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1
Donohue, Mark. "Prosodic Contrasts and Segmental Analysis in Himalayan Languages." Australian Journal of Linguistics 38, no. 1 (November 27, 2017): 63–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07268602.2017.1393859.
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Zembrzuski, Dariusz, Marta Marecka, Agnieszka Otwinowska, Ewa Zajbt, Marek Krzemiński, Jakub Szewczyk, and Zofia Wodniecka. "Bilingual children do not transfer stress patterns: Evidence from suprasegmental and segmental analysis of L1 and L2 speech of Polish–English child bilinguals." International Journal of Bilingualism 24, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 93–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006918810957.
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Aims and objectives/purpose/research questions: The study examines bilingual children’s prosodic competence, specifically the ability to correctly assign word stress in both languages, and contrasts it with participants’ segmental competence. To this end, we estimated and compared the magnitude of prosodic and segmental transfer in L1 and L2 speech of typically developing Polish–English migrant bilingual children raised in the UK. We also explored the influence of cumulative language exposure on both types of transfer. Design/methodology/approach: A non-word repetition task was used in both languages to assess children’s faithfulness in repeating segmentals and stress patterns in two to five syllable-long items. Also, a parental questionnaire on cumulative language exposure was conducted to estimate the quality of input in both languages. All children ( N = 59, M = 5;8) were early bilinguals raised in the UK. Data and analysis: A 2x2 ANOVA and a correlation analysis were conducted to compare the magnitude of prosodic and segmental transfer, within and across languages. Also, multiple regression analysis was performed to establish the predictors of transfer in L1 and L2. Findings/conclusions: The bilingual children repeated stress patterns in both languages correctly, showing resistance to transfer in word stress, even though bidirectional transfer was observed in segmentals. The magnitude of segmental transfer in Polish and English was predicted by cumulative exposure to English, while prosodic transfer in Polish was predicted by cumulative exposure to Polish. Originality and significance/implications: The study provides evidence on word stress placement in the age group of bilingual children, 4–7 years of age, in comparison with segmental data. It uses a novel methodology in comparing the magnitude of transfer between prosody and segmentals, within and across languages. Moreover, the study highlights the importance of language exposure for reducing the amount of segmental transfer in this group of children.
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Avramenko, Bohdana, and Natalia Oskina. "Intonation of Different Types of Statements in English and Chinese." Naukovy Visnyk of South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushynsky: Linguistic Sciences 26, no. 27 (February 2019): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.24195/2616-5317-2018-27-1.
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The article has identified the intonation design of different statement types in the Chinese and English languages. Comparative analysis has revealed the presence of both similar and distinctive characteristics in the intonation design of different sentences types in the Chinese and English languages. Prosodic means of contacting languages are considered not only from the point of view of semanticdistinctive tones of a syllable, but also from the point of view of their communicative orientation. Key words: intonation, prosodic means, speech melody, register, stress, rhythm, pausing, tempo.
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Herrmann, Annika. "The interaction of eye blinks and other prosodic cues in German Sign Language." Sign Language and Linguistics 13, no. 1 (August 20, 2010): 3–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sll.13.1.02her.
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As an interface phenomenon, prosody interacts with all components of grammar, even though it is often subsumed under the broad area of phonology. In sign languages, an equivalent system of prosody reveals interesting results with regard to modality-independent notions of language structure. This paper presents data from a study on German Sign Language (Deutsche Gebärdensprache, DGS) and investigates prosodic cues on the basis of annotated video data. The focus of the study was on eye blinks and their use in prosodic structuring of signed utterances. Systematic methodology, annotation, and statistical evidence provided the basis for a thorough analysis of blinking behavior in DGS. The results suggest a consistent use of certain eye blinks as markers to indicate prosodic phrase boundaries. A constant 70%/30% ratio of prosodic and non-prosodic blinks further indicates the efficient use of this device. Even though some aspects of blinking are subject to inter-signer variation, the prosodic use of blinks is intriguingly similar across signers. However, blinks are not obligatory boundary markers in DGS. I propose an analysis that takes into account various factors such as syntactic constituency, prosodic structuring, and particularly the interplay of various nonmanuals such as eye gaze, head nods, and facial expressions. The fine-grained distinction of blinks resulting from a modified categorization for eye blinks and additional statistical computations give insight into how visual languages realize phrase boundaries and prosodic marking and to what extent they use the system consistently.
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Dorta, Josefa, and María González Rodríguez. "Tonal Proximity Relationship in the Spanish of the Canary Islands in the Light of Dialectometry." Languages 4, no. 2 (May 27, 2019): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages4020029.
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Traditional linguistic geography has not dealt with issues relating to the prosodic study of languages and linguistic varieties. The international project AMPER (Atlas Multimédia Prosodique de l’Espace Roman) achieves a key milestone in this area by studying the prosody of Romance languages and varieties in order to disseminate research outcomes in the form of interactive online atlases. Using prosodic data from a wide corpus of declarative and interrogative sentences, obtained from a range of informants from the seven Canary Islands (AMPERCan), a dialectometric study was carried out with a tool especially designed within the framework of AMPER. Correlation values, dendrograms as well as multivariate analysis by means of the multidimensional scaling technique (MDS), have enabled us to establish relationships of close prosodic proximity among the Canary Islands.
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Sprigg, R. K. "Controversy in the tonal analysis of Tibetan." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 56, no. 3 (October 1993): 470–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00007680.
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Tone made its appearance in descriptions of Tibetan pronunciation as early as 1881, when Jäschke introduced the term into an account of the prosodic features of the spoken Tibetan dialects: ‘A system of tones has been introduced. … I am told by European students of reputation, who have made the Tonic languages of eastern Asia their special department, that only the first principles of what are known as the high and low Tones, have made their way into Tibetan. … Here, as in the languages of Farther India, generally, which possess an alphabetic system of writing, the Tone is determined by the initial consonant of the word.
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Downing, Laura J. "Introduction." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 55 (January 1, 2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.55.2011.405.
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In spite of this long history, most work to date on the phonology-syntax interface in Bantu languages suffers from limitations, due to the range of expertise required: intonation, phonology, syntax. Quite generally, intonational studies on African languages are extremely rare. Most of the existing data has not been the subject of careful phonetic analysis, whether of the prosody of neutral sentences or of questions or other focus structures. There are important gaps in our knowledge of Bantu syntax which in turn limit our understanding of the phonology-syntax interface. Recent developments in syntactic theory have provided a new way of thinking about the type of syntactic information that phonology can refer to and have raised new questions: Do only syntactic constituent edges condition prosodic phrasing? Do larger domains such as syntactic phases, or even other factors, like argument and adjunct distinctions, play a role? Further, earlier studies looked at a limited range of syntactic constructions. Little research exists on the phonology of focus or of sentences with non-canonical word order in Bantu languages. Both the prosody and the syntax of complex sentences, questions and dislocations are understudied for Bantu languages. Our project aims to remedy these gaps in our knowledge by bringing together a research team with all the necessary expertise. Further, by undertaking the intonational, phonological and syntactic analysis of several languages we can investigate whether there is any correlation among differences in morphosyntactic and prosodic properties that might also explain differences in phrasing and intonation. It will also allow us to investigate whether there are cross-linguistically common prosodic patterns for particular morpho-syntactic structure.
