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Adewoyin, Oluwande, Janet Wesson, and Dieter Vogts. "The PBC Model: Supporting Positive Behaviours in Smart Environments." Sensors 22, no. 24 (December 8, 2022): 9626. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22249626.
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Several behavioural problems exist in office environments, including resource use, sedentary behaviour, cognitive/multitasking, and social media. These behavioural problems have been solved through subjective or objective techniques. Within objective techniques, behavioural modelling in smart environments (SEs) can allow the adequate provision of services to users of SEs with inputs from user modelling. The effectiveness of current behavioural models relative to user-specific preferences is unclear. This study introduces a new approach to behavioural modelling in smart environments by illustrating how human behaviours can be effectively modelled from user models in SEs. To achieve this aim, a new behavioural model, the Positive Behaviour Change (PBC) Model, was developed and evaluated based on the guidelines from the Design Science Research Methodology. The PBC Model emphasises the importance of using user-specific information within the user model for behavioural modelling. The PBC model comprised the SE, the user model, the behaviour model, classification, and intervention components. The model was evaluated using a naturalistic-summative evaluation through experimentation using office workers. The study contributed to the knowledge base of behavioural modelling by providing a new dimension to behavioural modelling by incorporating the user model. The results from the experiment revealed that behavioural patterns could be extracted from user models, behaviours can be classified and quantified, and changes can be detected in behaviours, which will aid the proper identification of the intervention to provide for users with or without behavioural problems in smart environments.
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Arnot, Megan, Eva Brandl, O. L. K. Campbell, Yuan Chen, Juan Du, Mark Dyble, Emily H. Emmott, et al. "How evolutionary behavioural sciences can help us understand behaviour in a pandemic." Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health 2020, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 264–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/emph/eoaa038.
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Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has brought science into the public eye and to the attention of governments more than ever before. Much of this attention is on work in epidemiology, virology and public health, with most behavioural advice in public health focusing squarely on ‘proximate’ determinants of behaviour. While epidemiological models are powerful tools to predict the spread of disease when human behaviour is stable, most do not incorporate behavioural change. The evolutionary basis of our preferences and the cultural evolutionary dynamics of our beliefs drive behavioural change, so understanding these evolutionary processes can help inform individual and government decision-making in the face of a pandemic. Lay summary: The COVID-19 pandemic has brought behavioural sciences into the public eye: Without vaccinations, stopping the spread of the virus must rely on behaviour change by limiting contact between people. On the face of it, “stop seeing people” sounds simple. In practice, this is hard. Here we outline how an evolutionary perspective on behaviour change can provide additional insights. Evolutionary theory postulates that our psychology and behaviour did not evolve to maximize our health or that of others. Instead, individuals are expected to act to maximise their inclusive fitness (i.e, spreading our genes) – which can lead to a conflict between behaviours that are in the best interests for the individual, and behaviours that stop the spread of the virus. By examining the ultimate explanations of behaviour related to pandemic-management (such as behavioural compliance and social distancing), we conclude that “good of the group” arguments and “one size fits all” policies are unlikely to encourage behaviour change over the long-term. Sustained behaviour change to keep pandemics at bay is much more likely to emerge from environmental change, so governments and policy makers may need to facilitate significant social change – such as improving life experiences for disadvantaged groups.
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Rosellini, Amy. "Effective Knowledge Transfer and Behavioural Change in a Training Environment." Journal of Information & Knowledge Management 18, no. 04 (December 2019): 1950049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219649219500497.
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Current models of knowledge transfer are insufficient in defining the factors that address the impact of knowledge transfer at different cycles of the process where a firm employs traditional training programs. The purpose of this study is to examine the models that identify relationships between effective knowledge transfer and behavioural change in the training environment. The study of these models is concerned with how training affects knowledge transfer, how knowledge transfer impacts behaviour change and how behaviour change affects overall job performance. This concept paper examines existing KM models such as SECI model, complexity theory, an entrepreneurship model and knowledge-to-action with the aim of developing an enhanced version of knowledge transfer measurement model (KTMM) that requires further testing.
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Leis, Jeffrey M. "Perspectives on Larval Behaviour in Biophysical Modelling of Larval Dispersal in Marine, Demersal Fishes." Oceans 2, no. 1 (December 22, 2020): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/oceans2010001.
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Biophysical dispersal models for marine fish larvae are widely used by marine ecologists and managers of fisheries and marine protected areas to predict movement of larval fishes during their pelagic larval duration (PLD). Over the past 25 years, it has become obvious that behaviour—primarily vertical positioning, horizontal swimming and orientation—of larvae during their PLD can strongly influence dispersal outcomes. Yet, most published models do not include even one of these behaviours, and only a tiny fraction include all three. Furthermore, there is no clarity on how behaviours should be incorporated into models, nor on how to obtain the quantitative, empirical data needed to parameterize models. The PLD is a period of morphological, physiological and behavioural change, which presents challenges for modelling. The present paper aims to encourage the inclusion of larval behaviour in biophysical dispersal models for larvae of marine demersal fishes by providing practical suggestions, advice and insights about obtaining and incorporating behaviour of larval fishes into such models based on experience. Key issues are features of different behavioural metrics, incorporation of ontogenetic, temporal, spatial and among-individual variation, and model validation. Research on behaviour of larvae of study species should be part of any modelling effort.
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Verelst, Frederik, Lander Willem, and Philippe Beutels. "Behavioural change models for infectious disease transmission: a systematic review (2010–2015)." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 13, no. 125 (December 2016): 20160820. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2016.0820.
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We review behavioural change models (BCMs) for infectious disease transmission in humans. Following the Cochrane collaboration guidelines and the PRISMA statement, our systematic search and selection yielded 178 papers covering the period 2010–2015. We observe an increasing trend in published BCMs, frequently coupled to (re)emergence events, and propose a categorization by distinguishing how information translates into preventive actions. Behaviour is usually captured by introducing information as a dynamic parameter (76/178) or by introducing an economic objective function, either with (26/178) or without (37/178) imitation. Approaches using information thresholds (29/178) and exogenous behaviour formation (16/178) are also popular. We further classify according to disease, prevention measure, transmission model (with 81/178 population, 6/178 metapopulation and 91/178 individual-level models) and the way prevention impacts transmission. We highlight the minority (15%) of studies that use any real-life data for parametrization or validation and note that BCMs increasingly use social media data and generally incorporate multiple sources of information (16/178), multiple types of information (17/178) or both (9/178). We conclude that individual-level models are increasingly used and useful to model behaviour changes. Despite recent advancements, we remain concerned that most models are purely theoretical and lack representative data and a validation process.
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Panchal, Sasikala, and Patricia Riddell. "The GROWS model: Extending the GROW coaching model to support behavioural change." Coaching Psychologist 16, no. 2 (December 2020): 12–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpstcp.2020.16.2.12.
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Coaching models like the popular GROW model provide processes designed to increase the likelihood of change (Whitmore, 2009). Despite the use of such models, changing behaviour can still be difficult. One possible explanation for this is that important aspects of behavioural change are not captured by the GROW model. There has been substantial research into behavioural change in the domain of health initiatives, and this has given rise to Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) (Schwarzer, 2008). This model considers two phases of behavioural change; initiation (in which change is planned) and action (in which new actions are put in place). It is in this second phase that the HAPA model provides new processes that might benefit coaching for behavioural change. The authors adapted key components of the HAPA, in order to incorporate these into the GROW model. They tested this new model on four coaching clients to determine whether this model supports coachees to initiate and maintain behavioural change, and develop recovery strategies when obstacles are encountered. Results suggest that clients found the GROWS model more effective since proactive elicitation of strategies to overcome potential obstacles and recovery from setbacks led to more successful initiation and completion of goals. All levels of self-efficacy tested contributed to this result. The authors share a selection of the HAPA-based coaching questions that can be used to implement this new approach. It is hoped that coaches can use these to support their coachees to develop more sustainable behavioural change.
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Santos, S. V., J. V. L. Moura, S. A. Z. Lescano, J. M. Castro, M. C. S. A. Ribeiro, and P. P. Chieffi. "Behavioural changes and muscle strength inRattus norvegicusexperimentally infected withToxocara catiandT. canis." Journal of Helminthology 89, no. 4 (April 11, 2014): 465–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x14000303.
