Relevant bibliographies by topics / Behaviour Driven Development

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
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  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Behaviour Driven Development'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 25 April 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Behaviour Driven Development"

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Diepenbeck, Melanie, Ulrich Kühne, Mathias Soeken, Daniel Grosse, and Rolf Drechsler. "Behaviour Driven Development for Hardware Design." IPSJ Transactions on System LSI Design Methodology 11 (2018): 29–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2197/ipsjtsldm.11.29.

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Lazăr, Ioan, Simona Motogna, and Bazil Pârv. "Behaviour-Driven Development of Foundational UML Components." Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science 264, no. 1 (August 2010): 91–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.entcs.2010.07.007.

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Sukhorukov, Aleksandr. "Problems of test-driven aspect-oriented development." Scientific Journal of Riga Technical University. Computer Sciences 38, no. 38 (January 1, 2009): 180–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10143-009-0016-8.

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Problems of test-driven aspect-oriented developmentTest-driven development and aspect-oriented programming are relatively new development techniques each having its own benefits. However, using aspect-oriented language like AspectJ in test-driven development leads to new types of problems that do not appear if these two approaches are applied separately. These problems arise mainly because aspect-oriented paradigm breaks encapsulation principle - behaviour of class is not implemented just in class itself like in traditional object-oriented programming but can be heavily affected by many external aspects. Traditional unit tests designed to test a single unit are not sufficient any more because behaviour being tested is distributed through several units at once, so test design becomes more complicated. In order to efficiently use these two techniques together such problems have to be identified and ways to workaround them have to be discovered. This paper focuses on those problems, describing the most notable ones. Problem descriptions are based on experience with AspectJ, but most of them are common to any aspect-oriented language with similar features. Some empirically discovered principles are provided that help softening negative impact of those problems.
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Gilbert, James, Nicole Pearcy, Rupert Norman, Thomas Millat, Klaus Winzer, John King, Charlie Hodgman, Nigel Minton, and Jamie Twycross. "Gsmodutils: a python based framework for test-driven genome scale metabolic model development." Bioinformatics 35, no. 18 (February 13, 2019): 3397–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btz088.

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AbstractMotivationGenome scale metabolic models (GSMMs) are increasingly important for systems biology and metabolic engineering research as they are capable of simulating complex steady-state behaviour. Constraints based models of this form can include thousands of reactions and metabolites, with many crucial pathways that only become activated in specific simulation settings. However, despite their widespread use, power and the availability of tools to aid with the construction and analysis of large scale models, little methodology is suggested for their continued management. For example, when genome annotations are updated or new understanding regarding behaviour is discovered, models often need to be altered to reflect this. This is quickly becoming an issue for industrial systems and synthetic biotechnology applications, which require good quality reusable models integral to the design, build, test and learn cycle.ResultsAs part of an ongoing effort to improve genome scale metabolic analysis, we have developed a test-driven development methodology for the continuous integration of validation data from different sources. Contributing to the open source technology based around COBRApy, we have developed the gsmodutils modelling framework placing an emphasis on test-driven design of models through defined test cases. Crucially, different conditions are configurable allowing users to examine how different designs or curation impact a wide range of system behaviours, minimizing error between model versions.Availability and implementationThe software framework described within this paper is open source and freely available from http://github.com/SBRCNottingham/gsmodutils.Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Indraratna, B., A. S. Balasubramaniam, P. Phamvan, and Y. K. Wong. "Development of negative skin friction on driven piles in soft Bangkok clay." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 29, no. 3 (June 1, 1992): 393–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t92-044.

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This paper describes the results of short-term pullout tests and long-term full-scale measurements of negative skin friction on driven piles in Bangkok subsoils. Two instrumented cylindrical (hollow) prestressed concrete piles were fully equipped with two independent load-measurement systems, load cells, and telltale rods. Pore pressures and ground movements in the vicinity of the piles were monitored throughout the period of investigation. The effect of bitumen coating on negative skin friction was also studied. The long-term behaviour of driven piles was compared with the estimated values obtained from short-term pullout tests and soil strength data. It was found that the negative skin friction can be predicted well by the effective stress approach using values of β between 0.1 and 0.2. The load–settlement and load–transfer behaviour were numerically modelled to acquire a more comprehensive understanding of negative skin friction developed on driven piles. A settlement-controlled concept is also introduced for piles subjected to negative skin friction, on the basis of these findings. Key words : consolidation, downdrag, driven pile, embankment, finite elements, pore pressures, pullout, settlements, soft clay.
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Deakins, David, Martina Battisti, Alan Coetzer, and Hernan Roxas. "Predicting Management Development and Learning Behaviour in New Zealand SMEs." International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation 13, no. 1 (February 2012): 11–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/ijei.2012.0060.

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Despite concern on the part of policy makers to raise managerial capability in SMEs, there is little evidence on the key drivers of owner-manager participation in management development programmes. The authors argue that such participation is poorly understood. The paper develops a predictive model of the drivers of participation in sources of learning by owner-managers. It tests a theoretical model, based on the small firm as a learning organization, which posits that participation is driven by owner-managers' learning orientation and the extent of their belief in self-improvement. The implications of the results are discussed in light of the provision of management development programmes.
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Nassar, Dina Mamdouh, and Marwa Kamel El-Sayed. "Urban Challenge Meets Hidden Potentials: Sustainable Development of El-Max Fishermen Village in Alexandria, Egypt." Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal 1, no. 4 (August 7, 2016): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/e-bpj.v1i4.95.

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Slum upgrading programs in Egypt focus mainly on the provision of essential services. Social and environmental needs are neglected resulting in critical issues. A community-driven approach is proposed to unfold the potential of slums by giving control of decisions and resources to the community.The research examines ‘El-Max’ Fishermen Village based on its potential due to its unique urban pattern and characteristics. It argues the ability of an informal settlement to reach sustainability goals through a community driven approach. It sets out a framework for urban development, emphasising social sustainability built on sound governance and good urban management.© 2016. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.Keywords: Slum Upgrading; Sustainable Urban Development; Community-Driven Development (CDD); Urban Management.
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Lavallée, Jacqueline F., Trish A. Gray, Jo C. Dumville, and Nicky Cullum. "Preventing pressure injury in nursing homes: developing a care bundle using the Behaviour Change Wheel." BMJ Open 9, no. 6 (June 2019): e026639. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026639.

