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Marinho, G., and S. Almeida. "Agression and violent behaviour risk assessment." European Psychiatry 64, S1 (April 2021): S378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.1013.
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IntroductionAfter discharge from forensic psychiatric hospital, rates of violent reoffending are reported to range from 2% to 8% per year in high income countries. Risk assessment informs decisions around admission to and discharge from secure psychiatric hospital and contributes to treatment and supervision Current approaches to assess violence risk in secure hospitals are resource intensive, limited by accuracy and authorship bias. Forensic Violence Oxford (FoVOx) was developed using all forensic psychiatric patients in Sweden, based on the largest forensic psychiatric sample to date, and has the advantage of using routinely available data, which are less liable to bias than interview-based measures.ObjectivesLiterature review on the Forensic Psychiatry and Violence Oxford (FoVOx) tool.MethodsPubmed and Google Scholar searchResultsThe 12 items within the FoVOx tool are sex, age, previous violent crime, previous serious violent crime, primary discharge diagnosis, drug use disorder at point of hospitalization or discharge, any lifetime drug use disorder, alcohol use disorder at point of hospitalization or discharge, personality disorder at discharge, employment at admission, five or more prior inpatient episodes, and whether current length of stay has exceeded one year.ConclusionsThe FoVOx tool is scalable, quick, free to use and available online. Its use could enable clinicians to provide a reasonably accurate risk assessment in a brief and cost-effective way, and free up time to focus on clinical care and risk management rather than risk assessment.
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Fraser-Mitchell, J. N. "Modelling human behaviour within the fire risk assessment tool CRISP." Fire and Materials 23, no. 6 (November 1999): 349–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1018(199911/12)23:6<349::aid-fam710>3.0.co;2-3.
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Cassidy, Sarah A., Louise Bradley, Heather Cogger-Ward, Rebecca Shaw, Erica Bowen, Magdalena Glod, Simon Baron-Cohen, and Jacqui Rodgers. "Measurement Properties of the Suicidal Behaviour Questionnaire-Revised in Autistic Adults." Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 50, no. 10 (March 3, 2020): 3477–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04431-5.
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Abstract We explored the appropriateness and measurement properties of a suicidality assessment tool (SBQ-R) developed for the general population, in autistic adults—a high risk group for suicide. 188 autistic adults and 183 general population adults completed the tool online, and a sub-sample (n = 15) were interviewed while completing the tool. Multi-group factorial invariance analysis of the online survey data found evidence for metric non-invariance of the SBQ-R, particularly for items three (communication of suicidal intent) and four (likelihood of suicide attempt in the future). Cognitive interviews revealed that autistic adults did not interpret these items as intended by the tool designers. Results suggest autistic adults interpret key questions regarding suicide risk differently to the general population. Future research must adapt tools to better capture suicidality in autistic adults.
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Indrašienė, Valdonė, and Romas Prakapas. "Possibilities of the Application of Child Behaviour Observation as a Tool of Social Pedagogue Work." Pedagogika 124, no. 4 (December 2, 2016): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15823/p.2016.55.
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The article reveals the topicality of child behaviour observation in the context of social education. Also, the focus is directed towards the ideas by Prof. Bronislovas Bitinas concerning the possibilities of the development of educational science and practice by relying on diagnostic results of child behaviour and activities. The actual problem is related to the application of observation as a working instrument while implementing social pedagogical activities of child behaviour correction.
The aim of the article is to describe the possibilities of the application of child behavior observation as a tool of social pedagogue correctional activities for children from risk groups. The research was conducted by applying retrospective analysis, research data analysis and synthesis.
The article defines the prerequisites of the development of the behaviour observation instrument devoted to the solution of delinquency prevention problems. The attention is paid to the argument by Prof. B. Bitinas that sporadic educational activities directed to individual work with children from risk groups are not effective. On the contrary, systematic activities including deviant child behaviour observation are necessary.
Behaviour observation is analyzed not only as an instrument but also as a purposeful directed and organized cognitive process which creates the conditions to improve social pedagogical activities with children and the collection of the necessary information.
Generally speaking about the behaviour observation instrument suggested by Prof. B. Bitinas and active participation in the development of the instrument and its application, it should be stressed that it is the first focused attempt to develop a scientifically based working instrument for social pedagogues. The appropriate and consistent application of the behaviour observation instrument in social education provides prerequisites for sensitively diagnosing the behavior and choosing well-timed, purposeful, directive and pedagogically sound behaviour correction strategies. Meaningful application of the behaviour observation instrument in social pedagogue work provides the background for more effective psycho-pedagogical work with children from risk groups.
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Perski, Olga, Claire Stevens, Robert West, and Lion Shahab. "Pilot randomised controlled trial of the Risk Acceptance Ladder (RAL) as a tool for targeting health communications." PLOS ONE 16, no. 11 (November 15, 2021): e0259949. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259949.
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Background Improving adherence to self-protective behaviours is a public health priority. We aimed to assess the potential effectiveness and ease of use of an online version of the Risk Acceptance Ladder (RAL) in promoting help-seeking for cigarette smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, insufficient physical activity, or low fruit and vegetable consumption. Methods 843 UK adults were recruited, of whom 602 engaged in at least one risky behaviour. Those with no immediate plans to change (n = 171) completed a behaviour specific RAL. Participants were randomised to one of two conditions; a short message congruent (on-target, n = 73) or incongruent (off-target, n = 98) with their RAL response. Performance of the RAL was assessed by participants’ ability to select an applicable RAL item and reported ease of use of the RAL. Effectiveness was assessed by whether or not participants clicked a link to receive information about changing their target behaviour. Results Two thirds (68.9%, 95% CI = 61.8%-75.3%) of participants were able to select an applicable RAL item that corresponded to what they believed would need to change in order to alter their target behaviour, with 64.9% (95% CI = 57.5%-71.7%) reporting that it was easy to select one option. Compared with the off-target group, participants allocated to the on-target group had greater odds of clicking on the link to receive information (31.5% vs 19.4%; OR = 2.07, 95% CI = 1.01–4.26). Conclusion The Risk Acceptance Ladder may have utility as a tool for tailoring messages to prompt initial steps to engaging in self-protective behaviours.
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Coxon, Tony. "‘Something Sensational … The Sexual Diary as a Tool for Mapping Detailed Sexual Behaviour." Sociological Review 36, no. 2 (May 1988): 353–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954x.1988.tb00841.x.
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Reliable information about the detail and context of sexual behaviour is crucial for describing high-risk behaviours for the transmission of Aids/HIV, and for estimating parameters of epidemiological models. It is possible to adapt the method of systematic diary-keeping to this end and develop a tool which is also close to the subject's conceptions of the ‘chunks’ of sexual behaviour. The structure of reports of sexual behaviour is viewed as akin to linguistic structure, with a basic unit of the sexual act built into a ‘session’. Such structure leads naturally to a coding system which allows natural language accounts to be represented symbolically, and parsed and analysed formally. The coded version is easily learnt and used, and is incomprehensible to outsiders. Examples are given of its use to collect systematic data on homosexual and bisexual behaviour.
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Cornish, Scott. "Land transport—risk controls for the upstream industry." APPEA Journal 53, no. 2 (2013): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj12052.
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Land transport and driving safety is one of the highest risks faced by upstream oil and gas operating companies. APPEA has approached the issue by developing a code of practice for land transport activity that board and member companies have endorsed. This extended abstract reviews the risks of transport activities focusing on the key controls recommended to provide a systematic approach, emphasising driver behaviour. Driver behaviour has been identified as a major contributor to incidents. To improve driver behaviour, a number of Australian companies have introduced In-Vehicle Monitoring Systems (IVMS) during the past few years. There are varied opinions about whether they reduce vehicle incidents; since introduction, results from the IVMS (driving behaviours) are quite interesting especially in remote area operations. The statistics show driver behaviour has improved since installing IVMS. IVMS shows drivers comply more consistently with road rules, and an overall decrease in IVMS triggers (alerts) during the same time has been observed. Like all systems, they are only as good as the people who use them. Without reporting and continual feedback and reinforcement on driver behaviour, installing an IVMS would not have as great an impact or influence on driver behaviour if driver feedback and reinforcement were not also aligned with overall driver management. In addition, IVMS should not be used as a way to catch risk takers, but they should be integrated into a business’s health, safety, and environmental management system (HSEMS). This is to first understand driver behaviour and then to be seen as a tool that can help gradually influence driver behaviour.