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AbstractToxocara canisandToxocara catiare nematode parasites in dogs and cats, respectively, transmitted by ingestion of embryonated eggs, transmammary and transplacental (T. canis) routes and paratenic host predation. Many parasites use mechanisms that change the behaviour of their hosts to ensure continued transmission. Several researchers have demonstrated behavioural changes in mouse models as paratenic hosts forT. canis. However, there have been no studies on behavioural changes in laboratory rats (Rattus norvegicus)experimentally infected withT. cati. This study investigated behavioural changes and muscle strength in male and female rats experimentally infected withT. catiorT. canisin acute and chronic phases of infection. Regardless of sex, rats infected withT. catishowed a greater decrease in muscle strength 42 days post infection compared to rats infected withT. canis. However, behavioural changes were only observed in female rats infected withT. canis.
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Turner, Simon P., Kirstin McIlvaney, Jo Donbavand, and Matt J. Turner. "The Effect of Behavioural Indicators of Calf Discomfort Following Routine Procedures on Cow Maternal Care." Animals 10, no. 1 (January 6, 2020): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10010087.
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Pain causes altered arousal and specific behaviours that are rare at other times (pain indicators). We examined whether beef cows (mean age 6 years) are sensitive to pain indicators in addition to arousal following ear tagging and rubber ring castration (males only, n = 31) of their calf (n = 58). Behavioural pain indicators and activity were recorded continuously for 20 min before and 2 h after handling. The 30 min period posthandling captured the peak of behavioural change during this window. Cow maternal and maintenance behaviours were recorded for 20 min before and for 30 min after calf handling. Principal component (PC) analysis identified two dimensions (48% of the variance) in calf behaviour. Arousal and two active pain indicators loaded onto PC1 were shown by linear mixed models to positively affect some maternal behaviours. Lethargy, passive pain indicators and further active pain indicators loaded onto PC2 did not affect cow behaviour. Castration did not result in male calves receiving more maternal attention. Cows alter maternal behaviour in response to calf activity but not behaviours previously shown to indicate pain. Maternal care peaks soon after calving, but recent calving stress or the subtlety of neonatal behavioural expression may constrain cows in responding to the individual behavioural expression of their calf. Future studies exploring empathy should be aware of the constraints on behavioural expression associated with the neonatal and periparturient period.
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Bro-Jørgensen, Jakob, Daniel W. Franks, and Kristine Meise. "Linking behaviour to dynamics of populations and communities: application of novel approaches in behavioural ecology to conservation." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1781 (July 29, 2019): 20190008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0008.
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The impact of environmental change on the reproduction and survival of wildlife is often behaviourally mediated, placing behavioural ecology in a central position to quantify population- and community-level consequences of anthropogenic threats to biodiversity. This theme issue demonstrates how recent conceptual and methodological advances in the discipline are applied to inform conservation. The issue highlights how the focus in behavioural ecology on understanding variation in behaviour between individuals, rather than just measuring the population mean, is critical to explaining demographic stochasticity and thereby reducing fuzziness of population models. The contributions also show the importance of knowing the mechanisms by which behaviour is achieved, i.e. the role of learning, reasoning and instincts, in order to understand how behaviours change in human-modified environments, where their function is less likely to be adaptive. More recent work has thus abandoned the ‘adaptationist’ paradigm of early behavioural ecology and increasingly measures evolutionary processes directly by quantifying selection gradients and phenotypic plasticity. To support quantitative predictions at the population and community levels, a rich arsenal of modelling techniques has developed, and interdisciplinary approaches show promising prospects for predicting the effectiveness of alternative management options, with the social sciences, movement ecology and epidemiology particularly pertinent. The theme issue furthermore explores the relevance of behaviour for global threat assessment, and practical advice is given as to how behavioural ecologists can augment their conservation impact by carefully selecting and promoting their study systems, and increasing their engagement with local communities, natural resource managers and policy-makers. Its aim to uncover the nuts and bolts of how natural systems work positions behavioural ecology squarely in the heart of conservation biology, where its perspective offers an all-important complement to more descriptive ‘big-picture’ approaches to priority setting. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Linking behaviour to dynamics of populations and communities: application of novel approaches in behavioural ecology to conservation’.
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Greer, Ben, Matteo Cella, and Til Wykes. "M107. EXPLORING REAL-TIME VARIABILITY IN PSYCHOLOGICAL, PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL, AND BEHAVIOURAL RISK FACTORS FOR AGGRESSION: A NOVEL APPROACH COMBINING ACTIVE AND PASSIVE REMOTE MONITORING." Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, Supplement_1 (April 2020): S176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa030.419.
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Abstract Background Most service users diagnosed with a schizophrenia-spectrum disorder are not aggressive, but this behaviour does occur in inpatient mental health services worldwide. Aggression is difficult to predict and is influenced by a combination of changeable psychological, psychophysiological, and behavioural factors. Current assessment methods are limited to observable behaviours, conducted relatively infrequently, and demonstrate poor predictive accuracy. Advances in active (experience sampling methodology) and passive (wearable psychophysiological sensors) remote monitoring enable monitoring of psychological, psychophysiological, and behavioural parameters in real-time. Monitoring real-time variability in these parameters could identify concerning changes earlier than is currently possible and enable support to be provided sooner. This study aimed to examine real-time variability psychological, psychophysiological, and behavioural factors among an inpatient sample, and relationship with behavioural incidents. Methods Service users (N=40) with a diagnosis of schizophrenia-spectrum disorder and/or antisocial personality disorder were recruited from a medium-secure inpatient forensic mental health service in the UK. Participants completed a blended active and passive remote monitoring study for seven consecutive days. Participants rated 20 psychological and behavioural items at random periods seven times per day, while wearing a passive remote monitoring device which simultaneously collected measurements of electrodermal activity, heart rate variability, and physical activity. Behavioural incidents occurring during the study were recorded from staff-completed behaviour rating scales, and participants’ electronic hospital records. Multi-level models were constructed to examine the role of psychophysiological, psychological, and behavioural factors in predicting behavioural incidents, controlling for covariates such as physical movement and medication. Results The findings demonstrate the within- and between-participant variability in psychological, psychophysiological, and behavioural parameters occurring in real-time, with high ecological validity. Multi-level modelling enabled the predictive ability of these changes in relation to behavioural incidents to be examined, in addition to the timeframe over which this predictive relationship exists. Discussion To our knowledge this is the first study to examine real-time change in psychological, psychophysiological, and behavioural parameters in relation to behavioural incidents. This blended active and passive remote monitoring approach can offer a temporally precise method of assessing change in these parameters, which participants regarded as acceptable. This novel method could assist in identifying concerning change in these parameters earlier and delivering timely support for service users experiencing difficulties, which could be explored in future research.
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Redd, Rozlyn, Emily Cooper, Christina Atchison, Isabella Pereira, Polly Hollings, Tom Cooper, Catriona Millar, et al. "Behavioural responses to SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing in England: REACT-2 study." Wellcome Open Research 6 (December 2, 2021): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16662.2.
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Background: This study assesses the behavioural responses to SARS-CoV-2 antibody test results as part of the REal-time Assessment of Community Transmission-2 (REACT-2) research programme, a large community-based surveillance study of antibody prevalence in England. Methods: A follow-up survey was conducted six weeks after the SARS-CoV-2 antibody test. The follow-up survey included 4500 people with a positive result and 4039 with a negative result. Reported changes in behaviour were assessed using difference-in-differences models. A nested interview study was conducted with 40 people to explore how they thought through their behavioural decisions. Results: While respondents reduced their protective behaviours over the six weeks, we did not find evidence that positive test results changed participant behaviour trajectories in relation to the number of contacts the respondents had, for leaving the house to go to work, or for leaving the house to socialise in a personal place. The qualitative findings supported these results. Most people did not think that they had changed their behaviours because of their test results, however they did allude to some changes in their attitudes and perceptions around risk, susceptibility, and potential severity of symptoms. Conclusions: We found limited evidence that knowing your antibody status leads to behaviour change in the context of a research study. While this finding should not be generalised to widespread self-testing in other contexts, it is reassuring given the importance of large prevalence studies, and the practicalities of doing these at scale using self-testing with lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA).
