveness to food deprivation is negatively related to condition, but this effect is not consistent across the nestling period. Finally, variation in begging is produced by a common environmental effect that is correlated through time, suggesting that begging is strongly influenced by the nest environment. Together, these results indicate that variation in begging signals short-term changes in hunger and that environmental effects dominate the production of variation in begging.
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Tamborski, Steven W. "The Ontogeny of the Mouse Oxytocin System and Potential Organizational Effects of Oxytocin on Intermale Aggression." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1397649029.
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Field, Kristin L. "Effects of sex ratio on ontogeny of sexual behavior and mating competence in male guppies, poecilia reticulata." The Ohio State University, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1091578035.
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Chaney, Morgan Edward. "Learning to Live, or Living to Learn?Age-related differences in foraging behavior and the extended juvenile period of Cebus capucinus." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1428846210.
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Balda, Mara A. "Ontogeny- and Sex-Dependent Contributions of the Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase (nNOS) Gene to Rewarding and Psychomotor Stimulating Effects of Cocaine." Scholarly Repository, 2009. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/257.
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Multiple interactions between dopamine (DA), glutamate, and nitric oxide (NO) in mesolimbic and corticostriatal circuits suggest that NO may play a critical role in cocaine-induced behavioral and neural plasticity. Clinical and preclinical studies have revealed that females and adolescents display unique vulnerabilities to the behavioral and neurochemical effects of cocaine as a result of sex-dependent and ontogeny-dependent differences in dopaminergic systems. Thus, my research objectives were to investigate the contributions of the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) gene, ontogeny, and gender on the rewarding and sensitizing effects of cocaine. I found that nNOS significantly influences the rewarding aspects of cocaine in adolescent mice and adult male mice (i.e., major deficits in several phases of cocaine conditioned place preference (CPP) were detected in nNOS knockout (KO) adolescent mice and nNOS KO adult male mice). However, the contribution of nNOS was sex-dependent as CPP phases were normal in KO adult females. In contrast to CPP, I found a major ontogeny-dependent contribution of nNOS to the sensitizing effects of cocaine. Namely, while nNOS is essential for the development of behavioral sensitization in adult males, this type of behavioral plasticity develops independently of nNOS during adolescence. The contribution of nNOS was once again sex-dependent as behavioral sensitization was normal in adult KO females. Together, this line of investigation has revealed that the NO-signaling pathway has a) a sex-dependent role in the neuroplasticity underlying cocaine CPP and b) a sex-dependent and ontogeny-dependent influence on cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization. Stereological and western blot analysis revealed that a sensitizing regimen of cocaine resulted in an increase in nNOS and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity in the dorsal striatum (dST) of adult, but not adolescent, wild-type (WT) male mice. In the absence of nNOS, dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) were severely reduced and cocaine caused a downregulation of dST TH suggesting that nitrergic levels modulate TH. Thus, the finding that nNOS is essential for the development of sensitization in adulthood, but not adolescence, together with the fact that cocaine upregulated nNOS and TH in the dST in adult, but not adolescent mice, strongly suggest that the nitrergic system underlies behavioral sensitization through modulation of the dopaminergic system in adulthood. These findings suggest different approaches in the clinical treatment of drug craving and drug-seeking behavior in adolescent and adult patients.
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Finger, Jean Sebastien [Verfasser], Marcel [Gutachter] Robischon, Gudrun [Gutachter] Brockmann, Max [Gutachter] Wolf, Pawel [Gutachter] Romanczuk, and Jens [Gutachter] Krause. "Personality in wild juvenile lemon sharks: Consistency, behavioral syndrome and ontogeny / Jean Sebastien Finger ; Gutachter: Marcel Robischon, Gudrun Brockmann, Max Wolf, Pawel Romanczuk, Jens Krause." Berlin : Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1189145952/34.
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Sales, Raul Fernandes Dantas de. "Ecologia alimentar e comportamento de forrageamento de Ameivula aff. ocellifera (Squamata: Teiidae) em ?rea de caatinga do nordeste do Brasil." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2013. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/17344.
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This study investigated the influence of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on the feeding ecology and foraging behavior of the whiptail lizard Ameivula aff. ocellifera, a new species widely distributed in the Brazilian Caatinga, and that is in process of description. In attendance to the objectives, the Dissertation was structured in two chapters, which correspond to scientific articles, one already published and the other to be submitted for publication. In Chapter 1 were analyzed the general diet composition, the relationship between lizard size and prey size, and the occurrence of sexual and ontogenetic differences in the diet. Chapter 2 contemplates a seasonal analysis of diet composition during two rainy seasons interspersed with a dry season, and the quantitative analysis of foraging behavior during two distinct periods. The diet composition was determined through stomach analysis of lizards (N = 111) collected monthly by active search, between September 2008 and August 2010, in the Esta??o Ecol?gica do Serid? (ESEC Serid?), state of Rio Grande do Norte. Foraging behavior was investigated during a rainy and a dry month of 2012 also in ESEC Serid?, by determining percent of time moving (PTM), number of movements per minute (MPM) and prey capture rate by the lizards (N = 28) during foraging. The main prey category in the diet of Ameivula aff. ocellifera was Insect larvae, followed by Orthoptera, Coleoptera and Araneae. Termites (Isoptera) were important only in numeric terms, having negligible volumetric contribution (<2%) and low frequency of occurrence, an uncommon feature among whiptail lizards. Males and females did not differ neither in diet composition nor in foraging behavior. Adults and juveniles ingested similar prey types, but differed in prey size. Maximum and minimum prey sizes were positively correlated with lizard body size, suggesting that in this population individuals experience an ontogenetic change in diet, eating larger prey items while growing, and at the same time excluding smaller ones. The diet showed significant seasonal differences; during the two rainy seasons (2009 and 2010), the predominant prey in diet were Insect larvae, Coleoptera and Orthoptera, while in the dry season the predominant prey were Insect larvae, Hemiptera, Araneae and Orthoptera. The degree of mobility of consumed prey during the rainy seasons was lower, mainly due to a greater consumption of larvae (highly sedentary prey) during these periods. Population niche breadth was higher in the dry season, confirming the theoretical prediction that when food is scarce, the diets tend to be more generalized. Considering the entire sample, Ameivula aff. ocellifera showed 61,0 ? 15,0% PTM, 2,03 ? 0,30 MPM, and captured 0,13 ? 0,14 per minute. Foraging mode was similar to that found for other whiptail lizards regarding PTM, but MPM was relatively superior. Seasonal differences were verified for PTM, which was significantly higher in the rainy season (66,4 ? 12,1) than in the dry season (51,5 ? 15,6). It is possible that this difference represents a behavioral adjustment in response to seasonal variation in the abundance and types of prey available in the environment in each season