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Kim, Son Chae, Brigette Berry, and Lori Young. "Aggressive behaviour risk assessment tool for long-term care (ABRAT-L): Validation study." Geriatric Nursing 40, no. 3 (May 2019): 284–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gerinurse.2018.11.006.
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Marcu, Maria, and Diana Hulea. "Early Starter – The Early Detection of Delinquency Risk." Social Change Review 11, no. 2 (December 1, 2013): 115–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/scr-2013-0018.
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Abstract A social problem of interest to many scholars today is that of juvenile delinquency. Juvenile delinquency is a serious behavioural problem, manifested through behaviours that deviate from the moral and legal norms of society. It was noted in Europe in the last decade an increase in the number of juvenile delinquents and a decrease in the age of young people who commit acts of delinquency. This requires prevention and intervention measures to be applied as early as possible. Prevention can be achieved only when an early detection of risk is performed. One screening tool for assessing risk is The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. This tool is intended to clarify, in a first rough assessment (a so-called ‘screening’) of whether a child is about to become an ‘early starter’; a child showing signs of an early onset delinquent behaviour. In the city of Sibiu the questionnaire was applied within schools and information was provided by teachers relating to 308 pupils in grades I-IV. The main perception of the target group of this study was that children who have committed crimes, but are not criminally responsible, are primarily troubled kids, not criminals with established patterns of behaviour. Consequently, the social and educational systems and not the justice system should bear the responsibility for this target group. From this perspective, it is important that social, educational and therapeutic activities focus on the various individual problems of each child and family.
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Brugaletta, Concetta, Karine Le Roch, Jennifer Saxton, Cécile Bizouerne, Marie McGrath, and Marko Kerac. "Breastfeeding assessment tools for at-risk and malnourished infants aged under 6 months old: a systematic review." F1000Research 9 (October 22, 2021): 1310. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.24516.2.
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Background: Many small and malnourished infants under 6 months of age have problems with breastfeeding and restoring effective exclusive breastfeeding is a common treatment goal. Assessment is a critical first step of case management, but most malnutrition guidelines do not specify how best to do this. We aimed to identify breastfeeding assessment tools for use in assessing at-risk and malnourished infants in resource-poor settings. Methods: We systematically searched: Medline and Embase; Web of Knowledge; Cochrane Reviews; Eldis and Google Scholar databases. Also the World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF), CAse REport guidelines, Emergency Nutrition Network, and Field Exchange websites. Assessment tool content was analysed using a framework describing breastfeeding ‘domains’ (baby’s behaviour; mother’s behaviour; position; latching; effective feeding; breast health; baby’s health; mother’s view of feed; number, timing and length of feeds). Results: We identified 29 breastfeeding assessment tools and 45 validation studies. Eight tools had not been validated. Evidence underpinning most tools was low quality and mainly from high-income countries and hospital settings. The most comprehensive tools were the Breastfeeding, Evaluation and Education Tool, UNICEF Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative tools and CARE training package. The tool with the strongest evidence was the WHO/UNICEF B-R-E-A-S-T-Feed Observation Form. Conclusions: Despite many possible tools, there is currently no one gold standard. For assessing malnourished infants in resource-poor settings, UNICEF Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative tools, Module IFE and the WHO/UNICEF B-R-E-A-S-T-Feed Observation Form are the best available tools but could be improved by adding questions from other tools. Allowing for context, one tool for rapid community-based assessment plus a more detailed one for clinic/hospital assessment might help optimally identify breastfeeding problems and the support required. Further research is important to refine existing tools and develop new ones. Rigorous testing, especially against outcomes such as breastfeeding status and growth, is key.
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Brugaletta, Concetta, Karine Le Roch, Jennifer Saxton, Cécile Bizouerne, Marie McGrath, and Marko Kerac. "Breastfeeding assessment tools for at-risk and malnourished infants aged under 6 months old: a systematic review." F1000Research 9 (November 10, 2020): 1310. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.24516.1.
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Background: Many small and malnourished infants under 6 months of age have problems with breastfeeding and restoring effective exclusive breastfeeding is a common treatment goal. Assessment is a critical first step of case management, but most malnutrition guidelines do not specify how best to do this. We aimed to identify breastfeeding assessment tools for use in assessing at-risk and malnourished infants in resource-poor settings. Methods: We systematically searched: Medline and Embase; Web of Knowledge; Cochrane Reviews; Eldis and Google Scholar databases. Also the World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF), CAse REport guidelines, Emergency Nutrition Network, and Field Exchange websites. Assessment tool content was analysed using a framework describing breastfeeding ‘domains’ (baby’s behaviour; mother’s behaviour; position; latching; effective feeding; breast health; baby’s health; mother’s view of feed; number, timing and length of feeds). Results: We identified 29 breastfeeding assessment tools and 45 validation studies. Eight tools had not been validated. Evidence underpinning most tools was low quality and mainly from high-income countries and hospital settings. The most comprehensive tools were the Breastfeeding, Evaluation and Education Tool, UNICEF Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative tools and CARE training package. The tool with the strongest evidence was the WHO/UNICEF B-R-E-A-S-T-Feed Observation Form. Conclusions: Despite many possible tools, there is currently no one gold standard. For assessing malnourished infants in resource-poor settings, UNICEF Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative tools, Module IFE and the WHO/UNICEF B-R-E-A-S-T-Feed Observation Form are the best available tools but could be improved by adding questions from other tools. Allowing for context, one tool for rapid community-based assessment plus a more detailed one for clinic/hospital assessment might help optimally identify breastfeeding problems and the support required. Further research is important to refine existing tools and develop new ones. Rigorous testing, especially against outcomes such as breastfeeding status and growth, is key.
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Blanco, Carlos, Alex Blaszczynski, Reiner Clement, Jeffrey Derevensky, Anna E. Goudriaan, David C. Hodgins, Ruth J. Van Holst, et al. "ASSESSMENT TOOL TO MEASURE AND EVALUATE THE RISK POTENTIAL OF GAMBLING PRODUCTS ASTERIG." Journal of Gambling Business and Economics 7, no. 1 (May 23, 2013): 73–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/jgbe.v7i1.625.
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Although most individuals who gamble do so without any adverse consequences, some individuals develop a recurrent, maladaptive pattern of gambling behaviour, often called pathological gambling or gambling disorder, that is associated with financial losses, disruption of family and interpersonal relationships, and co-occurring psychiatric disorders. Identifying whether different types of gambling modalities vary in their ability to lead to maladaptive patterns of gambling behaviour is essential to develop public policies that seek to balance access to gambling opportunities with minimizing risk for the potential adverse consequences of gambling behaviour. Until recently, assessing the risk potential of different types of gambling products was nearly impossible. ASTERIG, initially developed in Germany in 2006-2010, is an assessment tool to measure and to evaluate the risk potential of any gambling product based on scores on ten dimensions. In doing so, it also allows a comparison to be drawn between the addictive potential of different gambling products. Furthermore, the tool highlights where the specific risk potential of each specific gambling product lies. This makes it a valuable tool at the legislative, case law, and administrative levels as it allows the risk potential of individual gambling products to be identified and to be compared globally and across 10 different dimensions of risk potential. We note that specific gambling products should always be evaluated rather than product groups (lotteries, slot machines) or providers, as there may be variations among those product groups that impact their risk potential. For example, slot machines may vary on the amount of jackpot, which may influence their risk potential.
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Kerr, AJ, S. Wells, S. Eadie, A. McLachlan, C. Wiltshire, and R. Jackson. "The Heart Forecast Tool-Integrating Absolute, Relative Risk and Long-Term CVD Risk to Support Risk Communication and Behaviour Change." Heart, Lung and Circulation 18 (2009): S14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hlc.2009.04.033.
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Walters, Kathryn. "Emergent behaviour as a forming strategy in craft: The workmanship of risk applied to industrial-loom weaving." Craft Research 13, no. 2 (September 1, 2022): 327–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/crre_00082_1.
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Digital tools such as computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) have expanded the nature of craft practice, offering new means of design and making. However, in weaving, handmaking continues to be privileged, despite the acceptance of digital design and computer-controlled lifting mechanisms. Through experimental design research methods, self-forming three-dimensional textiles were designed in CAD software and woven on a computer-controlled jacquard power loom (a CAM tool). The textiles’ three dimensionality arises from the combination of materials (contrasting shrinking and stiff yarns), structure and finishing. They are contextualized as craft objects through Pye’s concept of ‘the workmanship of risk’. As outcomes of a craft process, they illustrate the potential of industrial looms as tools for producing complex textile systems and expressions. The results include a method for crafting at the intersection of the workmanship of risk and CAD/CAM, providing a framework for this hybrid practice. The concept of emergent behaviour is discussed as a craft strategy when the workmanship of risk is focused on material forming rather than the tool or technique. This concept is contextualized beyond weaving, suggesting its applicability to other craft fields and practices, whether produced by hand or with the use of digital tools.