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Redd, Rozlyn, Emily Cooper, Christina Atchison, Isabella Pereira, Polly Hollings, Tom Cooper, Catriona Millar, et al. "Behavioural responses to SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing in England: REACT-2 study." Wellcome Open Research 6 (August 9, 2021): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16662.1.
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Background: This study assesses the behavioural responses to SARS-CoV-2 antibody test results as part of the REal-time Assessment of Community Transmission-2 (REACT-2) research programme, a large community-based surveillance study of antibody prevalence in England. Methods: A follow-up survey was conducted six weeks after the SARS-CoV-2 antibody test. The follow-up survey included 4500 people with a positive result and 4039 with a negative result. Reported changes in behaviour were assessed using difference-in-differences models. A nested interview study was conducted with 40 people to explore how they thought through their behavioural decisions. Results: While respondents reduced their protective behaviours over the six weeks, we did not find evidence that positive test results changed participant behaviour trajectories in relation to the number of contacts the respondents had, for leaving the house to go to work, or for leaving the house to socialise in a personal place. The qualitative findings supported these results. Most people did not think that they had changed their behaviours because of their test results, however they did allude to some changes in their attitudes and perceptions around risk, susceptibility, and potential severity of symptoms. Conclusions: We found limited evidence that knowing your antibody status leads to behaviour change in the context of a research study. While this finding should not be generalised to widespread self-testing in other contexts, it is reassuring given the importance of large prevalence studies, and the practicalities of doing these at scale using self-testing with lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA).
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Savciuc, Oxana, and Alina Timotin. "The Integration of Behavioural Change Models in Social Marketing Programs in Public Health." Marketing – from Information to Decision Journal 2, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/midj-2019-0003.
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Abstract The aim of the paper is to provide a conceptual theoretical framework of the integration of the theories and models of behavioural change in the marketing mix of the social marketing programs applied in public health. A second purpose is to highlight the benefits of social marketing over alternative techniques used in programs that are designed to influence health behaviour. The research is a conceptual one, that uses both theoretical (through examination of theories and concepts) and applied approaches (through examination of particular cases and examples). In the specialized literature there are presented multiple models/theories of behavioural change, but their specific application in the marketing mix of the social marketing programs is insufficiently described. The need to use these theories in the public health sector arises from the extended application of social marketing in this field and the specificity of the domain. Eight main theories of behaviour change were studied according to their purpose, variables (possibility of segmentation) and limits. Accordingly, the study presents how these theories can be integrated in the process of social marketing implementation in defining the marketing mix strategy. In this regard, it is important to underline the advantages of using social marketing (in contrast to alternative techniques like PRECEDE/PROCEED or the ecological models), namely: it is based on consumer orientation, uses marketing research, creates attractive exchanges, considers competition, uses the marketing mix, ensures management of the processes. In addition, some elements of the alternative techniques can be taken over in the application of social marketing. Social marketing is a very useful practical tool, but it needs a well-grounded theoretical support in order to gain ground in front of other similar theories. This paper tends to enhance the theoretical tools available for researchers and practitioners.
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Bhaskar, Prem, and Madhulika Kaushik. "Leadership Behaviour in Initiating and Managing Organizational Change Evidence from Poultry Cooperatives, a Rural Enterprise of Jharkhand, India." Journal of Educational Management & Social Sciences 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 56–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.48112/jemss.v1i2.217.
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The study was done to look into different organizational change models and leadership behaviours in the change process. The case of poultry cooperatives of Jharkhand India was studied to look into the aspects of initiating and managing the organizational change process. A mixed approach of literature review and mapping behavioural aspects through unstructured interviews with the group of leaders and managers was done. The exploratory study helped find the crucial behaviours and role play by the governing board members and managers of the case cooperatives in organizational change management. Further research is needed to establish the leader’s behavioural contribution in collective enterprises run by the rural community of India. The study provides ample opportunity to do a detailed study of the subject matter.
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Söderlund, Anne, and Petra von Heideken Wågert. "Adherence to and the Maintenance of Self-Management Behaviour in Older People with Musculoskeletal Pain—A Scoping Review and Theoretical Models." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 2 (January 15, 2021): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10020303.
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(1) Background: Adherence to and the maintenance of treatment regimens are fundamental for pain self-management and sustainable behavioural changes. The first aim was to study older adults’ (>65 years) levels of adherence to and maintenance of musculoskeletal pain self-management programmes in randomized controlled trials. The second aim was to suggest theoretical models of adherence to and maintenance of a behaviour. (2) Methods: The study was conducted in accordance with the recommendations for a scoping review and the PRISMA-ScR checklist. Capability, motivation and opportunity were used to categorize the behavioural change components in the theoretical models. (3) Results: Among the four studies included, components targeting adherence were reported in one study, and maintenance was reported in two studies. Adherence was assessed by the treatment attendance rates, and maintenance was assessed by the follow-up data of outcome measures. For adherence, the capability components were mostly about education and the supervision, grading and mastery of exercise to increase self-efficacy. The motivation components included the readiness to change, self-monitoring and goal setting; and the opportunity components included booster sessions, feedback and social support. For maintenance, the capability components consisted of identifying high-risk situations for relapse and problem-solving skills. The motivation components included self-regulation and self-efficacy for problem solving, and the opportunity components included environmental triggers and problem solving by using social support. (4) Conclusion: There are several behavioural change components that should be used to increase older adults’ levels of adherence to and maintenance of a pain self-management behaviour.
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Brown, Calum, Bumsuk Seo, and Mark Rounsevell. "Societal breakdown as an emergent property of large-scale behavioural models of land use change." Earth System Dynamics 10, no. 4 (December 4, 2019): 809–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-10-809-2019.
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Abstract. Human land use has placed enormous pressure on natural resources and ecosystems worldwide and may even prompt socio-ecological collapses under some circumstances. Efforts to avoid such collapses are hampered by a lack of knowledge about when they may occur and how they may be prevented. Computational models that illuminate potential future developments in the land system are invaluable tools in this context. While such models are widely used to project biophysical changes, they are currently less able to explore the social dynamics that will be key aspects of future global change. As a result, strategies for navigating a hazardous future may suffer from “blind spots” at which individual, social and political behaviours divert the land system away from predicted pathways. We apply CRAFTY-EU, an agent-based model of the European land system, in order to investigate the effects of human behavioural aspects of land management at the continental scale. We explore a range of potential futures using climatic and socio-economic scenarios and present a coherent set of cross-sectoral projections without imposed equilibria or optimisation. These projections include various behavioural responses to scenarios including non-economic motivations, aversion to change and heterogeneity in decision-making. We find that social factors and behavioural responses have dramatic impacts on simulated dynamics and can contribute to a breakdown of the land system's essential functions in which shortfalls in food production of up to 56 % emerge. These impacts are largely distinct from, and at least as large as, those of projected climatic change. We conclude that the socio-economic aspects of future scenarios require far more detailed and varied treatment. In particular, deviation from simple economic rationality at individual and aggregate scales may profoundly alter the nature of land system development and the achievability of policy goals.
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Kitamura, Tasuku, and Michio Imafuku. "Behavioural mimicry in flight path of Batesian intraspecific polymorphic butterfly Papilio polytes." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1809 (June 22, 2015): 20150483. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.0483.
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Batesian mimics that show similar coloration to unpalatable models gain a fitness advantage of reduced predation. Beyond physical similarity, mimics often exhibit behaviour similar to their models, further enhancing their protection against predation by mimicking not only the model's physical appearance but also activity. In butterflies, there is a strong correlation between palatability and flight velocity, but there is only weak correlation between palatability and flight path. Little is known about how Batesian mimics fly. Here, we explored the flight behaviour of four butterfly species/morphs: unpalatable model Pachliopta aristolochiae , mimetic and non-mimetic females of female-limited mimic Papilio polytes , and palatable control Papilio xuthus . We demonstrated that the directional change (DC) generated by wingbeats and the standard deviation of directional change (SDDC) of mimetic females and their models were smaller than those of non-mimetic females and palatable controls. Furthermore, we found no significant difference in flight velocity among all species/morphs. By showing that DC and SDDC of mimetic females resemble those of models, we provide the first evidence for the existence of behavioural mimicry in flight path by a Batesian mimic butterfly.
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Lapiedra, Oriol, Daniel Sol, Salvador Carranza, and Jeremy M. Beaulieu. "Behavioural changes and the adaptive diversification of pigeons and doves." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1755 (March 22, 2013): 20122893. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.2893.
