Relevant bibliographies by topics / Beirut (Lebanon) Civil War

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Beirut (Lebanon) Civil War'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Beirut (Lebanon) Civil War"

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ABISAAB, MALEK. "HASSAN N. DIAB, Beirut: Reviving Lebanon's Past (Westport, Conn.: Praeger Publishers, 1999). Pp. 144. $55.00 cloth, $19.95 paper." International Journal of Middle East Studies 33, no. 1 (February 2001): 143–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743801351061.

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The fifteen-year civil war in Lebanon and its destructive social effects have called for soul-searching by many Lebanese. Hassan Diab explores the regional and international economic developments that caused political instability and led to episodes of civil strife and social upheaval in Lebanon from the late Ottoman period until recent times. Further, Diab promises to assess the revival of Beirut's past through the governmental project of Rafiq Hariri known as Horizon 2000, and the ramifications of reconstructing downtown Beirut in the aftermath of the civil war. Diab raises a number of legitimate concerns about the validity and necessity of these projects and the extent to which they can prevent the eruption of a civil war in the future.
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Sakr, Rita. "Imagining mid-nineteenth-century Beirut as a ‘City of the World’: Public intellectuals, photography, cartography and historical literature." Journal of Urban Cultural Studies 6, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 31–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jucs_00002_1.

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This study explores the process of constructing mid-nineteenth-century (1858–76) Beirut as a city of the world not merely through its gradual material instantiation in mechanisms of technological modernization and in the built environment but also, more emphatically and enduringly, as a product of the cultural imagination. The article engages the ethico-political parameters of a ‘crisis of representation’ in the context of both the selected historical period that is one of geopolitical crisis, specifically the 1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus that brought refugees, military and diplomatic intervention into Beirut, and our ongoing era of intensive contestation and critical attention to Beirut’s urban heritage. This contrapuntal framework of geocreativity invites an examination of the output of mid-nineteenth-century Beiruti intellectuals and missionaries (including newspapers, public lectures, the encyclopaedia and the memoir), alongside mid-nineteenth-century photography and cartography by military and civilian visitors to Beirut, and twenty-first-century Lebanese historical literature, particularly Rabī‘ Jabir’s Bayrūt trilogy (2003–07), that recreates mid-nineteenth-century Beirut as a city of the world from the perspectives of the archive and the consciousness of the city’s post-war transformations.
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Buchakjian, Gregory. "Beirut by Night." Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication 8, no. 2-3 (2015): 256–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18739865-00802006.

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Over the past century, Beirut has acquired a reputation as the nightlife destination of choice in the region. Photography was and remains a privileged witness of the proverbial ‘Beirut nights’. In this essay I trace the history of the genre of nightlife photography in Beirut over the past century, from the grand ball era of the Mandate period to informal underground nightlife during the civil war and its aftermath; to the rise of the nightlife image-making industry in the 1990s and 2000s. I pay particular attention to the ways in which technological developments interplayed with historical and social contingencies in Lebanon—such as the Lebanese civil war and the disintegration of barriers between private and public spheres in the age of social media. Recast as art, digital nightlife photography is responsible for the erosion of ‘vulgarity’ as a social category under the twin pressures of neoliberalism and technological development; it also plays a major role in the contemporary branding of Beirut on a global scale.
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El-Masri, Maha. "Terracotta oil lamps from the excavation at the Bey 004 site (Beirut, Lebanon)." Ancient lamps from Spain to India. Trade, influences, local traditions, no. 28.1 (December 30, 2019): 423–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/uw.2083-537x.pam28.1.24.

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The excavation of site Bey 004 in the urban center of Beirut was done as part of a major salvage-archaeology operation in the 1990s, in reparation for the redevelopment of the city after the Lebanese Civil War. War destruction had given archaeologists the opportunity to investigate the topography, history and everyday life of Beirut over the millennia since its establishment and before a new city would be built on top of the ruins in the 21st century. Terracotta oil lamps, like tableware, are a sensitive guide to the passage of time and cultures, spanning the ages the 5th century BC through the 9th century AD, from Persia to Islam. The article reviews the assemblage from the Bey 004 site, broken down by a local site typology that reflects major periods of occupation, and relates it to existing typologies of ancient Near Eastern lamps from the Canaanite to the Islamic.
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Voderstrasse, Tasha. "Archaeology of Medieval Lebanon: an Overview." Chronos 20 (April 30, 2019): 103–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31377/chr.v20i0.476.

