Academic literature on the topic 'Beja tribe'

Abstract Today’s desert area of Red Sea Hills is now inhabited by a Beja-Bisharin tribe, the camel breeders. In prehistoric times, this area was inhabited or penetrated by pastoral communities engaged in cattle breeding. Their occupation is primarily marked by thousands of engravings with representations of long-horned cattle, which were discovered in a rock art gallery in Bir Nurayet, one of the largest rock art galleries in Africa and the whole world. We still do not know when the shepherds and their herds abandoned the area. This issue can be addressed by geoarchaeology and investigation of sediments discovered in Wadi Diib, i.e. silts. As we believe, they record climate and environmental changes taking place in recent millennia, which probably to a large extent determined the socio-cultural processes in the area.

This paper deals with to the history of relations between the Bija with their neighbors. Bija were subjects of Ancient Egypt and Meroe. They are integrated into these societies without any problems and have been a vassal tribe of them. Beja were restless neighbors of the Roman Empire. They raided Upper Egypt during the III-V centuries AC. Attempts to establish a relationship with them like with the Berbers were unsuccessful. Particularly violent conflicts were a Bija with Christian states – Byzantium Empire, Nubia and Aksum. Some time Bija paid tribute to the Nubians and Axumites. Christianity did not get spread among them, Islam was adopted syncretic form after several centuries of contact with the Arabs. Islamization has been made possible thanks to the settlement of Arabs in the land Bija and participation in the Intercontinental trade. For all their neighbors were threatening nomadic Bija, which made raids to capture people in captivity and selling them into slavery. Bija attacked the Egyptian dominions of the Arab Caliphate, despite the fact that they were formally paid tribute to Arabs.

Members of the Tribbles (TRIB) family of pseudokinases are critical components of intracellular signal transduction pathways in physiological and pathological processes. TRIBs, including TRIB2, have been previously shown as signaling mediators and scaffolding proteins regulating numerous cellular events such as proliferation, differentiation and cell death through protein stability and activity. However, the signaling network associated with TRIB2 and its binding partners in granulosa cells during ovarian follicular development is not fully defined. We previously reported that TRIB2 is differentially expressed in growing dominant follicles while downregulated in ovulatory follicles following the luteinizing hormone (LH) surge or human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) injection. In the present study, we used the yeast two-hybrid screening system and in vitro coimmunoprecipitation assays to identify and confirm TRIB2 interactions in granulosa cells (GCs) of dominant ovarian follicles (DFs), which yielded individual candidate binding partners including calmodulin 1 (CALM1), inhibin subunit beta A (INHBA), inositol polyphosphate phosphatase-like 1 (INPPL1), 5′-nucleotidase ecto (NT5E), stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), succinate dehydrogenase complex iron sulfur subunit B (SDHB) and Ras-associated protein 14 (RAB14). Further analyses showed that all TRIB2 binding partners are expressed in GCs of dominant follicles but are differentially regulated throughout the different stages of follicular development. CRISPR/Cas9-driven inhibition along with pQE-driven overexpression of TRIB2 showed that TRIB2 differently regulates expression of binding partners, which reveals the importance of TRIB2 in the control of gene expression linked to various biological processes such as proliferation, differentiation, cell migration, apoptosis, calcium signaling and metabolism. These data provide a larger view of potential TRIB2-regulated signal transduction pathways in GCs and provide strong evidence that TRIB2 may act as a regulator of target genes during ovarian follicular development.