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What factors determine the extent of evolutionary diversification remains a major question in evolutionary biology. Behavioural changes have long been suggested to be a major driver of phenotypic diversification by exposing animals to new selective pressures. Nevertheless, the role of behaviour in evolution remains controversial because behavioural changes can also retard evolutionary change by hiding genetic variation from selection. In the present study, we apply recently implemented Ornstein–Uhlenbeck evolutionary models to show that behavioural changes led to associated evolutionary responses in functionally relevant morphological traits of pigeons and doves (Columbiformes). Specifically, changes from terrestrial to arboreal foraging behaviour reconstructed in a set of phylogenies brought associated shorter tarsi and longer tails, consistent with functional predictions. Interestingly, the transition to arboreality accelerated the rates of evolutionary divergence, leading to an increased morphological specialization that seems to have subsequently constrained reversals to terrestrial foraging. Altogether, our results support the view that behaviour may drive evolutionary diversification, but they also highlight that its evolutionary consequences largely depend on the limits imposed by the functional demands of the adaptive zone.
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Durham, David P., and Elizabeth A. Casman. "Incorporating individual health-protective decisions into disease transmission models: a mathematical framework." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 9, no. 68 (July 20, 2011): 562–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2011.0325.
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It is anticipated that the next generation of computational epidemic models will simulate both infectious disease transmission and dynamic human behaviour change. Individual agents within a simulation will not only infect one another, but will also have situational awareness and a decision algorithm that enables them to modify their behaviour. This paper develops such a model of behavioural response, presenting a mathematical interpretation of a well-known psychological model of individual decision making, the health belief model, suitable for incorporation within an agent-based disease-transmission model. We formalize the health belief model and demonstrate its application in modelling the prevalence of facemask use observed over the course of the 2003 Hong Kong SARS epidemic, a well-documented example of behaviour change in response to a disease outbreak.
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Root-Bernstein, Meredith. "Tacit working models of human behavioural change I: Implementation of conservation projects." Ambio 49, no. 10 (February 14, 2020): 1639–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13280-019-01298-4.
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Hertz, Uri. "Learning how to behave: cognitive learning processes account for asymmetries in adaptation to social norms." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1952 (June 2, 2021): 20210293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.0293.
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Changes to social settings caused by migration, cultural change or pandemics force us to adapt to new social norms. Social norms provide groups of individuals with behavioural prescriptions and therefore can be inferred by observing their behaviour. This work aims to examine how cognitive learning processes affect adaptation and learning of new social norms. Using a multiplayer game, I found that participants initially complied with various social norms exhibited by the behaviour of bot-players. After gaining experience with one norm, adaptation to a new norm was observed in all cases but one, where an active-harm norm was resistant to adaptation. Using computational learning models, I found that active behaviours were learned faster than omissions, and harmful behaviours were more readily attributed to all group members than beneficial behaviours. These results provide a cognitive foundation for learning and adaptation to descriptive norms and can inform future investigations of group-level learning and cross-cultural adaptation.
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Grzywińska-Rąpca, M. "Consumer Purchasing Behaviour during the COVID-19 Epidemic: A Case Study for Poland." Economy of Region 18, no. 2 (2022): 595–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.17059/ekon.reg.2022-2-21.
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With an increase in COVID-19 cases and introduction of studying and working from home, households have begun to change their priorities in shopping behaviours. The source of the data was a survey conducted at the beginning of April 2020. The aim of the study was: (1) to demonstrate changes in respondents’ behaviour in the purchasing process and (2) to identify factors determining changes in these behaviours. The paper verified that, in the conditions of the pandemic, consumer shopping behaviour focuses on health safety. From a set of variables containing subjective opinions of respondents regarding factors influencing changes in their purchasing habits, dimensional reduction was carried out using factor analysis. Isolated factors were used to model Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). The obtained assessments of the quality of the models (Hoelter value, CMIN/DF, RMSEA and others) indicate that the proposed models meet statistical standards and acceptability criteria. The models highlight the following factors: safety when shopping, prudence and a desire to protect health. Therefore, the assumptions were corroborated, according to which in a time of crisis and uncertainty (a pandemic is such a time), psychological factors and assumptions of behavioural theories are gaining in importance. This paper aims to complement existing research. The data obtained from the survey concern the level and frequency of expenditure on different product groups. Previous research has focused primarily on the impact of the pandemic on the economic situation. This document focuses on non-economic factors determining changes in consumer behaviour.
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Bull, Eleanor Rose, Lucie Marie Theresa Byrne-Davis, Juliette Swift, Kirstie Baxter, Neil McLauchlan, and Joanne Karen Hart. "Exploring what teams perceive by ‘culture’ when implementing new models of care." International Journal for Quality in Health Care 31, no. 6 (September 19, 2018): 492–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzy200.
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Abstract Introduction Health and social care organizations continually face change to coordinate efforts, improve care quality and better meet patient needs in the context of growing pressure on services. NHS ‘vanguard’ teams funded to pilot organizational change in England have argued that alongside new structures, policies and governance, a shift in ‘workplace culture’ is needed to implement change. Although now defined in the literature and seen as an important driver of quality care, it was not clear what teams themselves meant when discussing workplace culture. Methods In a qualitative study nested in a wider behavioural science programme, 34 managers and frontline NHS staff took part in interviews and focus groups on the role and meaning of ‘workplace culture’ in their experience of change. Participants were from organizations in four NHS England vanguards implementing new models of care. Inductive thematic analysis revealed six interlinking themes: unity, emotions, support, consistency, openness to innovation and performance. Results The term ‘workplace culture’ was nuanced and used in various ways. It was seen as a determinant, measure and/or consequence of change and linked to workplace behaviours, emotions and cognitions. Participants agreed that imposed top-down change in new models of care was a common cause of damaged culture and had knock-on effects on care quality, despite manager accounts of the importance of staff ideas. Discussion Our findings suggest that exploring teams’ own meanings of culture and behaviour change barriers, gathering ideas and co-developing tailored support would help overcome cultural challenges in implementing new models of care.
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Oyegoke, Bolatumi. "Climate Change, Female Domestic Practices, and Environmental Education Models." Sustainability in Environment 5, no. 3 (August 30, 2020): p76. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/se.v5n3p76.
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This paper focuses on a significant aspect of the topical issue of Sustainable Environmental Development (SED), that of waste management by women. Waste Management (WM) is closely linked to Climate Change (CC). Women agency is an important factor in both WM and CC which have implications for SED. Awareness or perception has been identified as a crucial ecological driver; so awareness, waste management and climate change become crucial issues of SED. The study is of a qualitative type, part of a wider investigation of Osun State, Nigeria, using a mixed approach that includes the quantitative method. It examines the role of awareness in relation to domestic practices that impact on the environment. It advances the benefit of complementary contributions of behavioural change, personal change and social change models of environmental education in resolving SED challenges of our times.
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Bin, Shan. "The Impact of Organizational Change on Government Civil Servants’ Behavioral Responses in China." Asian Social Science 15, no. 3 (February 28, 2019): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v15n3p93.
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With the globalization and the development of scientific technology, competition pressure is more and more in all kinds of organization. Thus, organizational change is becoming the norm, which inevitably lead to the uncertainty of employment relationship, particularly, on employees’ serious of behaviours. These effects have become the vital factors in the organization achieving its organizational goals, and have become an important factor in determining successful organizational change. However, the relevant studies are based predominately on Western theories and models, rather than Chinese cultural background, especially within a public sector context such as the government. By selecting more than 500 Chinese civil servants for the questionnaire, this study is going to measure the dimension of organizational change in Chinese government, and its impact on Chinese civil servants’ behavioural responses. The results show that the impact of different organizational change on Chinese civil servants’ behavioural responses (Exit, Voice, Loyalty, Neglect) is different.
