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1
Asiimwe, Delius. A review of behavioural change models in the context of HIV/AIDS in Uganda. [Kampala?: s.n., 2002.
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2
Health behaviour goal model: Towards a theoretical framework for health behaviour change. [Leiden: Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Leiden University], 1997.
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3
Oxfam and We Can South Asia Regional Secretariat, eds. We can: A model of behavioural change concerning violence against women : Bangladesh report. Dhaka: Amrai Pari Paribarik Nirjaton Protirodh Jot, 2013.
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4
Clarke, Patricia. Exercise behaviour change in a GP referred sample and a 'Typical' sample: Application of the transtheoretical model and multidimensional scaling techniques. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1996.
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5
Soetjahja, I. The planning, implementation, and evaluation of health education activities: A combined administrative and behavioural model with an active behavioural change inducement approach in the primary health care context for health promotion and development in rural and urban areas. 2nd ed. Manila: Library of the World Health Organization, Western Pacific Regional Office, 1989.
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6
Barbera, Filippo, Roberto Paladini, and Marco Vedovato. Venice Original E-commerce dell’artigianato artistico e tradizionale veneziano. Venice: Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-615-2.
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In the last few years, many researchers have highlighted the economic and cultural impact that crafts have on the development of territories, enhancing local identities and traditions. Various researches also point to the close relationship between trade (sometimes called ‘neighbourhood’ trade), crafts and historic centres, in terms of quality of life, and socio-economic and identity development of territories, showing their new centrality to processes of urban development and regeneration and the formation of social capital. It is evident how enterprise contributes to local development through social interactions based on negotiated and open collaborations between microenterprises, community and network. It was well argued how small business (commerce, crafts and neighbourhood stores) has always played an important role as a social garrison in sparsely populated areas, allowing cities and particularly urban centres to become more lively or livable, being able to give or take away quality from the city and the territory, attributing peculiarity, security and specificity to places or trivialising them in a homogenised landscape. Among the services of social utility recognised to the artisan workshop are: the guarantee of services useful to the livability of the place, the garrisoning of territories and the development of social relations, the promotion of local identity and its know-how, and the creation of employment opportunities through modest initial availability of capital. At the same time, the worsening recessionary dynamics that have occurred in the global economy over the past two decades and the disruptive digital transition have exposed such enterprises to increasing difficulties, disruptively accentuating the decline in competitiveness and propensity to innovate of a large proportion of craft SMEs, of which the socioeconomic literature does not see significant adaptations to the changed environment, such as reconfiguring the business model, adopting a totally new strategic plan adapting to the digital transition, generational transition, and adopting innovative organisational or system behaviours. This volume presents the Venice Original E-Commerce case – a project carried out by the Venice Metropolitan CNA thanks to the support of J.P. Morgan, the support of the Venice Rovigo Chamber of Commerce and the sponsorship of the City of Venice and Ca’ Foscari University of Venice – as a reference project intervention to focus on a possible model of intervention to support culturally-valued artisan micro-enterprises, intervening on the process of strategic renewal and the conditions to foster generational turnover, understood as an opportunity to fill the gap on the digitisation of the artisan sector.
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Chan, Emily Ying Yang. Health promotion planning approaches, human behavioural change models, and health promotion theories. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198807179.003.0003.
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Based on the conceptual building blocks introduced in the previous chapter, this chapter further sketches theoretical approaches and models that can be employed to guide rural health and disaster preparedness education programmes, namely the MAP-IT approach, precede–proceed model, P-Process, Health Belief Model, Transtheoretical (Stages of Change) Model, Theory of Planned Behaviour, Social Cognitive Theory, and complex interventions. These theories and models are intended to conceptualize human thought and behaviour and systematically explain the reasons behind actions such that they can be utilized to set the objectives and content of health intervention projects. Health literacy will also be discussed, with relevant examples for illustrative purposes.
8
Social Marketing and Behaviour Change: Models, Theory and Applications. Elgar Publishing Limited, Edward, 2014.
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9
Brennan, Linda, Lukas Parker, Wayne Binney, Dang Nguyen, and Torgeir Aleti. Social Marketing and Behaviour Change: Models, Theory and Applications. Elgar Publishing Limited, Edward, 2016.
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10
Watne, T. A., Linda Brennan, Lukas Parker, Wayne Binney, and Dang Nguyen. Social Marketing and Behaviour Change: Models, Theory and Applications. Elgar Publishing Limited, Edward, 2014.
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12
Learning and health behaviour change: An holistic model. Ottawa: National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1992.
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13
Yates, Patsy. Communication in the context of cancer as a chronic disease. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198736134.003.0027.