Este estudo investigou a influ?ncia de fatores intr?nsecos e extr?nsecos sobre a ecologia alimentar e o comportamento de forrageamento do lagarto cauda-de-chicote (whiptail) Ameivula aff. ocellifera, uma esp?cie nova com ampla distribui??o na Caatinga, e que est? em fase de descri??o. Em atendimento aos objetivos, a Disserta??o foi estruturada na forma de dois cap?tulos, os quais correspondem a artigos cient?ficos, um j? publicado e o outro a ser submetido ? publica??o. No Cap?tulo 1 s?o analisadas a composi??o geral da dieta, a rela??o entre o tamanho corporal dos lagartos e o tamanho das presas consumidas, e a ocorr?ncia de diferen?as sexuais e ontogen?ticas na dieta. O Cap?tulo 2 contempla a composi??o da dieta em termos sazonais, durante duas esta??es chuvosas intercaladas por uma esta??o seca, e an?lise quantitativa do comportamento de forrageamento durante dois per?odos distintos. A composi??o da dieta foi identificada atrav?s da an?lise do conte?do estomacal de lagartos (N = 111) coletados mensalmente por busca ativa entre setembro de 2008 e agosto de 2010, na Esta??o Ecol?gica do Serid? (ESEC Serid?), estado do Rio Grande do Norte. O comportamento de forrageamento foi investigado durante um m?s chuvoso e um m?s seco do ano de 2012 tamb?m na ESEC Serid?, avaliando-se a porcentagem do tempo gasta em movimento (PTM), o n?mero de movimentos por minuto (MPM) e taxa de captura de presas pelos lagartos (N = 28) durante o forrageamento. A principal categoria de presa na dieta de Ameivula aff. ocellifera foi Larvas de insetos, seguido por Orthoptera, Coleoptera e Araneae. T?rmitas (Isoptera) foram importantes somente em n?mero, com contribui??o volum?trica desprez?vel (<2%) e baixa frequ?ncia de ocorr?ncia, um tra?o incomum entre os lagartos whiptails. Machos e f?meas n?o diferiram nem na composi??o da dieta nem no comportamento de forrageamento. Adultos e juvenis se alimentaram de categorias de presa similares, mas diferiram no tamanho das presas. Os tamanhos m?ximo e m?nimo das presas foram positivamente correlacionados com o tamanho dos lagartos, sugerindo que na popula??o estudada os indiv?duos sofrem uma mudan?a ontogen?tica na dieta, consumindo itens alimentares maiores ? medida que crescem, e ao mesmo tempo excluindo presas menores. A dieta apresentou diferen?as sazonais significativas; durante as duas esta??es chuvosas (2009 e 2010), as presas predominantes na dieta foram Larvas de inseto, Coleoptera e Orthoptera, enquanto na esta??o seca as presas predominantes foram Larvas de inseto, Hemiptera, Araneae e Orthoptera. O grau de mobilidade das presas consumidas durante as esta??es chuvosas foi menor, principalmente devido ao maior consumo de larvas (presas altamente sedent?rias) durante esses per?odos. A largura de nicho da popula??o foi maior na x esta??o seca, confirmando a predi??o te?rica de que quando o alimento ? escasso, as dietas tendem a ser mais generalizadas. Considerando a amostra total, Ameivula aff. ocellifera apresentou 61,0 ? 15,0% PTM, 2,03 ? 0,30 MPM, e capturou 0,13 ? 0,14 presas por minuto. O modo de forrageamento foi similar ao encontrado para outros lagartos whiptails quanto a PTM, mas MPM foi relativamente superior. Diferen?as sazonais foram verificadas quanto a PTM, que foi significativamente maior na esta??o chuvosa (66,4 ? 12,1) que na esta??o seca (51,5 ? 15,6). ? poss?vel que essa diferen?a represente um ajuste comportamental em resposta ? varia??o sazonal na abund?ncia e tipos de presas dispon?veis no ambiente nas diferentes esta??es
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Goliath, Jesse Roberto. "A 3D Morphological Analysis of the Ontogenetic Patterning of Human Subchondral Bone Microarchitecture in the Proximal Tibia." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1494273830449469.
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Eakins, Amy. "Ontogeny of positional behavior in captive silvered langurs (Trachypithecus cristatus)." Connect to resource, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/45641.
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Workman, L. "Lateralization of brain function and behavioural ontogeny in the chick under natural conditions." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.375857.
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Pajor, Edmond A. "The correlates of individual variation in the ontogeny of solid food consumption in pigs /." Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60111.
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In order to describe the ontogeny of solid food consumption by pigs and determine its influence on weight gain, before and after an abrupt weaning at 4 weeks of age, individual feed consumption was measured using a technique that combined load cells and video images. Feed consumption varied greatly both between and within litters. Within litters, consumption was positively correlated with birth weight, and with early weight gains. This suggests that greater feed intake was typical of larger and more mature pigs rather than reflecting compensation for poor milk intake by smaller litter-mates. Within-litter differences in weight gain during the two weeks after weaning were positively correlated with birth weight but not correlated with pre-weaning creep feed intake. Creep feed intake appeared to contribute to pre-weaning gains and these were correlated with post-weaning gains; however a more direct affect on post-weaning gain could not be detected.
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Tuncgenc, Bahar. "Movement synchrony, social bonding and pro-sociality in ontogeny." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b766e5a0-9cbe-4af2-b545-3e87c3d6d573.
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Human sociality, with its wide scope, early ontogeny and pervasiveness across cultures, is remarkable from an evolutionary perspective. We form bonds with other individuals and live in large social groups. We help, empathise with and share our resources with others, who are unfamiliar and genetically unrelated to us. It has been suggested that interpersonal coordination and rhythmic synchronisation of movements may be one proximate mechanism that enables such widespread human sociality and facilitates cooperation. In the last decade, considerable research has examined the effect of movement synchrony on social bonding and cooperation. However, when this thesis started, there was virtually no experimental study investigating the ontogeny of the movement synchrony-social bonding link, which is proposed to have deep evolutionary roots and important, long-lasting consequences in social life. This thesis aims to investigate the effects of movement synchrony on social bonding and cooperative behaviour across different time points in ontogeny. Three experimental studies were conducted examining infancy, early childhood and middle childhood. Each study explored a different aspect of social bonding and cooperation based on the motor, social and cognitive developments that mark that age group. Study 1a found that at 12 months of age, infants prefer individuals who move in synchrony with them, when the individuals are social entities, but not when they are non-social. Study 1b showed no preferences for synchrony at 9 months in either social or non-social contexts, however. Study 2 revealed that in early childhood, performing synchronous movements actively with a peer facilitates helping behaviour among the children, as well as eye contact and mutual smiling during the interaction. Finally, Study 3 showed that the social bonding effects of movement synchrony applied to inter- group settings and that performing synchronous movements with out-groups increased bonding towards the out-group in middle childhood. This thesis followed an interdisciplinary, integrative and naturalistic approach, where (i) literature from a wide range of disciplines motivated and guided the present research; (ii) links between motor, social and cognitive aspects of development, which are often investigated separately, are formed; and (iii) the experiments were designed in ways that represent the real-life occurrences of the investigated phenomena. The current findings provide the first substantial evidence that movement synchrony facilitates social bonding and cooperation in childhood and thereby provides a foundation for future research.
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Mott, Cy Larue. "Biotic and abiotic influences on aggressive interactions within larval Ambystoma assemblages." OpenSIUC, 2010. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/140.
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Coexistence among ecologically similar species is often facilitated through temporal or spatial partitioning mechanisms that reduce or eliminate direct interaction. However, in many communities exhibiting guild structure, wherein potential competitors may also prey on one another, sympatric relationships persist despite species' similar life history strategies, spatial and temporal restrictions imposed by ephemeral habitats, and resource limitations that promote competition and predation. To identify the ecological roles of species-specific behavioral patterns within aquatic guilds, I quantified larval intraspecific agonistic behavior among two species of intraguild (IG) predators, Ambystoma opacum and A. tigrinum, and their shared intraguild prey, A. maculatum. All species exhibited similar ontogenetic patterns of aggression, characterized by peaks of aggression early in development and subsequent gradual decreases through metamorphosis. However, the intensity of aggression varied considerably among guild species through development, as did behavioral responses to varying levels of ambient water temperature, invertebrate prey density, and presence of predatory odonate naiads. The observed patterns suggest that guild species, despite morphological and physiological similarities, exhibit unique behavioral responses through ontogeny and in response to habitat variables, suggesting that temporally staggered breeding phenologies have contributed to behavioral divergence among these sympatric congeners. However, in situ observations of larval behavior, although largely in agreement with laboratory results on timing of increased aggression, indicated that IG predators exhibited pond-level species partitioning and do not necessarily co-occur despite being regarded as sympatric. These results, taken together with observed species-specific impacts of IG predators on IG prey, suggest that ecologically similar IG predators exert widely differing predatory pressure on shared prey, and that similarities among guild species may ultimately result in habitat partitioning across local scales.
