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Maheswari, A. Uma. "Paradigm Shift in Sustainability: Unravelling the Human Psyche for Environmental Stewardship." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED RESEARCH IN COMMERCE, MANAGEMENT & SOCIAL SCIENCE 08, no. 02(II) (2025): 152–58. https://doi.org/10.62823/ijarcmss/8.2(ii).7621.
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Background: Traditional sustainability models have focused on technological advancements, economic incentives, and policy regulations to drive environmental responsibility. However, climate change, biodiversity loss, and ecological degradation continue to worsen, highlighting the limitations of policy-driven approaches. Research suggests that human psychology significantly influences sustainability adoption, yet cognitive biases, eco-anxiety, and social influences remain underexplored in environmental policies. A paradigm shift is needed—one that integrates behavioural science, cognitive psychology, and social reinforcement into sustainability frameworks to bridge the gap between awareness and action. Objective: This study examines the role of human psychology in environmental stewardship and proposes a behaviourally informed sustainability paradigm. It explores cognitive and emotional factors that influence sustainability decision-making, identifies psychological barriers and motivators, and presents evidence-based behavioural interventions to enhance engagement. The study further introduces a human-centered sustainability framework, prioritizing intrinsic motivation, social norms, and behavioural nudging over traditional external enforcement mechanisms. Methodology: This study employs a traditional literature review approach, synthesizing insights from behavioural science, cognitive psychology, and environmental studies. A qualitative narrative synthesis was conducted, analyzing peer-reviewed literature and theoretical frameworks on cognitive biases, eco-anxiety, and social norm interventions in sustainability behaviour. Results: Findings reveal that cognitive biases (status quo bias, present bias, optimism bias) create a disconnect between awareness and action, while eco-anxiety can either motivate or discourage engagement. Social norms and peer influence significantly impact sustainability choices, with community-based interventions and behavioural nudging proving more effective than policy enforcement. Conclusion: The study identifies three key pillars for a behaviourally informed sustainability paradigm: integrating cognitive and emotional insights into policies, leveraging peer influence and community-driven initiatives, and designing behavioural nudges that make sustainability effortless. By embedding psychology into sustainability frameworks, this study provides a comprehensive model for fostering long-term environmental responsibility.
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Müller, Michal. "A Review of how Behavioural Insights have been Applied to Tax-Related Policy and Field Experiments in the European Union." Ekonomski pregled 72, no. 6 (2021): 799–825. http://dx.doi.org/10.32910/ep.72.6.1.
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Tax evasion is a problem in every country. Since taxes are the most important source of income for the state budget, finance ministers and tax authorities strive to increase tax compliance and secure higher tax revenues. In the context of European Union objectives to monitor the effects of behavioural insights and gather information for critical evaluation, this article contributes to these efforts by summarizing policies and measures related to increasing tax compliance. This article is based on a systematic review and is complemented by other relevant sources related to applying behavioural insights to tax policy. The article concludes that although there is empirical evidence to suggest that behaviourally informed initiatives and interventions have had a significant impact on tax compliance in the short term, there is not enough evidence to draw conclusions on the long-term effects. In addition, the real motives and causal mechanisms that have led to increased tax compliance are not entirely clear. The results of the research suggest that deterrence is an important factor. Although deterrence might increase tax compliance, it is uncertain whether it has any positive effect on tax morale in general. The article raises the argument that many behaviourally-informed techniques are actually based on deterrence. In this respect, the article calls for further research to reveal the real effects of behavioural insights. Further work on reviewing and evaluating research results will also be important, as individual initiatives across EU countries are not easily traceable. This fact represents the limits of this study and highlights opportunities for future research.
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Ball, Sarah, and Brian W. Head. "Behavioural insights teams in practice: nudge missions and methods on trial." Policy & Politics 49, no. 1 (2021): 105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/030557320x15840777045205.
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Behavioural and experimental projects have become increasingly popular with policymakers. Behavioural insights teams have used several policy design and implementation tools drawn from behavioural sciences, especially randomised controlled trials, to test the design of ‘nudge’ interventions. This approach has attained discursive legitimacy in government agencies seeking to use the best available evidence for behaviourally informed, evidence-based policy innovation. We examine the practices of governmental behavioural insights teams in Australia, drawing on two research projects that included interviews with key personnel. We find that teams make strong commitments to using and promoting randomised controlled trials in government policy innovation. Nevertheless, some members of these teams are beginning to appreciate the constraints of relying solely on randomised controlled trials in the development of behavioural public policy. We conclude that while an initial focus on rigorous trials helped behavioural insights teams establish themselves in policymaking, strict adherence may represent a risk to their long-term growth and relevance.
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HERTWIG, RALPH. "When to consider boosting: some rules for policy-makers." Behavioural Public Policy 1, no. 2 (2017): 143–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bpp.2016.14.