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ObjectiveTo develop, with nurse specialists and nursing home care staff, a theory and evidence-informedpressure injury preventioncare bundle for use in nursing home settings.DesignThe development of a care bundle.MethodsWe undertook a detailed, multistaged and theoretically driven development process. First, we identified evidence-informed pressure injury prevention practices: these formed an initial set of possible target behaviours to be considered for inclusion in the bundle. During a 4-hour workshop and supplemental email consultation with a total of 13 healthcare workers, we agreed the key target behaviours for the care bundle. We explored with staff the barriers and facilitators to prevention activity and defined intervention functions and behaviour change practices using the Behaviour Change Wheel.SettingNorth West England.ResultsThe target behaviours consisted of three elements: support surfaces, skin inspection and repositioning. We identified capability, opportunity and reflective motivation as influencing the pressure injury prevention behaviours of nursing home care staff. The intervention functions (education, training, modelling) and behaviour change techniques (information about social and environmental consequences, information on health consequences, feedback on behaviour, feedback on the outcome of behaviour, prompts/cues, instruction on how to perform the behaviour, demonstration of behaviour) were incorporated into the care bundle.ConclusionThis is the first description of a pressure injury prevention care bundle for nursing homes developed using the Behaviour Change Wheel. Key stakeholders identified and prioritised the appropriate target behaviours to aid pressure injury prevention in a nursing home setting.
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Jansson, J., J. Olofsson, and K. Salomonsson. "Simulation-driven product development of cast components with allowance for process-induced material behaviour." Journal of Computational Design and Engineering 7, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 78–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcde/qwaa008.

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Abstract This paper presents a methodology that can be used to consider local variations in thermomechanical and thermophysical material properties, residual stresses, and strength-differential effects in finite element analyses of cast components. The methodology is based on applying process simulations and structural analyses together with experimentally established, or already available literature data, in order to describe element-specific material variations. A cast-iron cylinder head was used in order to evaluate the influence of several simplifications that are commonly performed in computer aided engineering. It is shown that non-trivial errors of a potentially large magnitude are introduced by not considering residual stresses, compressive behaviour, temperature dependence, and process-induced material property variations. By providing design engineers with tools that allow them to consider the complex relationships between these aspects early in the development phase, cast components have the potential to be further optimized with respect to both weight and performance.
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Arnall, Alex, David S. G. Thomas, Chasca Twyman, and Diana Liverman. "NGOs, elite capture and community-driven development: perspectives in rural Mozambique." Journal of Modern African Studies 51, no. 2 (May 17, 2013): 305–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x13000037.

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ABSTRACTThis article examines the problems of elite capture in community-driven development (CDD). Drawing on two case studies of non-governmental organisation (NGO) intervention in rural Mozambique, the authors consider two important variables – (1) the diverse and complex contributions of local elites to CDD in different locations and (2) the roles that non-elites play in monitoring and controlling leader activities – to argue that donors should be cautious about automatically assuming the prevalence of malevolent patrimonialism and its ill-effects in their projects. This is because the ‘checks and balances’ on elite behaviour that exist within locally defined and historically rooted forms of community-based governance are likely to be more effective than those introduced by the external intervener.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Behaviour Driven Development"

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Kulhánková, Barbora. "Behaviour Driven Development a Scrum v korporátním prostředí." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-204867.

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Agile software development methodologies these days are not used only in small enterprises or startups, they are getting spread around large enterprises as well. An evidence of this fact could be, that Scrum is nowadays the most commonly used approach to software development. So this thesis focuses on usage of agile approaches, Scrum methodology in particular, in large enterprises. Author presents an approach called Behaviour Driven development and proposes how this approach could help dealing with imperfections or barriers of Scrum when used in large enterprises. The major outcome of this thesis is author's own methodology called ScrumFlow, based on Scrum methodology and extended by Behaviour Driven Development approaches. ScrumFlow methodology is published on a website and available for free.
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Santos, Eloisa Cristina Silva. "Integração da abordagem Domain-Driven Design e de técnica Behaviour-Driven Development no desenvolvimento de aplicações web." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/7588.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
The agile methods of software development have emerged as an alternative to traditional approaches, to spend less time on documentation and more time with solving problems interactively and iteratively. In this context, the development approach Domain Driven Design (DDD) is a way of developing software in which the application design process is guided by a domain model. In conjunction with the DDD development approach, the existence of tests during the implementation of an application is required to ensure quality. Objective: This work aims to study the agile development approach Domain-Driven Design (DDD) and the software test techniques Test-Driven Development (TDD) and Behaviour-Driven Development (BDD). A case study was built to exemplify the integration of each test technique with DDD. The case study was developed with the support of the Apache Isis framework, from a well-defined domain model. Methodology: Based on the literature, the concepts of the DDD development approach and of the TDD and BDD test techniques, that provided the comparison between the techniques, and later, the implementation to illustrate this research, were extracted. The Apache Isis framework was used in this work because it allows develop DDD applications quickly. During the development of the sample system of this work, the possibility of creating an automatic generator tests and scenarios for BDD was noted. Results: A case study was created using the concepts of DDD and tests, with TDD and BDD. Furthermore, a prototype of tests and scenarios generator for software projects that use DDD, through the Apache Isis framework and tests using BDD, was developed. Conclusions: The combination of test techniques mentioned with DDD aim to boosting the development of applications, since DDD is not associate with any test technique. Writing scenarios with ubiquitous language is a great advantage to integrate DDD and BDD, because it allows a clear understanding for all involved in the project. Moreover, the creation of automatic generator speeds up the testing phase, and can detect errors that might go unnoticed or only be found as the project evolved.
Os métodos ágeis de desenvolvimento de software surgiram como uma alternativa às abordagens tradicionais, com o intuito de despender menos tempo com documentação e mais com a resolução de problemas de forma interativa e iterativa. Neste contexto, a abordagem de desenvolvimento Domain-Driven Design (DDD) representa uma forma de desenvolver software em que o processo de design de uma aplicação é guiado pelo modelo de domínio. Em conjunto com a abordagem de desenvolvimento DDD, a existência de testes durante a implementação de uma aplicação é necessária para garantir a qualidade. Objetivo: Este trabalho teve como objetivo o estudo da abordagem ágil de desenvolvimento Domain-Driven Design (DDD) e as técnicas de teste de software Test-Driven Development (TDD) e Behaviour-Driven Development (BDD). Um estudo de caso foi construído para exemplificar a integração de cada técnica de teste com o DDD. O estudo de caso foi desenvolvido por meio do framework Apache Isis, a partir de um modelo de domínio bem definido. Metodologia: Com base na literatura foram extraídos os conceitos da abordagem de desenvolvimento DDD e das técnicas de testes TDD e BDD que proporcionaram a comparação entre as técnicas e posterior implementação para exemplificar a pesquisa. O framework Apache Isis foi utilizado neste trabalho porque permite desenvolver aplicações com DDD de forma rápida. No decorrer do desenvolvimento do sistema exemplo deste trabalho, notou-se a possibilidade da criação de um gerador automático de testes e cenários para BDD. Resultados: Foi criado um estudo de caso empregando os conceitos de DDD e testes com o TDD e com o BDD. Além disso, foi desenvolvido um protótipo de gerador de testes e cenários para projetos de software que empregam DDD, por meio do framework Apache Isis e testes utilizando BDD. Conclusões: A junção das técnicas de testes citadas com o DDD visa potencializar o desenvolvimento de aplicações, uma vez que o DDD não aborda nenhuma técnica de teste. A escrita de cenários em linguagem ubíqua é um grande diferencial ao integrar DDD e BDD, pois permite um claro entendimento a todos os envolvidos do projeto. Ademais, a criação do gerador automático agiliza a fase de testes, sendo possível detectar erros que poderiam não ser notados ou apenas serem encontrados com a evolução do projeto.
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McCarthy, Tony. "Measuring risk perception and risk-taking behaviour when driven by automatic cognitive processing : the development of new methods." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2017. http://digitool.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=27941.