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This article will present an overview of the archaeological work done on medieval Lebanon from the 19th century to the present. The period under examination is the late medieval period, from the 11th to the 14th centuries, encompassing the time when the region was under the control of various Islamic dynasties and the Crusaders. The archaeology of Lebanon has been somewhat neglected over the years, despite its importance for our understanding of the region in the medieval period, mainly because of the civil war (1975-1990), which made excavations and surveys in the country impossible and led to the widespread looting of sites (Hakiman 1987; Seeden 1987; Seeden 1989; Fisk 1991; Hakiman 1991; Ward 1995; Hackmann 1998; Sader 2001. In general, see Fisk 1990). Furthermore, many collections within Lebanon itself could not be visited for the purpose of study and even collections outside Lebanon remained largely neglected. The end Of the civil war, however, marked a time of renewed interest in the country's archaeology, particularly in the city of Beirut. Also, the identification of large numbers of Christian frescoes in the region meant that churches and their paintings were studied in detail for the first time. Although much had been lost during the civil war, it was clear the archaeological heritage of Lebanon remains critical to our understanding of the archaeology of the Levant. As a crossroads for Christians, Muslims, and Jews in the late medieval period, the region that is now Lebanon was of great importance in the 1 lth to 14th centuries.
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Yun, Elisheva. "The Lebanese Blogosphere." Cornell Internation Affairs Review 2, no. 1 (November 1, 2008): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.37513/ciar.v2i1.342.

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Over a decade after the close of the fifteen-year Lebanese Civil War, the cultural and political landscape of sectarianism has shifted significantly in Lebanon. Circumstances of uncertainty and upheaval in the past couple of years—Prime Minister Rafik al-Hariri’s assassination in 2005, the subsequent Cedar Revolution that spurred Syria’s withdrawal from Lebanese territory, a string of assassinations of anti-Syrian politicians, the Israel-Hizbullah War of 2006, anti-government protests and Hizbullah’s seizure of sections of Beirut in May 2008—have both fed into and arose from tensions between religious groups. Recent events suggest the centrality of sectarianism to questions about Lebanon’s stability. The momentous political changes that Lebanon has witnessed have raised questions as to the changing nature of sectarianism as well. In particular, given that sectarianism has fed into significant conflict, is it appropriate or productive to maintain sectarianism as the guiding principle for the political system? How have new avenues of discussion influenced Lebanon’s experience of sectarianism? Blogs, collectively referred to as the blogosphere, have provided an increasingly popular means of expression in Lebanon. Blogging has become more prominent through moments of conflict, namely the Cedar Revolution in 2005 and the Israel-Hizbullah conflict in the summer of 2006. As the Lebanese blogosphere virulently debates the unfolding events and the role of sectarianism in Lebanon, blogs offer an illuminating lens as to whether the Lebanese population deems sectarianism to be an appropriate organizing principle for its government.
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Jaran, Mahmoud. "Beirut e la guerra: Elias Khuri e Oriana Fallaci." Oriente Moderno 95, no. 1-2 (August 7, 2015): 255–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22138617-12340073.

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“Switzerland of the Middle East” and “the oriental Paris” are some of the names that the beautiful city of Beirut had earned before the disasters of the Lebanese Civil War (1975-1990). This historical event is considered the most important one in the contemporary history of Lebanon, not only because it marks the end of a difficult peaceful coexistence among the various ethnic and religious groups during the period between the Independence (1943) and the beginning of the conflict (1975), but also because it made radical geopolitical changes to the entire region. At the end of the “Swiss epoque”, the city of Beirut begins to undergo a series of transformations in terms of urban planning, landscape, etc. This paper aims to study the literary representation of Beirut during the conflict, taking as examples two authors, one Lebanese, Elias Khuri, who shows, in his novel The Journey of Little Gandhi, the irrationality of war and its effects on the city and on the inhabitants; the other one is the Italian writer, Oriana Fallaci, who describes in his novel Inshallah the experience of the Italian contingent in the peacekeeping mission in Beirut. Despite the considerable differences between the two authors, the papers shows the narratives’ affinity which highlight the transformation of Beirut, the image of its citizens and the problematic of the assimilation process between them and their city.
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Sinno, Wael. "How People Reclaimed Public Spaces in Beirut during the 2019 Lebanese Uprising." Journal of Public Space, Vol. 5 n. 1 (January 31, 2020): 193–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.32891/jps.v5i1.1258.