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Changes in cancer treatment and improved survival rates mean that cancer is often experienced as a chronic condition. This chapter draws on contemporary models of chronic disease management, which define the capabilities required to promote self-management and identify the specific communication practices that achieve optimal outcomes for individuals living with a long-term condition. These capabilities require health professionals to provide person-centred care and achieve individual behavioural as well as organizational/system change. Communication skills which reflect these capabilities in practice include open questions and reflective listening, empathy and sensitivity to patient needs, and sharing of information. Communication skills to support motivational interviewing, collaborative problem identification, and organizational change, including communicating within a multidisciplinary team, are critical to achieving optimal outcomes for people living with cancer. These communication practices enable the patient to be a partner as they adjust to new health challenges, and a changed social and psychological context.
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Azzopardi, Leif, and Guido Zuccon. Economic Models of Interaction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799603.003.0012.
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This chapter provides a tutorial on how economics can be used to model the interaction between users and systems. Economic theory provides an intuitive and natural way to model Human-Computer Interaction which enables the prediction and explanation of user behaviour. A central tenet of the approach is the utility maximisation paradigm where it is assumed that users seek to maximise their profit/benefit subject to budget and other constraints when interacting with a system. By using such models it is possible to reason about user behaviour and make predictions about how changes to the interface or the users interactions will affect performance and behaviour. In this chapter, we describe and develop several economic models relating to how users search for information. While the examples are specific to Information Seeking and Retrieval, the techniques employed can be applied more generally to other human-computer interaction scenarios. Therefore, the goal of this chapter is to provide an introduction and overview of how to build economic models of human-computer interaction that generate testable hypotheses regarding user behaviour which can be used to guide design and inform experimentation.
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Burton, Derek, and Margaret Burton. Fish behaviour. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785552.003.0014.
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Behaviour involves reacting to stimuli and may be innate (colour change) or include input via cognition (learning, memory). Understanding the complex behaviour of some fish, as in interaction with conspecifics, potential prey or predators, may require consideration of neurobiology and endocrinology. Whereas fish may show behaviours associated with tetrapods (play, sleep), some of their behaviour follows a preset pattern, for example in feeding and reproduction. Communication between fish depends on cues such as colour, sound, electroception or pheromones. Long-term behaviour includes migration and territoriality, with schooling a group phenomenon. Within the brain a neuropil may indicate a region capable of memory, in fish it is abundant in the optic tectum with up to 15 laminae (layers), with some in the olfactory bulb; however, the laminated cerebral cortex of mammals is lacking. Current research includes the role of engrams in memory and the use of zebrafish as models.
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Wyatt, Tristram D. 2. Sensing and responding. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198712152.003.0002.
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How an animal behaves is coordinated by nerves and hormones in different, complementary ways. Stimuli, such as the sound of a predator, cause fast behavioural responses coordinated by nerve signals. The stimuli also cause longer lasting physiological changes via hormones, which release energy sources needed for the muscle action required for escape. ‘Sensing and responding’ considers the sensory responses of bats and moths, and then explains selective sensitivity—how animals evolve to detect only what affects their survival or reproductive success. It also shows how the study of neural circuits in simple model systems, such as sea slugs, can help us understand more complicated behaviours in other animals.
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Grove, M. Annette, and David F. Lancy. Cultural Models of Stages in the Life Course. Edited by Sally Crawford, Dawn M. Hadley, and Gillian Shepherd. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199670697.013.5.
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It is clear that societies differ with respect to their locally constructed, cultural, or ‘folk’ models of the life course. However, predictable transitions can be found as children progress through naturally occurring stages (walking, talking, gaining sense, puberty). Societies draw upon these predictable transitions to construct models of development. Ethnographic and historic records provide evidence of behavioural changes in children and the response of family members that signal a shift in the child’s status. Drawing on these data, we construct a broadly applicable cultural model of child development. This model coalesces around six life cycle stages, which correspond to evolutionary biologists’ analyses. This entry draws on a long-term project designed to develop an anthropological perspective on human development. Our database consists of archival accounts of childhood from nearly 1,000 societies, ranging from the Palaeolithic to the present and from every area of the world.
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Sassenberg, Kai, and Kai J. Jonas. Attitude change and social influence on the net. Edited by Adam N. Joinson, Katelyn Y. A. McKenna, Tom Postmes, and Ulf-Dietrich Reips. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199561803.013.0018.
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This article summarizes how social influence can be exerted in computer-mediated communication (CMC). It outlines research on short-term effects of CMC on attitudes and behaviour, rather than on long-term effects of social influence. The article first presents a model of three types of social influence that can be discerned in groups, representing the current state of research on social influence. Subsequently, the characteristics of CMC relevant to social influence are described and related to this model. Following this, classical and contemporary research is reviewed. The final section outlines a model summarizing the knowledge on social influence in CMC and identifies topics for further research.