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Risk perception and risk-taking behaviour, are often driven by automatic (implicit) thinking, either in isolation or in combination with reasoned, deliberative thinking. This presents research challenges as measuring automatic thinking requires the use of specialized methods. The main original contributions of this thesis are the development of novel methods that aim to measure risk perception and risk-taking behaviour when driven by automatic thought processing. Drawing on the MODE model and dual process theories of thinking, the thesis presents the development and demonstration of a risk version of the Evaluative Priming Task. This provides an implicit risk attitude measure that can be used as a novel research tool. In order to measure risk-taking behaviour a modification of a current risk behaviour method (the Balloon Analogue Risk Task) was developed. This version includes a priming component, thus allowing for measurement of changes in risk-taking behaviour based on automatic thought processing. This is the first method that can fulfil this aim. The final main contribution of this thesis is a demonstration of the ‘affect heuristic’ at an automatic (implicit) level of processing. This was achieved by using the new methods. Using these methods facilitated such investigation in a more direct manner than has previously been possible. The development of both methods provides novel research tools for investigation in implicit risk perception and behaviour. Currently, there are limited options for such investigation. The utility of the methods is discussed, including how they could be used in various contexts, such as recruitment or work evaluation. Limitations of the research, suggestions for future research, and the next steps for the further refinement of the methods are discussed.
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Álvarez, Contreras Erwin Gonzalo. "Estudio comparativo de metodologías de desarrollo de software orientadas a la calidad intrínseca." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2014. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/116898.

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Ingeniero Civil en Computación
En el mundo del desarrollo de software, existe una necesidad constante de construir sistemas capaces de enfrentar los desafíos de un ambiente siempre cambiante. Uno de los movimientos que acepta el riesgo como parte de su proceso son las metodologías ágiles de desarrollo de software, y dentro de ellas, las metodologías de desarrollo guiado por pruebas (TDD). El objetivo del Trabajo de Titulo es analizar estas metodologías, en particular el desarrollo guiado por pruebas clásico y el desarrollo guiado por comportamiento, con el fin de entender las fortalezas y debilidades de cada una de ellas. De ésta forma, a partir de este análisis, se espera dar una guía a aquellas personas que se interesan por la calidad, pero se ven abrumadas por la cantidad de estilos o variantes de TDD. Con el fin de entender a fondo las metodologías, se realizaron experimentos técnicos, los cuales fueron analizados considerando diferentes criterios, entre ellos la necesidad de un diseño a priori, valor entregado al cliente y la curva de aprendizaje. Sin embargo, al momento de la comparación, estos criterios mostraron ser insuficientes pues resultaron ser cualitativos y muy subjetivos. Posteriormente, se intentó un análisis más abstracto, enfocado en el proceso mismo de desarrollo. A partir de los resultados obtenidos, fue posible comprender que las técnicas presentadas no eran excluyentes, y que cada una de ellas puede entregar recursos interesantes tanto al equipo de desarrollo como al cliente de la aplicación o sistema, fortaleciendo la comunicación entre los actores del desarrollo de software o bien dándole la capacidad de responder de forma confiable al cambio.
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Svensson, Ulrika. "Blink behaviour based drowsiness detection : method development and validation /." [Linköping, Sweden] : Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, 2004. http://www.vti.se.

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Bložoňová, Barbora. "Správa testů s podporou scénářů BDD." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta informačních technologií, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-403121.

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This thesis focuses on test management tools and automated testing. The project covers analysis of existing open source tools and proposes its own BDD orientated test management tool in the form of a web service. The project aims to specify and design this application based on the process of Behaviour driven development. The resulting application TestBuDDy allows for test library management. Changes on the test library are projected onto a remote repository of software under test (SUT) and triggers a test run (the test library is being run against SUT by the BDD framework). TestBuDDy is able to save the test run results, parse them into a report and generate and group found issues. The application also allows requirement management and user management. The application is integrated with the CI/CD tool Gitlab CI, the BDD framework JBehave and the issue tracker JIRA. The application is designed to help testers during their work and also to be expandable within the open source community.
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Sunil, Kamalakar FNU. "Automatically Generating Tests from Natural Language Descriptions of Software Behavior." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/23907.