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Over the past years, popular uprisings across the Middle East continue to grow. Throughout these movements, public spaces have played a crucial role in allowing citizens to express their demands. Public spaces have brought people together, providing the space for citizens to assert their rights to freedom of speech and demanding basic rights. Since 17 October 2019, Lebanon has been experiencing a similar civic movement. Expressions and manifestations of this movement have used underutilized public spaces across the country. For instance, in Beirut, the retrieve of public spaces has taken place on three levels: - Multi-purpose public spaces: where the protestors are reshaping the wide formal streets of Beirut Central District to active and lively urban spaces. - Open public spaces: such as Samir Kassir garden, which was once a meditative space, is now a vibrant social place. - Public urban facilities: such as the abandoned Egg [1] and the deteriorated Grand Theatre are being brought to life by becoming respectively a community centre and an observatory. To date, the act of placemaking and the reclamation of public spaces has been observed throughout the 2019 Lebanese Uprising. It has reconfigured public spaces into ones of unity, thereby reuniting citizens of all ages, religions, gender and walks of life. Some see the uprising as a genuine end to the 1975 Civil War – a war that gave birth to religious, political, and social boundaries – by organically bringing together the country as one, demonstrating under one flag, the Lebanese flag. [1] The Egg, an unfinished cinema built in the 1960s, is a landmark urban facility that was closed to the public for a long time. The Egg is located in the heart of the city near the former Civil War green zone line. Designed by Architect Joseph Philippe Karam, work on this unfinished structure started in the 1960s, interrupted by the Lebanese Civil War during which the building was abandoned and suffered major structural damage.
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Wakim, Jamal. "LEBANESE CIVIL WAR AND THE SYRIAN INTERVENTION IN LEBANON UNTILL 1990,." Revista Práxis e Hegemonia Popular 5, no. 7 (December 18, 2020): 141–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.36311/2526-1843.2020.v5n7.p141-157.

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Este artigo argumenta que, ao contrário da alegação da escola liberal dominante, a Síria não agiu como um desestabilizador do sistema confessional libanês, o que levou ao colapso do sistema e à guerra civil entre 1975 e 1990. Em vez disso, o regime sírio, impulsionado pelo interesses da classe burguesa damascena intimamente associada ao fluxo comercial entre Beirute e a região do Golfo via Damasco, escolheu conter a crise e reabilitar o sistema confessional que é um sistema de hegemonia que impede a luta de classes em benefício da burguesia mercantil libanesa.
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Khyami, Ali. "Impact of land cover change on land surface temperature over Greater Beirut Area – Lebanon." Journal of Geoinformatics & Environmental Research 2, no. 1 (June 23, 2021): 14–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.38094/jgier2121.

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Remote sensing (RS) technology has been used together with geographic information systems (GIS) to determine the LC types, retrieve LST, and analyze their relationships. The term Greater Beirut Area (GBA) is used to refer to the city of Beirut and its suburbs which witnessed rapid urban growth, after the end of the civil war, in the last decade of the twentieth century, due to the increase in the number of its inhabitants, and the prosperity and development of sectors such as; industrial, trade, tourism, and construction. These factors led to a wide change in the land cover (LC) types and increased land surface temperature LST. The results showed an increase in built-up areas by 29.1%, and agricultural lands by 6%, while bare land, forests, and seawater decreased by 28.5%, 4.9%, and 1.9%, respectively. These changes caused large differences in the LST between built-up areas and other LC types. The highest LST recorded was in built-up areas (33.03°C in 1985, and 34.01°C in 2020), followed by bare lands (32.61 °C in 1985 and 33.49°C in 2020), cropland (31.23°C in 1985 and 32.17°C in 2020), forest (30.08°C in 1985 and 30.47°C in 2020), and water (24.97°C in 1985 and 28.15°C in 2020). Consequently, converting different LC types into built-up areas led to increases in LST and changed microclimate.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Beirut (Lebanon) Civil War"

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Makarem, Hadi. "Actually existing neoliberalism : the reconstruction of downtown Beirut in post-civil war Lebanon." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2014. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3078/.