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Ito, Junko, and Armin Mester. "The perfect prosodic word in Danish." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 38, no. 1 (April 20, 2015): 5–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586515000049.
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The Danishstød, a kind of glottal prosody associated with certain syllables, as inbarʔn‘child’ (cf. stødlessbarnlig‘childish’), has long been the target of intense phonological investigation. In this paper, we show that its analysis requires an understanding of the prosodic constituent structure of Danish, and of the essential role of theperfect prosodic word(coextensive with one foot). After motivating this notion on independent grounds, both in other languages and in the context of acquisition, we show that the Danish stød system, analyzed in Optimality Theory, provides a window on the workings of the perfect prosodic word, regulating the presence and absence of stød in some of the much-discussed cases in the literature. In conclusion, we discuss the status of the perfect prosodic word in the light of recent developments in phonological theory, such as Match Theory.
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Ivanova, Iraida G., and Rita A. Egoshina. "Prosodic characteristics of emotionally-colored phrases in typologically unrelated languages: based on the Mari and French languages." Finno-Ugric World 13, no. 1 (April 23, 2021): 16–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2076-2577.013.2021.01.16-28.
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Introduction. The study of speech influence on the interlocutor is one of the most pressing problems in modern linguistics. From this point of view, emotional speech and its prosodic parameters in various languages are of particular interest. Materials and Methods. The following methods were used in the research: electro-acoustic method of phonetic analysis using PRAAT software; descriptive method; comparative analysis method; statistical analysis method; linguistic analysis method. Results and Discussion. A comparative analysis of the phonetic design of emotionally colored phrases of the French and Mari languages allows us to identify specific and common features. The analysis of narrative emotionally colored utterances in French and Mari revealed some discrepancies in the intonation design of expressions due to different actual division of the sentence. In exclamation emotionally colored types of utterances, there are differences in the ways of highlighting the communicative core. Analysis of interrogative utterances with direct word order in both languages showed a coincidence in the movement of the main tone, which rises sharply in the final part of the phrase. Conclusion. The results of the study confirmed that the intonation design of speech in the languages with different structures, with all existing differences, has a fairly large number of similar features, in particular, such as the direction of movement of the main tone and the method of actual division of the sentence.
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Hyman, Larry M. "Positional prominence and the ‘prosodic trough’ in Yaka." Phonology 15, no. 1 (August 1998): 41–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675798003522.
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The issue of vowel height harmony – relatively rare in the world's languages – is one that most serious theories of phonology have addressed at one time or another, particularly as concerns its realisation in Bantu (e.g. Clements 1991, Archangeli & Pulleyblank 1994, Beckman 1997). As is quite well known, the majority of an estimated 500 Bantu languages exhibit some variant of a progressive harmony process by which vowels lower when preceded by an appropriate (lower) trigger. (Ki)-Yaka, a Western Bantu language spoken in ex-Zaire, designated as H.31 by Guthrie (1967–71), has a height harmony system which has been analysed as having a similar left-to-right lowering process. In this paper I argue against the general analysis given for Yaka, showing that this language differs in a major way from the rest of Bantu. The goals of the paper are threefold. First, I present a comprehensive treatment of the unusual vowel harmony system in (ki-)Yaka. Second, I introduce the notion of the ‘prosodic trough’ (τ), a domain which is needed in order to state important phonological generalisations in Yaka and in Bantu in general. Finally, I show the relevance of the Yaka facts for the study of positional prominence in phonology. A (partial) analysis is offered within optimality- theoretic terms, particularly as developed by McCarthy & Prince (1995). Although superficially resembling the vowel height harmony found in most Bantu languages, the Yaka system will be shown to differ from these latter in major ways. The paper is organised as follows. In §2 I establish the general nature of the Yaka harmony system, reanalysing previous accounts in terms of ‘plateauing’. In §3 I turn to the process of ‘imbrication’, which introduces a second motivation for vowel harmony: the avoidance of the sequence [wi]. A third source of vowel harmony is presented in §4, which also introduces the notion of the ‘prosodic trough’. The study ends with a brief conclusion in §5 and an appendix that discusses outstanding problems.
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Siloni, Tal. "Construct states at the PF interface." Linguistic Variation Yearbook 2001 1 (December 31, 2001): 229–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/livy.1.10sil.
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The paper claims that the Semitic Construct state defines a prosodic domain of Case checking. It has been common lore in generative grammar that the domain of Case checking is a syntactic one. In concert with recent proposals, I argue that Case can also be checked at PF; the domain of Case checking is then defined in prosodic terms. The properties of constructs follow straightforwardly. The treatment extends naturally to nonnominal constructs, which, in turn, provide additional evidence in favor of the prosodic analysis. A morphological parameter derives the difference between languages allowing construct states and those which do not. Finally, contra standard assumption I show that there is no indefiniteness spread in construct states but only definiteness spread.
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Werle, Adam. "Ditidaht Vowel Alternations and Prosody." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 52, no. 1-2 (July 2007): 71–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100004205.
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AbstractAmong the Southern Wakashan languages, Ditidaht has patterns of short vowel epenthesis and deletion that are unusually complex. It is shown that the surface presence or absence of short vowels is determined not by their underlying presence or absence, but by how segments are parsed by prosodic constituents. An optimality theoretic analysis is developed, according to which vowel alternations result from the low ranking of faithfulness constraints (Max/V and Dep/V) relative to constraints on the forms of syllables, feet, and prosodic words. Vowel presence creates ideal iambic feet, makes prosodic words minimally disyllabic, and ensures that adducted consonants (those that involve adducting the vocal folds for glottalization or voicing) are vowel-adjacent. Vowel absence ensures that prosodic words end in consonants, and eliminates unfooted syllables. An additional finding is that all adducted consonants must be postvocalic.
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Mtenje, Al. "On relative clauses and prosodic phrasing in Ciwandya." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 55 (January 1, 2011): 121–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.55.2011.411.