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AbstractIn recent years, public officials have shown a growing interest in using evidence from the behavioural sciences to promote policy goals. Much of the discussion of behaviourally informed approaches has focused on ‘nudges’; that is, non-fiscal and non-regulatory interventions that steer (nudge) people in a specific direction while preserving choice. Less attention has been paid to boosts, an alternative evidence-based class of non-fiscal and non-regulatory intervention. The goal of boosts is to make it easier for people to exercise their own agency in making choices. For instance, when people are at risk of making poor health, medical or financial choices, the policy-maker – rather than steering behaviour through nudging – can take action to foster or boost individuals’ own decision-making competences. Boosts range from interventions that require little time and cognitive effort on the individual's part to ones that require substantial amounts of training, effort and motivation. This article outlines six rules that policy-makers can apply in order to determine under which conditions boosts, relative to nudges, are the preferable form of non-fiscal and non-regulatory intervention. The objective is not to argue that boosts are better than nudges or vice versa, but to begin to spell out the two approaches’ respective conditions for success.
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Shabrina, Zafira Rahmania Nur, Insan Rekso Adiwibowo, and Nurul Aisya Beryllia. "Maladaptive Cognitive Bias in the New Normal Period: An Analyses from a Behavioural Science Perspective in the Time of Covid-19." Buletin Psikologi 28, no. 2 (2020): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/buletinpsikologi.60763.
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The limited number of effective medical interventions to combat Covid-19 to date has resulted in government institutions focusing on preventive behaviours believed to minimize virus transmission. The Indonesian government has launched a ‘new normal’ campaign whereby outdoor activities are restricted by various health protocols established by health authorities, such as wearing a mask, habitual hand washing and social distancing. However, these protocols have not been implemented with a thorough understanding of human behaviour. The result is numerous violations of the protocol, which subsequently lead to the persistence of Covid-19 cases in Indonesia. Behavioural science as an approach can provide important insights regarding the systematic errors of thought that contribute to non-compliance with Covid-19 health signs. This article will elaborate on the different types of systematic errors, known as cognitive biases, that plays a role in Covid-19 protocol compliance and suggest the corresponding solutions deemed most effective to overcome these obstacles. Understanding of the dynamics paired with the application of behaviourally informed strategies will hence contribute to the attempt to flatten the Covid-19 curve.
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Dessart, François J., and René van Bavel. "Two converging paths: behavioural sciences and social marketing for better policies." Journal of Social Marketing 7, no. 4 (2017): 355–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsocm-04-2017-0027.
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Purpose This commentary argues that social marketing and the application of behavioural sciences to policy constitute two converging paths towards better policies. It highlights points of convergence and divergence between both disciplines and the potential benefits of further embedding social marketing principles and methods within the recent trend of applying behavioural sciences to policy. Design/methodology/approach The commentary relies on a review of the behavioural sciences and social marketing literatures and on an analysis of institutional reports reviewing cases of behaviourally informed policies. Findings Behavioural sciences are increasingly informing policies to promote societal well-being. Social marketing has seldom been explicitly considered as being part of this phenomenon, although it is de facto. Both disciplines share similar end-goals, inform similar policy applications and are rooted in behavioural analysis. They diverge in their theoretical frameworks, their relative emphasis on behaviour change and the span of interventions they generate. Several benefits of embedding social marketing principles and methods within the current way of applying behavioural sciences to policy are identified. Practical implications Scholars applying behavioural sciences to policy are encouraged, when appropriate, to use the insights and methods from social marketing. Social marketing can engage in a dialogue with behavioural sciences to explore how to pilot the convergence of both approaches in practice. Originality/value The novelty of this contribution lies in providing the first comparison of the application of behavioural sciences to policy with social marketing, and in using the policy-making cycle framework to map the contributions and complementarities of both disciplines.
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Piernas, Carmen, Melina Tsiountsioura, Nerys M. Astbury, Claire Madigan, Paul Aveyard, and Susan A. Jebb. "Primary Care SHOPping intervention for cardiovascular disease prevention (PC-SHOP): protocol for a randomised controlled trial to reduce saturated fat intake." BMJ Open 9, no. 4 (2019): e027035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027035.
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Introduction A diet high in saturated fat (SFA) increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and intakes in the UK exceed dietary recommendations. The Primary Care Shopping Intervention for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention (PC-SHOP) study aims to test the effect of an intervention for people with raised low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol involving health professional (HP) advice alone, or in combination with personalised feedback based on nutritional analysis of grocery store loyalty card data, on SFA intake and blood lipids in comparison with no intervention. Methods and analysis PC-SHOP is a three-arm parallel randomised controlled trial with an allocation ratio of 1:3:3 (‘no intervention’: n=16, ‘brief support’: n=48, ‘brief support plus shopping feedback’: n=48, respectively). Participants with raised LDL will be recruited from general practitioner (GP) practices for a 3-month intervention period. In brief support, an HP will deliver a behaviourally informed 10 min consultation and provide a written self-help guide to inform and motivate people to reduce their SFA intake. In brief support plus shopping feedback, the participants will receive the same HP-led behavioural support and, based on data from their grocery store loyalty card, personalised feedback on the SFA content of their grocery shopping, identifying high SFA purchases and suggesting swaps to similar but lower SFA items. Measurements for the primary and secondary outcomes will be collected at baseline and at follow-up (3 months). The primary outcome measure will be the between-group difference in the reduction of SFA intake between baseline and follow-up. Secondary outcomes include changes in blood lipids and SFA content of food purchases, with process measures to consider the feasibility and acceptability of the intervention. Ethics and dissemination This study has been reviewed and approved by the National Health Service Health Research Authority Research Ethics Committee (Ref: 17/SC/0168). The trial findings will be disseminated to academic and HPs through presentations at meetings and peer-reviewed journals and to the public through the media. If the intervention is effective, the results will be communicated to relevant stakeholders, including policymakers and retailers. Trial registration number NCT14279335; Pre-results.