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Behavior-Driven Development (BDD) is an emerging agile development approach where all stakeholders (including developers and customers) work together to write user stories in structured natural language to capture a software application's functionality in terms of re- quired "behaviors". Developers then manually write "glue" code so that these scenarios can be executed as software tests. This glue code represents individual steps within unit and acceptance test cases, and tools exist that automate the mapping from scenario descriptions to manually written code steps (typically using regular expressions). Instead of requiring programmers to write manual glue code, this thesis investigates a practical approach to con- vert natural language scenario descriptions into executable software tests fully automatically. To show feasibility, we developed a tool called Kirby that uses natural language processing techniques, code information extraction and probabilistic matching to automatically gener- ate executable software tests from structured English scenario descriptions. Kirby relieves the developer from the laborious work of writing code for the individual steps described in scenarios, so that both developers and customers can both focus on the scenarios as pure behavior descriptions (understandable to all, not just programmers). Results from assessing the performance and accuracy of this technique are presented.
Master of Science
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Hild, Florian-Pascal. "Exploring Behavioral Driven Development." Thesis, Högskolan i Jönköping, Tekniska Högskolan, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-45065.

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Behavior Driven Development (BDD) is a modern agile software development approach that originates from Test Driven Development (TDD) and Acceptance Test Driven Development (ATDD). Other than TDD and ATDD, BDD introduces new methods and strategies that intend to discover the behavior of software in greater detail which is achieved through enhanced communication and cooperation between everyone involved in software projects. In this paper it is examined how BDD can be taken even further and be connected to the products of UX-strategy in order to explore the possibilities to improve internal communication within software project teams. The report guides the reader through the theoretical frameworks of BDD, UX-strategy and Communication and presents suggestions of how BDD and the products UX-strategy can be connected to improve communication and understanding.
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Petäjävaara, Agnes. "Dispelling inertia towards behavior-driven development : An assessment tool for development practice readiness." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-259512.

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Behavior-driven development (BDD) is a development practice focusing on behaviors and requirements from users and stakeholders. It is designed to develop behaviors which contribute directly to system outcomes. BDD encourages multiple stakeholders to collaborate by minimizing communication gaps and create a shared understanding of the project between technical and non-technical speakers. As a result, the development process becomes faster and the cost lower. Although BDD has many benefits, there are teams who feel inertia towards using it as their main development practice.This thesis work took place at a company with a strong agile foundation. It had the goal to investigate reasons why teams feel inertia against BDD, and thus contribute to BDD research and assist the company. The assumption that positive motivation would help in dispelling inertia was the idea behind this thesis work, and that a stronger motivation for a practice can be achieved by assessing a team’s suitability for it. To reach the goal of the thesis a qualitative research methodology was used, with a focus on obtaining a better understanding of opinions and behaviors that exist, with rounds of interviews and forms as the main method of data collection. Interviews were also consistently used throughout the thesis work to validate that it followed the right track.The inertia which teams at the company have experienced was clustered into different dimensions. These dimensions were used to develop a self-assessment tool intended to help people starting a project to assess how well BDD might fit their context. It allows people to assess their inertia in the different dimensions identified, and as well as attempting to give an overall guide to readiness, also giving some recommendations where gaps could be identified.The deliverable of the thesis work is the tool for managing inertia against BDD. It was developed in a spreadsheet-format for quick development and easy access for multiple users. However, it is important to highlight that this tool focuses on agile autonomous teams. The tool is not about forcing the development practice on someone but rather acts as an aid in giving insight into how well BDD could work for a specific project and team. Finally, to grasp the validity of the tool teams who had previous success developing projects using BDD at the company were able to try it out to see how well it reflected their project reality. The tool also got tested on teams who felt strong inertia towards BDD, to verify whether it helped them manage it or not.
Beteendedriven utveckling (BDD), är ett arbetssätt som fokuserar på beteenden och krav från både användare och intressenter. Det är utvecklat för att främja och skapa beteenen som bidrar till det önskade målet. Några av BDDs fördelar är att arbetssättet uppmuntrar intressenterna till tätt samarbete, att minska luckor i kommunikation och information samt att det skapar en delad förståelse för projektet mellan teknisktoch icke-tekniskt kunniga intressenter. En positiv konsekvens av detta är att utvecklingen tenderar att bli snabbare och kostnaderna lägre. BDD ser till att alla inblandade är eniga om vilket resultat man kan förvänta sig från ett utvecklingsprojekt, redan innan utvecklingen börjar. Detta gör att de missförstånd som är vanligt förekommande mellan intressenter och utvecklingsteam reduceras. Trots att BDD, som nämnts, har flera fördelar finns det team som känner motstånd mot att använda BDD som sitt huvudsakliga arbetssätt.Antagandet att motivation kan bidra till att minska motståndet och att motivationen kan skapas genom att påvisa för team hur lämpligt BDD skulle vara för just dem var ideén bakom detta arbete. Det utfördes på ett företag med stark agil bas. Målet var att identifiera och utreda orsakerna till att team känner motstånd mot BDD, och på så sätt bidra till forskningen och samtidigt hjälpa företaget med en ökad insikt i detta. Syftet med arbetet var att utveckla ett verktyg för att hjälpa team förstå sitt motstånd mot BDD och guida dem till hur de kan hantera det. För att nå målet användes en kvalitativ forskningsmetod med fokus på att få en bättre förståelse för åsikter och beteenden som finns angående BDD. Olika rundor av intervjuer utgjorde den huvudsakliga datainsamlingen. Intervjuer användes också kontinuerligt för att validera att arbetet höll rätt kurs.Det motstånd mot BDD som påträffades på företaget grupperades i olika dimensioner. Dessa användes för att utveckla slutprodukten av kandidatexamensarbetet, ett självskattningsverktyg. För att underlätta utvecklingen valdes ett spreadsheet-format på verktyget, detta även för att enkelt kunna dela det mellan flertalet intressenter.Det är viktigt att understryka att verktyget fokuserar på autonoma team. Det har inte som mål att tvinga någon att använda BDD, utan att agera som hjälp för att visa hur arbetssättet skulle kunna fungera för ett specifikt projekt och team. Slutligen, för att kunna verifiera kvaliteten på verktyget, utvärderades det i samarbete med team som tidigare på ett framgångsrikt sätt utvecklat ett projekt med BDD. Detta för att se om självskattningsverktygets utsägelse motsvarade teamets helhetsupplevelse. Verktyget testades också av andra team för att se om det var till hjälp för dem eller inte.
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Every, Joshua Lee. "Development of a Driver Behavior Based Active Collision Avoidance System." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1429800895.