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The interaction between Syntax and Phonology has been one area of interesting empirical research and theoretical debate in recent years, particularly the question of the extent to which syntactic structure influences phonological phrasing. It has generally been observed that the edges of the major syntactic constituents (XPs) tend to coincide with prosodic phrase boundaries thus resulting in XPs like subject NPs, object NPs, Topic NPs, VPs etc. forming separate phonological phrases. Within Optimality Theoretic (OT) accounts, this fact has been attributed to a number of well-motivated general alignment constraints. Studies on relative clauses in Bantu and other languages have significantly contributed to this area of research inquiry where a number of parametric variations have been observed with regard to prosodic phrasing. In some languages, XPs which are heads of relatives form separate phonological phrases while in others they phrase with the relative clauses. This paper makes a contribution to this topic by discussing the phrasing of relatives in Ciwandya (a Bantu language spoken in Malawi and Tanzania). It shows that XPs which are heads of restrictive relative clauses phrase with their relative verbs, regardless of whether they are subjects, objects or other adjuncts. A variety of syntactic constructions are used to illustrate this fact. The discussion also confirms what has been generally observed in other Bantu languages concerning restrictive relatives with clefts and non-restrictive relative clauses. In both cases, the heads of the relatives phrase separately. The paper adopts an OT analysis which has been well articulated and defended in Cheng & Downing (2007, 2010, to appear) Downing & Mtenje (2010, 2011) to account for these phenomena in Ciwandya.
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Bonet, Eulàlia, Lisa Lai-Shen Cheng, Laura J. Downing, and Joan Mascaró. "(In)direct Reference in the Phonology-Syntax Interface under Phase Theory: A Response to “Modular PIC” (D’Alessandro and Scheer 2015)." Linguistic Inquiry 50, no. 4 (October 2019): 751–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling_a_00324.
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Although in many interface theories, the domains of phrasal phonological processes are defined in terms of prosodic constituents, D’Alessandro and Scheer (2015) argue that their proposed modification of phase theory, Modular PIC, renders prosodic constituents superfluous. Phrasal phonological domains can instead be defined directly in the syntax. In this response, we argue that Modular PIC does not provide a convincing new approach to the syntax-phonology interface, as it is both too powerful and too restrictive. We show that the analysis offered of raddoppiamento fonosintattico in Eastern Abruzzese does not justify the loss of restrictiveness Modular PIC brings to phase theory. We also show that Modular PIC is too restrictive to account for phenomena, from Bantu languages and others, that have received satisfactory analyses within interface theories that appeal to prosodic constituents. We conclude that Modular PIC does not successfully replace prosodic constituent approaches to the interface.
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Gazieva, Maftuna, and Mashhura Burxanova. "THE STREES AS THE MAIN ELEMENT OF PROSODICS." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WORD ART 1, no. 3 (January 30, 2020): 200–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-9297-2020-1-28.
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This article discusses lexical stress, which is the unit of intonation. As a prosodic feature, stress is studied through experimental methods. The division of languages into dynamic, quantitative and musical-accented languages according tomelodic, elongated and quantitative signs of stress is determined experimentally. Visual images of lexical stress are provided through experimental analysis carried out using modern technologies. Based on the results obtained, various views on the types of lexical stress in the Uzbek language are critically generalized
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Yates, Anthony D. "Stress assignment in Hittite and Proto-Indo-European." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 1 (June 12, 2016): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v1i0.3722.
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This paper develops a new optimality theoretic analysis of lexical accent in Hittite (Anatolian, Indo-European). I demonstrate that Hittite synchronic stress assignment is consistent with Kiparsky and Halle's (1977) Basic Accentuation Principle, which assigns primary stress to the leftmost morpheme lexically specified for prosodic prominence or else to the left edge of a prosodic word. The Hittite evidence is thus shown to converge with Kiparsky and Halle's reconstruction of this principle for the common ancestor of the non-Anatolian Indo-European languages (i.e. Proto-Nuclear-Indo-European), and in view of this agreement, argued to be reconstructible for Proto-Indo-European itself.
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Ito, Junko, and Armin Mester. "Unaccentedness in Japanese." Linguistic Inquiry 47, no. 3 (July 2016): 471–526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling_a_00219.
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A characteristic, though not necessary, property of so-called pitch accent languages is the existence of unaccented words. Work on unaccentedness in Japanese has found a concentration of such words in very specific areas of the lexicon, defined in prosodic terms. While unaccentedness might be some kind of default, the prosodic rationale for the way it is distributed over the lexicon is far from clear. This article investigates the underlying structural reasons for the distribution and develops a formal Optimality Theory account, which involves two well-known constraints: RIGHTMOST and NONFINALITY. The tension between the two, usually resolved by ranking (NONFINALITY ≫ RIGHTMOST ), finds another surprising resolution in unaccentedness: no accent, no conflict. Besides providing a more detailed analysis of Japanese word accent, which takes into consideration other mitigating phonological and morphological factors, the article aims to gain an understanding of the similarities and differences between pitch accent and stress accent languages.
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Arsenijević, Boban. "Deverbal nouns in -ie and their variation across the South Slavic area." Linguistica 60, no. 1 (December 4, 2020): 7–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/linguistica.60.1.7-29.
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The paper proposes an analysis of the correlation between the semantic and prosodic properties of the suffix -ie and of its variation across the South Slavic languages. Empirical facts about the suffix are outlined, and previous analyses are presented and confronted with empirical and theoretical problems. A slight modification of the analysis of Arsenijević (2010) and Simonović and Arsenijević (2014) enables its combination with the model from Simonović (2019, 2020). The combined analysis neatly accounts for the facts. A model of the variation in the behaviour of the suffix across South Slavic languages is formulated in terms of the modified analysis.
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GOLOB, Nina. "Acoustic Prosodic Parameters in Japanese and Slovene: Accent and Intonation." Acta Linguistica Asiatica 1, no. 3 (January 23, 2012): 25–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/ala.1.3.25-44.
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The study investigates realizations of the three acoustic parameters, duration, fundamental frequency and intensity, in relation to accent and intonation in Japanese and Slovene. Ten native speakers of each language pronounced nonsense words of different accentual patterns placed within the declarative-interrogative intonational context. Results of the acoustic analysis reveal clear differences in behavior of the three parameters under various conditions, and suggest the following phonological differences between the two languages: 1. Prosodic features realizing accent and intonation differ, 2. Interaction between accent and intonation differs, and 3. Prosodic features function uniformly within different units of successive segments, the so-called prosodic units. However, looking into the overall characteristics of the acoustic signal, certain similarities are also observed. The study anticipates that the above phonological differences, especially those realized as phonetic similarities represent a great difficulty in acquisition of L2 prosody, and specific examples of a possible L1 interference are provided.
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Norton, Russell, and Nlabephee Othaniel. "The Jen language cluster: A comparative analysis of wordlists." Language in Africa 1, no. 3 (December 25, 2020): 17–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.37892/2686-8946-2020-1-3-17-99.
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A lexicostatistical analysis divides the Jen language cluster into two primary branches Burak-Loo-Maghdi-Mak and Kyak-Moo-Leelau-Tha-Doso-Dza. This is also supported by extensive isoglosses, replacing the older Bikwin-Jen division at least for purposes of genetic classification. For vowels, a 9-vowel system is reconstructed, but its 3-way height contrasts appear unstable in some languages, either in the central vowels or in the front and back vowels. Front and back vowels also vary widely with diphthongs. Prosodic features of nasalisation, tone, and breathiness are reconstructed, with nasalisation developing in more roots in the second primary branch. For consonants, the large inventory includes particularly unstable coronals, and development of voiceless approximants in Doso-Dza. The comparative evidence is conflicting as to whether labialised and palatalised structures are secondary modifications or onset sequences, suggesting the need for a variationist approach. Overall, riverine Jen varieties Tha, Doso, Dza show unusually extensive sound change, in contrast to the more phonologically stable Bikwin varieties. Applications to orthography development include the need to represent implosives and /r/ in languages other than Dza, where they have been lost, and the need to represent vowel nasalisation and /h/ in languages of the second branch only. Initial stem consonant alternations seen in both nouns and verbs need more investigation in Jen languages.