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Nicolau, M., P.M Aubert, A. Samoggia, and M. Gorton. "Putting Solutions on the Table: Successful approaches and interventions to support more sustainable food consumption behaviours in the EU." September 2, 2021. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5579494.
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"Putting Solutions on the Table" was the title of a webinar on successful approaches and interventions to support more sustainable food consumption behaviours in the EU. The webinar was organised by the H2020 project VALUMICS and held in July 2021. The purpose of the webinar was to share and discuss insights from existing evidence from hands-on, behaviourally-informed pilot interventions and strategies suitable for the food industry and policy makers in order to drive more sustainable food consumption practices. 170 persons registered for the event and more than 90 joined live to hear and interact on several key questions, notably: • How can we move towards a healthier and more sustainable food consumption, in view of the EU food consumption policy landscape, particularly the Farm to Fork Strategy? • Which sustainable food consumption targets lie ahead of us? • How can food consumption behaviours and solution-oriented interventions trigger and shift towards a more sustainable future? • How are these behavioural interventions applied in real life contexts and what might we learn from them?
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Howell-Jones, Rebecca, Natalie Gold, Sarah Bowen, et al. "Can uptake of childhood influenza immunisation through schools and GP practices be increased through behaviourally-informed invitation letters and reminders: two pragmatic randomized controlled trials." BMC Public Health 23, no. 1 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14439-4.
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Abstract Background The UK is rolling out a national childhood influenza immunisation programme for children, delivered through primary care and schools. Behaviourally-informed letters and reminders have been successful at increasing uptake of other public health interventions. Therefore, we investigated the effects of a behaviourally-informed letter on uptake of the vaccine at GP practices, and of a letter and a reminder (SMS/ email) on uptake at schools. Methods and results Study 1 was a cluster-randomised parallel trial of 21,786 two- and three-year olds in 250 GP practices, conducted during flu season (September to January inclusive) 2016/7. The intervention was a centrally-sent behaviourally-informed invitation letter, control was usual care. The proportion of two- and three-year olds in each practice who received a vaccination by 31st January 2017 was 23.4% in the control group compared to 37.1% in the intervention group (OR = 1.93; 95% CI = 1.82, 2.05, p < 0.001). Study 2 was a 2 (behavioural letter vs standard letter) × 2 (reminder vs no reminder) factorial trial of 1108 primary schools which included 3010 school years 1–3. Letters were sent to parents from providers, and reminders sent to parents from the schools. In the standard-letter-no-reminder arm, an average of 61.6% of eligible children in each school year were vaccinated, compared to 61.9% in the behavioural-letter-no-reminder arm, 63.5% in the standard-letter-plus-reminder arm, and 62.9% in the behavioural-letter-plus reminder condition, F(3, 2990) = 2.68, p = 0.046. In a multi-level model, with demographic variables as fixed effects, the proportion of eligible students in the school year who were vaccinated increased with the reminder, β = 0.086 (0.041), p < 0.036, but there was no effect of the letter nor any interaction effect. Conclusion Sending a behaviourally informed invitation letter can increase uptake of childhood influenza vaccines at the GP surgery compared to usual practice. A reminder SMS or email can increase uptake of the influenza vaccine in schools, but the effect size was minimal. Trial registration Study 1: Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02921633. Study 2: Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02883972.
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Bull, Shirley L., Nicki Frost, and Eleanor R. Bull. "Behaviourally informed, patient-led interventions to reduce missed appointments in general practice: a 12-month implementation study." Family Practice, July 14, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fampra/cmac064.
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Abstract Background Scalable, positive, behaviourally informed interventions may help people remember to attend their primary care appointment or cancel in good time, but have not yet been implemented long term. Aim To examine effects of social norms and making active commitments on missed and cancelled appointments in primary care over 12 months and explore implementation factors. Design and setting A mixed-methods design evaluation and implementation study led by a Patient Participation Group (PPG) member in a large GP practice in the West Midlands. Methods Following a 6-month baseline, waiting room notices were redesigned to emphasise positive social norms for desired behaviours. When booking appointments, receptionists were trained to invite patients to (i) verbally actively commit to cancelling if needed; (ii) write down their own appointment details. Monthly missed appointments (MAs) and cancellations were statistically compared with baseline averages and seasonally equivalent months. To explore implementation, reception staff completed a knowledge, attitude, and behaviour questionnaire at 9 months, analysed descriptively. Study team field notes were thematically analysed. Results Across 12 intervention months there was a mean of 37.67 fewer MAs per month (20% reduction) and 102.66 more cancellations (21.07% increase) compared with 6-month baseline means [MAs t(11) = −6.15, P &lt; 0.001; cancellations t(11) = 3.637, P = 0.004] with statistically significant differences in seasonally equivalent months [MAs t(5) = −4.65, P = 0.006; cancellations t(5) = 3.263, P = 0.022]. Receptionists (n = 12) reported implementing the strategies except when facing pressures; knowledge and attitudes varied. Conclusions Behaviourally informed interventions reduced primary care MAs longer term; PPGs and practice teams can work together on quality improvement projects with support from leaders to prioritise and embed new practices.