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Books on the topic "Behaviour Driven Development"

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Aslak, Helles©ıy, and Carter Jacquelyn, eds. The cucumber book: Behaviour-driven development for testers and developers. Dallas: Pragmatic Bookshelf, 2012.

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Chelimsky, David. The RSpec book: Behaviour-driven development with RSpec, Cucumber, and Friends. Lewisville, Tex: Pragmatic, 2010.

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Roberts, Robert A. Application of behavior change theory to the development of an enhanced California negligent operator treatment and evaluation system. [Sacramento, CA]: California Dept. of Motor Vehicles, 2002.

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Novice drivers' risk- and self-evaluations: Use of questionnaires in traffic psychological research, method of development, general trends in four sample materials, and connections with behavior. Turku: Turun yliopisto, 1998.

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Hellesoy, Aslak, Matt Wynne, and Steve Tooke. Cucumber Book: Behaviour-Driven Development for Testers and Developers. Pragmatic Programmers, LLC, The, 2017.

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The RSpec Book: Behaviour-Driven Development with RSpec, Cucumber, and Friends. The Pragmatic Programmers, 2010.

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Hellesoy, Aslak, Matt Wynne, and Seb Rose. The Cucumber for Java Book: Behaviour-Driven Development for Testers and Developers. Pragmatic Bookshelf, 2015.

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Amodeo, Enrique. Learning Behavior-driven Development with JavaScript. Packt Publishing - ebooks Account, 2015.

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Mishra, Abhishek. iOS Code Testing: Test-Driven Development and Behavior-Driven Development with Swift. Apress, 2017.

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Test-Driven Infrastructure with Chef: Bring Behavior-Driven Development to Infrastructure as Code. O'Reilly Media, 2013.

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Book chapters on the topic "Behaviour Driven Development"

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Kleuker, Stephan. "Behaviour-Driven Development." In Qualitätssicherung durch Softwaretests, 185–214. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-24886-4_8.

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Snook, Colin, Thai Son Hoang, Dana Dghyam, Michael Butler, Tomas Fischer, Rupert Schlick, and Keming Wang. "Behaviour-Driven Formal Model Development." In Formal Methods and Software Engineering, 21–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02450-5_2.

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Diepenbeck, Melanie, Ulrich Kühne, Mathias Soeken, and Rolf Drechsler. "Behaviour Driven Development for Tests and Verification." In Tests and Proofs, 61–77. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09099-3_5.

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Binamungu, Leonard Peter, Suzanne M. Embury, and Nikolaos Konstantinou. "Characterising the Quality of Behaviour Driven Development Specifications." In Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing, 87–102. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49392-9_6.

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Lopez-Pellicer, Francisco J., Miguel Ángel Latre, Javier Nogueras-Iso, F. Javier Zarazaga-Soria, and Jesús Barrera. "Behaviour-Driven Development Applied to the Conformance Testing of INSPIRE Web Services." In Connecting a Digital Europe Through Location and Place, 325–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03611-3_19.

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Qiu, Juntao. "Behavior-Driven Development." In Test-Driven Development with React, 165–77. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-6972-5_10.

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Mishra, Abhishek. "Introduction to Behavior-Driven Development." In iOS Code Testing, 317–27. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-2689-6_10.

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Akinalp, Coskun, and Herwig Unger. "Node Behaviour Driven Network Topology Adaption." In Autonomous Systems: Developments and Trends, 229–38. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-24806-1_18.

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Okubo, Takao, Yoshio Kakizaki, Takanori Kobashi, Hironori Washizaki, Shinpei Ogata, Haruhiko Kaiya, and Nobukazu Yoshioka. "Security and Privacy Behavior Definition for Behavior Driven Development." In Product-Focused Software Process Improvement, 306–9. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13835-0_28.

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Diepenbeck, Melanie, and Rolf Drechsler. "Behavior Driven Development for Tests and Verification." In Formal Modeling and Verification of Cyber-Physical Systems, 275–77. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-09994-7_11.

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Conference papers on the topic "Behaviour Driven Development"

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Anjum, Mohammad, Silvana Mahon, and Fergal McCaffery. "Development of Health Software using Behaviour Driven Development - BDD." In 8th International Conference on Model-Driven Engineering and Software Development. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0008984201490157.

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Binamungu, Leonard Peter, Suzanne M. Embury, and Nikolaos Konstantinou. "Detecting duplicate examples in behaviour driven development specifications." In 2018 IEEE Workshop on Validation, Analysis and Evolution of Software Tests (VST). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/vst.2018.8327149.

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Binamungu, Leonard Peter, Suzanne M. Embury, and Nikolaos Konstantinou. "Maintaining behaviour driven development specifications: Challenges and opportunities." In 2018 IEEE 25th International Conference on Software Analysis, Evolution and Reengineering (SANER). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/saner.2018.8330207.

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Carter, J., and W. B. Gardner. "BHive: Towards Behaviour-Driven Development Supported by B-Method." In 2016 IEEE 17th International Conference on Information Reuse and Integration (IRI). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iri.2016.39.

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Solis, Carlos, and Xiaofeng Wang. "A Study of the Characteristics of Behaviour Driven Development." In 2011 37th EUROMICRO Conference on Software Engineering and Advanced Applications (SEAA). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/seaa.2011.76.

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Lima, Hedson Rodrigues, Kamilla Costa Souza, Lucas Vitor de Paula, Lucas M. C. e Martins, William F. Giozza, and Rafael T. de Sousa. "Acceptance Tests over Microservices Architecture using Behaviour-Driven Development." In 2021 16th Iberian Conference on Information Systems and Technologies (CISTI). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/cisti52073.2021.9476643.