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Boland, Lawrence A. Epilogue. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190274320.003.0017.
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This chapter considers whether new efforts provided by behavioural, evolutionary and complexity economics have any chance of changing how economics is taught and practiced in the future. The main question at issue is whether the new views based on experimental behavioural, evolutionary and complexity models have any hope of displacing textbook equilibrium economic explanations. The prognosis is they do not at the introductory level, but perhaps might at the advanced undergraduate and the graduate levels. The chapter concludes by stressing the need to understand the role of learning in the process of equilibrium attainment if equilibrium models are ever to be useful for understanding real world economies and guiding policy makers.
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Clack, Timothy, and Marcus Brittain, eds. Archaeologies of Cultural Contact. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199693948.001.0001.
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Abstract Archaeologies of Cultural Contact undertakes an exploration of cultural contact and cultural transfer, with a particular focus on the combination and modification of material and behavioural attributes under conditions of contact. From globalization and displacement to cultural legitimization and identity politics, the modern world is characterized by and articulated through dynamics of contact and transfer. The book recognizes that creolization, ethnogenesis, hybridity, and syncretism are analytical concepts and social processes not only of relevance to the postcolonial contexts of the twentieth century but to wide-ranging instances where contact is made between cultural groups. Indeed, in representing the re-working of pre-existing cultural elements, they were crucial and ever-present features of the human past. Characterized as passive, agentless, and unidirectional, this volume exposes and overcomes various limitations of competing models of cultural change. Ranging in their analytical frame, scale, and geographical and temporal location, the thirteen chapters in this volume demonstrate the diverse understandings that can be gained from explorations into the material remains of past contact. The volume permits insights not only into cultural change and difference but also the processes of appropriation, resistance, redefinition, and incorporation. Together, the contributions articulate the perspectives that concern practices in relations to people, places, and things and note how power dynamics mediate social interactions and sustain and constrain forms of cultural contact. This book will be of interest to researchers and students in archaeology and also those from cognate disciplines, particularly anthropology and history.
21
Changes in Pilot Control Behaviour across Stewart Platform Motion Systems. Berlin, Germany: Logos-Verlag Berlin, 2012.
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22
Konopasek, Lyuba, Marcy Rosenbaum, John Encandela, and Kathy Cole-Kelly. Evaluating communication skills training courses. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198736134.003.0062.
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This chapter describes strategies for designing programme evaluation for communication skills training courses. It draws on the communication literature to demonstrate evaluation approaches including use of control groups, validated instruments, and observation methods. The logic model is introduced as a tool to ensure that evaluation is aligned with programme plans. Kirkpatrick’s four levels of programme evaluation are used to analyse training outcomes. Kirkpatrick’s Level 1 evaluates learners’ reaction to training. Level 2 evaluates changes in the learners’ attitudes, such as self-efficacy, knowledge and skills, including assessment by standardized patients. Level 3 assesses change in communication behaviours in the context of patient care, and Level 4 measures changes in patient outcomes, including patient satisfaction. Examples of each Kirkpatrick level are provided in this chapter, along with their strengths and limitations.
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Siwak, Christina T. Age-related changes in non-cognitive behaviours in a canine model model of aging and dementia and therapeutic evaluation of adrafinil and modafinil. 2002.
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24
J, MacLeod Murdo, and Rawski Evelyn Sakakida, eds. European intruders and changes in behaviour and customs in Africa, America, and Asia before 1800. Brookfield, VT: Ashgate, 1998.
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25
MacLeod, Murdo J., and Evelyn S. Rawski. European Intruders and Changes in Behaviour and Customs in Africa, America and Asia Before 1800. Taylor & Francis Group, 2017.
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MacLeod, Murdo J., and Evelyn S. Rawski. European Intruders and Changes in Behaviour and Customs in Africa, America and Asia Before 1800. Taylor & Francis Group, 2017.
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27
Mhango, Chisale. Mobilizing the community against maternal death—the Malawi community champion model. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198703327.003.0005.
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Chapter 5 discusses the challenge of reducing maternal mortality in Malawi, one of the least resourced countries in Africa, through a mixture of clinical measures, service organization, and mobilizing the community. It describes how African Union (AU) and WHO policies were important in shaping plans and how international partners helped support and resource Malawi’s plans, as well as how the community and community leaders have been central to the success in Malawi. It covers how traditional leaders–chiefs–have played a very big role in giving maternal health greater priority and in changing behaviours amongst men as well as women, along with their willingness to confront resistance to change, whether it came from the churches or from individuals. It also covers the use of non-medical personnel, for example, in providing injectable contraceptives to women or in banning traditional birth attendants from delivering babies.
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Farber, Daniel A. Public Choice Theory and Legal Institutions. Edited by Francesco Parisi. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199684267.013.015.