Abstract Abstract 5113 Background Toto is a primitive Indo-Bhutanese tribe residing in a small enclave called Totopara in the Jalpaiguri district of West Bengal, India. Toto culture and language is totally unique to the tribe, and is clearly distinguished from the neighboring Rajbongshis, Koch or the Bhutanese Sharchop tribes. Totos use to do consanguineous marriage and stay in the same locality even after marriage. Totos are becoming extinct since 1950. Total population of Totos are 1377 (smallest tribe of the world) and it is declining day by day. We noticed that their life span is very short (35-40 years). With a motive to investigate the reason behind it we started our work and got the answers of our queries. Almost 50% of them are carrier of beta Thalassemia, which is a genetic disease and are caused by the mutation of beta globin gene. The objectives of our study are, Materials & Methods After awareness program, 3-4 ml of blood sample was collected from each Toto along with their written consent. On the spot inexpensive NESTROF (Naked Eye Single Tube Red Cell Osmotic Fragility) test was done. After returning to institute we use to do CBC (Complete Blood Count) followed by HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography). DNA was isolated from those samples detected as carrier or patients using the protocol standardized in our lab. Mutation was detected by ARMS (Amplification Refractory Mutation System)–PCR. Conclusion Total individual already screened in the Totopara under the age limit 10- 35 years is 688. Number of Totos and Non-Totos are 628 and 60 respectively. From NESTROFT and CBC result it was revealed that different blood parameters e.g., MCV, MCH, RBC, RDW, Hb% etc of 71% Totos do not match with the normal value and found to be significantly altered. HPLC results show that 51% Totos are carrier of HbE and 20% of them are HbE homozygous. Whereas 97% non-Totos are found to be normal. DNA analysis by ARMS-PCR confirmed the result of HPLC. The percentage of HbE carrier and HbE homozygous is very high among Totos and this is the real cause of their early death. To protect this primitive tribe we have to restrict their marriage between two carriers. For Totos thalassemia carrier detection should be mandatory before marriage. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

We evaluated completeness, accuracy, and historical trend of the taxonomic knowledge on the myrmecophilous ground beetle tribe Paussini (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Paussinae). Accumulation curves for valid names and synonyms of species, subgenera, and genera were modelled using logistic functions. Analyses of trends in synonymies suggest that few currently accepted taxa will be recognized to be synonymous in the future. This may indicate that Paussini are a taxonomically relatively stable tribe of carabid beetles. However, this result might also be due to the lack of recent taxonomic work in some biogeographical regions.

Little information is available on the occurrence and genetic variability of the diarrhoea-causing enteric protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis in indigenous communities in Brazil. This cross-sectional epidemiological survey describes the frequency, genotypes, and risk associations for this pathogen in Tapirapé people (Brazilian Amazon) at four sampling campaigns during 2008–2009. Microscopy was used as a screening test, and molecular (PCR and Sanger sequencing) assays targeting the small subunit ribosomal RNA, the glutamate dehydrogenase, the beta-giardin, and the triosephosphate isomerase genes as confirmatory/genotyping methods. Associations between G. duodenalis and sociodemographic and clinical variables were investigated using Chi-squared test and univariable/multivariable logistic regression models. Overall, 574 individuals belonging to six tribes participated in the study, with G. duodenalis prevalence rates varying from 13.5–21.7%. The infection was positively linked to younger age and tribe. Infected children <15 years old reported more frequent gastrointestinal symptoms compared to adults. Assemblage B accounted for three out of four G. duodenalis infections and showed a high genetic diversity. No association between assemblage and age or occurrence of diarrhoea was demonstrated. These data indicate that the most likely source of infection was anthropic and that different pathways (e.g., drinking water) may be involved in the transmission of the parasite.