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O'Riain, Justin. "Pup ontogeny and factors influencing behavioural and morphological variation in naked mole-rats, Heterocephalus glaber (Rodentia, Bathyergidae)." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12801.
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Bibliography: leaves 151-176.A long term behavioural study was undertaken on laboratory-reared naked mole-rats. The main objective of the study was to provide a detailed qualitative and quantitative description of the behavioural and morphological development of naked mole-rats from birth through to adulthood. This study laid an empirical foundation for the subsequent testing of hypotheses pertaining to within and between colony conflict as well as for a study on the existence of a rare dispersal phenotype within colonies.
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Weitzner, Emma. "The Development of Diving Capabilities in Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii) Pups Throughout Early Ontogeny." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2019. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/2046.
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Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii) are among the deepest diving pinnipeds (i.e., seals, sea lions, and walrus) and one of the best studied marine mammals in the world; as such, these seals are considered a model species for the study of diving physiology and behavior. Adult Weddell seal dive physiology is rather comprehensively understood, yet previous research has excluded an examination of pups’ initial independent diving attempts, beginning instead with the diving capabilities of near-weaning individuals at four to five weeks of age. This is beyond the point many pups have attempted their first independent dives; pups begin to enter the water at 8-10 days after birth, with some observed in the water earlier. The aim of this study was to investigate the development of diving capabilities and fine-scale behaviors of Weddell seal pups beginning at one week of age throughout their dependence period.
Pups were sampled longitudinally at 1, 3, 5, and 7 weeks of age. Total body oxygen stores (TBO2, mL O2) were calculated as the sum of blood, muscle, and lung oxygen stores for each seal at all time points. Blood samples were collected under sedation, muscle oxygen parameters were interpolated, and lung oxygen content was extrapolated from adult values. Flipper-mounted time-depth recorders were used to collect concurrent dive behavior data.
In chapter 1, I hypothesized that diving capability (TBO2) would be more strongly correlated with dive experience than calendar age; to examine this, age, mass, and diving parameters were correlated with oxygen stores. I instead found mass and age were most significantly correlated with individual tissue oxygen stores and TBO2. I predicted diving experience would be an important driver of oxygen storage development due to hypoxia exposure, but pups spent the majority of their time in the water at the surface and had little to no exposure to hypoxia during dependence. Increases in mass may enable early advances in diving ability, and with increased diving capabilities, pups will be able to become successful independent foragers. Later exposure to hypoxia may be the key to the subsequent increases in TBO2 observed in yearlings and juveniles.
In chapter 2, I used TDR data to predict when pups would be in the water based on developmental, temporal, and environmental factors including age, weaning status, time of day, and weather parameters. Pups spent the most time in the water and made their deepest, longest, and most frequent dives during the late night and early morning hours. These data indicate pups are following the diving patterns of their mothers, which follow the diurnal vertical migration of their prey. The data also suggest Weddell seal pups most likely prioritize learning to swim and navigate as opposed to practicing foraging while still dependent. It is critical for pups to develop their swimming, navigational, and diving abilities while they are still with their moms to ensure their survival.
This study is the first to describe the complete trajectory of the development of diving physiology and behavior in Weddell seal pups throughout dependence. It is important to understand how the internal diving physiology of Weddell seal pups develops because this directly determines their diving capabilities and their ability to forage successfully, which in turn directly correlates with their survival. Pup survival is an indicator of population growth rates, so the development of diving physiology in pups can lend insights into larger population-level trends.
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Li, Chen. "Attenuated Cocaine Seeking After Adolescent-Onset of Cocaine Self-Administration in Male Rats: Behavior, Environment, and Genes." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2011. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/biology_diss/100.
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Recreational drug use peaks in the developmental stage of adolescence in humans. In this dissertation, we used a rodent model of adolescence and behavioral assessments of intravenous (i.v.) cocaine self-administration and reinstatement of cocaine-seeking to explore age differences in these cocaine-related behaviors, and then tested for the influence of environmental enrichment and for correlations between behavior and expression of plasticity genes. Although taking similar amount of cocaine, male rats trained to self-administer cocaine during adolescence (adolescent-onset) showed attenuated cue-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking compared with adults. This attenuated cue-induced reinstatement did not generalize to a natural reward, sucrose pellets. Then we asked whether the attenuated reinstatement may be due to rapid developmental re-organization of reinforcement circuits (high plasticity) in adolescent-onset groups. To stimulate or inhibit neuroplasticity, subjects experienced environmental enrichment or impoverishment during abstinence. Environmental manipulations had no effect in adolescent-onset groups, whereas the enriched environment attenuated cue-induced reinstatement in adults compared with their impoverished counterparts. Thus, we turned to internal factors that may contribute to age-differences in reinstatement of cocaine seeking. Using in situ hybridization to quantify the mRNA for two neuroplasticity-related genes, activity-regulated cytoskeletal-associated gene (arc) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (bdnf), we identified that overall, arc expression in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and bdnf expression in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) was higher in adolescent-onset than in adult groups. Together our data suggest that adolescence in rodents may be a period of relative biological resistance to some long-term drug effects.
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Lowry, David C. "The Early Ontogeny of Feeding in Two Shark Species: Developmental Aspects of Morphology, Behavior, and Performance." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0001312.
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Pérez, Enrique. "Rôle de facteurs externes et internes dans la mise en place du rythme circadien d'activité au cours de l'ontogenèse de la truite (Salmo trutta L. ) : avec analyse statistique et simulation sur ordinateur." Saint-Etienne, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1987STET4006.
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Cette étude au laboratoire a permis de définir l'intervention de différents facteurs sur le rythme circadien d'activité de la truite, durant le développement. Les animaux soumis à diverses photopériodes passent par des comportements successifs en relation avec leur stade de développement. Selon la période envisagée, le comportement et l'activité animale sont indépendants de la photopériode et des autres facteurs du milieu ou au contraire fortement en rapport avec ceux-ci. Des variations individuelles sont remarquées pouvant correspondre au statut social de l'animal considéré
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Lovern, Matthew B. "Social and Hormonal Effects on the Ontogeny of Sex Differences in Behavior in the Lizard, Anolis carolinensis." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27866.
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Adult green anoles, Anolis carolinensis, exhibit numerous sex differences resulting from divergent strategies for maximizing reproductive success. I focused on the ontogeny of sex differences in behavior in juveniles, in relation to adult sex differences, by documenting the behavior of free-ranging juveniles, examining the structure and use of headbobbing displays, and determining the role of the androgen testosterone (T) in producing behavioral sex differences. Field observations indicated that juvenile males eat and forage actively more often than juvenile females. This divergent feeding behavior may result from sexual selection, given that body size is a major factor in determining the reproductive success of males. Analyses of headbobbing displays, used by adults in aggressive and sexual interactions, revealed that juvenile males and females each give the same three A, B, and C display types described for adults. However, there may be a maturational component to display structure, as juvenile displays differ from those of adults in within-display temporal structure, and are not as stereotyped. Concerning display use, social context affects neither the types of display interactions observed nor the rates of displays and related behaviors. However, size affects nearly every aspect of display behavior. Both juvenile males and females show increased display rates and probabilities of expressing display-related behaviors with increasing body size, although in the largest juveniles, male display rates become higher than those of females. These results, like those from analyses of display structure, suggest a maturational component to display use, perhaps mediated by changes in the underlying motivational states of juveniles. Consistent with the divergence in display rates in large juveniles, males of approximately 30 d of age and older have higher plasma T concentrations than females. Furthermore, juvenile males and females that have been given T implants each respond with increased behavior levels, approaching those of breeding adult males. These analyses indicate that sexual dimorphisms in behavior in adults likely arise through underlying physiological differences between males and females that mediate the expression of behavior, rather than through fundamental sex differences in the ability to perform these behaviors.Ph. D.