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Kulendrarajah, Bavidra, Adam Grey, and David Nunan. "How effective are ‘age’ tools at changing patient behaviour? A rapid review." BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine 25, no. 2 (September 26, 2019): 1.5–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjebm-2019-111244.
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BackgroundA common form of risk communication is to relay the relative risk (%) of an adverse outcome based on surrogate markers associated with the outcome. A novel way of communicating risk is through ‘effective age’ of a person or specific organ. These tools can be used to change patient behaviour.ObjectiveTo determine the effect of ‘effective age’ tools on patient behaviour as compared with more traditional methods of risk communication.Study selectionWe performed a search of the PubMed database up to February 2019 for systematic reviews and randomised controlled trials (RCT) that answered our question. Interventions were ‘effective age’ tools, comparators were usual care or alternative risk communication tools. Primary outcomes were behavioural change measures.FindingsWe included 1 overview of systematic reviews (level 1 evidence), 2 systematic reviews (level 1 evidence) and 13 RCTs (level 2 evidence). Both systematic reviews concluded the evidence base was not conclusive enough to make specific recommendations.Age tools assessed in the 13 RCTs were: ‘lung age’ (n=5), ‘heart age’ (n=3), ‘health age’ (n=2), ‘cardiovascular age’ (n=1), ‘body age’ (n=1) and ‘net present value’ (n=1). 7/13 (54%) RCTs demonstrated a clinical effect on behaviour change favouring the ‘age’ tool; 2/13 (15%) demonstrated a null effect; 4/13 (31%) favoured control.ConclusionsOur findings indicate that systematic review evidence needs updating. The evidence from RCTs on the effect of using age metrics on patient behaviour is poor. There is a need for high-quality trials to decrease uncertainty in the available evidence.
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Fernandes, R., F. Braunschweig, F. Lourenço, and R. Neves. "Combining operational models and data into a dynamic vessel risk assessment tool for coastal regions." Ocean Science 12, no. 1 (February 23, 2016): 285–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-12-285-2016.
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Abstract. The technological evolution in terms of computational capacity, data acquisition systems, numerical modelling and operational oceanography is supplying opportunities for designing and building holistic approaches and complex tools for newer and more efficient management (planning, prevention and response) of coastal water pollution risk events. A combined methodology to dynamically estimate time and space variable individual vessel accident risk levels and shoreline contamination risk from ships has been developed, integrating numerical metocean forecasts and oil spill simulations with vessel tracking automatic identification systems (AIS). The risk rating combines the likelihood of an oil spill occurring from a vessel navigating in a study area – the Portuguese continental shelf – with the assessed consequences to the shoreline. The spill likelihood is based on dynamic marine weather conditions and statistical information from previous accidents. The shoreline consequences reflect the virtual spilled oil amount reaching shoreline and its environmental and socio-economic vulnerabilities. The oil reaching shoreline is quantified with an oil spill fate and behaviour model running multiple virtual spills from vessels along time, or as an alternative, a correction factor based on vessel distance from coast. Shoreline risks can be computed in real time or from previously obtained data. Results show the ability of the proposed methodology to estimate the risk properly sensitive to dynamic metocean conditions and to oil transport behaviour. The integration of meteo-oceanic + oil spill models with coastal vulnerability and AIS data in the quantification of risk enhances the maritime situational awareness and the decision support model, providing a more realistic approach in the assessment of shoreline impacts. The risk assessment from historical data can help finding typical risk patterns (“hot spots”) or developing sensitivity analysis to specific conditions, whereas real-time risk levels can be used in the prioritization of individual ships, geographical areas, strategic tug positioning and implementation of dynamic risk-based vessel traffic monitoring.
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Norris, Gareth, Gwyn Griffith, and Megan West. "Validation of the Ceredigion Youth Screening Tool." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 62, no. 12 (January 13, 2018): 3727–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x17752299.
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Evidence suggests that only a small minority of youth offenders will continue their behaviour in the longer term and largely independent of any interventions they may receive (Bateman, 2011; Haines & Case, 2015). Hence, “screening out” this larger low-risk cohort could have a positive impact upon the individual through a reduction in stigmatisation/labelling and free up resources for higher risk clients. This article outlines development of the Ceredigion Youth Screening Tool (CYSTEM)—developed and tested to address the two facets of criminality and vulnerability—closely aligned to the eight key risk indicators identified in the Risk-Needs-Responsivity (R-N-R) literature (Andrews & Bonta, 2010). Initial results with two cohorts of 372 young people indicate good convergent and discriminative validity in screening out the lowest level referrals, while also identifying 90% of potential future offenders. More importantly, CYSTEM is able to screen out approximately 35% of the low-risk offenders that are unlikely to require formal evaluation and/or intervention. It is suggested that the streamlining of this process using CYSTEM reduces demand on staff time and decreases the stigmatisation of young people referred for minor offences. Potential improvements to the tool and future developments in statistical risk prediction are also discussed.
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Kim, Son Chae, Lori Young, and Brigette Berry. "Aggressive Behaviour Risk Assessment Tool for newly admitted residents of long-term care homes." Journal of Advanced Nursing 73, no. 7 (January 31, 2017): 1747–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jan.13247.
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Fernandes, R., F. Braunschweig, F. Lourenço, and R. Neves. "Combining operational models and data into a dynamic vessel risk assessment tool for coastal regions." Ocean Science Discussions 12, no. 4 (July 9, 2015): 1327–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-12-1327-2015.
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Abstract. The technological evolution in terms of computational capacity, data acquisition systems, numerical modelling and operational oceanography is supplying opportunities for designing and building holistic approaches and complex tools for newer and more efficient management (planning, prevention and response) of coastal water pollution risk events. A combined methodology to dynamically estimate time and space variable shoreline risk levels from ships has been developed, integrating numerical metocean forecasts and oil spill simulations with vessel tracking automatic identification systems (AIS). The risk rating combines the likelihood of an oil spill occurring from a vessel navigating in a study area – Portuguese Continental shelf – with the assessed consequences to the shoreline. The spill likelihood is based on dynamic marine weather conditions and statistical information from previous accidents. The shoreline consequences reflect the virtual spilled oil amount reaching shoreline and its environmental and socio-economic vulnerabilities. The oil reaching shoreline is quantified with an oil spill fate and behaviour model running multiple virtual spills from vessels along time. Shoreline risks can be computed in real-time or from previously obtained data. Results show the ability of the proposed methodology to estimate the risk properly sensitive to dynamic metocean conditions and to oil transport behaviour. The integration of meteo-oceanic + oil spill models with coastal vulnerability and AIS data in the quantification of risk enhances the maritime situational awareness and the decision support model, providing a more realistic approach in the assessment of shoreline impacts. The risk assessment from historical data can help finding typical risk patterns, "hot spots" or developing sensitivity analysis to specific conditions, whereas real time risk levels can be used in the prioritization of individual ships, geographical areas, strategic tug positioning and implementation of dynamic risk-based vessel traffic monitoring.
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Jiricka, Vaclav, Zuzana Podana, Michal Petras, and Jindrich Hurka. "Prediction of Offending: SARPO—The Czech Tool for Assessment of Offenders' Criminogenic Risk and Needs." Journal of Criminology 2014 (March 24, 2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/592341.
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In the past three decades, developed prison and probation services have paid large attention to risk assessment tools predicting the probability of reoffending. This not only resulted in a more accurate classification of offenders, but also in a more informed choice of effective intervention helping to reduce relapse in offending behaviour. In terms of reducing the risk of reoffending intervention programmes considering the principle of criminogenic risks, needs, and responsivity proved successful, while imprisonment on its own, where intervention methods were not applied, showed only limited effectiveness. For historical reasons, the Czech Prison Service underwent a different development, although its objectives were similar. It was not until the beginning of a new millennium when the Czech prison system together with a newly created probation service decided to seek new methods of assessing offenders based on criminogenic risks. This paper presents development and results of the first Czech tool used for assessment of offenders’ risks and needs, called SARPO (from the Czech abbreviation of Complex Analysis of Offenders’ Risk and Needs).