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This article asks what public choice can teach about legal institutions and their governing framework of public law. It begins with an overview and assessment of two important components of public choice: social choice theory (stemming from Arrow's Theorem) and interest group theory. It then considers the use of public choice models to explain the behaviour of legislatures, agencies, and courts. The core public choice insight is that institutional structures are responses to fundamental problems relating to collective action. However, the normative use of specific public choice models should be undertaken with caution. The models are likely to be most useful when they are informed by deep familiarity with specific institutional contexts; reforms are context-specific; and proposed changes are at the margin rather than involving major structural changes.
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Steensland, Pia. Anabolic Androgenic Steroids and the Brain: Studies of Neurochemical and Behavioural Changes Using an Animal Model (Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Pharmacy, 261). Uppsala Universitet, 2001.
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30
Kemp, T. S. Reptiles: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198806417.001.0001.
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Reptiles: A Very Short Introduction introduces the extraordinary diversity of reptiles that have walked the Earth, from the dinosaurs and other reptiles of the past to modern-day living species. It discusses the adaptations reptiles made to first leave the water and colonize dry land, which fitted them for their unique ways of life. Considering the variety of different living groups of reptiles today, from lizards and snakes to crocodiles and turtles, it explores their biology and behaviour. Finally, this VSI assesses the threat of extinction to modern-day reptile species due to over-exploitation, habitat destruction, and climate change, and considers what can be done.
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Cappuccio, Francesco P., and Michelle A. Miller. Sleep and cardio-metabolic disease. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198778240.003.0008.
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Sleep patterns of quantity and quality are affected by a variety of cultural, social, psychological, behavioural, pathophysiological, and environmental influences. Changes in modern society—such as longer working hours, more shift work, 24/7 availability of commodities, and 24-hour global connectivity—have been associated with a gradual reduction in sleep duration and sleeping patterns across westernized populations. In the present chapter we review the evidence to suggest that prolonged curtailment of sleep duration and worsening of sleep quality are both powerful risk factors for the development of common diseases such as obesity, diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, and stroke, and may even be responsible, in the long term, for premature death.
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Wray, Alison. The Dynamics of Dementia Communication. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190917807.001.0001.
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Despite a plethora of good advice, it can be hard to sustain effective communicative behaviours when someone is living with a dementia. This book asks why that is. Part 1 explores how various dementia-causing diseases affect the linguistic, pragmatic (reasoning), and memory systems; how social perceptions and practices exacerbate the underlying biological problems; how people living with a dementia describe their experiences; and how dementia care currently addresses the challenges of communication. Part 2 asks why people communicate and what shapes how they communicate. The Communicative Impact model of communication is introduced and theoretically justified. It is argued that all communication is driven by people’s desire to make beneficial changes to their experiential world by getting the hearer to do, say, think, or feel something. Part 3 applies the model from part 2 to the range of considerations explored in part 1, helping readers see how and why communication is undermined and reshaped by the various biological, social, and emotional factors underlying the dementia experience. The model is used to shed light on how people living with a dementia are perceived and, as a result, treated, with particular attention to the acceptability of (well-intentioned) deception. The final chapter asks what needs to change if communication and well-being are to be optimized for people living with a dementia. In pursuit of truly person- and relationship-centred care, proposals for advanced skills in communication with a person living with a dementia are presented and explained, helping anchor the ubiquitous dos and don’ts in a deeper understanding of why interaction is difficult.
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Whitehouse, Harvey. The Ritual Animal. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199646364.001.0001.
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The ritual animal longs to belong. Rituals are a way of defining the boundaries of social groups and binding their members together. The ritual modes theory set out in this book seeks to unravel the psychology behind these processes, and to explain how ritual behaviour evolved, including how different modes of ritual performance have shaped global history over many millennia. Testing the theory has meant designing experiments run with children in psychology labs and on remote Pacific islands, gathering survey data with armed insurgents in the Middle East and Muslim fundamentalists in Indonesia, monitoring heart rate and stress among football fans in Brazil, and measuring changes in the brain as people observe traditional Chinese rituals in Singapore. The results of all this research point to new ways of addressing cooperation problems: from preventing violent extremism to motivating action on the climate crisis. Although this book is about the role of ritual in the evolution of social complexity, more broadly it models a new approach to the science of the social—an approach that is driven by real-world observation but grounded in the cognitive and evolutionary sciences. More ambitiously still, it shows how cumulative theory building can be used to deliver practical benefits for society at large, perhaps even addressing problems on a global scale by harnessing the formidable cohesive and cooperative capacities of the ritual animal.
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Connolly, Michael. SAGE & THYME. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198736134.003.0024.