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Milkman, Katherine L., Sean F. Ellis, Dena M. Gromet, et al. "Megastudy shows that reminders boost vaccination but adding free rides does not." Nature, June 26, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07591-x.
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AbstractEncouraging routine COVID-19 vaccinations is likely to be a crucial policy challenge for decades to come. To avert hundreds of thousands of unnecessary hospitalizations and deaths, adoption will need to be higher than it was in the autumn of 2022 or 2023, when less than one-fifth of Americans received booster vaccines1,2. One approach to encouraging vaccination is to eliminate the friction of transportation hurdles. Previous research has shown that friction can hinder follow-through3 and that individuals who live farther from COVID-19 vaccination sites are less likely to get vaccinated4. However, the value of providing free round-trip transportation to vaccination sites is unknown. Here we show that offering people free round-trip Lyft rides to pharmacies has no benefit over and above sending them behaviourally informed text messages reminding them to get vaccinated. We determined this by running a megastudy with millions of CVS Pharmacy patients in the United States testing the effects of (1) free round-trip Lyft rides to CVS Pharmacies for vaccination appointments and (2) seven different sets of behaviourally informed vaccine reminder messages. Our results suggest that offering previously vaccinated individuals free rides to vaccination sites is not a good investment in the United States, contrary to the high expectations of both expert and lay forecasters. Instead, people in the United States should be sent behaviourally informed COVID-19 vaccination reminders, which increased the 30-day COVID-19 booster uptake by 21% (1.05 percentage points) and spilled over to increase 30-day influenza vaccinations by 8% (0.34 percentage points) in our megastudy. More rigorous testing of interventions to promote vaccination is needed to ensure that evidence-based solutions are deployed widely and that ineffective but intuitively appealing tools are discontinued.
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Gold, Natalie, Caroline Durlik, Jet G. Sanders, Katherine Thompson, and Tim Chadborn. "Applying behavioural science to increase uptake of the NHS Health Check: a randomised controlled trial of gain- and loss-framed messaging in the national patient information leaflet." BMC Public Health 19, no. 1 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7754-5.
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Abstract Background The NHS Health Check (NHSHC) is a national programme for the prevention of non-communicable diseases. Patients aged 40–74 without an existing cardiovascular-related condition should be invited quinquennially. Uptake is lower than anticipated. We assessed the impact on uptake of two new behaviourally-enhanced leaflets (with the current national leaflet as a control), enclosed with the invitation letter: the first trial on the leaflet. Methods A double-blind three-armed randomized controlled trial was conducted. The new leaflets were shorter (two pages, instead of four); one was loss-framed (‘don’t miss out’) and the other was gain-framed (‘make the most of life’). The participants were patients from 39 practices in Lewisham and 17 practices in NE Lincolnshire, who were allocated to interventions using a random-number generator and received one of the leaflets with their invitation letter from April–September 2018. The outcome measure was uptake of an NHSHC by November 2018. The trial was powered to detect a 2% effect. Results Uptake was 17.6% in the control condition (n = 3677), 17.4% in the loss-framed condition (n = 3664), and 18.2% in the gain-framed condition (n = 3697). Leaflet type was not a significant predictor of NHSHC uptake in a logistic regression that controlled for demographic variables, with GP practice as a random effect. Statistically significant predictors of uptake included location (higher uptake in Lewisham), age (increased age was associated with increased attendance) and sex (higher uptake in females). The Bayes Factor comparing the null to a hypothesis of differences between conditions was 416, which is extreme evidence in favour of the null hypothesis. Conclusion There was no evidence for a meaningful effect of either a loss-framed or gain-framed behaviourally-informed leaflet type on uptake, which is surprising, given that behaviourally informed letters have improved uptake of NHSHCs. It is possible that people do not pay attention to leaflets that are enclosed with letters, or that the leaflet continues to support informed decision-making but this does not affect uptake. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT03524131. Registered May 14, 2018. Retrospectively registered.
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CHU, KIKI K. "Power of the eyes: deterring sexual harassment in Tokyo subways using images of watchful eyes." Behavioural Public Policy, March 17, 2020, 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bpp.2019.51.
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Abstract Sex crime in subways poses an ever-present threat to Japanese commuters. This paper proposes a simple and viable adjunct to the current tactics by harnessing the potential of the watching eyes effect to deter sexual harassment. It attempts to observe the human biological sensitivity to gaze and to explore its application to the specific Japanese context where powerful informal control exists. The paper also identifies the possible advantages and limitations of such measure, with the goal of stimulating more discussion over evidence-based behavioural interventions in deterring crimes. A tentative proposal is composed to summarize and demonstrate a number of behaviourally informed suggestions regarding the practical implementation and configuration of the proposed measure.
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Backhouse, Susan H. "A Behaviourally Informed Approach to Reducing the Risk of Inadvertent Anti-doping Rule Violations from Supplement Use." Sports Medicine, October 6, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40279-023-01933-x.