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This thesis assesses neoliberal urban developments in post-civil war Lebanon. It does so by focusing on the reconstruction of Downtown Beirut, which contributed towards: firstly, increasing a public debt that was burdening the country at the time; and secondly, reproducing sectarian divisions in Lebanese politics and society. To explain this outcome, this thesis analyses the policies of specific agents who were involved in, and in control of, the reconstruction process. The agents being referred to were led by the former Prime Minister Rafiq Hariri until his death in 2005. When analysed, these policies are found to follow the neoliberal logic of the late prime minister, but also to have been designed and implemented in a way to create and extract as much rent as possible for the benefit of those with invested interests in the reconstruction process. In this regard, it is argued that rent-seeking activities and behaviours heavily influenced the decision-making processes in key institutions concerned with reconstruction matters. Rent-seeking is used to refer to a wide range of social activities. In the case of Lebanon, we find a clear overlap between rent-seeking and two other processes that are endemic to the country: corruption and clientelism. The overlap between rent-seeking and these two other processes is a significant demonstration of how the nation-state and local politics shape the development and implementation of neoliberal economic policies, so that ‘actually existing neoliberalism’ is highly uneven from one region to another, and even from one country to the next. Because agency is placed at the centre of the analysis, this thesis adopts an approach that is more sociological in nature. It also makes use of two sets of literatures: those of liberal peacebuilding and new urban governance. This allows concepts and explanations to be used from both, in turn, complementing the analysis when delineating the patterns of neoliberalism that are specific to post-civil war Lebanon.
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Biglin, Brent Alexander. "Discipline and DIsorder in Women's Fiction Through the Lebanese Civil War." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1366296039.

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Khalaf, Tania Levin C. Melinda. "Born in Beirut." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2007. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-3954.

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Van, Melle Jonathan Herny. "Locked In Time?: The Hariri Assassination and the Making of a Usable Past for Lebanon." Bowling Green, Ohio : Bowling Green State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=bgsu1237738726.

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Khalaf, Tania. "Born in Beirut." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2007. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc3954/.

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The film starts with another ordinary day, two elderly men playing Backgammon, cars passing by, children playing in the street; scenes anyone anywhere in the world can relate to. Seemingly without warning, as the sun set on that ordinary day, the audience is taken on a perilous journey through war-torn Beirut. Born in Beirut is a thoughtful and poetic examination of war through the eyes of a child who lived through endless conflict in war-torn Beirut. The film examines the futility of war and the price paid in innocent lives.
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Thomas, Mansour Émilie. "Les femmes dans Beyrouth en guerre (1975-1990). Une approche géocritique des "Beirut Decentrists"." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019USPCA015.