Abstract Abstract 5170 Background: The Thalassemias are a group of anemia that results from a genetic defect whch reduces the rate of synthesis of normal globin chains. Beta Thalassemia results in severe microcytic, hypochromic, haemolytic anaemia among affected patients. It has emerged as one of the most common health problems among the tribal populations in West Bengal. A project entitled, “Status of Prevalence and Awarness Among Thalassaemia Population: Special reference to various tribes belonging in different Districts of West Bengal” has been sanctioned by the Department of Biotechnology, Govt. of India(BT/PR10336/SPD/24/293/2007). This study is aimed to observe the spectrum of various beta mutations among the tribes. In the screening schedule thalassemia awarness programme was conducted in various rural areas of West Bengal. We mainly confronted with the Sardar tribes in extreme south of West Bengal. In North Bengal there were Toto, Rabha, Oraon, Munda, Toppo, Baraik, Nagbanshi, Khalko, Kheria, Kerketta and Soren. Method: In the year 2009–2010, 1289 tribes were screened. Mass awarness programme were followed by collection of peripheral blood samples in EDTA vials and transported to the laboratory in ice packs. NESTROFT was done on spot using 0.36% Saline Buffer solution (Sodium chloride, Sodium dihydrogen phosphate, Disodium hydrogen Phosphate). Complete Blood Count was performed within 24 hours of collection. HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) was done to identify the beta samples. DNA was extracted from the blood of beta carrier and beta major and subjected to ARMS (Amplification Refractory Mutation System) PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) to detect the point mutations. Result: Conclusion: Molecular Characterization of Beta globin gene mutations among these tribes have confirmed the presence of the following mutations: IVS-1 nt5 (G>C), IVS-1 nt1(G>T), codon 15 (G>A), codon 26 (G>A), the mutation which leads to HbE, codon 19 (A>G), codon 17 (A>T), -28 (A>G). The most common mutation observed among Totos and Rabhas were codon 26 (G>A) of North Bengal. The prevalence of Beta carrier among them is negligible. The mutation IVS-1 nt5 (G>C) is prevalent among the Oraon, Nagbanshi and Sardar tribes of Bengal. The other mutations which are present among them are codon 15 (G>A) and codon 30 (G>C). There are two codon 17 (A>T) and one -28 (A>G) mutations which are present among Mundas. The rest of them are mutation IVS-1 nt5 (G>C). In few cases presence of sickle cell anemia was observed. Our results have added to the existing data on the common beta globin gene defects which are prevalent among the general population of West Bengal, India. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Family is the first social environment where children can interact. It is in this primary institution that a child experiences parenting. Prolonged parenting will form a habit in children. Teaching good habits is very important to do since the beginning of a child’s life and education through habituation can be done by giving parenting to children or students. Parenting between families with one another are different. Many factors can influence parenting by the family. One of the factors that determine the shape of parenting is culture, so that among tribes and others have different forms of parenting. In providing parenting, the Gayo tribe is strongly influenced by the traditions and culture which they have. They follow to the patrilineal kinship system, which is a fatherly manner, and in principle, this system is a kinship system that draws the lineage of the father or male ancestors. Boys have a very important role in the kinship system of the Gayo tribe, boys are given an important place, because boys are successors and nobility. This such parenting is known as gender bias, because boys and girls get different status and roles based on sex (sex) and not based on their abilities. Keywords: Parenting, Parents, Child, Gender Bias, Gayo Tribe Keluarga merupakan lingkungan sosial pertama tempat anak dapat berinteraksi. Pada institusi primer inilah seorang anak mengalami pengasuhan. Pola asuh yang berkepanjangan akan membentuk sebuah pembiasaan pada anak. Penanaman pembiasaan yang baik, sangat penting dilakukan sejak awal kehidupan anak dan pendidikan melalui pembiasaan dapat dilakukan dengan cara memberikan pola asuh pada anak/siswa. Pola asuh anak antara keluarga satu dengan keluarga lainnya berbeda-beda. Banyak faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi pola asuh yang dilakukan keluarga. Salah satu faktor yang turut menentukan bentuk pola asuh orang tua adalah budaya, sehingga antara suku satu dengan lainnya mempunyai bentuk pola asuh berbeda. Dalam memberikan pola asuh, suku gayo sangat dipengaruhi oleh tradisi dan budaya yang mereka miliki. Mereka menganut sistem kekerabatan patrilineal yaitu bersifat kebapaan, dan pada prinsipnya, sistem ini merupakan sistem kekerabatan yang menarik garis keturunan ayah atau garis keturunan nenek moyang laki-laki. Anak lelaki peranannya sangat penting dalam sistem kekerabatan suku gayo, anak lelaki diberikan tempat yang penting, karena anak lelaki merupakan penerus keturunan dan gelar kebangsawan . Pola asuh seperti itulah yang kemudian dikenal dengan pola asuh bias gender, karena anak laki-laki dan anak perempuan mendapatkan status dan peranan berbeda berdasarkan jenis kelamin (sex) dan bukan berdasarkan kemampuan yang dimiliki. Kata Kunci: Pola asuh, orang tua, anak, bias gender, suku gayo.