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Unhelpful communication behaviours by nurses are known to block patients with cancer from thinking for themselves and so a new approach to training emotional support has emerged from practice. Foundation-level communication skills, including patient-centredness, are being taught in the United Kingdom within a three-hour workshop. Within it, teachers of communication skills are attempting to bridge the gap between published knowledge and clinical practice, using a structured and sequential model known as SAGE & THYME. The model is described as a starter kit to help health workers to listen carefully and practice patient-centred care. The elements of the model and the workshop are described. Published data of self-reported outcomes from workshop participants suggest that learning happens, beliefs change, confidence grows, and willingness to discuss emotional concerns increases. Dissemination of the workshop throughout the United Kingdom appears to be practical, though further research into the impact on patient outcomes is needed.
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Seligmann, Matthew S. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759973.003.0007.
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As this book has shown the common conception that ‘Churchill’s “radical phase” was cast to the winds’ when he was put in charge of the Navy in October 1911, although well established in the literature, is not, in fact, accurate.1 The radical President of the Board of Trade, eager to improve the lives of the poor, became the radical Home Secretary, no less enthusiastic for social reform, who then became the radical First Lord of the Admiralty, imbued with both a desire and, perhaps more importantly, a will to intervene in order to better conditions for those who served in the Royal Navy. Accordingly, he embarked upon a major programme of improvement across a wide range of different areas all of which affected the everyday life of sailors. Alcohol intake, sexual behaviour, religious practice, corporal punishment, as well as pay and equality of progression, all came under the spotlight while Churchill was First Lord. Of course, not all of the new measures were successful and not all were progressive in the modern understanding of the term, but all of them represented significant attempts to push forward a radical agenda for change....
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Dean, Rebecca M. Fauna and the emergence of intensive agricultural economies in the United States Southwest. Edited by Umberto Albarella, Mauro Rizzetto, Hannah Russ, Kim Vickers, and Sarah Viner-Daniels. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199686476.013.36.
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The Hohokam of Arizona, USA, created one of the most intensive agricultural systems in North America. Their hunting economy intensified along with the agricultural system, but intensification (measured through the diversification of hunting strategies) was mitigated by a variety of processes, not all of which are easily understood by traditional methods of measuring intensification, such as diet breadth models. Hunting intensification was limited by constraints placed on hunters due to agricultural labour needs, and affected by changes in local landscapes for agricultural purposes. The hunting behaviour of the Hohokam cannot be understood solely in its own terms, as a product of optimal decision-making based on the availability of prey in the landscape at large. Rather, decisions were contextualized within the constraints of the social and labour organization of the agricultural system, and were contingent on the changes that had been made to that landscape as a result of agricultural demands.
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Dabir-Moghaddam, Mohammad. Typological Approaches and Dialects. Edited by Anousha Sedighi and Pouneh Shabani-Jadidi. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198736745.013.3.
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Modern Persian reveals interesting typological properties. In terms of word order parameters, it has grammaticalized a number of OV-type and a number of VO-type parameters. As this mixed typological behaviour can be attested in Old Persian and Middle Persian, the implications of this observation for typology, formal linguistics, and theories of language change are worth pursuing. The agreement system of Modern Persian is Nominative-Accusative. However, the majority of Modern Iranian languages are split in this respect. Morphologically, Modern Persian is analytic. This morphological type can be observed in Middle Persian as well. This two-millennium-old typological property gives Persian a distinct place within the Indo-European languages. As Persian is spoken in a widespread geographical area, there are many Persian dialects currently in use. A number of grammatical features of Tajik Persian, Afghan (Dari) Persian, Isfahani Persian, and Gha’eni Persian are briefly mentioned.
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Impett, Jonathan. Making a mark The psychology of composition. Edited by Susan Hallam, Ian Cross, and Michael Thaut. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199298457.013.0037.
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This article discusses the psychology of composition. Composition is a reflexive, iterative process of inscription. The work, once named as such and externalizable to some degree, passes circularly between inner and outer states. It passes through internal and external representations – mostly partial or compressed, some projected in mental rather than physical space, not all necessarily conscious or observable – and phenomenological experience, real or imagined. At each state-change the work is re-mediated by the composer, whose decision-making process is conditioned by the full complexity of human experience. This entire activity informs the simultaneous development of the composer's understanding of the particular work in its autonomy, of their own creativity, and of music more broadly. While the urge to compose – to invent, structure, and define sound and musical behaviour – may be to some degree innate, modes of conceiving, representing, and realizing are the product of a situated process. Even if some or all of that activity is so well assimilated personally or culturally that it remains hidden from experimental view, it remains a behaviour in respect of an emerging object.
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French, Jeff. The case for social marketing in public health. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198717690.003.0001.