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Docherty, Barbara, Nicolette Sheridan, and Timothy Kenealy. "Developing Brief Opportunistic Interactions: practitioners facilitate patients to identify and change health risk behaviours at an early preventive stage." Primary Health Care Research & Development 17, no. 04 (November 20, 2015): 319–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1463423615000511.
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AimTo identify shortcomings in existing models of patient behaviour change, and present the development and testing of a novel approach using practitioner facilitation and person-focussed conversations that identifies and addresses behaviours at an earlier stage than current models.BackgroundSystematic strategies used by health professionals to change patient behaviours began with motivational interviewing and brief intervention approaches for serious addictive behaviours. Practitioners typically presume they should drive the process of patient behaviour change. Attempts to transfer these approaches to primary care, and a broader range of health risk behaviours, have been less successful. The TADS programme (Tobacco, Alcohol and Other Drugs, later Training and Development Services) began teaching motivational interviewing and brief interventions to practitioners in New Zealand in 1996. Formal and informal evaluations showed that practitioners used screening tools that patients rejected and that led to incomplete disclosure, used language that did not engage patients, failed to identify the behaviours patients wished to address and therefore misdirected interventions.MethodsIterative development of new tools with input from patients and primary care clinicians.FindingsThe TADS programme developed a questionnaire whose results remained private to the patient, which enabled the patient to identify personal behaviours that they might choose to change (the TADS Personal Assessment Choice Tool). This was assisted by a brief conversation that facilitated and supported any change prioritised by the patient (the TADS Brief Opportunistic Interaction). The need for this approach, and its effectiveness, appeared to be similar across adults, youth, different ethnic groups and people in different socio-economic circumstances. Behaviours patients identified were often linked to other health risk behaviours or early-stage mental health disorders that were not easily detected by practitioner-driven screening or inquiry. The long-term effectiveness of this approach in different populations in primary health care settings requires further evaluation.
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Alagaratnam, J., A. Black, and A. Smith. "O17 Sexual behaviour in younger MSM and self-perceived sexual risk using a local HIV Risk Assessment Tool (HIVRAT)." Sexually Transmitted Infections 88, Suppl 1 (May 23, 2012): A7.1—A7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2012-050601a.17.
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Campbell, Martin, and Michael McCue. "Assessment of interpersonal risk (AIR) in adults with learning disabilities and challenging behaviour - piloting a new risk assessment tool." British Journal of Learning Disabilities 41, no. 2 (April 29, 2012): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3156.2012.00735.x.
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Davids, Peter R., and Thomas Thaler. "Flood-Resilient Communities: How We Can Encourage Adaptive Behaviour Through Smart Tools in Public–Private Interaction." Urban Planning 6, no. 3 (August 19, 2021): 272–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/up.v6i3.4246.
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To achieve a more flood-resilient society, it is essential to involve citizens. Therefore, new instruments, such as tailor-made advice for homeowners, are being developed to inform homeowners about adaptive strategies in building to motivate them to implement these measures. This article evaluates if public–private interactions, such as tailored advice, change risk behaviour and therefore increase flood resilience among homeowners. The article conducted semi-structured interviews with homeowners who had received advice as well as involved experts in two case study regions in Europe: Flanders in Belgium and Vorarlberg in Austria. The results show how the tailored advice helps homeowners who are already aware of flood risks and provides them with answers on how to adapt a house. However, the tool seems to lack the ability to inform and “recruit” new groups of homeowners who are not as familiar with flood risks. As such, this article concludes that this initiative has a relatively low impact in raising flood risk awareness among homeowners but may be more successful in serving as a tool that suggests tailored property-level flood risk adaptation measures for those who are already aware. Alternatively, more automated tailored information systems might be more efficient for unaware homeowners.
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Koutiva, Ifigeneia, Archontia Lykou, Chris Pantazis, and Christos Makropoulos. "Investigating Decision Mechanisms of Statutory Stakeholders in Flood Risk Strategy Formation: A Computational Experiments Approach." Water 12, no. 10 (September 29, 2020): 2716. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12102716.
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Cities at risk of extreme hydro-meteorological events need to be prepared to decrease the extent of the impacts. However, sometimes, authorities only react to catastrophes failing to proactively prepare against extremes. This can be a result of both absent structural protection measures and problematic governance. While for the first, models exist that can simulate the effect, the effect of the latter is difficult to quantify. This work aims to explore the effects that typical authorities’ behaviour has on the decisions for preparing and protecting a city against floods. This behaviour includes how the different authorities decide, for example, on whether or not to cooperate with each other, build something, assign funding to something, etc. These decisions affect directly the preparedness against and the protection from flood events. For that matter, the institutional analysis framework was used to conceptualise the decision-making processes of authorities responsible for flood risk management. Based on this, an agent-based modelling tool has been created, enabling the exploration of the system’s behaviour under different scenarios. The tool is used as a case study of the responsible authorities for flood protection in the city of Rethymno on the island of Crete, Greece. The tool has a user-friendly interface enabling the end-users to explore the drivers of decision-making processes under different conditions.
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Aksoy, Berna, and Eylem Pasli Gurdogan. "Occupational risk perception: A scale development study." Journal of Nursing Education and Practice 9, no. 4 (December 28, 2018): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jnep.v9n4p98.
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Background and objective: The determination of occupational risk perception is the basic tool for making attitude and behaviour changes, for improving health and safety sense. In the present paper, we aim to develop a reliable and valid occupational risk perception measurement.Methods: Cross-sectional survey design was used in the 2015-2016 academic year with a sample of involved students studying in the 2nd, 3rd and 4th grades (N = 439). 423 nursing students was recruited in the study. We evaluated the reliability and validity, consistency by using explanatory and confirmatory factor analysis, Cronbach’s alpha values and The Pearson correlation coefficients of the new scale.Results: After the explanatory factor analysis the scale was composed of 17 items and 3 subscales which named psychological and ergonomic risks subscale and person and institution-related risks subscale and the physical environment subscale. The Cronbach’s alpha of the scale was 0.826. The scale’s confirmatory factor analysis showed good conformance.Conclusions: The scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool for measuring occupational risk perceptions among nursing students. This scale is used to determine the occupational risk perceptions in the field of healthcare.
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Ayton, Sarah Gabrielle, Martina Pavlicova, Hod Tamir, and Quarraisha Abdool Karim. "Development of a prognostic tool exploring female adolescent risk for HIV prevention and PrEP in rural South Africa, a generalised epidemic setting." Sexually Transmitted Infections 96, no. 1 (July 20, 2019): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2019-054067.
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ObjectivesAdolescent females in sub-Saharan Africa bear a disproportionate burden of new HIV infections but have been excluded from prognostic research, such as developed risk calculators. This study examines whether validated risk calculators, which calculate HIV risk among sub-Saharan African women, can be modified to assess HIV risk among adolescent girls. The performance of selected risk variables from validated calculators and the literature was evaluated among adolescent females using modern advanced statistical tools.MethodsRisk variables for the updated tool were selected from the CAPRISA 007 (CAP007) trial (2010–2012) questionnaires. An initially HIV-seronegative cohort of rural South African female high school students (n=1049) aged 14–25 years was selected. The number and characteristics of latent factors, or dimensions, underlying selected variables were assessed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA). The updated tool’s effectiveness identifying trends in adolescent risk were assessed with latent class analysis (LCA).ResultsEFA identified two key latent factors: sexual behaviour and socioeconomic risk factors. Latent sexual behaviour risk influenced contraception use (0.883), perceived HIV risk (0.691) and pregnancy (−0.384). Latent socioeconomic risk influenced low HIV knowledge (0.371), financial dependence (0.532), prior HIV testing (−0.379) and alcohol use (−0.332). Using LCA, three underlying categories of adolescent females were identified: those with no, low and high risk of HIV (1.10%, 2.26% and 2.91% 1-year seroconversion rates, respectively). Herpes simplex virus serotype-2, condom contraception, alcohol use, pregnancy and age were significantly associated with higher risk class membership, while non-condom contraception was associated with lower risk class membership.ConclusionsAdolescent females are at unequal risk of acquiring HIV. Findings suggest the updated tool captures two main facets of adolescent characteristics and may identify differential risk. This work supports further investigation to inform development of targeted differentiated interventions and efficient prognostic tools for adolescents in high-risk settings.
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Montecchiari, Gabriele, Gabriele Bulian, and Paolo Gallina. "Towards real-time human participation in virtual evacuation through a validated simulation tool." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part O: Journal of Risk and Reliability 232, no. 5 (May 4, 2017): 476–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748006x17705046.