Orientador: Marlies Sazima
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: A tribo Sinningieae (Gesneriaceae) apresenta três gêneros, Sinningia, Paliavana e Vanhouttea que reúnem aproximadamente 85 espécies, as quais abrangem diversas síndromes de polinização inferidas a partir da morfologia floral. Em 18 espécies de Sinningia, três de Vanhouttea e três de Paliavana foram estudados aspectos relacionados à fenologia de floração, à morfologia e biologia floral e. aos agentes polinizadores. Este estudo apresenta três capítulos que abrangem os principais sistemas de polinização e um último, no qual os dados sobre a biologia da polinização foram analisados em um contexto filogenético da tribo, com o objetivo de elucidar os processos evolutivos destes sistemas. No primeiro capítulo, foram estudadas quatro espécies de Sinningia que apresentam flores com diferentes formas, tamanhos, cores e características do néctar e que são polinizadas por abelhas de grupos diferentes. Este resultado corrobora com a idéia de que sistemas de polinização envolvendo abelhas se originaram diversas vezes em Sinningieae. No segundo capítulo são apresentados resultados sobre três espécies Vanhouttea e três de Sinningia polinizadas por beija-flores. As flores destas espécies são tubulares, avermelhadas e inodoras. Os nectários diferem entre Vanhouttea e Sinningia, o que pode estar relacionado com diferenças na produção de néctar. A polinização por Trochilinae ou Phaethornithinae parece ser determinada pelo hábitat de cada espécie de planta, enquanto que a frequência de visitas dos beija-flores a cada espécie aparentemente é determinada pelas características do néctar. O terceiro capítulo trata de três espécies apontadas como quiropterófilas. De fato, Sinningia brasiliensis e Paliavana prasinata apresentam flores infundibiliformes, verdes, com néctar abundante durante a noite e odor forte e são efetivamente polinizadas por morcegos. Entretanto, P. sericiflora apresenta características florais intermediárias entre ornitofilia e quiropterofilia, porém épolinizada exclusivamente por beijaflores. Ausência de odor forte parece determinar a não atratibilidade de morcegos às flores de P. sericiflora. Por último, caracteres florais e os principais grupos polinizadores de 23 espécies da tribo são analisados em um contexto filogenético. A forma floral e o tamanho das estruturas reprodutivas foram significativamente associados à mudança do tipo de polinizador. O mapeamento dos polinizadores sobre a árvore filogenética indicou evolução paralela dos sistemas de polinização nos diferentes clado da tribo Sinningieae
Abstract: The pollination biology of species from the tribe Sinningieae (Gesneriaeeae) was studied in southeastern Brazil. This tribe is eomposed by three genera (Sinningia, Paliavana and Vanhouttea) and about 85 speeies, whieh display diverse pollination syndromes. Flowering phenology, flower morphology, floral biology and pollination agents were studied in 18 species of Sinningia, three of Vanhouttea and three of Paliavana. The first three ehapters eoneern the main pollination systems in the tribe, and in the fourth ehapter, data on pollination biology are analyzed on a phylogenetie eontext for understanding the shifts in pollination systems within the tribe. The first ehapter deseribes the pollination by bees, belonging to different groups, of four Sinningia speeies, whieh bear flowers with different shape, dimensions, colors and neetar features. Sueh results corroborate the idea that bee pollination arose several times in Sinningieae. Three species of Vanhouttea and three of Sinningia bearing tubular, reddish and scentless flowers and pollinated by hummingbirds are studied in the second chapter. Floral nectaries diverge between Vanhouttea and Sinningia, and such a trait seems to be related to differenees in nectar production between species of both genera. Pollination by either Troehilinae or Phaethornithinae seems to be linked to the habitat of each speeies, and the frequency of floral visits seems to be related to nectar features. The next ehapter deals with the chiropterophilous speeies. Both Sinningia brasi/iensis and Paliavana prasinata bear funnelshaped, greenish, nocturnal flowers with abundant neetar and strong odour, and are pollinated by bats. However, P. sericiflora displays intermediate floral traits between ornithophily and chiropterophily, and are exc1usively pollinated by hummjngbirds. The non-attraction of bats to the flowers eould be caused by the absence of anY strong odour in this speeies. At last, a comparative phylogenetic analysis is carried out covering the flower traits and the main pollinator groups of 23 species of the tribe. Floral shape and the size of reproductive structures are significantly linked to shifts in pollinator groups. The parallel evolution of the pollination systems in the different c1ades of Sinningieae is evidenced through mapping pollinators on the phylogenetie tree of the tribe
Doutorado
Doutor em Biologia Vegetal