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Fernández Planas, Ana Ma, Paolo Roseano, Wendy Elvira-García, Josefina Carrera Sabaté, and Domingo Román Montes de Oca. "From a perceptual point of view, is there prosodic continuity between languages in contact?" Prosodic Issues in Language Contact Situations 16, no. 3 (December 31, 2019): 543–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sic.00050.fer.
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Abstract This paper contains the results of a set of perception tests that aimed at measuring perceived prosodic distances between different Romance languages (Italian, Friulian, Sardinian, Catalan, and Spanish). Data were collected within the framework of the AMPER project. The results were obtained by means of discrimination and identification tasks where the judges were 31 native speakers of Catalan form Barcelona and the stimuli were broad focus statements and yes-no questions in the above-mentioned languages. The perceived distances are then compared with the results of a dialectometric analysis of acoustic data. This comparison shows that the perceived distances are related to acoustic differences.
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Schuhmann, Katharina S., and Michael T. Putnam. "Relativized Prosodic Domains: A Late-Insertion Account of German Plurals." Languages 6, no. 3 (August 23, 2021): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages6030142.
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In late-insertion, realizational models of morphology such as Distributed Morphology (DM), the insertion of Vocabulary Items (VIs) is conditioned by cyclic operations in the syntax. This paper explores whether an isomorphic relationship can be established between cyclic operations such as phases and prosodic domains. In the spirit of D’Alessandro and Scheer’s (2015) proposal of a Modular Phase Impenetrability Condition (MPIC), we strive to provide an analysis in which prosodic boundaries in even smaller, word-level-like syntactic structures—the ‘lexical domain’—can be identified solely within the syntax. We propose a DM-account for the distribution of nominal plural exponency in German, which reveals a dominant trend for a trochaic-foot structure for all but -s-plural exponents (Wiese 2001, 2009). Inspired by Gouskova’s (2019) and Svenonius’ (2016) work concerning the prosody–morphology interface, we argue that the index of a Prosodic Word ω in non-s-plurals is associated with a specific feature configuration. We propose that only a n[+pl(ural)] configuration, in which the nominalizing head n hosts the SynSem-feature Num(ber)[+pl(ural)], rather than a general cyclic categorizing phase head such as n, indexes a Prosodic Word ω for nominal plural exponents in (Standard) German. Based on this empirical evidence from German plural exponency, we argue that (i) prosodic boundaries can be established directly by syntactic structures, (ii) these prosodic boundaries condition VI insertion during the initial stages of Spell-Out, and (iii) prosodic domains are based on individual languages’ syntactic structures and feature configurations, and are thus relativized and language-specific in nature.
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GEFFEN, SUSAN, and TOBEN H. MINTZ. "Prosodic differences between declaratives and interrogatives in infant-directed speech." Journal of Child Language 44, no. 4 (July 18, 2016): 968–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000916000349.
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AbstractIn many languages, declaratives and interrogatives differ in word order properties, and in syntactic organization more broadly. Thus, in order to learn the distinct syntactic properties of the two sentence types, learners must first be able to distinguish them using non-syntactic information. Prosodic information is often assumed to be a useful basis for this type of discrimination, although no systematic studies of the prosodic cues available to infants have been reported. Analysis of maternal speech in three Standard American English-speaking mother–infant dyads found that polar interrogatives differed from declaratives on the patterning of pitch and duration on the final two syllables, butwh-questions did not. Thus, while prosody is unlikely to aid discrimination of declaratives fromwh-questions, infant-directed speech provides prosodic information that infants could use to distinguish declaratives and polar interrogatives. We discuss how learners could leverage this information to identify all question forms, in the context of syntax acquisition.
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Ponomarova, Vira, and Alona Alona Sikorska. "A COMPLEX OF EXERCISES TO DEVELOP ENGLISH PROSODIC SKILLS IN SPEAKING IN HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS." АRS LINGUODIDACTICAE, no. 4 (2019): 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2663-0303.2019.4.05.
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Background: The importance of mastering good pronunciation is undeniable. According to the current curricular for secondary schools, high school students have to produce phonetically correct speech. The purpose of studying phonetics is to shape the standard phonetic image of the phonemes and intonation patterns and make use of them in speech. The observation of the educational process shows that the level of prosodic competence of high school students in Ukraine is quite low, the special exercises and tasks for improving the pronunciation skills in textbooks are almost not presented. Purpose: The objective of this paper is to develop a complex of exercises to teach prosody and intonation at high school. The authors examine the differences between English and Ukrainian prosodic constituents, and on the basis of this analysis suggests the ways to master each component in the developed tasks. Results and Discussion: By focusing on certain differences between the prosodic systems of the English and Ukrainian languages the study presented in the article has provided possible ways to improve the prosodic skills of high school students. The further perspective of the study relates to developing, expanding, piloting and modifying tasks and exercises for mastering prosody
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Tworek, Artur. "Fokusakzente als rhetorische Hervorhebungsmarker in der gesprochenen Wissenschaftssprache. Eine deutsch-polnische vergleichende Signaluntersuchung." Studia Linguistica 35 (March 29, 2017): 221–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0137-1169.35.12.
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Focus accents as rhetoric markers in the spoken academic language. A German-Polish comparative initial analysisThe objects of this paper are the focus accents in the spoken academic German and Polish language. The comparative analysis of how the semantic importance can be shown by means of prosodic features confirms the special role of focus accents in the rhetoric formation of academic lecture in both languages.
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Andronov, Aleksey, and Rima Bakšienė. "“Linguistic autumn”? A remark in connection with Vytautas Kardelis’s article “Three questions regarding the prosodic system of the Lithuanian language” (Lietuvių kalba, 11, 2017)." Lietuvių kalba, no. 12 (December 15, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lk.2018.22517.
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Some considerations in connection with the three main claims in Vytautas Kardelis’s article Three questions regarding the prosodic system of the Lithuanian language, concerning (a) the order of procedures in the investigation of the ‘sound form of language’, (b) the domain of prosodic features and (c) the term priegaidė. According to Kardelis, the description of speech chain should begin with an instrumental investigation. This may be true of acoustic analysis of a signal (not necessarily that of speech), but not the phonological analysis of a speech chain that, by definition, begins with isolating its discrete units, which, at the same time, are the units of the phonological system of the language in question. Likewise, phonetic suprasegmental elements (pitch, tone, etc.) may be associated with any loci of speech chain, including those coinciding with individual phonemes, either vowel or consonantal, but the domain of prosodic features, such as acute and circumflex in Lithuanian, is undoubtedly the syllable, rather than separate phonemes. In poliaccentual languages, syllable accents can be absolutely adequately described using the term priegaidė, which here means ‘syllable intonation’, while substituting it with ‘tone’ or ‘stress’ is misleading and, in the last analysis, simply fruitless or simply wrong.