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The analysis of the ship layout from the point of view of safe and orderly evacuation represents an important step in ship design, which can be carried out through agent-based evacuation simulation tools, typically run in batch mode. Introducing the possibility for humans to interactively participate in a simulated evacuation process together with computer-controlled agents can open a series of interesting possibilities for design, research and development. To this aim, this article presents the development of a validated agent-based evacuation simulation tool which allows real-time human participation through immersive virtual reality. The main characteristics of the underlying social-force-based modelling technique are described. The tool is verified and validated by making reference to International Maritime Organization test cases, experimental data and FDS + Evac simulations. The first approach for supporting real-time human participation is then presented. An initial experiment embedding immersive virtual reality human participation is described, together with outcomes regarding comparisons between human-controlled avatars and computer-controlled agents. Results from this initial testing are encouraging in pursuing the use of virtual reality as a tool to obtain information on human behaviour during evacuation.
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Caso, Letizia, Andrea Greco, Eleonora Florio, and Nicola Palena. "Assessment of Family, Peers, and Externalising Behaviour Dimensions in Adolescence: The Proposal of a Comprehensive Instrument (FPEB)." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5 (March 8, 2021): 2724. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052724.
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In the context of externalising behaviour problems, risk factor research (RFR) focuses on risk and protective factors of juvenile delinquency, which can pertain to individual, system, and societal levels. Several instruments aiming at measuring these factors have been developed, but a comprehensive research tool is missing. The aim of the present study was to develop and validate a questionnaire, the “Family, Peers, and Externalising Behaviour in adolescence” (FPEB) as a tool for assessing adolescents’ tendency of externalising behaviour, the quality of relation with their parents, and peer-relations. FPEB was administered to 835 Italian students (36.8% males, age M = 13.81, SD = 1.54) together with the Moral Disengagement questionnaire to test concurrent validity. Data about socio-demographics and school performance were also collected. An EFA (Promax rotation, subsample A, n = 444) resulted in a four-factor structure that was corroborated by a CFA (subsample B, n = 388). The factors were “externalising behaviour” (var 13.16%), “peer relations difficulties” (var 11.10%), “Family conflict” (var 8.32%), and “lack of family negotiation” (var 7.11%) and showed good internal consistency (all α ≥ 0.65). There were differences between males and females in the correlational patterns of the four factors. The FPEB factors also showed good concurrent validity: two of the four factors (“lack of family negotiation” and “externalising behaviour”) and the total score of the scale correlated with the “Moral disengagement scale”, whereas peer relation difficulties did not. Further analyses also showed gender differences (except for “peer relations difficulties”) and an association between students’ school performance and “externalising behaviour”, “family conflict”, and the total FPEB scores. We concluded that the FPEB is a tool that is potentially useful to assess risk and protective factors and to plan targeted interventions (focusing on the specific area). Limitations and suggestions for further improvements are also discussed.
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Burgos, Daniel. "A Predictive System Informed by Students’ Similar Behaviour." Sustainability 12, no. 2 (January 18, 2020): 706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12020706.
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It is quite complex to adapt instruction to student needs in view of online education owing to the ensuing communication disconnection in such learning environments. Decision support schemes offer assistance by automatically gathering students’ data and forwarding them to the tutor in the appropriate perspective, in order to predict their behaviour and implement some action beforehand to avert or promote the final upshot. This study shows of a decision support scheme known as u-Tutor that is centred on the similarity computation between learners in the past, and how it was used in a real-case scenario. For this case study, this tool has been utilized by two real courses comprising of 392 learners alongside academic faculty, as of 2015 to 2019. The analysis offered focuses on 3 research areas: (1) perceived usefulness, (2) usability of the tool and (3) success rate of classification. From the acquired data, it can be seen that the teaching group managed to offer excellent approximations for those learners who eventually managed to pass the course, whereas u-Tutor seemed to be an early warning for learners at risk, indicating its capacity as a tutors’ supportive tool.
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Pospíšil, Jiří, Nataša Matulayová, Pavla Macháčková, Pavlína Jurníčková, Ivana Olecká, and Helena Pospíšilová. "Value-Based Financial Risk Prediction Model." Risks 9, no. 11 (November 11, 2021): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/risks9110205.
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The model of financial risk prediction we developed and present in our paper is based on the theoretical assumption that there exists a significant relationship between actual economic situation and values. This assumption confirmed by the research influences the potential risk in financial behaviour and it becomes actual especially in the case of changing life conditions. The concept of the model is based on data received from 3768 respondents questioned across the Czech Republic. Measured variables were indexed, and the cluster and factor analyses were used for multivariate analysis. The model is unique in the combination of personal values projected into six generalized value types and developed economic indexes clustered in four types of economic situations. The primary purpose of the model is to identify the anticipated personal financial risk of clients. The model has fundamental applications as a diagnostic or auto-diagnostic tool in social work, counselling, psychotherapy, and other helping professions, or as a research instrument leading to various hypotheses and to the enhancement of theories concerning economic behaviour.
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Xu, Xianglong, Zongyuan Ge, Eric P. F. Chow, Zhen Yu, David Lee, Jinrong Wu, Jason J. Ong, Christopher K. Fairley, and Lei Zhang. "A Machine-Learning-Based Risk-Prediction Tool for HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infections Acquisition over the Next 12 Months." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 7 (March 25, 2022): 1818. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11071818.
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Background: More than one million people acquire sexually transmitted infections (STIs) every day globally. It is possible that predicting an individual’s future risk of HIV/STIs could contribute to behaviour change or improve testing. We developed a series of machine learning models and a subsequent risk-prediction tool for predicting the risk of HIV/STIs over the next 12 months. Methods: Our data included individuals who were re-tested at the clinic for HIV (65,043 consultations), syphilis (56,889 consultations), gonorrhoea (60,598 consultations), and chlamydia (63,529 consultations) after initial consultations at the largest public sexual health centre in Melbourne from 2 March 2015 to 31 December 2019. We used the receiver operating characteristic (AUC) curve to evaluate the model’s performance. The HIV/STI risk-prediction tool was delivered via a web application. Results: Our risk-prediction tool had an acceptable performance on the testing datasets for predicting HIV (AUC = 0.72), syphilis (AUC = 0.75), gonorrhoea (AUC = 0.73), and chlamydia (AUC = 0.67) acquisition. Conclusions: Using machine learning techniques, our risk-prediction tool has acceptable reliability in predicting HIV/STI acquisition over the next 12 months. This tool may be used on clinic websites or digital health platforms to form part of an intervention tool to increase testing or reduce future HIV/STI risk.
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Akerman, Geraldine. "Sexual offenders, offence paralleling behaviour and how it relates to risk." Forensic Update 1, no. 105 (January 2012): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpsfu.2012.1.105.18.
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This paper will explore the role of Offence Paralleling Behaviours (OPB) in relation to risk assessment and risk reduction in sexual offenders. Specifically, the paper addresses the difficulty of identifying OPBs in relation to sexual arousal and sexual interests due to the increased use of detection evasion skills (DES) in this domain. Sexual interest will be defined as the fantasies, thoughts, ideas or preferences that individuals find sexually attractive, and arousal defined as the resulting response. Previous research (Hanson & Bussière, 1998) concluded that sexual deviance was a significant factor in sexual recidivism. Further, meta-analytic reviews (Hanson & Bussière, 1998; Hanson & Morton-Bourgon, 2005) consistently show that deviant sexual interest, (for example sex with children, or to include adult sexual coercion), are the strongest predictors of future offending. Therefore a thorough understanding of current sexual interest is important to assess risk of further offending. However, it can be very difficult for service users to discuss such personal interests. The paper will also consider the importance of a thorough functional analysis of offending behaviour and briefly describe the development of a new tool to assist with the assessment of current sexual interest. Potential treatment pathways in relation to sexual OPBs are discussed, reflecting the complex nature of offence related sexual arousal.
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Frantz, José, Zinzi Sixaba, and Mario Smith. "A Systematic Review of the Relationship Between Family Structure and Health Risk Behaviours Amongst Young People: An African Perspective." Open Family Studies Journal 7, no. 1 (March 31, 2015): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874922401507010003.