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Skogland, Mari Anna Chatarina. "A spatial approach to transformational change." Journal of Corporate Real Estate 19, no. 4 (November 13, 2017): 285–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcre-09-2016-0030.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore how strategic alignment of the corporations’ real estate with the organisational strategy may be used to facilitate change within an organisation’s collaborative culture. The focus is on the interconnectedness between spatial and behavioural artefacts in the transition process to a new workplace concept. Design/methodology/approach The discussion builds on observational studies and semi-structured interviews with 65 employees in a Norwegian organisation. Findings The findings indicate that the physical change, when supported by behavioural artefacts as change management actions, paved way for a cultural change towards increased collaboration between employees and across hierarchical levels. However, misalignments between the new workplace concept and existing behavioural artefacts and cultural constructs also restricted the organisation in fully achieving the intended ends. Research limitations/implications Applying a socio-material perspective with explicit focus on issues such as management and culture in workplace studies is important to develop better models for strategic use of a corporations’ real estate. Originality/value When new workplace concepts are implemented with the aim of effecting organisational change they require support of a focused change management process where both spatial and behavioural artefacts are designed to support employee adaptation to the new concept. By conducting the change as a continuous iterative process, extending beyond the moving process itself, the corporate real estate management (CREM) may add to the success by guiding and steering the organisation in the right direction.
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Kopczewska, Katarzyna, Mateusz Kopyt, and Piotr Ćwiakowski. "Spatial Interactions in Business and Housing Location Models." Land 10, no. 12 (December 7, 2021): 1348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10121348.
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The paper combines theoretical models of housing and business locations and shows that they have the same determinants. It evidences that classical, behavioural, new economic geography, evolutionary and co-evolutionary frameworks apply simultaneously, and one should consider them jointly when explaining urban structure. We use quantitative tools in a theory-guided factors induction approach to show the complexity of location models. The paper discusses and measures spatial phenomena as distance-decaying gradients, spatial discontinuities, densities, spillovers, spatial interactions, agglomerations, and as multimodal processes. We illustrate the theoretical discussion with an empirical case of interacting point-patterns for business, housing, and population. The analysis reveals strong links between housing valuation and business location and profitability, accompanied by the related spatial phenomena. It also shows that assumptions concerning unimodal spatial urban structure, the existence of rational maximisers, distance-decaying externalities, and a single pattern of behaviour, do not hold. Instead, the reality entails consideration of multimodality, a mixture of maximisers and satisfiers, incomplete information, appearance of spatial interactions, feed-back loops, as well as the existence of persistence of behaviour, with slow and costly adjustments of location.
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Reme, S. E., D. Stahl, T. Kennedy, R. Jones, S. Darnley, and T. Chalder. "Mediators of change in cognitive behaviour therapy and mebeverine for irritable bowel syndrome." Psychological Medicine 41, no. 12 (April 11, 2011): 2669–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291711000328.
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BackgroundCognitive behaviour therapies (CBTs) have through several trials been demonstrated to reduce symptoms and disability in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients, but the mechanisms responsible for the changes are still unknown. The aim of this study was to test a theoretical model of CBT and investigate if cognitions and/or behaviour mediated the changes seen in CBT for IBS.MethodTo assess for possible mediating effects, we applied path analysis to the dataset of 149 diagnosed participants randomized to mebeverine hydrochloride plus CBT or mebeverine hydrochloride alone. Primary outcome was symptom severity, while secondary outcomes were work and social adjustment and anxiety.ResultsThe path analyses supported mediational paths for all outcomes. Changes in behaviour and cognitions mediated all three outcomes, with models placing behaviour change ‘upstream’ of cognition change having best fit. The analyses of model fits revealed best fit for the anxiety model and hence provide increased confidence in the causal model of anxiety.ConclusionsChanges in behaviour and cognitions mediate the change in CBT given to IBS patients. The results strengthen the validity of a theoretical model of CBT by confirming the interaction of cognitive, emotional and behavioural factors in IBS.
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Jepsen, J. U., and C. J. Topping. "Modelling roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in a gradient of forest fragmentation: behavioural plasticity and choice of cover." Canadian Journal of Zoology 82, no. 9 (September 1, 2004): 1528–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z04-131.
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The ability of a species to exhibit behavioural plasticity to environmental conditions has consequences for its success in fragmented landscapes. The roe deer, Capreolus capreolus (L., 1758), is one of the foremost examples of behavioural flexibility among ungulates. This species has increased rapidly in range from its original forest-mosaic habitat into open agricultural plains. Open-land roe deer populations show distinct differences in spatial and social behaviour, including larger group sizes, compared with forest-living roe deer populations. This is traditionally viewed as an antipredator strategy. The presence of strong behavioural plasticity in species response to landscape structure suggests that this should also be a concern in models attempting to describe effects of landscape change on species distribution. To date the implications of behavioural plasticity for modelling species' response to environmental conditions has received little attention. We used an individual-based model of roe deer to evaluate the consequences of behavioural plasticity for predictions made regarding population response to woodland fragmentation. The inclusion of a flexible behavioural strategy, where increased group size could buffer lack of woodland cover, resulted in significantly higher estimates of population size, population persistence, and the ability of the population to cope with fragmentation. This clearly demonstrates that behavioural plasticity in species response to landscape structure may affect our ability to accurately predict the effects of landscape change and should be a concern to modellers.
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Camp, Jake, Kerry Joy, and Mark Freestone. "Does “Enhanced Support” for Offenders Effectively Reduce Custodial Violence and Disruption? An Evaluation of the Enhanced Support Service Pilot." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 62, no. 12 (January 11, 2018): 3928–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x17752254.
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This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of The Enhanced Support Service (ESS) pilot in reducing custodial violence and disruption, and the associated costs, by observing the behavioural change of the 35 service users who participated in ESS intervention within its first 22 months of operation. Frequencies of recorded incidents of aggressive behaviours, self-harming behaviours, noncompliance, and positive behaviours were counted from routine administrative systems using a coding structure developed in previous studies. The count data were analysed using nonparametric tests and Poisson regression models to derive an Incident Rate Ratio (IRR). Findings suggest the ESS is associated with a reduction in aggressive behaviours and noncompliance, with medium to large effect sizes ( r = .31-.53); however, it was not associated with a reduction in deliberate self-harm or increased positive behaviours. The Poisson models revealed that levels of pre-intervention behaviour, intervention length, intervention completion, and service location had varying effects on postintervention behaviour, with those who completed intervention demonstrating more favourable outcomes. The ESS service model was associated with a reduction in behaviour that challenges, which has implications for the reduction in associated social, economic, and political costs—as well as the commissioning of interventions and future research in this area.
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Lay, Belinda Po Pyn, and Shaun Yon-Seng Khoo. "Associative processes in addiction relapse models: A review of their Pavlovian and instrumental mechanisms, history, and terminology." Neuroanatomy and Behaviour 3 (February 23, 2021): e18. http://dx.doi.org/10.35430/nab.2021.e18.
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Animal models of relapse to drug-seeking have borrowed heavily from associative learning approaches. In studies of relapse-like behaviour, animals learn to self-administer drugs then receive a period of extinction during which they learn to inhibit the operant response. Several triggers can produce a recovery of responding which form the basis of a variety of models. These include the passage of time (spontaneous recovery), drug availability (rapid reacquisition), extinction of an alternative response (resurgence), context change (renewal), drug priming, stress, and cues (reinstatement). In most cases, the behavioural processes driving extinction and recovery in operant drug self-administration studies are similar to those in the Pavlovian and behavioural literature, such as context effects. However, reinstatement in addiction studies have several differences with Pavlovian reinstatement, which have emerged over several decades, in experimental procedures, associative mechanisms, and terminology. Interestingly, in cue-induced reinstatement, drug-paired cues that are present during acquisition are omitted during lever extinction. The unextinguished drug-paired cue may limit the model’s translational relevance to cue exposure therapy and renders its underlying associative mechanisms ambiguous. We review major behavioural theories that explain recovery phenomena, with a particular focus on cue-induced reinstatement because it is a widely used model in addiction. We argue that cue-induced reinstatement may be explained by a combination of behavioural processes, including reacquisition of conditioned reinforcement and Pavlovian to Instrumental Transfer. While there are important differences between addiction studies and the behavioural literature in terminology and procedures, it is clear that understanding associative learning processes is essential for studying relapse.
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Silk, Matthew J., David J. Hodgson, Carly Rozins, Darren P. Croft, Richard J. Delahay, Mike Boots, and Robbie A. McDonald. "Integrating social behaviour, demography and disease dynamics in network models: applications to disease management in declining wildlife populations." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1781 (July 29, 2019): 20180211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0211.