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AbstractFor many reasons, athletes’ use of supplements is highly prevalent across sports and competitive levels, despite the risk of these products containing a substance on the World Anti-Doping Agency Prohibited List. Contravening anti-doping rules through supplement use could have serious consequences for competitive athletes (e.g., ineligibility from major competitions, loss of medals and funding) due to the principle of strict liability. Indiscriminate supplement use also poses a risk to athlete health. To reduce the possibility of ingesting a supplement containing prohibited substances, independent quality assurance and certification programs have been established (e.g., Informed Sport). However, these programs do not completely eliminate risk, leading to some anti-doping organisations promoting a ‘just say no’ to supplements stance. Yet, this approach can be problematic as a small number of supplements may be necessary for athletes to consume, in certain situations. Recognising that athletes will continue to use these heavily marketed products, this narrative review describes a theoretically underpinned and systematic approach to preventing inadvertent doping by considering the barriers to and enablers of athlete adherence to risk minimisation supplement use guidelines (RMSUG). By outlining a conceptual shift towards a behaviourally informed approach, this review serves to stimulate the development of multifaceted interventions to prevent inadvertent doping through supplement use. Recognising that risk-minimised supplement use involves a myriad of behaviours, the problem of inadvertent doping through supplement use is framed, and research appraised, through the lens of the Behaviour Change Wheel.
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Hilser, Harry, Reyni Palohoen, Ziva Justinek, Yunita Siwi, Johny S. Tasirin, and Andrew E. Bowkett. "Cultivating Care: Behaviourally Informed Conservation Strategies to Safeguard the Future of the Sulawesi Crested Black Macaque (Macaca nigra)." International Journal of Primatology, August 12, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10764-023-00385-4.
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AbstractPrimate conservation is a behavioural challenge and as such requires behaviourally informed solutions. We provide a case study, applying social science principles and concepts to address primate conservation challenges. Selamatkan Yaki is a conservation programme focused on the Critically Endangered, Sulawesi crested black macaque (Macaca nigra) in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. A holistic strategy of education, capacity building, and community-based conservation draws upon a blend of insights from multiple social scientific disciplines alongside direct research with communities in the area exploring their cultural histories, behavioural drivers, and relationships with nature. We outline a series of five approaches based on behavioural concepts and describe the benefits, impact, and shortfalls of our methods. We illustrate how the resultant systematic stepwise strategy aims to address some of the key issues of primate conservation management in an innovative way. By incorporating sociopsychological principles and deeper understandings of behavioural science into primate conservation programmes, practitioners may broaden the interpretation, communication, and application of research findings with the potential to maximise the effectiveness of threat reduction campaigns and interventions.
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Chillayil, Jayaraman, M. Suresh, Viswanathan PK, and Sasi K. Kottayil. "Is imperfect evaluation a deterrent to adoption of energy audit recommendations?" International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management ahead-of-print, ahead-of-print (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijppm-05-2020-0236.
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PurposeEnergy-efficiency leads to productivity gains as it can lower operating and maintenance costs, increase production yields per unit of manufacturing input and improve staff accountability. Implementation of energy-efficient technologies amongst industries, the factors influencing them and the barriers to their adoption have been the subject of several studies during the past three to four decades. Though energy-use behaviours of individuals or households are sufficiently explored, industrial energy conservation behaviour is scarcely studied. This study identifies the relationship between the different behavioural elements to open up a door for behaviourally informed intervention research.Design/methodology/approachTotal interpretive structural modelling technique was used to determine the relationship between different elements of the behaviour of energy managers. Expert responses were collected to understand the relationship between the behavioural elements, through telephone interviews.FindingsThe study identified the relationship between the behavioural elements and found imperfect evaluation as the key element with the highest driving power to influence other elements.Research limitations/implicationsThe authors postulate that a behaviourally informed intervention strategy that looks into the elements with high driving power such as imperfect evaluation, lack of focus on energy-saving measures and the lack of sharing energy-saving objectives can lead to: an increase in the adoption of energy efficiency measures and thereby a reduction in the energy efficiency gap; greater productivity gains and reduced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions; Preparation of M&V protocol that incorporates behavioural, organisational and informational barriers.Social implicationsVarious policy level interventions and regulatory measures in the energy field which did not address the behavioural barriers are found unsuccessful in narrowing the energy-efficiency gap, reducing the GHG gas emissions and global warming. Understanding the key driving factor of behaviour can help to design an effective intervention strategy to address the barriers to energy efficiency improvement.Originality/valueUnderstanding the key driving factor of behaviour can help to design an effective intervention strategy to address the barriers to energy efficiency improvement. This study argues that through the systematic analysis of the imperfect evaluation of energy audit recommendations, it is possible to increase the adoption of energy efficiency measures that can lead to greater productivity gains and reduced GHG emissions.
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Lowe, Warnakulasooriya Umesh Ashen, Leonhard Lades, and Páraic Carroll. "Personalizing travel behaviour change interventions using the trans-theoretical model and multimodality data." European Transport Research Review 16, no. 1 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12544-024-00666-w.