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Fenlon, Jordan, Tanya Denmark, Ruth Campbell, and Bencie Woll. "Seeing sentence boundaries." Sign Language and Linguistics 10, no. 2 (December 31, 2007): 177–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sll.10.2.06fen.
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Linguists have suggested that non-manual and manual markers are used in sign languages to indicate prosodic and syntactic boundaries. However, little is known about how native signers interpret non-manual and manual cues with respect to sentence boundaries. Six native signers of British Sign Language (BSL) were asked to mark sentence boundaries in two narratives: one presented in BSL and one in Swedish Sign Language (SSL). For comparative analysis, non-signers undertook the same tasks. Results indicated that both native signers and non-signers were able to use visual cues effectively in segmentation and that their decisions were not dependent on knowledge of the signed language. Signed narratives contain visible cues to their prosodic structure which are available to signers and non-signers alike.
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Fernald, Anne, Traute Taeschner, Judy Dunn, Mechthild Papousek, Bénédicte de Boysson-Bardies, and Ikuko Fukui. "A cross-language study of prosodic modifications in mothers' and fathers' speech to preverbal infants." Journal of Child Language 16, no. 3 (October 1989): 477–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900010679.
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ABSTRACTThis study compares the prosodie modifications in mothers' and fathers' speech to preverbal infants in French, Italian, German, Japanese, British English, and American English. At every stage of data collection and analysis, standardized procedures were used to enhance the comparability across data sets that is essential for valid cross-language comparison of the prosodie features of parental speech. In each of the six language groups, five mothers and five fathers were recorded in semi-structured home observations while speaking to their infant aged 0; 10–1;2 and to an adult. Speech samples were instrumentally analysed to measure seven prosodic parameters: mean fundamental frequency (f0), f0-minimum, f0-maximum, f0-range, f0-variability, utterance duration, and pause duration. Results showed cross-language consistency in the patterns of prosodic modification used in parental speech to infants. Across languages, both mothers and fathers used higher mean-f0, f0-minimum, and f0-maximum, greater f0-variability, shorter utterances, and longer pauses in infant-directed speech than in adult-directed speech. Mothers, but not fathers, used a wider f0-range in speech to infants. American English parents showed the most extreme prosodic modifications, differing from the other language groups in the extent of intonational exaggeration in Speech to infants. These results reveal common patterns in caretaker's use of intonation across languages, which may function developmentally to regulate infant arousal and attention, to communicate affect, and to facilitate speech perception and language comprehension. In addition to providing evidence for possibly universal prosodic features of speech to infants, these results suggest that language-specific variations are also important, and that the findings of the numerous studies of early language input based on American English are not necessarily generalisable to other cultures.
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Korolova, Tetiana, and Akkurt Vladyslava. "PERCEPTIVE PECULIARITIES OF PROSODY OF PERSUASION MODALITY IN JUDICIAL DISCOURSE." Naukovy Visnyk of South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushynsky: Linguistic Sciences 2019, no. 29 (November 2019): 135–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.24195/2616-5317-2019-29-11.
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In spite the fact that scientific researches reflect the interpretation of the modality problem by modern linguists, there can hardly be found the works devoted to the prosody aspects of modality in court discourse. The aim of the experimental analysis is a complex examination of functional, semantic and pragmatic characters of convincing attitudinal semantics in prosecutor’s speech in two languages: English and Ukrainian. The results of the research demonstrate that the attitude of convincing the listeners in court depends on extra linguistic factors (situation as well as social and status relations), structural, semantic and pragmatic peculiarities of prosecutor’s speech, on the one hand, and individual characteristics of the prosecutor’s communication, on the other. Conviction prosody in a prosecutor’s speech is the most important means that actualizes the stereotypic rules of orator’s phonetic behavior aimed at influencing the audience and combines general and creative aspects. In the speech under consideration the intellectual expressiveness is the leading character (arguments and logics). The character of prosody components interaction when exercising the attitude of conviction is similar in both languages, but the role of either component in prosodic structure differs. Thus, the rhythmic structure of English, importance of temporal parameter in the word-stress, falling character of syllabic melody (in contrast to Ukrainian), fixed position of word-stress in English and free position in Ukrainian lead to peculiarities of English and Ukrainian prosody in communication. Differences in linguistic systems of the two languages: a definite grammar structure, vocabulary peculiarities, phonological system, condition prosodic features characteristic to either of the two languages.
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Gahraman, Mirzayeva Intizar. "On Distributional Features of Adverbial Modifier of Manner in Typologically Different Languages: A Case Study." Advances in Language and Literary Studies 8, no. 6 (December 25, 2017): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.8n.6p.126.
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The study aims to analyze the distributional features of adverbial modifier of manner in two languages that are typologically and genealogically different: English and Azerbaijani. Although the issue has been focused in these languages separately from various angles including semantic, syntactic and prosodic perspectives, there is a gap in the domain of comparative studies. In this regard, syntax is of special importance. Syntactic analysis reveals that in the both languages sentence members are not distributed randomly. In other words, their distribution within the sentence is regulated by certain rules. Each of the sentence members, entering the sentence structure in the syntagmatic order, establishing coordination with sentence members coming before or after it, turns to the bearer of the intended semantic or grammatical functions. Analyses of grammatical forms of the sentences in the English and Azerbaijani sentences show that alongside the universal features which are common for the grammatical forms in sentences of each language, these languages possess distinctive features as well.
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Asada, Yuko. "General use coordination in Japanese and Japanese Sign Language." Sign Language and Linguistics 22, no. 1 (October 9, 2019): 44–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sll.18003.asa.
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Abstract Davidson (2013) shows that in American Sign Language (ASL), conjunction and disjunction can be expressed by the same general use coordinator (cf. mary drink tea coord coffee ‘Mary drank tea and coffee; Mary drank tea or coffee.’). To derive these two meanings, she proposes an alternative semantic analysis whereby the two interpretations arise through universal or existential quantification over a set of alternatives licensed by (non-)linguistic cues, such as contexts and prosodic or lexical material. This paper provides supportive evidence for Davidson’s analysis from two other languages, Japanese and Japanese Sign Language. These languages are shown to employ general use coordination similar to that in ASL, but the general use coordinators in the three languages differ in one important respect: the locality of lexical elements that induce a disjunctive meaning. It is suggested that this cross-linguistic variation can be attributed to language-specific properties that concern the Q-particle discussed in Uegaki (2014, 2018).
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Blazhevich, Yuliya. "Phonetic Peculiarities of the French Language of Cameroon." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 2. Jazykoznanije, no. 4 (December 2019): 221–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu2.2019.4.17.