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This chapter explores the influence of paternalistic conceptions of public health fostered by more generic state paternalism that stresses the responsibility of the state to influence health and the conditions that create it. The limitations of such an approach are reviewed. The chapter also explores the growing realization that governments and their agencies cannot deliver the significant shifts in population-level behaviour change alone, and the implications of this realization. The second half of the chapter sets out the case for a new citizen-informed model of public health practice informed by social marketing principles. The rationale and practical implications of this new citizen-focused model are explored, including the added value contribution that can be made to public health programmes and policy through the application of social marketing principles. The chapter ends with a review of why social marketing is being increasingly applied as standard practice in many parts of the world.
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Botsford, Louis W., J. Wilson White, and Alan Hastings. Population Dynamics for Conservation. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198758365.001.0001.
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This book is a quantitative exposition of our current understanding of the dynamics of plant and animal populations, with the goal that readers will be able to understand, and participate in the management of populations in the wild. The book uses mathematical models to establish the basic principles of population behaviour. It begins with a philosophical approach to mathematical models of populations. It then progresses from a description of models with a single variable, abundance, to models that describe changes in the abundance of individuals at each age, then similar models that describe populations in terms of the abundance over size, life stage, and space. The book assumes a knowledge of basic calculus, but explains more advanced mathematical concepts such as partial derivatives, matrices, and random signals, as it makes use of them. The book explains the basis of the principles underlying important population processes, such as the mechanism that allow populations to persist, rather than go extinct, the way in which populations respond to variable environments, and the origin of population cycles.The next two chapters focus on application of the principles of population dynamics to manage for the prevention of extinction, as well as the management of fisheries for sustainable, high yields. The final chapter recapitulates how different population behaviors arise in situations with different levels of density dependence and replacement (the potential lifetime reproduction per individual), and how variability arises at different time scales set by a species’ life history.
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Detels, Roger, Martin Gulliford, Quarraisha Abdool Karim, and Chorh Chuan Tan, eds. Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199661756.001.0001.
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The Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health is the ultimate resource on the subject of public health and epidemiology. It has been thoroughly revised and updated, offering a global and comprehensive perspective on wide-ranging public health needs and priorities in modern health care. It is divided into three areas: 'The Scope of Public Health' discusses the development of the discipline, determinants of health and disease, public health policies, and law and ethics; 'The Methods of Public Health' covers the main science behind the discipline – epidemiology; 'The Practice of Public Health' examines specific public health problems and the options for prevention and control. As well as identifying these issues by system or disease, there is also an awareness of the unique needs of particular population groups. This sixth edition also includes new topics, including climate change, genetic testing and epidemiology; new methods for measuring the burden of disease; life course approaches to epidemiology, behavioural economics; and physical activity, health and wellbeing.
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Plock, Vike Martina. Conformity and Idiosyncrasy: Jean Rhys. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474427418.003.0003.
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By looking at Jean Rhys’s ‘Left Bank’ fiction (Quartet, After Leaving Mr Mackenzie, Good Morning, Midnight, ‘Illusion’, ‘Mannequin’), this chapter investigates how new operational procedures such as Fordism and Taylorism, which were introduced into the French couture industry at the beginning of the twentieth century, affected constructions of modern femininity. Increasingly standardized images of feminine types were produced by Paris couturiers while the new look of the Flapper seemingly advertised women’s expanding social, political and professional mobility. Rhys, this chapter argues, noted fashion’s ability to provide resources for creative image construction but she simultaneously expressed criticism of its tendency to standardize female costumes and behaviour. Ultimately, Rhys demonstrates in her fiction that the radically modern couture of the early twentieth century was by no means the maker of social change and women’s political modernity. To offset the increased standardization of female images that she witnessed around her, Rhys created heroines and texts that relied on an overt display on difference.
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Hawkes, Gail, and Xanthé Mallet. The criminalization of sexuality. Edited by Teela Sanders. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190213633.013.29.
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‘Sexuality’ is a fluid concept that has varied significantly across time and place. It is an aspect of social identity that means many different things to different people. The criminality of so-called deviant sexual behaviour is also socially constructed. The result is dissonance between the modern democratic notions of freedom of expression and current social sensibilities. This essay summarizes views toward acceptable sexual conduct throughout the Anglophone West, focusing on changes in British social attitudes and laws. It discusses the association of sex and sin that lay at the foundations of Western sexual morality. It follows the transformation of this connection through the secularization process associated with modernity and demonstrates the role of medical knowledge and practice in this regard. Changes to legislation over time will be used as evidence of shifting social attitudes, such as laws regarding the sexualized child, homosexual relationships, and rape within marriage.
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Wert, Michael. Samurai: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780190685072.001.0001.