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Polverino, Giovanni. "Personality and pace-of-life syndrome in fishes: New perspectives." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/18569.
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Individuelle Verhaltensunterschiede (sog. „Animal personality“) werden oft als konsistent über die Zeit und situationsunabhängig angenommen. Vielfach werden solche Persönlichkeitsunterschiede zwischen Tieren einer Art durch individuelle Unterschiede im Energiehaushalt sowie Lebenszyklusvariablen (sog. ‚state variables‘, dt. Zustandsgrößen) erklärt. Dies ist in der „pace-of-life“ Hypothese zusammengefasst. In neueren Arbeiten wurde jedoch die Konsistenz von Persönlichkeitsmerkmalen über den Lebensverlauf und deren strikte Abhängigkeit von Zustandsgrößen in Frage gestellt. Die vorliegende Dissertation soll neue Einblicke in die Mechanismen, die zur Entstehung von Persönlichkeitsunterschieden im Verlauf des Lebens von Fischen, deren Situationsabhängigkeit sowie ihre Verbindung zu individuellen Unterschieden in Zustandsgrößen liefern. In einer Abfolge von fünf unabhängigen Studien untersuchte ich die genannten Annahmen und fand, dass (1) Persönlichkeitsunterschiede sich im Laufe des Lebens von Tieren vergrößern; (2) Persönlichkeitsabschätzungen bei jungen Tieren oft stärker vom experimentellen Aufbau beeinflusst werden als bei Erwachsenen; (3) der Energiehaushalt und Lebenszyklusvariablen Persönlichkeitsunterschiede sowohl unter Laborbedingungen als auch im Freiland nicht hinreichend erklären können; (4) Beziehungen zwischen Persönlichkeitsunterschieden und Unterschieden im Energiehaushalt und in Lebenszyklusvariablen fanden sich nur bei Fischen einer Population mit langsamer Lebenszyklusstrategie nicht jedoch in einer Population mit schnellem Lebenszyklus. Die vorliegende Arbeit suggeriert daher, dass sich erst im Verlauf des Lebens eines Tieres Persönlichkeitsunterschiede unvermeidbar entwickeln. Dies stellt Persönlichkeitsmessungen bei juvenilen Tieren grundsätzlich in Frage. Weiterhin scheinen Persönlichkeitsunterschiede und Zustandsgrößen unter bestimmten Umweltbedingungen und evolutiven Szenarien voneinander unabhängig zu sein.Among-individual differences in behavior (i.e., animal personality) are assumed to be consistent over time and contexts. In theory, they are often explained by individual variations in energy costs of self-maintenance as well as life history among animals (i.e., state variables), commonly expressed as the pace-of-life syndrome hypothesis. Yet, recent theories have disputed the consistency of personality types over lifetime and their rigid state-dependency. This thesis aims to offer novel insights on the mechanisms behind the emergence and development of personality over lifetime of fishes, its context dependency, and its link to individual variation in state variables. In a sequence of five independent yet interconnected studies, I tested the assumptions above and observed that (1) personality differences increased during lifetime as a function of consistent declines in the behavioral plasticity with increasing age of animals; (2) personality estimates in young animals were weaker and thus more vulnerable to experimental biases compared to adults; (3) personality variation did not depend upon individual differences in energy costs of self-maintenance and life-history traits among individuals, under both laboratory and natural settings; and (4) the relationship between behavioral, metabolic, and life-history traits was manifested only in fish populations with slow rather than fast life-history strategies. This thesis suggests that personality variation in animals might be the inevitable outcome of development, raising questions about the reliability of personality estimates in juvenile individuals. Furthermore, individual variation in personality and “states” may act independently (i.e., phenotypes are uncorrelated) under environmental conditions and evolutionary contexts that mask or select against their trade-offs.
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Edenbrow, Mathew. "Behavioural phenotypes : associated life-history traits and environmental effects on development." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/3278.
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It is widely documented that non-human organisms express individual differences in behavioural patterns. For example individuals can be categorised as bold or shy and when these individual behavioural differences are consistent through time, they are termed behavioural types (BTs). In recent years research has identified that BTs often correlate across contexts/situations and these correlations are referred to as behavioural syndromes. Behavioural types and syndromes (i.e. personality) have also been implicated as major factors shaping population dynamics and the ability to buffer environmental disturbance. Recent theoretical predictions have proposed that BT variation may be underpinned by life-history strategies; however, these predictions have been little studied to date. Moreover, little research has focused upon environmental influences and the ontogeny of personality. In this thesis I use the Mangrove killifish (Kryptolebias marmoratus), a naturally occurring clonal vertebrate, as a model organism. This species presents a powerful tool providing the ability to replicate within and between isogenic genotypes in a controlled manner. Moreover the natural clonality expressed by this species permits environmental effects upon BT plasticity and BT-life-history interactions to be investigated within a developmental framework. In chapter 2, I present microsatellite genotyping results which show that the founding individuals used to propagate a laboratory population at The University of Exeter represent 20 genetically distinct homozygous genotypes. I additionally address five research questions exploring genotypic, environmental, and developmental effects upon three commonly studied BTs (exploration, boldness and aggression): Firstly; I ask do adult hermaphrodite and secondary males exhibit personality i.e. repeatable BT expression? In chapter 3, I present results showing that both of the sexes express short term personality. Moreover, I show that that genotype is an important factor influencing BTs expressed, regardless of sex, indicating underlying genetic control. Secondly I ask; does genotype level life-history variation underpin personality trait variation during ontogeny? In chapter 4, I show considerable developmental plasticity in behavioural expression between genotypes but not life-history and I find limited behaviour-life-history relationships during development. Thirdly I ask; does the rearing environment influence life-history and behavioural plasticity? In chapter 5, I show that in comparison to a control treatment, the presence of conspecifics during ontogeny results in an average reduction in behavioural scores; however, life-history was unaffected. In addition, I show that development in a low food environment lowered average exploration and growth rate but had no effect on boldness or aggression. Furthermore, fish exposed to a predation risk simulation during ontogeny exhibited similar behavioural scores as the control, yet this treatment generated BTs i.e. personality. My fourth question asks; does the parental rearing environment (utilised in chapter 5) influence behavioural expression in the next generation? In chapter 6, I show that transgeneratonal effects of each parental rearing environment influenced life-history but had a minimal effect upon behaviour in the next generation. Finally I ask; does kin or familiarity influence plasticity in associations and aggression? In chapter 7, I show that genotypes have the ability to discriminate kin and familiars and modulate aggression and association accordingly. These results support the concept that developmental and environmental induced plasticity may be more important than life-history in shaping behaviour. Furthermore, although adults exhibit personality and genotypic effects appear important, genotype interacts with environmental/experiential influences to differentially shape behavioural plasticity during ontogeny. I suggest that theoretical predictions regarding life-history may be insufficient to explain the complexity of animal personality in this species. I discuss these results within developmental and epigenetic frameworks with reference to the ecological significance of these patterns within this species and the animal kingdom as a whole.
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Auvray, Nathalie. "Etude comportementale de l'influence du cervelet dans l'acquisition du comportement d'équilibration chez le jeune rat." Rouen, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987ROUES051.