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The emergence and spread of infections can contribute to the decline and extinction of populations, particularly in conjunction with anthropogenic environmental change. The importance of heterogeneity in processes of transmission, resistance and tolerance is increasingly well understood in theory, but empirical studies that consider both the demographic and behavioural implications of infection are scarce. Non-random mixing of host individuals can impact the demographic thresholds that determine the amplification or attenuation of disease prevalence. Risk assessment and management of disease in threatened wildlife populations must therefore consider not just host density, but also the social structure of host populations. Here we integrate the most recent developments in epidemiological research from a demographic and social network perspective, and synthesize the latest developments in social network modelling for wildlife disease, to explore their applications to disease management in populations in decline and at risk of extinction. We use simulated examples to support our key points and reveal how disease-management strategies can and should exploit both behavioural and demographic information to prevent or control the spread of disease. Our synthesis highlights the importance of considering the combined impacts of demographic and behavioural processes in epidemics to successful disease management in a conservation context. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Linking behaviour to dynamics of populations and communities: application of novel approaches in behavioural ecology to conservation’.
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Fraser, Bonnie A., Ilana Janowitz, Margaret Thairu, Joseph Travis, and Kimberly A. Hughes. "Phenotypic and genomic plasticity of alternative male reproductive tactics in sailfin mollies." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1781 (April 22, 2014): 20132310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.2310.
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A major goal of modern evolutionary biology is to understand the causes and consequences of phenotypic plasticity, the ability of a single genotype to produce multiple phenotypes in response to variable environments. While ecological and quantitative genetic studies have evaluated models of the evolution of adaptive plasticity, some long-standing questions about plasticity require more mechanistic approaches. Here, we address two of those questions: does plasticity facilitate adaptive evolution? And do physiological costs place limits on plasticity? We examine these questions by comparing genetically and plastically regulated behavioural variation in sailfin mollies ( Poecilia latipinna ), which exhibit striking variation in plasticity for male mating behaviour. In this species, some genotypes respond plastically to a change in the social environment by switching between primarily courting and primarily sneaking behaviour. In contrast, other genotypes have fixed mating strategies (either courting or sneaking) and do not display plasticity. We found that genetic and plastic variation in behaviour were accompanied by partially, but not completely overlapping changes in brain gene expression, in partial support of models that predict that plasticity can facilitate adaptive evolution. We also found that behavioural plasticity was accompanied by broader and more robust changes in brain gene expression, suggesting a substantial physiological cost to plasticity. We also observed that sneaking behaviour, but not courting, was associated with upregulation of genes involved in learning and memory, suggesting that sneaking is more cognitively demanding than courtship.
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Plewis, Ian. "Modelling Behaviour with Multivariate Multilevel Growth Curves." Methodology 1, no. 2 (January 2005): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-1881.1.2.71.
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Abstract. Developmental data are often both longitudinal and multivariate and can be handled within a multilevel framework. This paper fits a range of multivariate multilevel models to both continuous and binary data to examine the ways in which a set of behavioural measures change together with age. These data were collected by researchers in Montreal, Canada. Methodologically, we find that within and between individual correlations vary only a little according to the ways in which the models are specified. Substantively, we find that measures of aggression and opposition are closely related but both are less closely related to a measure of hyperactivity. Models for the effects of socio-economic status on levels and changes are fitted, as are models that examine change conditional on an initial measure. The findings are compared with those previously obtained using a growth trajectories approach.
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Bonebrake, Timothy C., Carol L. Boggs, Jeannie A. Stamberger, Curtis A. Deutsch, and Paul R. Ehrlich. "From global change to a butterfly flapping: biophysics and behaviour affect tropical climate change impacts." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1793 (October 22, 2014): 20141264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.1264.
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Difficulty in characterizing the relationship between climatic variability and climate change vulnerability arises when we consider the multiple scales at which this variation occurs, be it temporal (from minute to annual) or spatial (from centimetres to kilometres). We studied populations of a single widely distributed butterfly species, Chlosyne lacinia , to examine the physiological, morphological, thermoregulatory and biophysical underpinnings of adaptation to tropical and temperate climates. Microclimatic and morphological data along with a biophysical model documented the importance of solar radiation in predicting butterfly body temperature. We also integrated the biophysics with a physiologically based insect fitness model to quantify the influence of solar radiation, morphology and behaviour on warming impact projections. While warming is projected to have some detrimental impacts on tropical ectotherms, fitness impacts in this study are not as negative as models that assume body and air temperature equivalence would suggest. We additionally show that behavioural thermoregulation can diminish direct warming impacts, though indirect thermoregulatory consequences could further complicate predictions. With these results, at multiple spatial and temporal scales, we show the importance of biophysics and behaviour for studying biodiversity consequences of global climate change, and stress that tropical climate change impacts are likely to be context-dependent.
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Metcalfe, Daniel, Esraa Aldalooj, Matthew Thakur, and Lara Clements. "Framing superbugs - testing whether advocacy frames change attitudes, intention or behaviour using an online randomised control experiment." Wellcome Open Research 6 (May 26, 2021): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16723.1.
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Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) presents a significant threat to global health, requiring multifaceted action by individuals and policymakers. Advocates must persuade others to act. Making communication about AMR more effective could plausibly increase support for action. The Wellcome Trust-funded ‘Reframing Resistance’ project used communications research to develop framing recommendations for the language practitioners use to describe AMR. The aim of this study was to explore how this language influenced attitudes and behaviours towards AMR. Methods: This study was a randomised trial to evaluate the effects of different styles of AMR framing language upon attitudinal and behavioural measures. Participants (n=1,934) were recruited in October 2019 using an on-line tool called “Prolific” and randomly assigned to review five variations of AMR narratives: four experimental frames which incorporated different combinations of language recommended by the framing guidelines, or a control frame without these features, taken from UN AMR communications. Participants were then asked a series of attitudinal and behavioural questions in relation to the AMR narrative they reviewed. Attitudes were measured using five-point Likert-type scales and behaviours were measured using binary variables. Descriptive analysis was used to explore respondents’ characteristics and multivariable logistic regression models were used to establish independent associations between AMR frames and respondents’ attitudes and behaviours. Results: Participants who reviewed narratives that followed framing language guidelines were more likely to donate money or sign a petition, and rated narratives as more usable and important than participants who reviewed the control framing. Conclusions: While larger trials with more diverse participants are needed to confirm generalisability, these results suggest that applying framing to communications could help advocates of AMR to drive action. Furthermore, the study reinforces the value of randomised studies to empirically test the impact of frames upon behaviour and indicates the potential for a more extensive programme of research.
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Gilling, Jennifer A. "What can narrative therapy bring to our understanding and practice around mental health and behaviour? Constructing preferred stories in the classroom." Educational and Child Psychology 33, no. 4 (December 2016): 80–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpsecp.2016.33.4.80.
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Aim:Mental health and behaviour has largely been understood through behaviourist or cognitive-behavioural theories and many classroom-based interventions are founded on cognitive behavioural frameworks. These models have typically considered the constructs of mental health and behaviour through observable, standardised measures. In the existing literature there appears to be a lack of understanding of behaviour from the perspective of individual experiences. The emergence of narrative approaches in mainstream practice shows promising evidence of alternative avenues for educational practitioners. By examining social discourses and individuals’ own constructs of mental health and behaviour, this study aimed to explore the impact of a narrative therapy based intervention on people’s understanding of mental health and behaviour, changes in their relationship with ‘problem’ behaviour and how this can bring about different action within the classroom.Method:Individual accounts were gathered through a series of narrative therapy conversations with three people: a young person, teacher and mother. An iterative approach was taken to data collection and analysed through the method of constructionist grounded theory. The narrative stories from individuals were incorporated into a final grounded theory.Findings:The findings showed that the use of narrative therapy illuminated the possibility for change in understanding a young person outside of structuralist notions of ‘difficult behaviour’. This change in understanding led, in turn, to a change in classroom practice in response to mental health and behaviour.Limitations:The small-scale study is not representative of all practice and therefore has implications for the applicability of the findings.Conclusion:The research has highlighted that supporting mental health and behaviour may not be so much about implementing a programme and ‘getting it right’, but more about constructing alternative stories in the classroom that open up other possibilities.