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"A Modular Method for Global System Behaviour Specification." In 3rd International Conference on Model-Driven Engineering and Software Development. SCITEPRESS - Science and and Technology Publications, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0005245104900497.

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Estivill-Castro, Vladimir, and René Hexel. "Verifiable Parameterised Behaviour Models - For Robotic and Embedded Systems." In 6th International Conference on Model-Driven Engineering and Software Development. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0006573903640371.

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Kannengiesser, Udo, Florian Krenn, and Christian Stary. "A Behaviour-Driven Development Approach for Cyber-Physical Production Systems." In 2020 IEEE Conference on Industrial Cyberphysical Systems (ICPS). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icps48405.2020.9274755.

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Shih, Sheng-Feng, Chao-Ying Li, and Meng-Chen Lin. "The Diversified Insurance Marketing Channels Driven Development of Consumer Behaviour." In the 2019 10th International Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3345035.3345040.

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Reports on the topic "Behaviour Driven Development"

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Ringhand, Madlen, Maximilian Bäumler, Christian Siebke, Marcus Mai, and Felix Elrod. Report on validation of the stochastic traffic simulation (Part A). Technische Universität Dresden, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26128/2021.242.

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This document is intended to give an overview of the human subject study in a driving simulator that was conducted by the Chair of Traffic and Transportation Psychology (Verkehrspsychologie – VPSY) of the Technische Universität Dresden (TUD) to provide the Chair of Automotive Engineering (Lehrstuhl Kraftfahrzeugtechnik – LKT) of TUD with the necessary input for the validation of a stochastic traffic simulation, especially for the parameterization, consolidation, and validation of driver behaviour models. VPSY planned, conducted, and analysed a driving simulator study. The main purpose of the study was to analyse driving behaviour and gaze data at intersections in urban areas. Based on relevant literature, a simulated driving environment was created, in which a sample of drivers passed a variety of intersections. Considering different driver states, driving tasks, and traffic situations, the collected data provide detailed information about human gaze and driving behaviour when approaching and crossing intersections. The collected data was transferred to LKT for the development of the stochastic traffic simulation.
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Siebke, Christian, Maximilian Bäumler, Madlen Ringhand, Marcus Mai, Mohamed Nadar Ramadan, and Günther Prokop. Report on layout of the traffic simulation and trial design of the evaluation. Technische Universität Dresden, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26128/2021.244.

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Within the AutoDrive project, openPASS is used to develop a cognitive stochastic traffic flow simulation for urban intersections and highway scenarios, which are described in deliverable D1.14. The deliverable D2.16 includes the customizations of the framework openPASS that are required to provide a basis for the development and implementation of the driver behavior model and the evaluated safety function. The trial design for the evaluation of the safety functions is described. Furthermore, the design of the driver behavior study is introduced to parameterize and validate the underlying driver behavior model.
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Siebke, Christian, Maximilian Bäumler, Madlen Ringhand, Marcus Mai, Felix Elrod, and Günther Prokop. Report on design of modules for the stochastic traffic simulation. Technische Universität Dresden, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26128/2021.245.

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As part of the AutoDrive project, OpenPASS is used to develop a cognitive-stochastic traffic flow simulation for urban intersection scenarios described in deliverable D1.14. The deliverable D4.20 is about the design of the modules for the stochastic traffic simulation. This initially includes an examination of the existing traffic simulations described in chapter 2. Subsequently, the underlying tasks of the driver when crossing an intersection are explained. The main part contains the design of the cognitive structure of the road user (chapter 4.2) and the development of the cognitive behaviour modules (chapter 4.3).
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Brosh, Arieh, Gordon Carstens, Kristen Johnson, Ariel Shabtay, Joshuah Miron, Yoav Aharoni, Luis Tedeschi, and Ilan Halachmi. Enhancing Sustainability of Cattle Production Systems through Discovery of Biomarkers for Feed Efficiency. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7592644.bard.

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Feed inputs represent the largest variable cost of producing meat and milk from ruminant animals. Thus, strategies that improve the efficiency of feed utilization are needed to improve the global competitiveness of Israeli and U.S. cattle industries, and mitigate their environmental impact through reductions in nutrient excretions and greenhouse gas emissions. Implementation of innovative technologies that will enhance genetic merit for feed efficiency is arguably one of the most cost-effective strategies to meet future demands for animal-protein foods in an environmentally sustainable manner. While considerable genetic variation in feed efficiency exist within cattle populations, the expense of measuring individual-animal feed intake has precluded implementation of selection programs that target this trait. Residual feed intake (RFI) is a trait that quantifies between-animal variation in feed intake beyond that expected to meet energy requirements for maintenance and production, with efficient animals being those that eat less than expected for a given size and level of production. There remains a critical need to understand the biological drivers for genetic variation in RFI to facilitate development of effective selection programs in the future. Therefore, the aim of this project was to determine the biological basis for phenotypic variation in RFI of growing and lactating cattle, and discover metabolic biomarkers of RFI for early and more cost-effective selection of cattle for feed efficiency. Objectives were to: (1) Characterize the phenotypic relationships between RFI and production traits (growth or lactation), (2) Quantify inter-animal variation in residual HP, (3) Determine if divergent RFIphenotypes differ in HP, residual HP, recovered energy and digestibility, and (4) Determine if divergent RFI phenotypes differ in physical activity, feeding behavior traits, serum hormones and metabolites and hepatic mitochondrial traits. The major research findings from this project to date include: In lactating dairy cattle, substantial phenotypic variation in RFI was demonstrated as cows classified as having low RMEI consumed 17% less MEI than high-RMEI cows despite having similar body size and lactation productivity. Further, between-animal variation in RMEI was found to moderately associated with differences in RHP demonstrating that maintenance energy requirements contribute to observed differences in RFI. Quantifying energetic efficiency of dairy cows using RHP revealed that substantial changes occur as week of lactation advances—thus it will be critical to measure RMEI at a standardized stage of lactation. Finally, to determine RMEI in lactating dairy cows, individual DMI and production data should be collected for a minimum of 6 wk. We demonstrated that a favorably association exists between RFI in growing heifers and efficiency of forage utilization in pregnant cows. Therefore, results indicate that female progeny from parents selected for low RFI during postweaning development will also be efficient as mature females, which has positive implications for both dairy and beef cattle industries. Results from the beef cattle studies further extend our knowledge regarding the biological drivers of phenotypic variation in RFI of growing animals, and demonstrate that significant differences in feeding behavioral patterns, digestibility and heart rate exist between animals with divergent RFI. Feeding behavior traits may be an effective biomarker trait for RFI in beef and dairy cattle. There are differences in mitochondrial acceptor control and respiratory control ratios between calves with divergent RFI suggesting that variation in mitochondrial metabolism may be visible at the genome level. Multiple genes associated with mitochondrial energy processes are altered by RFI phenotype and some of these genes are associated with mitochondrial energy expenditure and major cellular pathways involved in regulation of immune responses and energy metabolism.
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Health and ideations of married female adolescents. Population Council, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/sbsr2021.1028.