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Bezanson, Michelle. "Ontogenetic Patterns of Positional Behavior in Cebus Capucinus and Alouatta Palliata." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194475.
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Positional behavior is the measurable and observable link between the biology and behavior of an animal in its environment. In this dissertation, I examine ontogenetic patterns of positional behavior in infant, juvenile, and adult white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) and mantled howling monkeys (Alouatta palliata) inhabiting the same tropical forest in Costa Rica. During growth and development ontogenetic changes in body size, limb proportions, and motor skills are likely to influence locomotion and posture through the arboreal canopy. I collected data on positional behavior, activity, prehensile-tail use, branch size, branch angle, and crown location during a 12 month period at Estación Biológica La Suerte in northeastern Costa Rica. The data set is comprised of 401.3 hours of data on Cebus capucinus and 554.3 hours of data on Alouatta palliata totaling 955.7 hours of data or 57,344 individual activity records.Life history timing and differences in rates of growth did not predictably influence the development of adult-like positional behaviors in Cebus and Alouatta. In both species, infancy was characterized by high proportions of dorsal, ventral, and side riding on the mother with smaller proportions of independent positional modes observed during play, explore, active posture, and feed/forage. Young Cebus resembled the adult pattern of positional behavior by six months of age while howlers exhibited significant differences in several positional behavior categories through 24 months of age. The positional repertoire of both species revealed similarities in the types of modes used during feed/forage and travel in juveniles and adults. For example, in juvenile and adult age categories of Cebus, feeding and foraging included high proportions of quadrupedal walk, sit, and squat in conjunction with climbing, leaping, and suspensory behaviors. In howlers, the degree to which coordination and increases in body mass during ontogeny as limiting factors in the development of adult-like positional competence is unclear. Data presented here suggest that the environment exerts different pressures on growing Cebus and Alouatta that may relate to diet, energy expenditure, foraging skill, and/or social learning.
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Marcello, Angelica. "Contemplating the evolution of attachment and cognition in a collaborative learning environment." Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2006. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3213074.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2006.Title from first page of PDF file (viewed June 26, 2006). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 192-213).
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Balfour, David Leigh. "Ontogenetic Changes and Environmental Hypoxia: Responses of Two Fish Species to Low Oxygen Concentrations at Early Life Stages." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26467.
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Hypoxia refers to any condition in which the water is less than fully saturated with oxygen. Although it is generally accepted that adults are more tolerant of hypoxic conditions than larval stages, there is little information to support this assumption. To determine whether reduced concentrations of dissolved oxygen (DO) affect fishes differently during various early life stages, I examined the responses of two species of fish (fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)) exposed to low dissolved oxygen concentrations at different ages during the first 100 days post-hatch.
The changes in oxygen requirements and respiratory patterns that occur during ontogeny and exposure to hypoxia were observed. The results of this study suggest that the early larval stages appear to be at least as tolerant of short-term exposure to low dissolved oxygen concentrations as the older, more developed stages. Fathead minnows underwent a gradual transition from being metabolic conformers to regulators during development. Hemoglobin appeared to be playing a larger role in oxygen supply in the early post-hatch trout than in the minnows. Fathead minnow larvae produced relatively low concentrations of lactate upon exposure to hypoxia. Conversely, rainbow trout larvae exhibited significant increases in lactate concentration under similar conditions. This implies that there is a threshold oxygen concentration below which trout larvae utilize anaerobic metabolism to provide additional energy. Lactate dehydrogenase activity increased as the rainbow trout larvae aged, suggesting that they develop an anaerobic capacity which could be used to provide additional energy during hypoxia. The minnows did not exhibit this increase in activity.
The ability of larval fishes to detect and avoid hypoxic conditions was also examined. The overall trends suggest that throughout this period of development, both fish species gradually leave an area as the dissolved oxygen concentration decline. Both species appeared to leave the hypoxic areas with deliberate motions, indicating that a directed sensor system allowed them to detect oxygen gradients. The results suggest that a combination of physiological, biochemical, and behavioral mechanisms may allow fishes to cope with hypoxia.Ph. D.
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Renata, Andreia da Silva Mendonca. "Development of independence and behavior of wild immature East Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus morio), Danum Valley Conservation Area." Kyoto University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/225987.
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Castro, Dijenaide Chaves de. "Caracteriza??o comportamental end?crina das fases ontogen?ticas de sag?i comum (Callithrix jacchus)." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2011. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/17222.
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Previous issue date: 2011-11-11The use of animal models in biomedical research is ever increasing. Models that use primates might also have advantages in terms of low maintenance costs and availability of biological knowledge, thereby favoring their use in different experimental protocols. Many current stress studies use animal models at different developmental stages since biological response differs during ontogeny. The aims of this study were to perform a detailed characterization of the developmental stages of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), a very important animal model used in biomedical research. Ten subjects, 6 females and 4 males, were followed from birth to initial adult age (16 months). Behavioral and fecal collection for measurement of adrenal (cortisol) and sex (progesterone, estradiol and androgens) hormones took place twice a week during the first month of life and once a week for the remainder of the study. Behavior was observed for 30 minutes in the morning (0700-09:00h) and afternoon (12:00-14:00h). Behavioral profile showed changes during ontogeny, characterizing the 4 developmental stages and the respective phases proposed by Le?o et al (2009).. Differentiation of developmental stages was considered using the onset, end, change and stabilization of the behavioral profile parental care (weaning and carrying), ingestion (solid food), affiliation (social grooming) and autogrooming, agonism (scent marking and piloerection) and play behavior and endocrine profile. Infant weaning and carrying terminated within the infantile stage and the peak of solid food ingestion was recorded in the infantile III phase. Receiving grooming was recorded earlier than grooming performed by the infant and autogrooming. The first episode of scent marking was recorded in the 4th week and it was the least variable behavior, in terms of its onset, which, in almost all animals, was between the 5th and 7th week of life. Solitary play and play with the twin started around the 7th week and play with other members of the group started 8 weeks later. Sex hormone secretion started to differ from basal levels between the 21st and 23rd week of life, in males and females, suggesting that puberty occurs simultaneously in both sexes. Basal cortisol, even at an early age, was higher in females than in males. However, cortisol was not correlated with the juvenile stage, as expected, since this stage corresponds to the transition between infancy and adult age and most behaviors are intensified by this time. The behavioral and endocrine profile of subadult animals did not differ from that of the adults. These results provide more detailed parameters for the developmental process of C. jacchus and open new perspectives for the use of experimental approaches focused on the intermediate ontogenetic phases of this species
O uso de modelos animais em pesquisa biom?dica ? cada vez mais crescente e os modelos utilizando primatas devem apresentar vantagens em termos de custos de manuten??o e caracter?sticas relacionadas ao maior conhecimento da sua biologia para uso em diferentes protocolos experimentais. Diferentes modelos atuais de pesquisa em estresse utilizam animais em diferentes est?gios do desenvolvimento e in?meros estudos demonstram a diferen?a na resposta biol?gica diante de agentes estressores ao longo da ontog?nese. Com o objetivo de caracterizar de maneira mais detalhada as fases do desenvolvimento do sagui comum, Callithrix jacchus, importante modelo utilizado em pesquisa biom?dica, utilizou-se 10 animais, 6 f?meas e 4 machos, que foram acompanhados desde o nascimento at? o in?cio da idade adulta (16 meses). A coleta de dados comportamentais e de fezes para a mensura??o dos horm?nios esteroides de origem adrenal (cortisol) e gonadais (progesterona, estradiol e andr?genos) foram realizadas duas vezes por semana no primeiro m?s de vida dos filhotes e semanalmente no restante do estudo. As observa??es comportamentais tiveram dura??o de 30 minutos e foram realizadas nos turnos matutino (07:00-09:00h) e vespertino (12:00-14:00h).O perfil comportamental de C. jacchus apresentou modifica??es ao longo da ontog?nese caracterizando cada um dos 4 est?gios ontogen?ticos e suas respectivas fases propostas na classifica??o de Le?o (2009). A diferencia??o das etapas do desenvolvimento foi feita a partir do surgimento, t?rmino, varia??o e estabiliza??o no perfil comportamental - cuidado parental (amamenta??o, transporte) ingest?o de alimentos (alimenta??o s?lida), afilia??o (cata??o social recebida e feita e autocata??o) agonismo (marca??o de cheiro e piloere??o) e brincadeira - e no perfil end?crino. O comportamento de amamenta??o e transporte terminou na fase infantil II e a ingest?o alimentar apresentou seu pico na fase infantil III. A cata??o social recebida antecedeu a cata??o feita e a autocata??o, e o comportamento de marca??o de cheiro foi o que apresentou menor variabilidade em rela??o ao seu in?cio, que se concentrou, em quase todos os animais, entre a 5? e 7? semanas de vida. A brincadeira solit?ria e com o g?meo principiaram ao redor da 7? semana e a brincadeira com outros membros do grupo se iniciou 8 semanas depois. A secre??o dos horm?nios sexuais passou a se diferenciar dos valores basais entre a 21? e 23? semanas em machos e f?meas, sugerindo que a puberdade acontece simultaneamente para os dois sexos. O cortisol basal de f?meas mesmo em idade imatura foi mais elevado do que nos machos. Contudo, as varia??es do cortisol n?o se correlacionaram com o est?gio juvenil como esperado uma vez que esse est?gio corresponde ? transi??o entre a idade infantil e a idade adulta, e que se expressou com a intensifica??o da maioria dos comportamentos. Os padr?es comportamentais e end?crinos dos adultos n?o diferiram entre as idades subadulta e adulta. Estes resultados disponibilizam par?metros de desenvolvimento mais detalhados para C. jacchus e abrem perspectivas para a utiliza??o de abordagens experimentais focadas em determinadas etapas da ontog?nese dessa esp?cie
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Henriques, Thiago Pereira. "Provocação social na díade mãe-filhote: efeitos da ontogenia no comportamento social da prole." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/108935.