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Phonetic peculiarities of the territorial variant of the French language in Cameroon have been considered in the article. Audio- and video recordings of French-speaking Cameroonians have been used for the study. Significant divergences between the phonetic systems of the French language of the former metropolis and its Cameroonian version have been detected in the systems of vowels and consonants as well as on the prosodic level. The analysis proves that local Cameroonian languages being L1 of the speakers interfere with the French language of Cameroon as articulation habits of mother tongues are transferred into their speech in the French language. In the vowel system we have detected the following phonological phenomena: substitution of French sounds by the L1 ones, denasalization, diphthongization of vowels, change of sound length and use of epenthesis. In the consonant system such phenomena as substitution, devoicing, voicing, palatalization, sound opposition attenuation and consonant cluster simplification have been detected. Alterations are also observed on the prosodic level where L1 interference manifests in the form of excess tone marking transferred into French which is characteristic of most indigenous African languages. Four groups of accents spoken in Cameroon are also singled out and their main characteristics are described in the article.
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Aleksic, Mariana. "A typology of lexical semantic relations between nominal lexemes of Slavic origin with identical roots in Serbian and Bulgarian (a comparative approach)." Juznoslovenski filolog 74, no. 1 (2018): 97–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jfi1801097a.
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This paper discusses the semantic relations between common nouns of Slavic origin in contemporary Serbian and Bulgarian, as well as their phonological and prosodic adaptations and integrations in the respective lexical systems. The emphasis is laid on a wide scope of convergence or divergence in the semantics of formally similar nominal lexemes, ranging from formal-stylistic equivalence to semantic exclusivity. This research presents the methodological procedure for a comparative semantic analysis of common noun lexemes of Slavic origin in genetically related (Slavic) languages.
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Agostinho, Ana Lívia, and Larry M. Hyman. "Word Prosody in Lung’Ie: One System or Two?" Probus 33, no. 1 (April 29, 2021): 57–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/prbs-2021-0002.
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Abstract Creole languages have generally not figured prominently in cross-linguistic studies of word-prosodic typology. In this paper, we present a phonological analysis of the prosodic system of Lung’Ie or Principense (ISO 639-3 code: pre), a Portuguese-lexifier creole language spoken in São Tomé and Príncipe. Lung’Ie has produced a unique result of the contact between the two different prosodic systems common in creolization: a stress-accent lexifier and tone language substrates. The language has a restrictive privative H/Ø tone system, in which the /H/ is culminative, but non-obligatory. Since rising and falling tones are contrastive on long vowels, the tone must be marked underlyingly. While it is clear that tonal indications are needed, Lung’Ie reveals two properties more expected of an accentual system: (i) there can only be one heavy syllable per word; (ii) this syllable must bear a H tone. This raises the question of whether syllables with a culminative H also have metrical prominence, i.e. stress. However, the problem with equating stress with H tone is that Lung’Ie has two kinds of nouns: those with a culminative H and those which are toneless. The nouns with culminative H are 87% of Portuguese origin, incorporated through stress-to-tone alignment, while the toneless ones are 92% of African origin. Although other creole languages have been reported with split systems of “accented” vs. fully specified tonal lexemes, and others with mixed systems of tone and stress, Lung’Ie differs from these cases in treating African origin words as toneless, a quite surprising result. We consider different analyses and conclude that Lung’Ie has a privative /H/ tone system with the single unusual stress-like property of weight-to-tone.
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Heston, Tyler M. "The evolution of word prosody in the Papuan languages of Eastern Timor." Diachronica 35, no. 4 (December 31, 2018): 525–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.17019.hes.
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Abstract Word prosody and sentence-level intonation undergo complex interactions through time. In this study, I focus on the effects of intonation on the development of word prosody in two closely related Papuan languages, Makalero and Fataluku. Though both are very similar segmentally, Makalero’s prosodic system is based on trochaic stress, while Fataluku is characterized primarily by phrase-level intonational contours. On the basis of internal comparative evidence, I demonstrate that the trochaic stress system of Makalero is older, and that a series of well-motivated sound changes has led to a dissociation of stress and intonation in Fataluku. A disassociation between stress and intonation is typologically unexpected, and analysis of the historical development of Fataluku’s system sheds light on how such a dissociation may have taken place.
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Henriksen, Nicholas. "Style, prosodic variation, and the social meaning of intonation." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43, no. 2 (July 5, 2013): 153–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100313000054.
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This paper reports on an acoustic analysis of the intonational patterns of declarative questions andwh-questions produced by a group of young adults residing in a rural town of south-central Spain. Question intonation has been reported as highly variable across and within Spanish dialects; recent sociophonetic research on multiple languages suggests that intonational variation may be accounted for by speaking condition (i.e. speech style) in addition to other linguistic and social factors. This study is an initial attempt to examine the potential interactions between speaking condition (read speech vs. task-based dialogue) and social characteristics (speaker sex) on intonational variation. First, it is shown that 12 of the 16 speakers undergo at least one style-shift between speaking conditions; these data are captured in variationist terms, providing empirical assessments about formal and vernacular variants for the two sentence types in question. Second, it is shown that speaker sex differences play a role in style-shifting, and this leads to the hypothesis that variation in declarative questions may have developed as a marker of local identity for Manchego men. All in all, this study offers empirical support that the findings on sociophonetic variation warrant consideration in current models of speech production.
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Atta, Firdos, Syed Nasir Abbas, and Munir Khan. "Adaptation of Loanwords by Saraiki Speakers." I V, no. I (March 30, 2020): 229–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/glr.2020(v-i).24.
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The study presents a basic analysis of loanwords adaptation process by Saraiki speakers. Loanwords from three languages are analyzed and results reveal that native grammar used different strategies for different languages. In one language the onset/initial CC is adapted while in the other the final CC is modified by Saraiki speakers. It is observed that if the loanwords structure is absent in native grammar, it is not adapted though it follows universal principles. Native grammar allows clusters on both initial and final positions but loanwords do not. The study also discloses the strange behaviour for different languages, Saraiki speakers used fix vowel to break the cluster of English loanwords but vowel harmony and gemination in Arabic loanwords. It is noted that loanwords grammar preferred to have CV and CVC syllables rather than clusters at margins. Apart from grammatical adaptation, prosodic structure of receiver is also maintained. In many examples Saraiki follows universal principles but sometimes presents its own way to adapt loanwords
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ULBRICH, CHRISTIANE. "German pitches in English: Production and perception of cross-varietal differences in L2." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 16, no. 2 (December 20, 2012): 397–419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728912000582.