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Abstract Introduction Behaviourally informed soft policies, such as nudges, have become popular in areas like health, environment, and energy use as cost-effective instruments to change behaviour and decision-making. However, the effectiveness of soft policies in the transport sector is modest at best. One reason for this relative ineffectiveness might be their one-size-fits-all nature, and personalizing soft interventions has been suggested to increase their effectiveness. The Trans-theoretical Model (TTM) suggests that people progress through five stages of behavioural change, from pre-contemplating a behaviour to maintaining the behaviour, and behavioural interventions could be designed for specific stages. However, it is not always feasible to conduct surveys to place people at different stages of the TTM. Methods This paper explores whether it is possible to use multimodality data taken from a travel diary to place people at different stages of the TTM. The analysis uses an existing dataset from 826 respondents that includes self-reported TTM stages regarding cycling and data on multimodality. In the analysis, the multimodality data are used to allocate respondents to categories and assign them to TTM stages. The performances of the stage assignment approaches are evaluated using the self-reported TTM data and confusion matrices. Findings The accuracy of the allocation of participants to TTM stages using multimodality data is approximately 75%. The accuracy is higher for early stages (pre-contemplation) and later stages (maintenance) of the TTM. A data-driven approach to dealing with multimodality data performs slightly better than an approach that relies on pre-defined categorization. Conclusion The paper suggests that it will be possible in the future to personalise behavioural interventions according to the stages of the TTM even in the absence of self-reported survey data that classifies people to TTM stages if objective multimodality data are available.
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Krisam, Mathias, Mona Maier, Rebecca Janßen, and Johannes Krisam. "What do Germans really think about health-nudges?" BMC Public Health 21, no. 1 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10808-7.
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Abstract Background In recent years, policymakers have increasingly used behaviourally informed policies, including ‘nudges’. They have been implemented to produce desirable social outcomes such as healthier eating and physical activity. In Germany, a small research team at the Federal Chancellery acts as the central unit to promote the introduction of nudges in the design of public life. Despite this, the nudging concept itself as well as the understanding around it has not spread widely among German citizens. When reporting about the concept, German media is often very critical of the concept. Methods Using a for age, sex and educational level nationally representative online survey with 1000 participants, we investigate whether German citizens know about the concept of nudging. We also explore if they approve of the theoretical concept as well as a list of seven specific interventions regarding healthy eating and physical activity. A particular focus is placed on whether the level of approval is dependent on the target group of the intervention, as well as different intervention-initiators. Results We find that nearly 80% of the respondents have never heard of nudging. However when being provided with a definition, we find that a strong majority (90%) supports the concept of nudging as well as all the specific interventions. Acceptance rates are higher if interventions are targeted at the general population compared to only children. All initiators – statutory health insurers, the government, private companies, and independent experts – are accepted as nudge initiators. Conclusion Amongst Germans nudges are an accepted method to promote health behaviours. Policy makers from various fields in Germany should take that into account to improve future health policy.
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Kantorowicz-Reznichenko, Elena, Jaroslaw Kantorowicz, and Liam Wells. "Can vaccination intentions against COVID-19 be nudged?" Behavioural Public Policy, July 8, 2022, 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bpp.2022.20.
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Abstract Once vaccines against COVID-19 became available in many countries, a new challenge has emerged – how to increase the number of people who vaccinate? Different policies are being considered and implemented, including behaviourally informed interventions (i.e., nudges). In this study, we have experimentally examined two types of nudges on representative samples of two countries – descriptive social norms (Israel) and saliency of either the death experience from COVID-19 or its symptoms (UK). To increase the legitimacy of nudges, we have also examined the effectiveness of transparent nudges, where the goal of the nudge and the reasons of its implementation (expected effectiveness) were disclosed. We did not find evidence that informing people that the vast majority of their country-people intend to vaccinate enhanced vaccination intentions in Israel. We also did not find evidence that making the death experience from COVID-19, or its hard symptoms, salient enhanced vaccination intentions in the UK. Finally, transparent nudges as well did not change the results. We further provide evidence for the reasons why people choose not to vaccinate, and whether different factors such as gender, belief in conspiracy theories, political ideology, and risk perception, play a role in people's intentions to vaccinate or susceptibility to nudges.
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Reale, Sophie, Rebecca R. Turner, Eileen Sutton, et al. "Embedding supervised exercise training for men on androgen deprivation therapy into standard prostate cancer care: a feasibility and acceptability study (the STAMINA trial)." Scientific Reports 11, no. 1 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-91876-y.
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AbstractLifestyle interventions involving exercise training offset the adverse effects of androgen deprivation therapy in men with prostate cancer. Yet provision of integrated exercise pathways in cancer care is sparse. This study assessed the feasibility and acceptability of an embedded supervised exercise training intervention into standard prostate cancer care in a single-arm, multicentre prospective cohort study. Feasibility included recruitment, retention, adherence, fidelity and safety. Acceptability of behaviourally informed healthcare and exercise professional training was assessed qualitatively. Despite the imposition of lockdown for the COVID-19 pandemic, referral rates into and adherence to, the intervention was high. Of the 45 men eligible for participation, 79% (n = 36) received the intervention and 47% (n = 21) completed the intervention before a government mandated national lockdown was enforced in the United Kingdom. Patients completed a mean of 27 min of aerobic exercise per session (SD = 3.48), at 77% heart rate maximum (92% of target dose), and 3 sets of 10 reps of 3 resistance exercises twice weekly for 12 weeks, without serious adverse event. The intervention was delivered by 26 healthcare professionals and 16 exercise trainers with moderate to high fidelity, and the intervention was deemed highly acceptable to patients. The impact of societal changes due to the pandemic on the delivery of this face-to-face intervention remain uncertain but positive impacts of embedding exercise provision into prostate cancer care warrant long-term investigation.