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La guerre du Liban (1975-1990) a vu émerger dès son commencement une littérature féminine caractérisée par le décentrement du regard et de la représentation, qui inspira le nom donné par Miriam Cooke aux auteures femmes ayant écrit la guerre à Beyrouth : les "Beirut Decentrists". Ces dernières sont à l’origine d’un corpus prolifique et hétérogène, dont les œuvres, pour la grande majorité hybrides et polyphoniques, se rejoignent dans une interrogation sur l’espace urbain comme protagoniste, et sur la place occupée par l’auteure dans un paysage en perpétuel devenir. Ce travail de recherche, qui s’inscrit dans la géocritique, se propose d’explorer les espaces investis par ces femmes pendant la guerre. Que peuvent-ils nous apprendre sur la ville en guerre ? Surtout, quelles Beyrouth(s) possibles peuvent naître après la tentative organisée d’un urbicide par la société de milices qui a contrôlé la ville pendant quinze ans ? Le corpus couvre la totalité de la durée de la guerre, mais il comprend aussi des textes écrits dans les années qui ont suivi, indiquant la prégnance de la guerre dans le temps de l’après-conflit. En quoi le point de vue des "Beirut Decentrists" peut-il contribuer à la construction de la mémoire dans un pays qui cultive l’amnésie tout en croulant sous un « excès de mémoire » ? Ces territoires traversés et transgressés où ville, écriture et expérimentation poétique s’entrecroisent, nous permettent de mettre en perspective les notions de frontières et les considérations binaires de centre et de périphérie. En proposant une lecture géographique des textes des Beirut Decentrists, nous espérons renouveler la perspective sur la guerre, sur les femmes dans la guerre, sur la perception de la ville et la façon de faire avec la mémoire de celles-ci
When the Lebanese war broke out in 1975, many women scattered in Beirut started writing about their feeling of being decentered. Miriam Cooke called them the "Beirut Decentrists". Their texts about the war in Beirut experiment with a variety of literary genres and devices such as hybridity and polyphony, yet all intersect around one interrogation: urban space as a protagonist and the woman writer’s role in this ever-changing landscape. This research inspired by geocriticism explores the spaces wandered by these women during the war. What can we learn about the war-torn city? Moreover, is it possible for new Beirut(s) to emerge from a fifteen-year militia-lead organized urbicide? Our corpus covers the entire war along with texts written during the postwar years. The latter giving us precious indications of how war still influences the conflict’s aftermath. What contribution can the "Beirut Decentrists" unique perspective bring to the construction of a collective memory in a country where amnesia and an excess of memory still coexist? Urban landscape, writing and poetic experimentation intersect and blend in these traveled and transgressed territories, thus allowing us to challenge the notion of border and binary narratives of center and periphery. Through a geographical reading of the Beirut Decentrists’ texts, we wish to renew the perspective on the war, on women in war, as well as the perception of the city and the ways to deal with memory
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Preston, Matthew. "Rhodesia, Lebanon and civil war termination." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.368655.

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Nabti, Jumana M. 1976. "Leveraging infrastructure : sustainable bus rapid transit route planning in Beirut, Lebanon." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/17715.

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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning; and, (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2004.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 135-138).
This thesis applies the concepts of urban design, public transportation planning, economic development, and sustainability, to the routing and site plan of a two-kilometer bus rapid transit (BRT) line segment into downtown Beirut, Lebanon; linking a 20- kilometer BRT corridor to the region's core. Previous routing of the segment, which used typical transportation engineering processes produced routes that would degrade the line's quality of service and/or the adjacent land uses. While one route was preferred, none were compelling enough to be advanced to the next planning stage. This thesis explores the possibility that, by expanding the criteria, the route selection and design process can be used to determine an alignment that not only supports high quality transit service, but leverages the capital investment in public transportation to improve environmental quality, economic development, community livability, and transit network connectivity in the areas it serves. In turn, the inclusion of these factors should aid in successful BRT implementation by broadening the base of supporters, and by acknowledging and catering to the physical, social, and political complexity of the project and the project area, substantially increasing project benefits. The project identified a broad range of routes, and the primary institutions and constituencies affected in order to develop an alignment and site programming method to optimize support. Using public transportation infrastructure improvements as a catalyst and a mechanism by which to improve other aspects of the urban system, if successful, should not only improve the implementation likelihood, but also create greater incentives to continually expand the transit system.
by Jumana M. Nabti.
S.M.
M.C.P.
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Khalaf, Roseanne Saad. "Creative writing, identity and change : a case study of American University of Beirut students in post-war Lebanon." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/28797.