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The present study examines the effect of cross-varietal prosodic characteristics of two German varieties, Northern Standard German (NG) and Swiss German (SG), on the production and perception of foreign accent in L2 Belfast English. The analysis of production data revealed differences in the realisation of nuclear pitch accents in L1 German and L2 English produced by the two groups of speakers. Foreign accent ratings of L2 English sentences produced by NG speakers with no or extensive experience, native Belfast English speakers and SG speakers were obtained from native Belfast English listeners. The findings showed that segmental and prosodic characteristics play a role in the perception of foreign accent. In addition, they can be more similar across languages than across varieties of the same language. This in turn affects which and how cross-varietal differences in L1 impact on the degree of perceived foreign accentedness. The results are consistent with a usage-based account.
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Volk, Jana. "Using the ToBI transcription to record the intonation of Slovene." Linguistica 52, no. 1 (December 31, 2012): 169–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/linguistica.52.1.169-186.
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The paper presents ToBI, a transcription method for prosodic annotation. ToBI is an acronym for Tones and Breaks Indices which first denoted an intonation system developed in the 1990s for annotating intonation and prosody in the database of spoken Mainstream American English. The MAE_ToBI transcription originally consists of six parts – the audio recording of the utterance, the fundamental frequency contour and four parallel tiers for the transcription of tone sequence, ortographic transcription, indication of break indices between words and for additional observations. The core of the transcription, i. e. of the phonological analyses of the intonation pattern, is represented by the tone tier where tonal variation is transcribed by using labels for high tone and low tone where a tone can appear as a pitch accent, phrase accent and boundary tone. Due to its simplicity and flexibility, the system soon began to be used for the prosodic annotation of other variants of English and many other languages, as well as in different non-linguistic fields, leading to the creation of many new ToBI systems adapted to individual languages and dialects. The author is the first to use this method for Slovene, more precisely, for the intonational transcription and analysis of the corpus of spontaneous speech of Slovene Istria, in order to investigate if the ToBi system is useful for the annotation of Slovene and its regional variants.
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Herrero, Cristina, Margarita Planelles, and Zeina Alhmoud. "Perception of L2 Spanish polite requests and impolite commands by Chinese migrant workers living in Spain." Lengua y migración 12, no. 2 (May 6, 2021): 65–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.37536/lym.12.2.2020.1026.
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Politeness plays a key role in cross-cultural communication and intercultural adaptation (Spencer-Oatey and Franklin 2009). Therefore, knowledge about (im)politeness and the acquisition of politeness strategies is central in the integration of immigrants and the achievement of social cohesion. At the same time, prosody is already known to directly affect politeness judgements in all studied languages, including L1 Spanish (Hidalgo 2009; Devís 2011; Albelda 2012). However, the prosodic cues on which L1 speakers rely when judging politeness seem to be different for each language. While L1 Spanish speakers seem to rely more on intonation when judging politeness (Devís 2011), L1 Chinese speakers tend to rely more on other prosodic cues when judging politeness in Chinese (Fan and Gu 2016). This study investigates whether Chinese immigrants in Spain perceive the difference between polite requests and impolite commands the same way L1 Spanish speakers do, when the only difference between the commands and requests is at the prosodic level. Chinese immigrants (N = 22) and L1 Spanish speakers (N = 26) listened to and judged the degree of politeness of 20 pairs of commands and requests produced by 4 L1 Spanish speakers (2 male + 2 female) from Madrid. Pairs of commands and requests had the same lexico-grammatical features and onlydiffered at the prosodic and pragmatic levels. Statistical analysis revealed that while commands were perceived very similarly by chinese immigrants and L1 Spanish speakers, Chinese speakers had problems perceiving the intention in polite requests, which were rated as more polite by Spanish native speakers than by Chinese immigrants.
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Heston, Tyler. "The role of rhythm in intonational melody: A case study from Fataluku." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 1 (June 12, 2016): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v1i0.3712.
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This paper takes a fresh look at the theoretical relationship between linguistic rhythm and linguistic melody, arguing for a closer connection between metrical structure and intonational organization than is typically assumed. The focus of this paper is the theoretical treatment of word-medial intonational targets in languages without stress, since at first glance, such word-medial targets challenge the core assumption of the autosegmental-metrical theory of intonation that all intonational targets are aligned either with a stressed syllable or with the edge of a prosodic domain. I propose that this theoretical dilemma may be resolved by taking into account foot edges as possible alignment sites for edge tones. The claim that intonational tones may be aligned with foot edges is supported with new data from the Papuan language Fataluku. The implications of such an analysis for other stressless languages are also discussed.
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Veysi, Elkhas, and Farangis Abbaszadeh. "The Templatic Syllable Patterns of Reduplication and Stem-affixing Inflections in the Classical Arabic Based on Prosodic Morphology Theory." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 6, no. 11 (November 1, 2016): 2196. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0611.18.
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A morpheme, is a set of feature matrices dominated by a single node. Reduplication or gemination is one of the productive morphological processes which have been studied inclusively in different languages and in the frame of different linguistic theories like Generative Grammar, Optimality Theory and Minimalist Program. McCarthy's prosodic theory is justified by an analysis of the formal properties of the system of verbal processes like reduplication are the primary or sole morphological operations. This theory of nonconcatenative morphology recognizing the root as a discontinuous constituent. Under the prosodic model, a morphological category which characteristically reduplicates simply stipulates an output template composed of vowel and consonant. Consonantal roots and vocalic melodies in Arabic, although they contain bundles of the same distinctive features, can nevertheless be represented on separate autosegmental tiers. This ensures that the association conventions for melodies can operate independently on these two tiers. Association of autosegments from different tiers to the same segments will be subject to the natural restriction that no segment receives multiple associations for the same nontonal feature.
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Cabarrão, Vera, Helena Moniz, Fernando Batista, Isabel Trancoso, and Ana Isabel Mata. "Adaptação acústico-prosódica entre falantes." Revista da Associação Portuguesa de Linguística, no. 4 (October 15, 2018): 18–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.26334/2183-9077/rapln4ano2018a28.
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This paper presents a global analysis of entrainment in map-task dialogues in European Portuguese, including 48 dialogues, between 24 speakers. Our main goal is to analyze the acoustic-prosodic similarities between speaker pairs, namely if there are global entrainment cues displayed in the dialogues, if entrainment is manifested in distinct sets of features shared amongst the speakers, if entrainment depends on the gender and role of the speaker (giver or follower), and if speakers tend to entrain more with specific interlocutors regardless of the role. Results show that globally speakers tend to be more similar to their partners than to their own speech in the majority of the analyzed features, a strong evidence for entrainment. Moreover, almost all the pairs of speakers display cues of global entrainment, even though in different degrees (speakers entrain but in distinct features). Additionally, the role and gender effects tend to be less striking than the specific interlocutor effect. Our results support the fact that all prosodic parameters are monitored by the speakers in our corpus, contrarily to studies for other languages, which indicate that the main cues are energy related.
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Kaland, Constantijn, and Nikolaus P. Himmelmann. "Repetition Reduction Revisited: The Prosody of Repeated Words in Papuan Malay." Language and Speech 63, no. 1 (January 8, 2019): 31–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0023830918820044.