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This brief provides rigorous evidence-based insights to implementers and researchers of social and behavior change (SBC) programs that seek to improve knowledge, attitudes, norms, and behaviors of married female adolescents. The brief focuses on married adolescents’ uptake of services and health knowledge in Kebbi, Sokoto, and Zamfara states in northwestern Nigeria using a subset of data from a household survey of married women ages 15–49 years. It is one of a series of briefs that present findings from a Breakthrough RESEARCH study that uniquely captures data on a wide range of psychosocial drivers of behavioral outcomes in the areas of family planning, malaria, and maternal, newborn, and child health, and nutrition (MNCH+N). The results presented in this series can inform the improvement of women and children’s health programming in Nigeria and help to achieve the objectives of the National Strategic Health Development Plan II (2018–2022), as well as support global efforts to achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
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Estimation of Vehicle Miles Traveled Based on Improved Ant Colony Algorithm. SAE International, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2020-01-5195.

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Vehicle miles traveled (VMT) statistics is a key parameter which has many applications, such as the assessment of vehicle quality, evaluation of driving behavior and oil consumption, and other applications in vehicle monitoring system. In the earlier studies, the calculation of VMT usually focused on improving the accuracy and frequency of vehicle GPS data, but the VMT estimation error due to them were getting smaller with the development of positioning technology. Nowadays in the practical application of internet of vehicles, errors due to the out-of-order location data which caused by communication mechanism have become increasingly obvious. In this paper, we propose a VMT estimate method based on improved ant colony algorithm and local search method which is suitable for dealing with timestamp chaotic location data sequence. To evaluate our method, we use real-world vehicle data gathered by China mobile’s vehicle fleet management products, the analysis result shows the MRE of proposed ant colony algorithm is usually less than 8%, at least 3 percentage points lower than that of uniform motion distance accumulation statistics, at least 7 percentage points lower than that of Euclid distance accumulation statistics.
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Monetary Policy Report - January 2022. Banco de la República, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-pol-mont-eng.tr1-2022.