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Smith, R., M. Michalopoulou, H. Reid, et al. "Applying the behaviour change wheel to develop a smartphone application ‘stay-active’ to increase physical activity in women with gestational diabetes." BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 22, no. 1 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12884-022-04539-9.
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Abstract Background Physical activity (PA) interventions are an important but underutilised component in the management of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). The challenge remains how to deliver cost effective PA interventions that have impact on individual behaviour. Digital technologies can support and promote PA remotely at scale. We describe the development of a behaviourally informed smartphone application (Stay-Active) for women attending an NHS GDM clinic. Stay-Active will support an existing motivational interviewing intervention to increase and maintain PA in this population. Methods The behaviour change wheel (BCW) eight step theoretical approach was used to design the application. It provided a systematic approach to understanding the target behaviour, identifying relevant intervention functions, and specifying intervention content. The target behaviour was to increase and maintain PA. To obtain a behavioural diagnosis, qualitative evidence was combined with focus groups on the barriers and facilitators to PA in women with GDM. The findings were mapped onto the Capability Opportunity Motivation-Behaviour (COM-B) model and Theoretical Domains Framework to identify what needs to change for the target behaviour and linked to appropriate intervention functions. Finally, behaviour changes techniques (BCT) and modes of delivery that are most likely to serve the intervention functions were selected. Current evidence, patient focus groups and input from key stakeholders informed Stay-Active’s development. Results We found that psychological capability, reflective and automatic motivation, social and physical opportunity needed to change to increase PA in women with GDM. The four key intervention functions identified were Enablement, Education, Persuasion and Training. Stay-Active incorporates these four intervention functions delivering ten BCTs including: goal setting, credible source, self-monitoring, action planning, prompts and cues. The final design of Stay-Active delivers these BCTs via an educational resource centre, with goal setting and action planning features, personalised performance feedback and individualised promotional messages. Conclusion The BCW has enabled the systematic and comprehensive development of Stay-Active to promote PA in women with GDM within an NHS Maternity service. The next phase is to conduct a trial to assess the feasibility and acceptability of a multi-component intervention that combines Stay-Active with PA Motivational Interviewing.
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Mistri, Preethi, Silviu Tomescu, Simamkele Bokolo, et al. "Evaluation of four interventions using behavioural economics insights to increase demand for voluntary medical male circumcision in South Africa through the MoyaApp: A quasi-experimental study." JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, August 9, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/qai.0000000000003504.
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Background: While voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) reduces the risk of HIV transmission by 60%, circumcision coverage falls short of the UNAIDS 90% VMMC target. We investigated whether behaviourally informed message framing increased demand for VMMC. Setting: Adult users of the MoyaApp, a data free application in South Africa, who viewed a form designed to generate interest in VMMC during August-November 2022. Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted to evaluate four MoyaApp VMMC intervention forms against the Standard of Care (SOC) form. All forms enabled users to provide contact details for follow-up engagement by a call centre. The primary outcome was the proportion of forms submitted. Secondary outcomes included successful contact with the user, VMMC bookings/referrals and confirmed circumcision. Multivariable ordinary least-squares regression was used for the analysis. Results: Of 118,337 MoyaApp VMMC form viewers, 6% submitted a form. Foot-in-the-Door form viewers were more likely (+1.3 percentage points, p<0.01) to submit a form compared to the SOC group (6.3%). Active Choice (-1.1 percentage points, p<0.01) and Reserved for You (-0.05 percentage points, p<0.05) form viewers were less likely to submit a form compared to SOC. Users submitting on Foot-in-the-Door were less likely to be booked/referred compared to SOC (-5 percentage points, p<0.05). There were no differences between the intervention and SOC forms for successful contact and circumcisions. Conclusions: Message framing using behavioural insights was able to nudge men to engage with VMMC services. However, more work is needed to understand how to convert initial interest into bookings and circumcisions.
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Patel, Rakhee, Mamoona Mian, Claire Robertson, Nigel B. Pitts, and Jennifer E. Gallagher. "Crisis in care homes: the dentists don’t come." BDJ Open 7, no. 1 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41405-021-00075-4.
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Abstract Aim/Objectives To present the findings of the challenges relating to access to dental care for older people in care homes from the Fluoride Interventions in Care Homes (FInCH) Trial. Methods Thematic analysis of 11 interviews / focus groups with care home managers and care staff were carried out against a framework informed by the literature drawing on lived experiences. Results The challenges identified mapped to Penchanksy and Thomas’s (1981) five dimensions of access but also highlighted themes specifically relevant to the care home population. These include a lack of suitable services for routine and urgent domiciliary and clinic care, complex referral processes, operational challenges in the need for appropriate care chaperones, expectations of information for dental charge exemption and capacity / consent processes within the home. Discussion There is a malalignment of dental services offered to meet the needs of care home residents which has resulted in a reactive dental care system that is not fit for purpose and an entire generation of older people living in care with dental neglect. Conclusion Urgent action is needed to commission not only the appropriate quantities of both routine and urgent dental care, but ensure it is delivered by clinicians who are appropriately skilled to meet the high levels of dental needs in an increasingly medically and behaviourally complex care home population. In line with eye tests and prescribing at the very least, free routine dental examinations should be offered to all care home residents, creating the opportunity for advice and prevention, and enabling care home residents to function and be free of pain. Trial Registration The FinCH Trial registration EudraCT number 2017-002248-34.