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As duas primeiras semanas de vida em ratos são críticas para o desenvolvimento, pois os animais são suscetíveis a influências ambientais. Diversos parâmetros neuroendócrinos e comportamentais podem ser influenciados, a curto e a longo prazo, pelas interações com a mãe, assim como por estressores. Entre esses estressores, um ambiente precoce socialmente aversivo pode alterar os comportamentos sociais, a ansiedade e as respostas neuroendócrinas ao estresse em adultos. O foco deste trabalho foi investigar o impacto do paradigma de provocação social na díade mãe-filhote sobre os comportamentos sociais e as respostas hormonais da prole em três idades. A provocação social foi realizada nos dias pós-natais (PP) 2 e 5. O comportamento maternal das lactantes foi registrado em PP3, 4, e 6. Os filhotes foram submetidos ao teste de preferência olfatória em PP7, o comportamento de brincadeira em juvenis foi registrado em PP30 e os ratos adultos (a partir de PP80) foram submetidos aos testes de campo aberto, labirinto em cruz elevado e interação social. Os adultos também foram expostos ao estresse por contenção (PP90). Os resultados mostraram que a intervenção aumentou a presença das mães no ninho. A intervenção reduziu o tempo gasto pelos filhotes no lado da maravalha do ninho, reduziu os níveis plasmáticos de ocitocina e prolactina, porém, aumentou os níveis de arginina-vasopressina. Nos juvenis, a intervenção reduziu a brincadeira de luta e os níveis plasmáticos de arginina-vasopressina. Nos adultos, a intervenção não levou a alterações na ansiedade e nas respostas hormonais ao estresse, porém, reduziu a latência para os comportamentos agressivos e os níveis plasmáticos basais de ocitocina. Conforme observado nas lactantes e nos neonatos, a provocação social levou a uma alteração da relação mãe-filhote, afetando, também, hormônios relacionados ao comportamento afiliativo em neonatos. Da mesma forma, a redução da brincadeira de luta em juvenis expostos à intervenção neonatal pode ter ocorrido devido à alteração da argininavasopressina, hormônio envolvido nesse comportamento. Apesar da intervenção não ter alterado a ansiedade e as respostas hormonais ao estresse em adultos, afetou de maneira específica o comportamento agressivo, reduzindo a sua latência. Este achado pode ser relacionado à ocitocina diminuída, conhecida por ter efeitos antiagressivos. Logo, sugerimos que a provocação social altere, tanto de forma precoce quanto duradoura, os comportamentos sociais, assim como os hormônios responsáveis pela modulação desses parâmetros.The first two weeks of life in rats are critical for development because the animals are susceptible to environmental influences. A variety of neuroendocrine and behavioral parameters may be influenced in a short or long lasting way by the interactions with the mother as well as by stressors. Among these stressors, a socially aversive environment may alter social behaviors, anxiety and neuroendocrine responses to stress in adult subjects. The focus of this work was to investigate the impact of the social instigation paradigm on motherlitter dyad over social behaviors and hormonal responses in rats at 3 ages. Social instigation was carried out at postpartum days (PP) 2 and 5. Maternal behavior from lactating rats was registered at PP3, 4 and 6. Pups were submitted to the nest odor preference test at PP7, play behavior was registered in juveniles at PP30, and adult rats (starting at PP80) were submitted to the open field, elevated plus maze and social interaction tests. Adult rats were also submitted to restraint stress. Results show that the intervention increased presence in nest of lactating rats. The intervention reduced time spent on nest bedding side in pups, decreased oxytocin and prolactin plasma levels, however, increased arginine-vasopressin levels. Juveniles submitted to the neonatal intervention had reduced play-fighting frequencies and arginine-vasopressin levels. In adults, the intervention has not altered anxiety and hormonal responses to stress, however, it decreased the latency for aggressive behaviors, as well as oxytocin basal levels. According to the outcomes observed in lactating rats and pups, social instigation altered mother-infant relationship, as well as levels of hormones involved in affiliative behavior in neonatal rats. Similarly, the reduced play-fighting in juveniles exposed to the intervention may be related to the decreased arginine-vasopressin levels, which is a hormone involved in such behavior. In spite of the intervention having not altered the anxiety and hormonal responses to stress in adult rats, it altered in a specific manner the aggressive behavior, reducing its latency. This finding may be related to the decreased oxytocin levels, which is a hormone known to have antiaggressive effects. Thus, we suggest that social instigation impairs early to late social behaviors, as well as the hormones responsible for the modulation of such parameters.
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Resende, Briseida Dogo de. "Ontogenia de comportamentos manipulativos em um grupo de macacos-prego (Cebus Apella) em situação de semiliberdade." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47132/tde-03062008-140907/.