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Macroeconomic summary Several factors contributed to an increase in projected inflation on the forecast horizon, keeping it above the target rate. These included inflation in December that surpassed expectations (5.62%), indexation to higher inflation rates for various baskets in the consumer price index (CPI), a significant real increase in the legal minimum wage, persistent external and domestic inflationary supply shocks, and heightened exchange rate pressures. The CPI for foods was affected by the persistence of external and domestic supply shocks and was the most significant contributor to unexpectedly high inflation in the fourth quarter. Price adjustments for fuels and certain utilities can explain the acceleration in inflation for regulated items, which was more significant than anticipated. Prices in the CPI for goods excluding food and regulated items also rose more than expected. This was partly due to a smaller effect on prices from the national government’s VAT-free day than anticipated by the technical staff and more persistent external pressures, including via peso depreciation. By contrast, the CPI for services excluding food and regulated items accelerated less than expected, partly reflecting strong competition in the communications sector. This was the only major CPI basket for which prices increased below the target inflation rate. The technical staff revised its inflation forecast upward in response to certain external shocks (prices, costs, and depreciation) and domestic shocks (e.g., on meat products) that were stronger and more persistent than anticipated in the previous report. Observed inflation and a real increase in the legal minimum wage also exceeded expectations, which would boost inflation by affecting price indexation, labor costs, and inflation expectations. The technical staff now expects year-end headline inflation of 4.3% in 2022 and 3.4% in 2023; core inflation is projected to be 4.5% and 3.6%, respectively. These forecasts consider the lapse of certain price relief measures associated with the COVID-19 health emergency, which would contribute to temporarily keeping inflation above the target on the forecast horizon. It is important to note that these estimates continue to contain a significant degree of uncertainty, mainly related to the development of external and domestic supply shocks and their ultimate effects on prices. Other contributing factors include high price volatility and measurement uncertainty related to the extension of Colombia’s health emergency and tax relief measures (such as the VAT-free days) associated with the Social Investment Law (Ley de Inversión Social). The as-yet uncertain magnitude of the effects of a recent real increase in the legal minimum wage (that was high by historical standards) and high observed and expected inflation, are additional factors weighing on the overall uncertainty of the estimates in this report. The size of excess productive capacity remaining in the economy and the degree to which it is closing are also uncertain, as the evolution of the pandemic continues to represent a significant forecast risk. margin, could be less dynamic than expected. And the normalization of monetary policy in the United States could come more quickly than projected in this report, which could negatively affect international financing costs. Finally, there remains a significant degree of uncertainty related to the duration of supply chocks and the degree to which macroeconomic and political conditions could negatively affect the recovery in investment. The technical staff revised its GDP growth projection for 2022 from 4.7% to 4.3% (Graph 1.3). This revision accounts for the likelihood that a larger portion of the recent positive dynamic in private consumption would be transitory than previously expected. This estimate also contemplates less dynamic investment behavior than forecast in the previous report amid less favorable financial conditions and a highly uncertain investment environment. Third-quarter GDP growth (12.9%), which was similar to projections from the October report, and the fourth-quarter growth forecast (8.7%) reflect a positive consumption trend, which has been revised upward. This dynamic has been driven by both public and private spending. Investment growth, meanwhile, has been weaker than forecast. Available fourth-quarter data suggest that consumption spending for the period would have exceeded estimates from October, thanks to three consecutive months that included VAT-free days, a relatively low COVID-19 caseload, and mobility indicators similar to their pre-pandemic levels. By contrast, the most recently available figures on new housing developments and machinery and equipment imports suggest that investment, while continuing to rise, is growing at a slower rate than anticipated in the previous report. The trade deficit is expected to have widened, as imports would have grown at a high level and outpaced exports. Given the above, the technical staff now expects fourth-quarter economic growth of 8.7%, with overall growth for 2021 of 9.9%. Several factors should continue to contribute to output recovery in 2022, though some of these may be less significant than previously forecast. International financial conditions are expected to be less favorable, though external demand should continue to recover and terms of trade continue to increase amid higher projected oil prices. Lower unemployment rates and subsequent positive effects on household income, despite increased inflation, would also boost output recovery, as would progress in the national vaccination campaign. The technical staff expects that the conditions that have favored recent high levels of consumption would be, in large part, transitory. Consumption spending is expected to grow at a slower rate in 2022. Gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) would continue to recover, approaching its pre-pandemic level, though at a slower rate than anticipated in the previous report. This would be due to lower observed GFCF levels and the potential impact of political and fiscal uncertainty. Meanwhile, the policy interest rate would be less expansionary as the process of monetary policy normalization continues. Given the above, growth in 2022 is forecast to decelerate to 4.3% (previously 4.7%). In 2023, that figure (3.1%) is projected to converge to levels closer to the potential growth rate. In this case, excess productive capacity would be expected to tighten at a similar rate as projected in the previous report. The trade deficit would tighten more than previously projected on the forecast horizon, due to expectations of an improved export dynamic and moderation in imports. The growth forecast for 2022 considers a low basis of comparison from the first half of 2021. However, there remain significant downside risks to this forecast. The current projection does not, for example, account for any additional effects on economic activity resulting from further waves of COVID-19. High private consumption levels, which have already surpassed pre-pandemic levels by a large margin, could be less dynamic than expected. And the normalization of monetary policy in the United States could come more quickly than projected in this report, which could negatively affect international financing costs. Finally, there remains a significant degree of uncertainty related to the duration of supply chocks and the degree to which macroeconomic and political conditions could negatively affect the recovery in investment. External demand for Colombian goods and services should continue to recover amid significant global inflation pressures, high oil prices, and less favorable international financial conditions than those estimated in October. Economic activity among Colombia’s major trade partners recovered in 2021 amid countries reopening and ample international liquidity. However, that growth has been somewhat restricted by global supply chain disruptions and new outbreaks of COVID-19. The technical staff has revised its growth forecast for Colombia’s main trade partners from 6.3% to 6.9% for 2021, and from 3.4% to 3.3% for 2022; trade partner economies are expected to grow 2.6% in 2023. Colombia’s annual terms of trade increased in 2021, largely on higher oil, coffee, and coal prices. This improvement came despite increased prices for goods and services imports. The expected oil price trajectory has been revised upward, partly to supply restrictions and lagging investment in the sector that would offset reduced growth forecasts in some major economies. Elevated freight and raw materials costs and supply chain disruptions continue to affect global goods production, and have led to increases in global prices. Coupled with the recovery in global demand, this has put upward pressure on external inflation. Several emerging market economies have continued to normalize monetary policy in this context. Meanwhile, in the United States, the Federal Reserve has anticipated an end to its asset buying program. U.S. inflation in December (7.0%) was again surprisingly high and market average inflation forecasts for 2022 have increased. The Fed is expected to increase its policy rate during the first quarter of 2022, with quarterly increases anticipated over the rest of the year. For its part, Colombia’s sovereign risk premium has increased and is forecast to remain on a higher path, to levels above the 15-year-average, on the forecast horizon. This would be partly due to the effects of a less expansionary monetary policy in the United States and the accumulation of macroeconomic imbalances in Colombia. Given the above, international financial conditions are projected to be less favorable than anticipated in the October report. The increase in Colombia’s external financing costs could be more significant if upward pressures on inflation in the United States persist and monetary policy is normalized more quickly than contemplated in this report. As detailed in Section 2.3, uncertainty surrounding international financial conditions continues to be unusually high. Along with other considerations, recent concerns over the potential effects of new COVID-19 variants, the persistence of global supply chain disruptions, energy crises in certain countries, growing geopolitical tensions, and a more significant deceleration in China are all factors underlying this uncertainty. The changing macroeconomic environment toward greater inflation and unanchoring risks on inflation expectations imply a reduction in the space available for monetary policy stimulus. Recovery in domestic demand and a reduction in excess productive capacity have come in line with the technical staff’s expectations from the October report. Some upside risks to inflation have materialized, while medium-term inflation expectations have increased and are above the 3% target. Monetary policy remains expansionary. Significant global inflationary pressures and the unexpected increase in the CPI in December point to more persistent effects from recent supply shocks. Core inflation is trending upward, but remains below the 3% target. Headline and core inflation projections have increased on the forecast horizon and are above the target rate through the end of 2023. Meanwhile, the expected dynamism of domestic demand would be in line with low levels of excess productive capacity. An accumulation of macroeconomic imbalances in Colombia and the increased likelihood of a faster normalization of monetary policy in the United States would put upward pressure on sovereign risk perceptions in a more persistent manner, with implications for the exchange rate and the natural rate of interest. Persistent disruptions to international supply chains, a high real increase in the legal minimum wage, and the indexation of various baskets in the CPI to higher inflation rates could affect price expectations and push inflation above the target more persistently. These factors suggest that the space to maintain monetary stimulus has continued to diminish, though monetary policy remains expansionary. 1.2 Monetary policy decision Banco de la República’s board of directors (BDBR) in its meetings in December 2021 and January 2022 voted to continue normalizing monetary policy. The BDBR voted by a majority in these two meetings to increase the benchmark interest rate by 50 and 100 basis points, respectively, bringing the policy rate to 4.0%.
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