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Nthele, Camilla. "Environmental Education as an Intervention Strategy towards Reducing Poaching in the Upper Kafue National Park." Addaiyan Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, December 31, 2021, 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.36099/ajahss.3.12.5.
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The study was methodologically informed by a case study design. Based on 50 participants, the study holds the view that. environmental education should be an integral part of the broader framework for the conservation of wildlife. Any attempt towards conservation of wildlife that sidesteps environmental education would be marred with futility as perpetrators of poaching would not behaviourally appreciate why they should conserve wildlife, especially that, effects are long term.
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MacLochlainn, Justin, Karen Kirby, Paula McFadden, and John Mallett. "An Evaluation of Whole-School Trauma-Informed Training Intervention Among Post-Primary School Personnel: A Mixed Methods Study." Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, January 5, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40653-021-00432-3.
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AbstractStudents’ ability to reach their potential in school—both behaviourally and academically – is linked to their educator’s knowledge of child and adolescent development, childhood adversity and trauma, and how these impact learning and behaviour. However, teacher pre-service training programmes often offer inadequate instruction to meet the needs of trauma-impacted students. The purpose of the study was to investigate the benefits of professional development training in trauma-informed approaches on school personnel attitudes and compassion fatigue. There is a paucity of research on whole-school trauma-informed approaches and most have methodological limitations via the absence of a control group. In addressing this gap, the study is one of the first to utilise a control group in the research design to ensure findings are robust. The study utilised a quasi-experimental wait-list control pre-post intervention design to evaluate the efficacy of trauma-informed professional development training. We compared attitudes and compassion fatigue among 216 school personnel (n = 98 intervention, n = 118 comparison) utilising the Attitudes Related to Trauma-Informed Care (ARTIC) scale and the Professional Quality of Life scale (Pro-QoL). Quantitative data was supplemented by qualitative focus group data. Findings demonstrated that school-personnel within the intervention group reported significant improvements in attitudes related to trauma-informed care, and a significant decrease in burnout at 6-month follow-up. Our findings demonstrate that with minimum training on the dynamics of trauma, personnel attached to a school can become more trauma-informed and have more favourable attitudes towards trauma-impacted students and consequently be less likely to experience burnout.
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Ede, Moses Onyemaechi, Chinedu Ifedi Okeke, and Sebastian O. Onah. "A randomised controlled trial of a cognitive behaviourally informed intervention for changing violent sexual attitudes among adult sexual offenders in prison." Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, December 30, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbm.2269.
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Copsey, Bethan, Alexandra Wright-Hughes, Amanda Farrin, et al. "Results of a feasibility study of the FReSH START intervention to improve quality of life and other outcomes in people who repeatedly self-harm (Function REplacement in repeated Self-Harm: Standardising Therapeutic Assessment and the Related Therapy)." Pilot and Feasibility Studies 11, no. 1 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40814-025-01644-2.
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Abstract Background Self-harm is a major public health challenge with estimated lifetime prevalence of 5–6% and 220,000 hospital attendances annually in England and Wales. Repetition of self-harm is common with 70% of hospital attenders reporting previous self-harm. Multiple repetition bears a significant cost to individuals and healthcare systems. A recent Cochrane review showed little evidence for the benefit of existing psychological therapies for people who repeatedly self-harm. Considering multiple possible functions of self-harm, we modified three existing psychological therapies for use with people who self-harm multiple times. To inform the design of a definitive multi-centre randomised controlled trial (RCT) and assess the feasibility of an RCT, this mixed-methods feasibility study assessed intervention delivery and acceptability. Methods A single arm (comprising three modalities), non-controlled, multi-centre feasibility trial aimed to recruit 30 participants aged 16 years or older and reporting both recent and recurring self-harm episodes. The FReSH START intervention included 12 individual sessions over a maximum 6 months comprising one of three psychological therapies, each modified specifically for use with people who have self-harmed multiple times: Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, and Psychodynamic Interpersonal Therapy. Follow-up was via participant reported outcomes using postal questionnaires at 6 months and monthly text messages. A parallel qualitative study interviewed a sample of therapists and participants to refine the intervention and logic model ahead of a definitive RCT. Results We reached our target of 30 recruited participants and 15 therapists delivered the intervention in a way that was acceptable to participants. However, follow-up rates for the 6-month questionnaire were lower than expected at 53.3% (n = 16/30). To improve follow-up, in the definitive RCT, we plan to use online questionnaires, provide vouchers and behaviourally-informed letters to incentivise questionnaire return, and include follow-up via routinely collected data. Intervention fidelity also requires some improvement in specific areas; thus we plan to amend the intervention therapist training accordingly. Conclusions Despite disruption due to the COVID-19 pandemic, we conclude that delivery of a definitive trial of adapted psychological therapies for people who repeatedly self-harm is feasible with modifications to study processes to improve intervention fidelity and participant retention. Trial registration. ISRCTN16049211.