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Objective: The aim of this study was to review the published literature on the relationship between family structure and engagement in health risk behaviour amongst youth in African countries. Methods: A systematic review was conducted between 2000 and 2014. Suitable titles were identified from database searches. Thereafter, abstracts were evaluated along specific inclusion criteria. Eleven full text articles were evaluated for methodological quality using a modified critical appraisal tool and six studies were included in the final review that satisfied the threshold criterion of 70%. A narrative synthesis was completed for all included records to provide a textual answer to the research question. Results: Findings indicated that there was a relationship between family structure and engagement in health risk behaviour, specifically risky sexual behaviour. The importance of family structure was evident, and the active involvement of parents in the activities of youth is cardinal. The review further underscores that there is lack of methodologically rigorous research that can provide empirical support for and insight into the relationship between family structure and engagement in health risk behaviour. Discussion: Risky sexual behaviour was the most prevalent outcome assessed across studies. Family structure impacted positively on delaying or reducing engagement in risky sexual behaviour. Diverse family structures were identified and orphans living with caregivers were identified as a particular structure that might be more prevalent in the African context. Parental involvement and investment in adolescent activities were more strongly identified as an important factor. There is a lack of and need for more methodologically rigorous research to gain empirical support for and insight into the relationship between family structure and health risk behaviours.
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Faisal, Mehreen Riaz, Masuma Pervin Mishu, Faisal Jahangir, Sabahat Younes, Omara Dogar, Kamran Siddiqi, and David J. Torgerson. "The effectiveness of behaviour change interventions delivered by non-dental health workers in promoting children’s oral health: A systematic review and meta-analysis." PLOS ONE 17, no. 1 (January 11, 2022): e0262118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262118.
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Objectives Dental caries is the most common preventable childhood condition. Non-dental professionals and health workers are often well placed to support parents in adopting positive oral health behaviours for their children. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of behaviour change interventions and their individual component behaviour change techniques (BCTs), that were delivered by non-dental professionals and health workers. Methods A systematic search of Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, TRoPHI and PROQUEST from inception until March 2021 was conducted. Randomised controlled trials and quasi-experimental studies for improving oral health outcomes in children were included. Quality assessment was carried out using Cochrane Risk of Bias tool and ROBINS-I tool. Publication bias was assessed using funnel plots and Egger’s regression intercept. Effect sizes were estimated as standardised mean difference (SMD) and odds ratio/risk ratio for proportions. Meta-analyses were performed for studies reporting mean decayed, missing, filled surfaces (dmfs) and mean decayed, missing, filled, teeth (dmft) indices. Behaviour change technique coding was performed using behaviour change technique taxonomy v1 (BCTTv1). Results Out of the 9,101 records retrieved, 36 studies were included with 28 showing a significant effect either in clinical and/or behavioural/knowledge outcomes. Most studies (n = 21) were of poor methodological quality. The pooled SMD for caries experience showed statistically significant result for caries prevention at surface level -0.15 (95% CI -0.25, -0.04) and at the tooth level -0.24 (95% CI -0.42, -0.07). In 28 effective interventions, 27 individual BCTs were identified and the most frequently used were: “Instructions on how to perform the behaviour” and “Information about health consequences”. Conclusion There is low quality of evidence suggesting non-dental professionals and health workers may help improve oral health outcomes for children. To confirm these findings, further high-quality studies incorporating a variety of BCTs in their interventions for adoption of good oral health behaviours are needed.
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Chambers, Julie A., and Vivien Swanson. "A health assessment tool for multiple risk factors for obesity: age and sex differences in the prediction of body mass index." British Journal of Nutrition 104, no. 2 (March 9, 2010): 298–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114510000607.
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The aim was to establish the relative importance of multiple dietary, activity and other risk factors in determining BMI. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 322 adults (71 % female; aged 18–79 years; BMI 16·5–40·9 kg/m2) using a previously developed, psychometrically tested, seventy-three-item questionnaire covering a wide range of obesity risk factors (consisting of five dietary, five activity and seven other risk factor subscales). Outcome was self-reported weight and height for BMI, cross-validated with items on clothes size and perceived need to lose weight. Stepwise regression analysis predicted 25–55 % of the variance in BMI with physical activity participation, current and past dieting behaviour, amount eaten, and age being the most important predictors. The association of lower BMI and younger age appeared to be due to higher activity levels, as younger participants reported much less healthy eating behaviour than the older age group. Amount eaten and physical activity participation were stronger predictors of BMI than other factors including healthy eating and use of mechanised transport. Results showed that the relationship between various risk factors and obesity may differ by both sex and age group, suggesting that different interventions may need to be targeted at different groups. The higher-risk eating behaviour observed in younger participants is of concern and needs to be addressed, if the current trend of rising obesity levels is to be halted.
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Robinson, Sally, and Carol Robinson. "Risk and teenage parenthood: an early sexual health intervention." Health Education 117, no. 4 (June 5, 2017): 382–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/he-01-2017-0007.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to outline the development of a resource designed to support practitioners, who are not sexual health specialists, but who work with young people who may be at risk of teenage pregnancy or parenthood. Its aim was to enable practitioners to carry out an assessment using a screening tool, and to use educational interventions designed to reduce risk-taking behaviour or refer to a sexual health specialist. A research project to examine the perceptions of practitioners who had used the resource is reported. Design/methodology/approach The resource was based on a local needs assessment and developed by a multi-agency working group. The research utilised an online questionnaire and telephone interviews with practitioners. Findings Practitioners reported using the screening tool with young people with an average age of 13.1 years. They thought the educational interventions provided knowledge and helped with communication, self-awareness, reflection, confidence, attitudes and values clarification. Research limitations/implications The project was based in one county in England. A sample of 17 per cent of the practitioners responded to the questionnaire, and they might be biased towards those who had engaged most, or most positively, with the resource. Three practitioners undertook interviews. The views and behaviours of young people are yet to be evaluated. Originality/value Within a climate of limited resources, the findings suggest that the project is providing an acceptable proportionate universalist, early sexual health intervention for young people.
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Herklotz, Yann, James D. Pollard, Nadesh Ramanathan, and John Wickerson. "Formal verification of high-level synthesis." Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages 5, OOPSLA (October 20, 2021): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3485494.
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High-level synthesis (HLS), which refers to the automatic compilation of software into hardware, is rapidly gaining popularity. In a world increasingly reliant on application-specific hardware accelerators, HLS promises hardware designs of comparable performance and energy efficiency to those coded by hand in a hardware description language such as Verilog, while maintaining the convenience and the rich ecosystem of software development. However, current HLS tools cannot always guarantee that the hardware designs they produce are equivalent to the software they were given, thus undermining any reasoning conducted at the software level. Furthermore, there is mounting evidence that existing HLS tools are quite unreliable, sometimes generating wrong hardware or crashing when given valid inputs. To address this problem, we present the first HLS tool that is mechanically verified to preserve the behaviour of its input software. Our tool, called Vericert, extends the CompCert verified C compiler with a new hardware-oriented intermediate language and a Verilog back end, and has been proven correct in Coq. Vericert supports most C constructs, including all integer operations, function calls, local arrays, structs, unions, and general control-flow statements. An evaluation on the PolyBench/C benchmark suite indicates that Vericert generates hardware that is around an order of magnitude slower (only around 2× slower in the absence of division) and about the same size as hardware generated by an existing, optimising (but unverified) HLS tool.
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Abu Bakar, Anizah, Manmeet Mahinderjit Singh, and Azizul Rahman Mohd Shariff. "A Privacy Preservation Quality of Service (QoS) Model for Data Exposure in Android Smartphone Usage." Sensors 21, no. 5 (March 1, 2021): 1667. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21051667.
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An Android smartphone contains built-in and externally downloaded applications that are used for entertainment, finance, navigation, communication, health and fitness, and so on. The behaviour of granting permissions requested by apps might expose the Android smartphone user to privacy risks. The existing works lack a formalized mathematical model that can quantify user and system applications risks. No multifaceted data collector tool can also be used to monitor the collection of user data and the risk posed by each application. A benchmark of the risk level that alerts the user and distinguishes between acceptable and unacceptable risk levels in Android smartphone user does not exist. Hence, to address privacy risk, a formalized privacy model called PRiMo that uses a tree structure and calculus knowledge is proposed. An App-sensor Mobile Data Collector (AMoDaC) is developed and implemented in real life to analyse user data accessed by mobile applications through the permissions granted and the risks involved. A benchmark is proposed by comparing the proposed PRiMo outcome with the existing available testing metrics. The results show that Tools & Utility/Productivity applications posed the highest risk as compared to other categories of applications. Furthermore, 29 users faced low and acceptable risk, while two users faced medium risk. According to the benchmark proposed, users who faced risks below 25% are considered as safe. The effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed work is 96.8%.