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A book about the samurai from their origins in the eighth and ninth centuries until their demise in the mid-nineteenth century. It describes samurai life, work, philosophy, and warfare as it changed over time and covers what samurai were doing when they weren’t fighting. The first half of the book tends to focus on warriors who were essentially aristocrats; warrior families who looked to non-warrior nobles for models of behaviour, lifestyle, and politics. It traces the early formation of a warrior regime, how it interacted with an emperor-centered noble court located permanently in Kyoto, and the political and cultural struggles within the warrior class. The second half of the book zeroes in on the details of warlord families, the struggles of “rank-and-file” samurai typically depicted in popular culture—warriors from the seventeenth through nineteenth centuries. It also shows how samurai history, culture, and values were consumed by non-samurai and, in so doing, contributed to an idealized warrior image that even samurai themselves tried to emulate.
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Arora-Jonsson, Stefan, Nils Brunsson, Raimund Hasse, and Katarina Lagerström, eds. Competition. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898012.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
The spread of competition into all areas of society is one of the master trends of modern society. Yet, social scientists have played a surprisingly modest role in the analysis of its implications as the discussion of competition has largely been confined to the narrow context of economic markets. This book opens up competition for the study of social scientists. The central message of the book is that competition seems ubiquitous but it should not be taken for granted or be naturalized as an inevitable aspect of human existence. Its emergence, maintenance, and change are based on institutions and organizational efforts, and a central challenge for social science is to learn more about these processes and their outcomes. With the use of a novel definition of competition, more fundamental questions can be addressed than merely whether or not competition works. How is competition constructed—and by whom? Which institutional and organizational foundations need to be considered? Which behaviours result from competition? What are its consequences? Can competition be removed? And, how do these factors vary with the object of competition—be it money, attention, status, or other scarce and desired objects? The chapters in the book investigate these and more questions in studies of competition among and within schools, universities, multinational corporations, auditors, waste-disposal firms, and fashion designers and users. The chapters are written by scholars from several social science fields: management, organization studies, sociology, anthropology, and education.
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Lebovitz, Harold E., and Shlomo Ben-Haim. Novel technologies: What does gastric electrical stimulation offer to the patient with type 2 diabetes and depression? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198789284.003.0014.
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Owing to the epidemiologic dimensions of type 2 diabetes, obesity, and depression, the development of novel and effective treatment options for these conditions is of great importance. One of the major challenges in this field is that many antidiabetic and antidepressive drugs may have disadvantageous metabolic effects by increasing weight and worsening insulin resistance. Novel technologies more effectively considering the pathophysiological changes related to this entity are needed. The DIAMOND electrical stimulation device improves glycaemic control, causes weight loss and decreases systolic blood pressure in overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes. The DIAMOND device detects food ingestion and automatically activates its postprandial metabolic effects. It does so with minimal side effects, no hypoglycaemia, modest weight loss, minimal requirement for self-blood glucose monitoring, and improvement in eating behaviour. The properties of DIAMOND treatment suggest that it may have merit for treating patients with comorbid diabetes and depression.
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Cappuccio, Francesco P., Michelle A. Miller, Steven W. Lockley, and Shantha M. W. Rajaratnam, eds. Sleep, Health, and Society. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198778240.001.0001.
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Sleep disturbances are common in modern society. Since the beginning of the century, populations have shown a decline in sleep duration, owing to changes in environmental and social conditions. Industry was the first to appreciate the detrimental effects of sleep disturbances on health and wellbeing. It has taken, however, many decades to understand the implications for individuals and populations of sustained sleep deprivation. This second edition follows in the footsteps of the first edition published in 2010. It maintains the focus on sleep disturbances as a universal behaviour that affects health and wellbeing in the short and long term, from childhood to adulthood to older age. It provides updates on new topics, such as sleep and cognition, epilepsy, pregnancy, cancer, pain, drowsy driving, built environment, and school times, with historical perspectives and a personal account. It is written in an accessible prose for a general readership, yet maintaining scientific rigour
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Felde, Andrea Kronstad, Tor Halvorsen, Anja Myrtveit, and Reidar Øygard. Democracy and the Discourse on Relevance Within the Academic Profession at Makerere University. African Minds, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47622/9781928502272.