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Wiedemann, Milan, Graham Thew, Urška Košir, and Anke Ehlers. "lcsm: An R package and tutorial on latent change score modelling." Wellcome Open Research 7 (May 11, 2022): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17536.1.
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Latent change score models (LCSMs) are used across disciplines in behavioural sciences to study how constructs change over time. LCSMs can be used to estimate the trajectory of one construct (univariate) and allow the investigation of how changes between two constructs (bivariate) are associated with each other over time. This paper introduces the R package lcsm, a tool that aims to help users understand, analyse, and visualise different latent change score models. The lcsm package provides functions to generate model syntax for basic univariate and bivariate latent change score models with different model specifications. It is also possible to visualise different model specifications in simplified path diagrams. An interactive application illustrates the main functions of the package and demonstrates how the model syntax and path diagrams change based on different model specifications. This R package aims to increase the transparency of reporting analyses and to provide an additional resource to learn latent change score modelling.
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Cheung, Kei Long, Sander Matthijs Eggers, and Hein de Vries. "Combining the Integrated-Change Model with Self-Determination Theory: Application in Physical Activity." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010028.
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Background: Critically testing and integrating theoretical models can aid health promotion research and intervention planning. This study aimed to critically compare and integrate Self-Determination Theory (SDT) and Integrated-Change Model (ICM) for explaining physical activity behaviour. Methods: A dataset was used with Dutch adults, consisting of information on demographics and socio–cognitive and behavioural determinants. There were three measurements over a period of six months, with the baseline sample consisting of 1867 participants. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to assess the reliability of the items and their corresponding scales. To examine cognitive pathways, we applied Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). Results: For SDT, none of the pathways were significant but the model fit was decent (R2 = 0.20; RMSEA = 0.07; CFI = 0.91). For ICM, the model fit was similar (R2 = 0.19; RMSEA = 0.07; CFI = 0.73), with many significant pathways, as stipulated by the theory. The integration of STD and ICM constructs revealed similar explained behavioural variance (R2 = 21%), with no significantly different model fit. Conclusion: The integration of SDT and ICM added no value as a prediction model. However, the integrated model explains the underlying mechanism of STD constructs, as well as the determinants of attitude, social influences, and self-efficacy. In the context of intervention design, ICM or the integrated model seem most useful as it reveals the stages and pathways to behaviour change.
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Elander, J., C. Richardson, J. Morris, G. Robinson, and M. B. Schofield. "Motivational and behavioural models of change: A longitudinal analysis of change among men with chronic haemophilia-related joint pain." European Journal of Pain 21, no. 8 (April 17, 2017): 1384–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejp.1040.
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Root-Bernstein, M., A. Bondoux, M. Guerrero-Gatica, and F. Zorondo-Rodriguez. "Tacit working models of human behavioural change II: Farmers’ folk theories of conservation programme design." Ambio 49, no. 10 (February 14, 2020): 1658–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13280-019-01315-6.
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Huckebrink, David, and Valentin Bertsch. "Integrating Behavioural Aspects in Energy System Modelling—A Review." Energies 14, no. 15 (July 28, 2021): 4579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14154579.
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Many countries worldwide have adopted policies to support the expansion of renewable energy sources aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions, combating climate change, and, more generally, establishing a globally sustainable energy system. As a result, energy systems around the world are undergoing a process of fundamental change and transformation that goes far beyond the technological dimension. While energy system models have been developed and used for several decades to support decision makers in governments and companies, these models usually focus on the techno-economic dimension, whereas they fall short in addressing and considering behavioural and societal aspects of decisions related to technology acceptance, adoption, and use. In fact, it is often the societal dimension that comes with the greatest challenges and barriers when it comes to making such a socio-technical transformation happen in reality. This paper therefore provides an overview of state-of-the-art energy system models on the one hand and research studying behavioural aspects in the energy sector on the other hand. We find that these are two well-developed fields of research but that they have not yet been integrated sufficiently well to provide answers to the many questions arising in the context of complex socio-technical transformation processes of energy systems. While some promising approaches integrating these two fields can be identified, the total number is very limited. Based on our findings, research gaps and potentials for improvement of both energy system models and behavioural studies are derived. We conclude that a stronger collaboration across disciplines is required.
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Collado-Rivera, Maria, Paul Branscum, Daniel Larson, and Haijuan Gao. "Evaluating the determinants of sugary beverage consumption among overweight and obese adults: An application of the integrative model of behavioural prediction." Health Education Journal 77, no. 1 (November 14, 2017): 109–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0017896917739330.
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Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the determinants of sugary drink consumption among overweight and obese adults attempting to lose weight using the Integrative Model of Behavioural Prediction (IMB). Design: Cross-sectional design. Method: Determinants of behavioural intentions (attitudes, perceived norms and perceived behavioural control [PBC]) and sugary drink consumption (intentions, skills/abilities, environment and PBC) were evaluated using data collected at a weight loss clinic in a southwestern US city ( n = 338). Determinants of attitudes, injunctive norms, descriptive norms and PBC were evaluated using salient beliefs, which were derived from an elicitation study. Results: Using structural equation modelling, two separate models were evaluated. Both models had good fit (combined model – Comparative Fit Index [CFI] = .970, Tucker–Lewis Index [TLI] = .921, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation [RMSEA] = .062; expanded model – CFI = .966, TLI = .911, RMSEA = .060) and accounted for a significant amount of variance for intentions (40.7%–42%) and sugary drink consumption (16.2%). Conclusion: The IMB appears to be an effective model for planning health education interventions. Health practitioners should operationalise behaviour change techniques and strategies that target attitudes, perceived norms and PBC using the salient beliefs evaluated in this study.
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Swarna Nantha, Yogarabindranath, Shamsul Haque, and Hemanath Swarna Nantha. "The development of an integrated behavioural model of patient compliance with diabetes medication: a mixed-method study protocol." Family Practice 36, no. 5 (December 10, 2018): 581–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fampra/cmy119.
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Abstract Background There has been a shift in worldwide disease burden from infections to non-communicable diseases, especially type 2 diabetes (T2D). Behavioural change and self-management are key to optimal T2D control. Several universal models of diabetic care have been proposed to help explain the dimensions of T2D self-care such as medication adherence, physical activity, diet and patient–doctor interaction. These models do not allow an objective and quantifiable measurement of the problems faced by patients in terms of medication compliance. Objective To create a comprehensive conceptual model of behavioural change related to T2D medication compliance. Methods A cross-sectional study will be conducted at a regional primary care clinic using a mixed-method technique. First, a Grounded Theory qualitative inquiry will be used to investigate predictors of medication adherence in T2D patients. Consequently, the elements derived from the interview will be incorporated into the Theory of Planned Behaviour framework to generate an integrated behavioural model. This model will then be used to quantify the factors related to compliance with medication amongst T2D patients. Discussion The framework developed here could help in the design of policies to optimize T2D control by identifying lapses in patients’ intake of diabetic medications. This can be done by exploring the patients’ fundamental and unarticulated belief system via a naturalistic approach adopted in this study. The properties of the framework can be replicated in other settings to serve as a benchmark for quality improvement in T2D patient care.
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Egerton, Thorlene, Rana S. Hinman, David J. Hunter, Jocelyn L. Bowden, Philippa J. A. Nicolson, Lou Atkins, Marie Pirotta, and Kim L. Bennell. "PARTNER: a service delivery model to implement optimal primary care management of people with knee osteoarthritis: description of development." BMJ Open 10, no. 10 (October 2020): e040423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040423.