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The thesis explores connections between diaspora, exile and the re-entry of displaced youth into a post-war society. The study is based on a sample of sixty creative writing students at the American University of Beirut (AUB). Questionnaires were administered, interactive interviews conducted and autobiographical narratives analyzed to isolate and examine the themes that foreground their texts. Some of the significant findings reveal that the sample of returnees under study are hybrids, cosmopolitan travellers who are everywhere but nowhere at home. Their position of "suspended inbetweenness" situates them in the margins of whatever society they happen to be in. Yet paradoxically, it is the experiences of multiplicity that hold immense possibilities. For when channelled into creative expression, and reinforced by the formation of spaces where silent and muted voices can speak, they enable this marginalized group to serve as vectors for forging new cultural identities and fostering change. In parts of my thesis I inevitably utilize the more conventional form of academic writing that locates the work in its appropriate theoretical context. Overall however, it assumes the shape of an experimental, narrative ethnography. The mode of ethnographic writing captures, in my view, the evocative elements inherent in "life as lived" by the sample of returnees as well as myself. To achieve this, a reflexive approach, which places my work in an interpretive perspective seemed most appropriate. Among other things, it fuses the humanities with the social sciences, the personal with the professional, and my lived experience with my research. Accordingly, my research narrative is interspersed with personal vignettes that run parallel to the texts and conversations of the students. I have also applied a number of methodologies to meet the multi-layered and shifting demands of the study. Given the sampling frame and exploratory nature of the study, a set of assertive or unequivocal conclusions would be of questionable validity. Instead, I think it more consistent with the spirit and nature of the study, to extract a few relevant inferences about the role of creative writing students in a post-war setting. First, creative writing classes have allowed students to take up identity positionings not available to them in other areas of social life. This was made possible by becoming part of the process of establishing a community of writers with shared goals. Second, I have come to view emotional narrative engagement as much more than a powerful tool for communicating defiance and nonconformity. It creates the conditions whereby students’ private discourse is transformed into something akin to a public realm, a “third space”, where negotiation occurs in ways that, I believe, will eventually unsettle fixed positions of identity and behavior. It is my premise that in these spaces, perceptions of the “other” can be altered to serve as venues for genuine openness and civility in a post-war society desperately in need of multiplicity and creative alternatives.
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Nordström, Erik. "The Syrian Refugee crisis in Lebanon : Facing another civil war?" Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-69088.

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The refugee crisis has been one of the main foci in western media the last years. Many European countries are raising their concerns on the refugees and how they are not able to help them. This thesis is a desk study which seeks to examine the Syrian refugee influx upon Lebanon.  Michael Brown’s book about reasons about internal conflicts have been the guideline to mark out any eventual internal conflicts a big refugee influx can eventually stir upon a country. The thesis will try to analyse and figure out if the refugee crisis will fuel the already existing sectarian tensions in the country. The do not clearly establish whether the refugee influx in Lebanon will potentially produce a new civil war or not. The refugee crisis has proven itself to be a burden for Lebanon within many of its internal sectors and the political tensions run higher now than earlier. The possibility for a renewed civil war is therefore not impossible but at the same time it might as well be avoided completely.
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Books on the topic "Beirut (Lebanon) Civil War"

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Sammān, Ghādah. Beirut nightmares. London: Quartet Books, 1997.

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Fouad, Ajami, ed. Beirut: City of regrets. New York: W.W. Norton, 1988.

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Under the guns in Beirut. Basingstoke: Marshalls, 1985.

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Makdisi, Jean Said. Beirut fragments: A war memoir. New York: Persea Books, 1990.

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Renate, Schimkoreit, ed. Beirut: Zwischen Kreuz und Koran. Braunschweig: Westermann, 1985.

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Delitto e castigo in Medio Oriente: Gaza, Baghdad, Beirut--. Roma: Malatempora, 2007.

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ʻAṭrūnī, Ilyās. Bayrūt: Al-ḥilm ʻalā fawhat Istūn : qiṣaṣ qaṣīrah min atūn al-ḥarb al-Lubnānīyah /Ilyās al-ʻAṭrūnī. Bayrūt: Aṣdīqāʾ al-Ḥirfah, 1988.

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Pintak, Larry. Beirut outtakes: A TV correspondent's portrait of America's encounter with terror. Lexington, Mass: Lexington Books, 1988.

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Peacekeepers at war: A Marine's account of the Beirut catastrophe. Boston: Faber and Faber, 1986.

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Hammel, Eric M. The Root: The marines in Beirut, August 1982-February 1984. Pacifica, Calif: Pacifica press, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Beirut (Lebanon) Civil War"

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O’Ballance, Edgar. "Prelude to Civil War." In Civil War in Lebanon, 1975–92, 1–19. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230374683_1.

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Schulze, Kirsten E. "The First Lebanese Civil War." In Israel’s Covert Diplomacy in Lebanon, 45–66. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230372474_4.

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Aboultaif, Eduardo Wassim, and Paul Tabar. "National versus Communal Memory in Lebanon." In Power-Sharing after Civil War, 97–114. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003229766-7.

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Hegasy, Sonja. "Letter to Oneself: Acknowledging Guilt in Post-War Lebanon." In Civil War and Narrative, 39–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61179-2_3.