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Democracy and the Discourse of Relevanceis set against the backdrop of the spread of neoliberal ideas and reforms since the 1980s, accepting also that these ideas are rooted in a longer history. It focuses on how neoliberalism has worked to transform the university sector and the academic profession. In particular, it examines how understandings of, and control over, what constitutes relevant knowledge have changed. Taken as a whole, these changes have sought to reorient universities and academics towards economic development in various ways. This includes the installation of strategies for how institutions and academics achieve recognition and status within the academy, the privatisation of educational services and the downgrading of the value of public higher education, as well as a steady shift away from the public funding for universities. Research universities are increasingly adopting a user- and market-oriented model, with an emphasis on meeting corporate demands, the privileging of short-term research, and a strong tendency to view utility, and the potential to sell intellectual property for profit, as primary criteria for determining the relevance of academic knowledge. The privatisation of education services and the reorienting of universities towards the needs of the ‘knowledge economy’ have largely succeeded in transforming the discourse around the role of the academic profession in society, including in many African countries. Makerere University in Uganda has often been lauded as an example of successful transformation along neoliberal lines. However, our research into the working lives of academics at Makerere revealed a very different picture. Far from epitomising the allegedly positive outcomes of neoliberal reform, academics and postgraduate students interviewed at Makerere provide worrying insights into the undermining of a vibrant and independent academic culture. The stories of the ordinary academics on the ground, the empirical focus of the book, are in contrast to the claimed successes of the university; and the official stories of the university leadership and administration paint a picture of an academic profession in crisis. With diminishing influence on deciding what is relevant knowledge and thus on processes of democratization of their own institution and society, academic freedom is also losing its value. This perspective from the ground-level exposes the many problems that neoliberal reforms have created for academics at Makerere, leaving them feeling disempowered, often reducing them to the status of consultants. We also show how a range of local initiatives are steadily increasing resistance to the neoliberal model. We consider how academics and others can further mobilise to regain control over what knowledge is considered relevant, and thereby deepen democracy. In so doing, we aim to highlight some responses and actions that have proven effective so far. Democracy and the Discourse of Relevancewill hopefully help to change the systems that value knowledge in ways that are driving research institutions towards competitive and market-like behaviour. We also aim to contribute to contemporary debates about what knowledge is relevant.
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Panigrahi, Muktikanta, and Arpan Kumar Nayak. Polyaniline based Composite for Gas Sensors. IOR PRESS, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/ioriip212.
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In this research work, we have demonstrated the synthesis, spectroscopic characteristics, thermal behaviour and DC conductivity of a few nanostructured composites, substituted conducting polymers (ICPs) and composites of ICPs. The physical properties of aforementioned composites are significantly changed by the doping with HCl, H2SO4, HNO3, H3PO4, or acrylic acid. The charge transport properties of these polymeric materials have been studied in detail because of their potential application in gas sensors. In the current work, varieties of conducting polymer based materials such as PANI-ES/Cloisite 20A nanostructured composite, acrylic acid (AA) doped PANI polymer, N-substituted conducting polyaniline polymer, DL−PLA/PANI-ES composites, poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) based polyaniline composite, and inorganic acid doped polyaniline are sucessfuly synthesized using aniline/aniline hydrochloride as precursors in acidic medium. Particularly, AA based synthesised PANI polymer was found with higher solubility The spectroscopic, thermal stability, enthalpy of fusion, room temperature DC conductivity and temperature dependent DC conductivity measurements with and without magnetic was carried out with as-synthesized materials. The FTR/ATR−FTIR spectra indicated the presence of different functional groups in the as-prepared composite materials. The UV−Visible absorption spectroscopic analysis showed the presence of polaron band suggesting PANI-ES form. The Room temperature DC conductivity, temperature variation DC conductivity (in presence and absence of magnetic field), and magnetoresistance (MR) of as-prepared conducting polyaniline based were analysed. The highest room temperature DC conductivity value was obtained from H2SO4 doped based composite materials and all prepared conductive composites were followed ohms law. The low temperature DC conductivity was carried out in order to study the semiconducting nature of prepared materials. The Mott type VRH model was found to be well fitted the conductivity data and described the density of states at the Fermi level which is constant in this temperature range. From MR plots, a negative MR was observed, which described the quantum interference effect on hopping conduction. We discuss different gas analytes i.e., NO2, LPG, H2, NH3, CH4, and CO of conducting polymer based materials.
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Brock, Lothar, and Hendrik Simon, eds. The Justification of War and International Order. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198865308.001.0001.
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The history of war is also a history of its justification. The contributions to this book argue that the justification of war rarely happens as empty propaganda. While it is directed at mobilizing support and reducing resistance, it is not purely instrumental. Rather, the justification of force is part of an incessant struggle over what is to count as justifiable behaviour in a given historical constellation of power, interests, and norms. This way, the justification of specific wars interacts with international order as a normative frame of reference for dealing with conflict. The justification of war shapes this order and is being shaped by it. As the justification of specific wars entails a critique of war in general, the use of force in international relations has always been accompanied by political and scholarly discourses on its appropriateness. In much of the pertinent literature the dominating focus is on theoretical or conceptual debates as a mirror of how international normative orders evolve. In contrast, the focus of the present volume is on theory and political practice as sources for the re- and de-construction of the way in which the justification of war and international order interact. The book offers a unique collection of papers exploring the continuities and changes in war discourses as they respond to and shape normative orders from early modern times to the present. It comprises contributions from International Law, History and International Relations and from Western and non-Western perspectives.