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Tariq, Muhammad Atiq Ur Rehman, Nitin Muttil, Zohreh Rajabi, Maha Hussein, Muhammad Izhar Shah, Muhammad Laiq Ur Rahman Shahid, Shahana Janjua, Rashid Farooq, and Anne W. M. Ng. "Development of a Hydrodynamic-Based Flood-Risk Management Tool for Assessing Redistribution of Expected Annual Damages in a Floodplain." Water 13, no. 24 (December 13, 2021): 3562. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13243562.
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Despite spending ample resources and procedural development in flood management, flood losses are still increasing worldwide. The losses caused by floods and costs incurred on management are two components of expected annual damages (EAD) due to floods. This study introduces a generalized approach for risk-based design where a range of probable floods are considered before and after a flood mitigation measure is implemented. The proposed approach is customized from the ISO Guide 31000 along with additional advantages of flood risk visualization. A Geographic Information System (GIS)-based design of a flood-protection dike is performed to exhibit the risk redistribution. The Chenab River is selected for the existing dike system. Detailed hazard behaviour and societal vulnerability are modelled and visualized for a range of all probable floods before and after the implementation of flood-protection dikes. EAD maps demonstrate the redistribution of induced and residual risks. It can be concluded that GIS-based EAD maps not only facilitate cost-effective solutions but also provide an accurate estimate of residual risks after the mitigation measures are applied. EAD maps also indicate the high-risk areas to facilitate designing secondary measures.
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Ramesh, Taanvi, Artemis Igoumenou, Maria Vazquez Montes, and Seena Fazel. "Use of risk assessment instruments to predict violence in forensic psychiatric hospitals: a systematic review and meta-analysis." European Psychiatry 52 (August 2018): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.02.007.
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AbstractBackground and Aims:Violent behaviour by forensic psychiatric inpatients is common. We aimed to systematically review the performance of structured risk assessment tools for violence in these settings.Methods:The nine most commonly used violence risk assessment instruments used in psychiatric hospitals were examined. A systematic search of five databases (CINAHL, Embase, Global Health, PsycINFO and PubMed) was conducted to identify studies examining the predictive accuracy of these tools in forensic psychiatric inpatient settings. Risk assessment instruments were separated into those designed for imminent (within 24 hours) violence prediction and those designed for longer-term prediction. A range of accuracy measures and descriptive variables were extracted. A quality assessment was performed for each eligible study using the QUADAS-2. Summary performance measures (sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, diagnostic odds ratio, and area under the curve value) and HSROC curves were produced. In addition, meta-regression analyses investigated study and sample effects on tool performance.Results:Fifty-two eligible publications were identified, of which 43 provided information on tool accuracy in the form of AUC statistics. These provided data on 78 individual samples, with information on 6,840 patients. Of these, 35 samples (3,306 patients from 19 publications) provided data on all performance measures. The median AUC value for the wider group of 78 samples was higher for imminent tools (AUC 0.83; IQR: 0.71–0.85) compared with longer-term tools (AUC 0.68; IQR: 0.62-0.75). Other performance measures indicated variable accuracy for imminent and longer-term tools. Meta-regression indicated that no study or sample-related characteristics were associated with between-study differences in AUCs.Interpretation:The performance of current tools in predicting risk of violence beyond the first few days is variable, and the selection of which tool to use in clinical practice should consider accuracy estimates. For more imminent violence, however, there is evidence in support of brief scalable assessment tools.
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Ostler, Teresa, Min Zhan, and Elisa Bronfman. "A support-based measure of adult attachment: Links between the Attachment Style Interview and an observational measure of parenting in a sample of at-risk mothers." Adoption & Fostering 46, no. 4 (December 2022): 437–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03085759221137356.
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The Attachment Style Interview (ASI) is increasingly being used to assess parenting suitability in adoption and fostering settings. More research is needed, however, to establish how the ASI relates to parenting behaviour. This study addressed this need by examining the relations between the ASI and an observational measure of parenting behaviour in 66 women with children between the ages of one and six years in the US. The Atypical Maternal Behavior Instrument for Assessment and Classification (AMBIANCE) provided an overall assessment of five disrupted parenting behavioural dimensions: (1) intrusive/negative; (2) role confused; (3) fearful/disoriented; (4) withdrawing; and (5) affective communication errors. A secure adult attachment style was associated with optimal parenting. Two insecure attachment styles, the insecure angry–dismissive and insecure enmeshed styles, were linked to disrupted parenting behaviours. Mothers with disrupted parenting struggled to make and maintain supportive relationships with close others. In addition, they were highly mistrustful of others and evidenced psychological constraints about closeness and attitudes of anger, and extreme self-reliance or contradictory attitudes about help and self-reliance. The findings were upheld in multivariate analyses which included maternal depression and other significant demographic variables. The study provides strong support for the utility of ASI as one useful assessment tool for fostering and adoption settings.
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Leeman, Robert F., Bonnie H. P. Rowland, Nioud Mulugeta Gebru, and Marc N. Potenza. "Relationships among impulsive, addictive and sexual tendencies and behaviours: a systematic review of experimental and prospective studies in humans." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1766 (December 31, 2018): 20180129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0129.
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Impulsivity's relationships to addictive and sexual behaviours raise questions regarding the extent impulsivity may constitute a vulnerability factor for subsequent addictive and sexual behaviours and/or results from each of these. Here, we systematically reviewed empirical support for impulsivity as a precipitating factor or a consequence of addictive or sexual behaviours. We restricted ourselves to recent, human studies with assessments over time, including at least one measure of impulsivity, addictive and sexual behaviours, yielding a review including 29 published reports from 28 studies. Findings point to generalized, self-reported impulsivity as a predictor of addictive and sexual behaviours at a wide range of severity, with elements of both impulsivity and compulsivity to these acts. Alcohol consumption often increases impulsive behaviour, including inclinations towards impulsive and potentially compulsive sexual acts. Research using the Sexual Delay Discounting Task has yielded findings linking impulsivity, addictive and sexual behaviour and as such is a valuable research tool that should be used more extensively. The present review identified gaps to be addressed in further research that concurrently examines facets of impulsivity, addictive and sexual behaviours, especially because criteria for compulsive sexual behaviour disorder have been included in the eleventh edition of the International Classification of Diseases . This article is part of the theme issue ‘Risk taking and impulsive behaviour: fundamental discoveries, theoretical perspectives and clinical implications’.
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Knight, Rachel L., Melitta A. McNarry, Adam W. Runacres, James Shelley, Liba Sheeran, and Kelly A. Mackintosh. "Moving Forward: Understanding Correlates of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour during COVID-19 in Children and Adolescents—An Integrative Review and Socioecological Approach." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 3 (January 18, 2022): 1044. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031044.
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Novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic restrictions have negatively impacted physical activity (PA) and sedentary time/behaviour. This integrative review systematically explored the socioecological factors that impacted and influenced these movement behaviours in children and adolescents during the pandemic. Five electronic databases were systematically searched in January 2021, with data extracted from 16 articles (n = 18,352; 5–17 years; 12 countries). Risk-of-bias was assessed using the Mixed Methods Assessment Tool (MMAT), with correlates identified, coded, and themed via thematic analysis. A socioecological model of during-pandemic PA and sedentary time/behaviour was conceptualised and mapped to the Capability, Opportunity, Motivation, and Behaviour (COM-B) model of behaviour-change mechanisms, illustrating influences over five levels: Individual (biological)—age and sex; Individual (psychological)—mental health, and cognition, motivation, and behaviour; Social—family factors, and structured support; Environmental—area of residence and resources; and Policy—COVID-19-related rules. For sedentary time/behaviour, individual-(age and sex), social-(family factors) and policy-(COVID-19-related rules) level factors may be important correlates. There were no age or sex associations with PA levels, though there was some indication that sedentary time/behaviour increased with age. Interventions seeking to enhance young people’s movement behaviours during periods of enforced restrictions should focus on enhancing opportunities on a social and environmental level.
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Grimani, Aikaterini, Chris Bonell, Susan Michie, Vivi Antonopoulou, Michael P. Kelly, and Ivo Vlaev. "Effect of prosocial public health messages for population behaviour change in relation to respiratory infections: a systematic review protocol." BMJ Open 11, no. 1 (January 2021): e044763. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044763.