Estimates suggest that seventy percent of Muslims follow folk Islam (popular Islam), rather than the orthodox Islamic faith. Most methods for reaching Muslims with the Gospel have concentrated on one of two broad approaches with a third blending the first two methods. Apologetic, polemic and dialogue techniques argue that Christianity is more valid or reasonable than Islam. Other approaches consist of contextualized methods seeking some common ground between Christianity and Islam. Apologetic arguments have not been very effective with folk Muslims because cognitive propositions fail to answer the “why” questions posed by popular Islam. Most contextualized methods also miss the mark with folk Muslims; they rarely attend Islamic worship, observe the five pillars of Islam, or read the Qur’an. A few missiologists propose a fourth category for reaching Muslims – contextualizing according to their worldview. This thesis explores what are the best approaches for evangelizing folk Muslims who are particularly influenced by African Traditional Religion (ATR). The Beja tribe of the Sudan and the Sukuma tribe of Tanzania serve as case studies. I argue for a contextualized approach to folk Muslims, addressing their unique worldviews. ATRinfluenced folk Muslims lean toward a fear-power worldview, while the Sufis among them hold to an existential- transcendent worldview. Each group, therefore, necessitates a different evangelism approach. The first chapter presents preliminary matters, the research question, a literature review, and a rationale for the thesis. The second chapter analyzes the case study example of Beja folk Islam. Chapter three examines folk Islam and its relationship to orthodox Islam,including further illustrations from the Beja tribe. The fourth chapter explores the subject of ATR and its relationship to folk Islam. The Sukuma tribe of Tanzania serves as a base-line model of ATR for a comparison with Beja folk Islam. Chapter five introduces the topic of contextualization in Muslim evangelization and assesses the effectiveness and validity of methods that have been used. Chapter six suggests worldview approaches for reaching ATR and Sufi-influenced folk Muslims. The final chapter summarizes the thesis content, reviews the response to the research question, and analyzes the implications of the findings of the case study.
Christian Spirituality, Church History & Missiology
D.Th. (Missiology)

Através da constante evolução dos meios tecnológicos, tem surgido um grande número de ferramentas digitais voltadas para a área da educação, elas tem servido para fomentar a criatividade por parte de docentes que, utilizam de metodologias, propiciadas pelo pensamento computacional, visando promover uma melhor absorção dos conteúdos das disciplinas por parte dos discentes. O objetivo desse trabalho é utilizar os benefícios da evolução tecnológica propondo uma ferramenta (aplicativo para plataforma Android) como intuito de promover a integração dos discentes indígenas dentro da comunidade acadêmica da UFOPA (Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará), visto que eles possuem dificuldade no aprendizado das disciplinas, devido não dominarem a língua portuguesa. Foram realizados desde entrevistas com os discentes até a concepção do protótipo funcional, que ainda está na versão beta.