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Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o desenvolvimento do comportamento manipulativo em macacos-prego (Cebus apella) em semiliberdade, com ênfase na ontogênese do comportamento de quebra de cocos. A coleta de dados foi realizada ao longo de dois anos e meio, o que permitiu um acompanhamento longitudinal dos filhotes com idade inferior a dois anos. As dinâmicas sociais relacionadas à aprendizagem de quebra também foram estudadas. Os resultados mostram que os macacos começaram a manipular objetos com cerca de um mês de idade e conseguiram quebrar cocos com sucesso a partir dos dois anos. Eles observaram seus co-específicos quebrando cocos, sendo que os maiores observadores foram os imaturos, especialmente os juvenis. Os alvos de observação foram preferencialmente aqueles macacos que apresentaram uma maior taxa de quebra. Durante a observação de co-específicos, houve raros registros de agonismo, ou seja, há grande tolerância social. Houve intercalação entre brincadeira e quebra de cocos por macacos imaturos. Grande parte da aquisição do comportamento de quebra de cocos pode ser atribuída às experiências individuais, mas também há oportunidades para que ocorra a aprendizagem social por meio de observação direta do co-específico proficiente, já que os observadores são bem tolerados.The objective of this work was to study the manipulative behavior of semifree-ranging tufted-capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella), focusing on the ontogenesis of nutcracking behavior. Data collection was done during a period of two years and a half, and so, a longitudinal study with monkeys under two-years old could be performed. Social dynamics related to nutcracking learning were also studied. The results show that the monkeys started manipulating objects when they were around a month of age, but only subjects over two years of age were able to sucessfully crack nuts. They observed conspecific nutcracking: immature monkeys were the main observers, especially juveniles. The main targets of observation were the monkeys who had the highest nutcracking rate. Agonism was rare during conspecific observation, what means that social tolerance was high. There were events in which immature monkeys alternated play and nutcracking behavior. An important part of nutcracking acquisition can be attributed to individual experiences, but there are also opportunities for social learning through direct observation of proficient conspecific, once observers are well tolerated.
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Schleyer, Thomas. "Untersuchungen zum Einfluß des Kälberaufzuchtverfahrens auf die Ontogenese des Sozialverhaltens heranwachsender Rinder." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Landwirtschaftlich-Gärtnerische Fakultät, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/14312.
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Das Ziel der Untersuchungen bestand darin, die Auswirkungen verschiedener Kälberaufzuchtverfahren, die sich hinsichtlich des Faktors 'Anwesenheit der Mutter' unterschieden, auf die Entwicklung des Sozialverhaltens in der Ontogenese zu bestimmen. Mit den Ergebnissen dieser Untersuchungen sollen die tierseitigen Anforderungen der Kälber an die Haltungssysteme in Hinblick auf die soziale Umwelt deutlicher formuliert werden. Von Mai 1994 bis zum Oktober 1996 wurden zwei Rindergruppen der Rassenkreuzung Schwarzbuntes Milchrind (SMR) x Salers von der Geburt an bis zur Phase der eigenen Reproduktion beobachtet. Gegenstand der Untersuchungen war die ethologische Analyse verschiedener Verhaltensweisen, vor allem des Sozialverhaltens. Die Saugkälber hatten in den ersten acht Lebensmonaten vorwiegend Sozialkontakte mit ihren Müttern, weniger mit den gleichaltrigen Gruppenmitgliedern. Spielerische Kontakte zwischen den Kälbern bezogen sich meist auf Bewegungsspiele und spielerisches Hornen. Rangauseinandersetzungen fanden erst nach dem Absetzen statt. Die Tränkkälber hatten insgesamt weniger Kontakte untereinander, beleckten sich allerdings häufiger. Rangauseinandersetzungen fanden bereits ab dem dritten Lebensmonat statt und führten zur Bildung einer vorläufigen Rangfolge, die von den ältesten und schwersten Tieren dominiert wurde. Gegenseitiges Besaugen wurde oft beobachtet. Es trat sehr häufig während der Haltung am Tränkautomaten auf und konnte bis zum 22. Lebensmonat beobachtet werden. Die Anzahl der Sozialkontakte zu gleichaltrigen Tieren war in der Jungrind- Phase in beiden Gruppen weitgehend gleich. In der Jungkuh- Phase hatten die Jungkühe (S) untereinander signifikant mehr soziale Kontakte, knüpften zu ihren Nachkommen mehr Kontakte und verbrachten auch signifikant mehr Zeit gemeinsam mit ihnen als die Jungkühe (T). Verhaltensrhythmisch traten über den Lichttag hinweg während des gesamten Untersuchungszeitraumes Unterschiede zwischen den Gruppen auf. Zwar glichen sich beide Gruppen in ihrem Tagesrhythmus mit zunehmendem Alter an, aber nicht vollständig. Unterschiede gab es auch bei den Tagessummen für das Fressen, Liegen und Stehen. Schlußfolgernd zeigt sich, daß eine Aufzucht in altersstrukturierten Gruppen wichtige kalb- und kuhseitige Sozialbedürfnisse erfüllt und die sozialen Potenzen adulter Gruppenmitglieder in die Aufzucht einbezieht. Den Jungtieren werden somit Lernprozesse ermöglicht, die von langfristiger Bedeutung sind und sich bei der Aufzucht ihrer eigenen Nachkommen positiv auswirken. Die Umsetzung dieses Grundprinzips im Zuge der Weiterentwicklung der Aufzuchtverfahren kann deren biologische Qualität deutlich verbessern und gestaltet die Erfüllung wesentlicher Anforderungen einer art- und altersgerechten Kälberhaltung.The aim of the investigation was to determine effects of different calf-rearing conditions with regard to the factor of the presence of the dam on the development of the social behavior during the ontogeny. The results of these investigations should express the animal requirements of the calves to the different keeping systems in view of the social environment. The study was carried out in the time between April 1994 and October 1996, until the age of their own reproduction. Two groups of female calves , containing 11 animals (suckling calves) and 10 animals (watering calves) were observed. The first group was raised by dams (suckling calves). The second one was raised without any contacts to the dams (watering calves). Suckling calves exhibited social contacts preferably to their own mother rather than to the other calves of the group. In most cases the contacts between the calves consisted of play runnings and horning. These calves established the rank order after weaning, i. e. after the ninth month. In the time before weaning the social interactions of the suckling calves exceeded those of the watering calves. Mutual suckling behaviour took place only in the group of the watering calves. Social rank order disputes among calves of the automatically fed group already started in their fourth month. The establishment of ranks was principally determined by age and weight. Mutual suckling behaviour were often observed. It was very often during the time as they were fed by the automatic liquid feeder and it was observed till the 22nd month. The number of social contacts to peers of calves in the age between the 9th and 23rd month was nearly the same. Those mothers that had been raised as suckling calves had more interactions with their own offspring and spent more time with them in comparison to the automatically fed group. The rhythm of behavior of the observation (lightly) day was different between the groups over the full observation period. At the end of the observations in October 1996 the rhythm of behaviour was nearly the same, but not for all specifics. Also, there were differences in the daily sums of feeding, laying and standing. The rearing of calves in groups with their dams fulfills the special social needs of cows and calves. The social potencies of adults improve the rearing of the calves. The young's get the possibility to learn from the adults. This possibility is very important and has a positive influence for rearing of their own offspring. This basic principal is important for the development of rearing methods, for a better biological quality and fulfills the specific requirements of calf-rearing.
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Faria, Ana Margarida da Silva. "Ontogeny of behavioural abilities in temperate reef fish larvae." Doctoral thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.1/1656.