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Cochran, Shawn T. "Israel in Lebanon (1982–1985)." In War Termination as a Civil-Military Bargain, 71–93. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137527974_4.

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O’Ballance, Edgar. "Two Lebanese Governments: 1987–89." In Civil War in Lebanon, 1975–92, 179–97. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230374683_10.

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O’Ballance, Edgar. "The Closing Battles: 1990–91." In Civil War in Lebanon, 1975–92, 198–215. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230374683_11.

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O’Ballance, Edgar. "National Survival." In Civil War in Lebanon, 1975–92, 216–23. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230374683_12.

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O’Ballance, Edgar. "The Battle of the Hotels: 1975." In Civil War in Lebanon, 1975–92, 20–41. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230374683_2.

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O’Ballance, Edgar. "Violent Polarisation: 1976." In Civil War in Lebanon, 1975–92, 42–60. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230374683_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Beirut (Lebanon) Civil War"

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Aquilué, Inés, Estanislao Roca, and Javier Ruiz. "Topological analysis of contemporary morphologies under conflict: The urban transformation of Dobrinja in Sarajevo and the Central District of Beirut." In 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isuf2017.2017.6167.

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Regarding topological interpretation of space, this research aims to identify urban morphologies, whose topology becomes increasingly determining under high uncertainty. This topological approach has been applied in an evolutionary analysis of urban spaces under siege, fear and conflict, which conducted to the construction of a specific method. This method analyses the transformation of urban areas in five consecutive phases: urban form [1], increase of uncertainty [2], application of the apparatus [3], change in urban form [4], information flows [5]. These five phases were applied to different empirical studies, analysed through specific morphological and topological models. In the light of this method, two selected urban morphologies Dobrinja –a suburb in Sarajevo– and the Beirut Central District have been examined. The urban morphology of both areas was dramatically transformed after both civil conflicts –the Bosnian War and the Lebanese Civil War–. Dobrinja suffered severe modifications, first provoked by the violence of the siege during the Bosnian War [1992-1995], and then by the Inter-Entity Boundary Line as a result of the Dayton Peace Agreement [December 1995], which divided the neighbourhood and caused serious alterations in its ethno-demographic and spatial structure. The Beirut Central District was first destroyed by the violence experienced in the Lebanese Civil War [1975-1990] and then by the process of subsequent reconstruction [since 1992], which led to a simplification of its structure. The two morphological and topological analyses enable us to determine the initial causes and their spatial consequences in both urban areas, regarding their conflict and post-conflict stage.
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Uslu, Kamil. "The Evaluation of the Energy Resources of Exclusive Economic Zones in Eastern Mediterranean." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c11.02348.

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The Eastern Mediterranean has attracted new attention on the gas potential in the world. In fact, overseas research in the eastern Mediterranean waters began in the late 1960s with a number of wells opened by Belpetco. With the overseas production of the region in recent years, it has entered the world agenda. However, these discoveries have triggered additional conflicts between the states on the establishment of sovereign rights and the limitation of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). In 2009, a large amount of energy was produced in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. The resulting supply, economic line in the westward movement, between Cyprus and Turkey, Turkey would reach out to EU countries. Arish-Ashkelon, which supplies gas to Israel, Jordan, Syria and Lebanon, has been identified as a pipeline. The other line is the Arab Gas Pipeline. The cooperation with the implementation of the line was met and accepted. But the Syrian civil war has postponed this view for now. When Cyprus joined the EU in 2004, the Sea of Levantine made the European Union a sea border for all practical purposes. In the early 2000s, Cyprus and Turkey's EU membership expectancy, could boost optimism about the possibility of a breakthrough. Turkey should not be admitted to the EU has prevented the solution of the Cyprus problem. Turkey and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) and made clear that the agreement with the International Exclusive Economic Zone reached 200 Mile limits. The energy source derived from the region, the future of both Turkey and the TRNC will be able to improve the economic well-being. Thus, will contribute to peace in the region.
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Reports on the topic "Beirut (Lebanon) Civil War"

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Hemmer, Christopher. Lebanon: Consociation, Civil War, and the Search for Stability. ACSC Quick-Look 05-07. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada430901.

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