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IntroductionThe COVID-19 pandemic represents a major societal challenge that requires large-scale behaviour change, widespread collective action and cooperation to reduce viral transmission. Existing literature indicates that several messaging approaches may be effective, including emphasising the benefits to the recipient, aligning with the recipient’s moral values and focusing on protecting others. Current research suggests that prosocial public health messages that highlight behaviours linked to societal benefits (eg, protecting ‘each other’), rather than focusing on behaviours that protect oneself (eg, protecting ‘yourself’), may be a more effective method for communicating strategies related to infectious disease. To investigate this we will conduct a systematic review that will identify what messages and behaviour change techniques have the potential to optimise the effect on population behaviour in relation to reducing transmission of respiratory infections.Methods and analysisA systematic literature search of published and unpublished studies (including grey literature) in electronic databases will be conducted to identify those that meet our inclusion criteria. The search will be run in four electronic databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO and Scopus. We will also conduct supplementary searches in databases of ‘grey’ literature such as PsycEXTRA, Social Science Research Network and OSF PREPRINTS, and use the Google Scholar search engine. A systematic approach to searching, screening, reviewing and data extraction will be applied based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Titles, abstracts and full texts for eligibility will be examined independently by researchers. The quality of the included studies will be assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool and the Risk of Bias in Non-randomized Studies-of Interventions tool. Disagreements will be resolved by a consensus procedure.Ethics and disseminationThis protocol has been registered with PROSPERO. No ethical approval is required, as there will be no collection of primary data. The synthesised findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publication.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020198874.
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Kim, Son Chae, Kristyn Ideker, and Dale Todicheeney-Mannes. "Usefulness of Aggressive Behaviour Risk Assessment Tool for prospectively identifying violent patients in medical and surgical units." Journal of Advanced Nursing 68, no. 2 (June 24, 2011): 349–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011.05744.x.
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Knight, Rachel L., Melitta A. McNarry, Liba Sheeran, Adam W. Runacres, Rhys Thatcher, James Shelley, and Kelly A. Mackintosh. "Moving Forward: Understanding Correlates of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour during COVID-19—An Integrative Review and Socioecological Approach." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 20 (October 17, 2021): 10910. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010910.
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Population-level physical activity (PA) and sedentary time/behaviour estimates represent a significant public health issue exacerbated by restrictions enforced to control COVID-19. This integrative review interrogated available literature to explore the pandemic’s impact on correlates of such behaviours in adults (≥18 years). Five electronic databases were systematically searched in January 2021. Data extracted from 64 articles were assessed for risk-of-bias using the Mixed Methods Assessment Tool, with correlates identified, coded, and themed via thematic analysis. A socioecological model of during-pandemic PA was conceptualized and mapped to the Capability, Opportunity, Motivation, and Behaviour (COM-B) model of behaviour change mechanisms, which illustrates influences over five levels: Individual (biological)—general health; Individual (psychological)—mental health, cognition, motivation, and behaviour; Social—domestic situation, sociodemographic factors, support, and lifestyle choices; Environmental—resources and area of residence; and Policy—COVID-19-related rules. For sedentary time/behaviour, individual level factors, namely general and mental health, may be important correlates. Neither age or sex were clearly correlated with either behaviour. As we transition into a new normal, understanding which behaviour mechanisms could effectively challenge physical inactivity is essential. Targeting capability on a psychological level may facilitate PA and limit sedentary time/behaviour, whereas, on a physical level, maximizing PA opportunities could be crucial.
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Chuang, Henry T., and Mark Atkinson. "AIDS Knowledge and High-Risk Behaviour in the Chronic Mentally Ill." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 41, no. 5 (June 1996): 269–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674379604100502.
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Objective: To ascertain the degree of HIV-risk knowledge among patients attending a downtown program and to identify the extent of high-risk behaviour for HIV infection. Method: A total of 151 patients were selected at the Calgary Community Mental Health Clinic (N = 110) and the nearby Self Help Association (N = 41). Most of the subjects were being treated for either schizophrenia (n = 69), bipolar disorder (n = 37), or unipolar mood disorder (n = 35). Questionnaires included a 10-item instrument that assessed subjects' knowledge about HIV or AIDS and another 10-item tool that assessed the high-risk situations patients might have encountered over the past month or past year. Results: Although the percentage of subjects erring on questions about AIDS knowledge was smaller when compared with previous studies, a significant number of subjects believed that one could acquire AIDS by donating blood, and 25% did not think that having only one unsafe sexual contact would make them vulnerable to HIV infection. At least 50% of the participants have had sex with at least one partner in the past year, and 33% of the participants indicated that they would not insist that they or their partners wear a condom. Conclusions: This Canadian study confirms the need for psychiatrists and mental health workers to continue to explore high-risk behaviour in the chronic mentally ill population and to further educate these patients through the development of prevention and risk-reduction strategies.
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Cupples, Margaret E., Judith A. Cole, Nigel D. Hart, Neil Heron, Michelle C. McKinley, and Mark A. Tully. "Shared decision-making (SHARE-D) for healthy behaviour change: a feasibility study in general practice." BJGP Open 2, no. 2 (April 17, 2018): bjgpopen18X101517. http://dx.doi.org/10.3399/bjgpopen18x101517.
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BackgroundEffective interventions are needed to support health behaviour change for cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention. Decision tools encourage behaviour change but their effectiveness when used in shared decision-making with health professionals (HPs) is unknown.AimTo test the feasibility of using a novel, paper-based tool for shared decision-making in initiating behaviour change.Design & settingA feasibility study in five general practices in Northern Ireland.MethodAdults with, or at high risk of, CVD were invited to discuss their diet and physical activity (PA) with an HP. Using a paper-based decision aid in shared decision-making about behaviour change, their capabilities, opportunities, and motivation were considered. Diet and PA were assessed at baseline, 1, and 3 months using the Dietary Instrument for Nutritional Education (DINE) and the Recent Physical Activity Questionnaire (RPAQ); accelerometers measured PA at baseline and 3 months. Semi-structured interviews, analysed thematically, explored participants’ and HPs’ views of the process.ResultsThe positive response rate to study invitation was 28% (45/162); 23 were recruited (aged 43–74 years; 50% male; <40% met diet or PA recommendations); and 87% (20/23) completed the study. All interviewees valued the tool’s structure, succinct content, and facilitation of discussion. HPs’ sharing of relevant personal experience encouraged behaviour change; social responsibilities, health conditions, and beliefs restricted change. HPs’ workloads prohibited the tool’s routine use.ConclusionRecruitment and completion rates suggest that using a novel, paper-based tool in shared decision-making for behaviour change is feasible. HPs’ workloads constrain its use in practice, but qualitative findings indicate its potential value. Cross-sector collaborative exploration of sustainable models to promote behaviour change is needed.
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Lin, Hui, Dongdong Xu, Min Yang, Xueping Ma, Ning Yan, Han Chen, Shilin He, and Ning Deng. "Behaviour change techniques that constitute effective planning interventions to improve physical activity and diet behaviour for people with chronic conditions: a systematic review." BMJ Open 12, no. 8 (August 2022): e058229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-058229.
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ObjectivesAction planning is a brief and effective behaviour change technique (BCT) to improve physical activity (PA) and diet behaviour (DB). This study aimed to identify critical BCTs and mechanisms of action (MoAs) to interpret the effectiveness of planning interventions based on the Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) model.DesignSystematic review.Data sourcesPubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL (EBSCO), PsycINFO (EBSCO), Psychology and Behavioural Sciences Collection (EBSCO), psyARTICLES and Medline were searched for studies from January 1990 to September 2021 published in English.Eligibility criteriaExperiment involving action planning intervention to improve PA or DB in community-dwelling adult patients with chronic conditions.Data extraction and synthesisTwo reviewers independently coded the planning interventions into BCT combinations and MoA assemblies. Outcome was dichotomised according to the statistical power and Cohen’s d. The Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool and the Risk of Bias in Nonrandomized Studies–of Interventions assessment tool were used to assess the quality of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and non-RCTs, respectively.ResultsFrom the 52 included studies, 46 BCTs were identified and linked to 21 MoAs. Long-term facilitators for planning intervention included ‘self-monitoring of behaviour’, ‘problem solving’, ‘instruction on how to perform the behaviour’ and ‘adding objects to the environments’. The three most frequently occurring MoAs were ‘intention’, ‘behavioural regulation’, ‘beliefs about capabilities’. The effective intervention groups had higher MoA scores that corresponded to the HAPA model constructs than the ineffective groups.ConclusionsThe findings from this review may inform scientific and effective planning intervention designs for community-dwelling people with chronic conditions in the future.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42021241227.