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Tese de dout., Ciências do Mar, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2010A maior parte das espécies associadas a recifes possui uma fase larvar pelágica, seguida de uma fase juvenil e adulta demersal. A fase pelágica pode apresentar consideráveis capacidades de dispersão. A visão tradicional, baseada em estudos de um conjunto limitado de espécies de sistemas temperados, pressupunha que as capacidades natatórias das larvas no plano horizontal eram muito limitadas e, dessa forma, irrelevantes para o potencial de dispersão. Segundo esta perspectiva, a dispersão era essencialmente explicada por fenómenos de transporte passivo e a única informação necessária para modelar a dispersão seriam as correntes e a duração da fase larvar. No entanto, nas últimas duas décadas, a investigação do comportamento natatório das larvas de recifes tropicais veio provar que as larvas estão longe de serem partículas passivas, e têm capacidades comportamentais consideráveis, capazes de influenciar os seus padrões de dispersão. Apesar dos recentes avanços nos estudos de comportamento larvar em peixes de recifes tropicais, os estudos de comportamento em peixes temperados são ainda escassos. Nesse sentido, esta tese representa um significativo contributo para o estudo das capacidades natatórias de peixes de sistemas temperados. A ontogenia do comportamento natatório foi investigada em quatro espécies temperadas (2 Gobiesocidae, 1 Sparidae, 1 Soleidae) e uma espécie temperada-quente (Sciaenidae). Os resultados sugerem que a diferença de capacidades natatórias entre espécies tropicais e temperadas não é significativa quando aspectos taxonómicos, morfológicos e estados de desenvolvimento são tidos em conta. Adicionalmente, foi analisada a influência da condição nutricional no comportamento natatório e observou-se que larvas em inanição são capazes de levar a cabo comportamentos de fuga a predadores e captura de presas, mas em termos de potencial de dispersão, estas larvas são significativamente afectadas, compromentendo assim a sua sobrevivência e futuro recrutamento.
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Stanton, Frank. "The ontogeny of social behavior in a Hawaiian damselfish, Abudefduf abdominalis." Thesis, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/10316.
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Bouwma, Peter Edward. "Aspects of antipredation in Panulirus argus and Panulirus guttatus behavior, morphology, and ontogeny /." 2006. http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11082006-171305.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Florida State University, 2006.Advisor: William F. Herrnkind, Florida State University, College of Arts and Sciences, Dept. of Biological Science. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed Jan. 18, 2007). Document formatted into pages; contains xiii, 114 pages. Includes bibliographical references.
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"The Development of Adult Sex-typed Social Behavior in Lemur catta." Doctoral diss., 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.14674.
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abstract: Unanswered questions about the evolution of human gender abound and are salient across the anthropological disciplines and beyond. Did adult sex-typed behavioral tendencies actually evolve? If so, when? For what purpose? The best way to gain insight into the evolution of human gender is to understand the evolution and development of sex-typed behavior in comparative primate taxa. Captive research indicates that there are many proximate factors likely to shape the development of sex-typed behavior in non-human primates—prenatal and postnatal endocrinological experience, social experience, ecological factors, and their interactions. However, it is largely unknown how sex-typed behavior proceeds and is shaped by those factors in evolutionarily salient environments. This study investigated one—whether extrinsic sexually differentiated social interactions are likely influential in the development of adult sex-typed behavior in wild-living Lemur catta. Little is known about sex-typed development in this species or in strepsirrhines in general. This research therefore addresses an important phylogenetic gap in our understanding of primate sex-typed development. Behavioral observations were carried out on mixed cross-sectional sample of adult females (n=10), adult males (n=8), yearling females (n=4), yearling males (n=4), and newborn females (n=16) and males (n=14) at Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve in southwest Madagascar from September 2008 to August 2009. Twenty-three sex-typed behaviors were identified in adults using linear mixed effects models and models of group response profiles through time. Of those, only eight had a pre-pubertal developmental component. Infants did not exhibit any sex differences in behavior, but juveniles (prepubertal, weaned individuals) resembled adults in their (relatively few) patterns of expression of sex-typed behavior. Most adult sex-typed behaviors in this species apparently develop at or after puberty and may be under gonadal hormone control. Those that develop before puberty do not likely depend on extrinsic sexually differentiation social interactions for their development, because there is no clear evidence that infants and juvenile male and females are not treated differently by others according to sex. If sexually differentiated social interactions are important for sex-typed behavioral development in subadult ,italic>Lemur catta, they are likely intrinsically (rather than extrinsically) driven.Dissertation/Thesis
Ph.D. Anthropology 2012
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Justo, Micaela. "A detailed morphological, behavioural, and genetic characterization of the larval phase of the Red Sea clownfish, Amphiprion bicinctus." Thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10754/669003.
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Coral reef fish are known to have a bipartite life cycle: a dispersive pelagic larval phase (DPL), where larvae ‘travel’ away from their parents to occupy new habitats, and a sedentary reef phase characterized by juveniles and adults. Study of the DPL is an essential prerequisite to understand how persistence, connectivity, and gene flow operate between populations. Clownfish have been the subject of considerably varied fields of research in recent decades, not only due to their economic value, but also because of their ease of maintenance in laboratory settings, regular spawning, and short DPL. Their life cycle is also defined as bipartite, with a DPL lasting around 15 days until settlement, and the fish exhibit a symbiotic relationship with sea anemones. The transitions between phases are associated with a series of morphological, behavioural, genetic, cellular and molecular changes. However, these changes are poorly characterized in some species of clownfish. Therefore, the Red Sea clownfish, Amphiprion bicinctus, was reared to fill the gap in the literature by investigating their i) morphology, ii) swimming abilities, and iii) differential gene expression (DGE) throughout ontogeny. The DPL was characterized in the preflexion, flexion and postflexion stages, according to flexion of the notochord, on 0, 2 and 10 days post hatch (dph), respectively. Metamorphosis was defined by a morphological transition between the DPL and juvenile phases, associated with the appearance of white stripes, on day 10 and until the end of the experiment, on day 14. Additionally, metamorphosis is followed by a behavioural change at 14 dph, called settlement, where larvae transition from free swimming in the water column to associating with the substrate. We also demonstrate that the larvae present active swimming from the moment they hatch, and the swimming speed increases throughout DPL. Overall, the development of A. bicinctus is similar to other clownfish species. This work provides a strong baseline on the development of A. bicinctus, which may open the door to a deeper understanding of the role of dispersal behaviours and enhance our ability to design effective marine reserve networks in the Red Sea.
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Wada, Haruka. "An integrated evaluation of costs and benefits of corticosterone secretion through development." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/3067.
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Wada, Haruka 1976. "An integrated evaluation of costs and benefits of corticosterone secretion through development." 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/13248.
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"Development of feeding in ring-tailed lemurs." Doctoral diss., 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.14750.
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abstract: Fundamental hypotheses about the life history, complex cognition and social dynamics of humans are rooted in feeding ecology - particularly in the experiences of young animals as they grow. However, the few existing primate developmental data are limited to only a handful of species of monkeys and apes. Without comparative data from more basal primates, such as lemurs, we are limited in the scope of our understanding of how feeding has shaped the evolution of these extraordinary aspects of primate biology. I present a developmental view of feeding ecology in the ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta) using a mixed longitudinal sample (infant through adult) collected at the Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve in southwestern Madagascar from May 2009 to March 2010. I document the development of feeding, including weaning, the transition to solid food, and how foods are included in infant diets. Early in juvenility ring-tailed lemurs efficiently process most foods, but that hard ripe fruits and insects require more time to master. Infants and juveniles do not use many of the social learning behaviors that are common in monkeys and apes, and instead likely rely both on their own trial and error and simple local enhancement to learn appropriate foods. Juvenile ring-tailed lemurs are competent and efficient foragers, and that mitigating ecological risks may not best predict the lemur juvenile period, and that increases in social complexity and brain size may be at the root of primate juvenility. Finally, from juvenility through adulthood, females have more diverse diets than males. The early emergence of sex differences in dietary diversity in juvenility that are maintained throughout adulthood indicate that, in addition to reproductive costs incurred by females, niche partitioning is an important aspect of sex differential feeding ecology, and that ontogenetic studies of feeding are particularly valuable to understanding how selection shapes adult, species-typical diets. Overall, lemur juvenility is a time to play, build social relationships, learn about food, and where the kernels of sex-typical feeding develop. This study of the ontogeny of feeding ecology contributes an important phylogenetic perspective on the relationship between juvenility and the emergent foraging behaviors of developing animalsDissertation/Thesis
Ph.D. Anthropology 2012