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ObjectiveImplementation strategies, such as new models of service delivery, are needed to address evidence practice gaps. This paper describes the process of developing and operationalising a new model of service delivery to implement recommended care for people with knee osteoarthritis (OA) in a primary care setting.MethodsThree development stages occurred concurrently and iteratively. Each stage considered the healthcare context and was informed by stakeholder input. Stage 1 involved the design of a new model of service delivery (PARTNER). Stage 2 developed a behavioural change intervention targeting general practitioners (GPs) using the behavioural change wheel framework. In stage 3, the ‘Care Support Team’ component of the service delivery model was operationalised.ResultsThe focus of PARTNER is to provide patients with education, exercise and/or weight loss advice, and facilitate effective self-management through behavioural change support. Stage 1 model design: based on clinical practice guidelines, known evidence practice gaps in current care, chronic disease management frameworks, input from stakeholders and the opportunities and constraints afforded by the Australian primary care context, we developed the PARTNER service-delivery model. The key components are: (1) an effective GP consultation and (2) follow-up and ongoing care provided remotely (telephone/email/online resources) by a ‘Care Support Team’. Stage 2 GP behavioural change intervention: a multimodal behavioural change intervention was developed comprising a self-audit/feedback activity, online professional development and desktop software to provide decision support, patient information resources and a referral mechanism to the ‘Care Support Team’. Stage 3 operationalising the ‘care support team’—staff recruited and trained in evidence-based knee OA management and behavioural change methodology.ConclusionThe PARTNER model is the result of a comprehensive implementation strategy development process using evidence, behavioural change theory and intervention development guidelines. Technologies for scalable delivery were harnessed and new primary evidence was generated as part of the process.Trial registration number ACTRN12617001595303 (UTN U1111-1197-4809)
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Naha, Shaini, Miguel Angel Rico-Ramirez, and Rafael Rosolem. "Quantifying the impacts of land cover change on hydrological responses in the Mahanadi river basin in India." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 25, no. 12 (December 16, 2021): 6339–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6339-2021.
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Abstract. The objective of this study is to assess the impacts of land cover change on the hydrological responses of the Mahanadi river basin, a large river basin in India. Commonly, such assessments are accomplished by using distributed hydrological models in conjunction with different land use scenarios. However, these models, through their complex interactions among the model parameters to generate hydrological processes, can introduce significant uncertainties to the hydrological projections. Therefore, we seek to further understand the uncertainties associated with model parameterization in those simulated hydrological responses due to different land cover scenarios. We performed a sensitivity-guided model calibration of a physically semi-distributed model, the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model, within a Monte Carlo framework to generate behavioural models that can yield equally good or acceptable model performances for subcatchments of the Mahanadi river basin. These behavioural models are then used in conjunction with historical and future land cover scenarios from the recently released Land-Use Harmonization version 2 (LUH2) dataset to generate hydrological predictions and related uncertainties from behavioural model parameterization. The LUH2 dataset indicates a noticeable increase in the cropland (23.3 % cover) at the expense of forest (22.65 % cover) by the end of year 2100 compared to the baseline year, 2005. As a response, simulation results indicate a median percent increase in the extreme flows (defined as the 95th percentile or higher river flow magnitude) and mean annual flows in the range of 1.8 % to 11.3 % across the subcatchments. The direct conversion of forested areas to agriculture (of the order of 30 000 km2) reduces the leaf area index, which subsequently reduces the evapotranspiration (ET) and increases surface runoff. Further, the range of behavioural hydrological predictions indicated variation in the magnitudes of extreme flows simulated for the different land cover scenarios; for instance, uncertainty in scenario labelled “Far Future” ranges from 17 to 210 m3 s−1 across subcatchments. This study indicates that the recurrent flood events occurring in the Mahanadi river basin might be influenced by the changes in land use/land cover (LULC) at the catchment scale and suggests that model parameterization represents an uncertainty which should be accounted for in the land use change impact assessment.
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Chiprés-Tinajero, Gustavo A., Miguel A. Núñez-Ochoa, and Laura Medina-Ceja. "Changes in Physiological and Pathological Behaviours Produced by Deep Microelectrode Implantation Surgery in Rats: A Temporal Analysis." Behavioural Neurology 2020 (March 9, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4385706.
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Physiological behaviours such as the sleep-wake cycle and exploratory behaviours are important parameters in intact and sham-operated animals and are usually thought to be unaffected by experimental protocols in which neurosurgery is performed. However, there is insufficient evidence in the literature on the behavioural and cognitive effects observed after deep microelectrode implantation surgery in animal models of neurological diseases. Similarly, in studies that utilize animal models of neurological diseases, the impact of surgery on the pathological phenomena being studied is often minimized. Based on these considerations, we performed a temporal analysis of the effects of deep microelectrode implantation surgery in the hippocampus of rats on quiet wakefulness, sleep, and exploratory activity and the pathological behaviours such as convulsive seizures according to the Racine scale. Male Wistar rats (210-300 g) were used and grouped in sham and epileptic animals. Single doses of pilocarpine hydrochloride (2.4 mg/2 μl; i.c.v.) were administered to the animals to generate spontaneous and recurrent seizures. Deep microelectrode implantation surgeries in both groups and analysis of Fast ripples were performed. Physiological and pathological behaviours were recorded through direct video monitoring of animals (24/7). Our principal findings showed that in epileptic animals, one of the main behaviours affected by surgery is sleep; as a consequence of this behavioural change, a decrease in exploratory activity was also found as well as the mean time spent daily in seizures of scale 4 and the number of seizure events of scales 4 and 5 was increased after surgery. No significant correlations between the occurrence of FR and seizure events of scale 4 (rho 0.63, p value 0.25) or 5 (rho -0.7, p value 0.18) were observed. In conclusion, microelectrode implantation surgeries modified some physiological and pathological behaviours; therefore, it is important to consider this fact when it is working with animal models.
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Bordin, Chiara, and Asgeir Tomasgard. "Behavioural Change in Green Transportation: Micro-Economics Perspectives and Optimization Strategies." Energies 14, no. 13 (June 22, 2021): 3728. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14133728.
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The increasing demand for Electric Vehicle (EV) charging is putting pressure on the power grids and capacities of charging stations. This work focuses on how to use indirect control through price signals to level out the load curve in order to avoid the power consumption from exceeding these capacities. We propose mathematical programming models for the indirect control of EV charging that aim at finding an optimal set of price signals to be sent to the drivers based on price elasticities. The objective is to satisfy the demand for a given price structure, or minimize the curtailment of loads, when there is a shortage of capacity. The key contribution is the use of elasticity matrices through which it is possible to estimate the EV drivers’ reactions to the price signals. As real-world data on relating the elasticity values to the EV driver’s behaviour are currently non-existent, we concentrate on sensitivity analysis to test how different assumptions on elasticities affect the optimal price structure. In particular, we study how market segments of drivers with different elasticities may affect the ability of the operator to both handle a capacity problem and properly satisfy the charging needs.
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Anderson, Annie S. "How to implement dietary changes to prevent the development of metabolic syndrome." British Journal of Nutrition 83, S1 (June 2000): S165—S168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114500001112.
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Changing dietary intake is a major challenge to individuals, households and the general public. Promoting the consumption of diets that are low in fat and high in fruits, vegetables and starchy carbohydrate, and managing overweight and central obesity, are important dietary strategies for the prevention of metabolic syndrome. Educational, behavioural and motivational tactics are required to help people achieve overall dietary change. These strategies might usefully be based on intervention models which incorporate behavioural theories and goals through personal, multiple contact with individuals or in small groups, using active involvement and specific behaviour-change strategies. Two particular aspects, namely the impact of computer-generated, personalized nutrition education and social support networks (e.g. family, health centre and community) provide useful adjuncts to traditional dietary counselling and might usefully be incorporated into diet- and lifestyle-change programmes for community-based and individualized approaches for disease prevention. The use of moderate energy-deficit diets, modest targets for weight loss (and maintenance) which can be sustained over the long term, and increased physical activity probably offers the most feasible approach for intervention aimed at reducing overall body weight.
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Aşkar, Selva Ezgi, and Özlem Ovayolu. "Nursing care based on Dorothy Johnson's Behavioral System Model in Coronary Artery Disease: A case report." Medical Science and Discovery 9, no. 2 (February 23, 2022): 138–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.36472/msd.v9i2.671.
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Objective: The use of theory/model is very important in providing nursing care in standardized frameworks. One of these models in the literature is Dorothy Johnson's “Behavioural System Model”. Material and Methods: In this study, the nursing process of a 59-year-old patient who was followed up with the diagnosis of coronary artery disease and had many comorbid conditions but continued her negative behaviors towards her diseases was presented using Johnson's Behavioural System Model. Case: In our case, first of all, a detailed medical history was taken and physical examination was performed, and conditions that disrupted the balance of the subsystems in the model were determined. Afterwards, a nursing care planthat can be implemented to provide behavioural change to restore balance was designed. Conclusion: Since it is very important to provide behavior change in chronic diseases, it is recommended to use Johnson's Behavioural System Model in chronic disease management and to conduct studies in different chronic diseases.