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It has frequently been shown that speakers prosodically reduce repeated words in discourse. This phenomenon has been claimed to facilitate speech recognition and to be language universal. In particular, the relationship between the information value of a word in a discourse context and its prosodic prominence have been shown to correlate. However, a literature review provided in this paper reveals that most evidence comes from English, where prosodic marking of information status often coincides with repetition reduction. The current study investigates to what extent repetition reduction occurs in Papuan Malay, spoken in the western part of the island of New Guinea (Indonesia). The work on Papuan Malay prosody available to date suggests fundamental differences compared to English and other Germanic languages. An acoustic analysis is carried out on repeated words in short stories produced by native Papuan Malay speakers. The results show that upon repetition, words were shortened and produced with higher F0. In a subsequent word identification task, it was found that first and second mentions were equally intelligible. Conclusions partially confirm previous work and challenge theories on how the prosody and information value of a word are related.
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Sóskuthy, Márton, and Timo B. Roettger. "When the tune shapes morphology: The origins of vocatives." Journal of Language Evolution 5, no. 2 (August 1, 2020): 140–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jole/lzaa007.
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Abstract Many languages use pitch to express pragmatic meaning (henceforth ‘tune’). This requires segmental carriers with rich harmonic structure and high periodic energy, making vowels the optimal carriers of the tune. Tunes can be phonetically impoverished when there is a shortage of vowels, endangering the recovery of their function. This biases sound systems towards the optimisation of tune transmission by processes such as the insertion of vowels. Vocative constructions—used to attract and maintain the addressee’s attention—are often characterised by specific tunes. Many languages additionally mark vocatives morphologically. In this article, we argue that one potential pathway for the emergence of vocative morphemes is the morphological re-analysis of tune-driven phonetic variation that helps to carry pitch patterns. Looking at a corpus of 101 languages, we compare vocatives to structural case markers in terms of their phonological make-up. We find that vocatives are often characterised by additional prosodic modulation (vowel lengthening, stress shift, tone change) and contain substantially fewer consonants, supporting our hypothesis that the acoustic properties of tunes interact with segmental features and can shape the emergence of morphological markers. This fits with the view that the efficient transmission of information is a driving force in the evolution of languages, but also highlights the importance of defining ‘information’ broadly to include pragmatic, social, and affectual components alongside propositional meaning.
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Erickson, Donna, Albert Rilliard, João Antônio de Moraes, and Takaaki Shochi. "Perception of expressive prosodic speech acts performed in USA english by L1 and L2 speakers." Journal of Speech Sciences 6, no. 1 (November 1, 2017): 27–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/joss.v6i1.14981.
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Attitudes have been described for different languages, with varying labels or contexts of occurrence for same labels. It renders cross-cultural comparison uncertain. A corpus was designed to bypass these limitations. This paper focuses on USA English produced by L1 and L2 speakers. The best performances in 9 attitudes are used in a forced-choice test, in both audio and visual modalities. Results show that 6 categories group the presented attitudes in coherent sets. The cultural origin affects marginally the categorisation of the expressions. An acoustic analysis of the fundamental frequency and intensity allows to test the predictions of two theoretical propositions – the Frequency code and the Effort code. It concludes to a main coherence of cross-language expressivity, and discusses differences. For negative expressions of imposition, L1 speakers follow the Frequency code – and L1 listeners expect this; L2 speakers use the Effort code in the same situations, leading to confusions in the audio-only modality. Differences for seduction and irony are also discussed.
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Gursoy, Esim, and Eda Nur Ozcan. "Perceptions and Linguistic Actions of Bilingual Speakers of Turkish and English: An Explanatory Study." Advances in Language and Literary Studies 9, no. 6 (December 28, 2018): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.9n.6p.212.
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Due to the globalized world, sixty percent of world’s population is bilingual today. Such a population calls for the need to understand bilinguals from a holistic perspective since it is likely that we are surrounded by bilinguals and we are raising bilingual children. Therefore, this study investigates bilingualism from five different dimensions; their perception of bilingualism and languages as Turkish and English, prosodic features in these two languages, sense of self, biculturalism and their language choice to get an overview about bilingual speakers of Turkish and English by adopting a qualitative design. Moreover, this study is one of the few studies involving bilinguals of Turkish and English. The data was collected from 29 bilinguals through an open-ended questionnaire. In data analysis, participants were divided into two main groups as early and late bilinguals; the origins of the bilinguals were also taken into account. Bilinguals’ responses were examined by using inductive data analysis. The results show that bilingual speakers have a unique profile and they make their decisions depending on the context, culture, self-perception and sense of self. Each bilingual is found to be idiosyncratic with linguistic and non-linguistic behaviour he/she displays.
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Yip, Moira. "Contour tones." Phonology 6, no. 1 (May 1989): 149–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095267570000097x.
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Recent work (Clements 1985; Sagey 1986) on the structure of distinctive features has analysed affricates and prenasalised stops as involving branching for the features [continuant] and [nasal] respectively. This analysis explains the edge effects associated with such segments, while simultaneously identifying them as single melodic elements that associate as units to prosodic templates. This paper will argue that some languages have contour tones that show parallel properties to those of affricates: they associate as units, but also exhibit edge effects. Such behaviour can be simply understood if tonal features hang off a tonal root node (Archangeli & Pulleyblank forthcoming), and this tonal root node is allowed to branch. A high rising contour tone will have the structure shown in (i), where [upper] is the tonal root node, and [raised] is free to branch.
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Bat-El, Outi. "The emergence of the trochaic foot in Hebrew hypocoristics." Phonology 22, no. 2 (August 2005): 115–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675705000515.
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The paper provides an optimality-theoretic analysis of the prosodic structure and stress patterns in templatic and non-templatic hypocoristics in Hebrew. It is designed to illustrate the emergence of the trochaic foot, whose role elsewhere in the language is rather limited. The trochaic foot has been shown to determine the structure of templatic hypocoristics in various languages; this is also true in Hebrew. In addition, it plays a major role in Hebrew non-templatic hypocoristics, which on the surface look like simple constructions of base+suffix. The trochaic foot does not delimit the number of syllables in non-templatic hypocoristics, but it plays an important role in the stress system, where the position of stress is also sensitive to the input stress and the type of suffix.
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Araujo, Gabriel Antunes de, Manuele Bandeira, and Ana Lívia Agostinho. "Harmonia vocálica no Proto-crioulo do Golfo da Guiné." Entrepalavras 10, no. 1 (April 28, 2020): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22168/2237-6321-11747.
Full textAbstract:
The Proto-Creole of the Gulf of Guinea is the common ancestor of the Santome, Angolar, Lung’Ie and Fa d’Ambô languages. Based on a supposed occurrence of vowel harmony (vh) in these modern languages and the proven influence of the languages of the Niger Delta (HAGEMEIJER, 2009), in which vh is attested, this study aims to discuss the existence of vh processes with [atr] mid-vowels in the Proto-Creole of the Gulf of Guinea, considering as a starting point its phonological and lexical reconstruction (BANDEIRA, 2017). Therefore, we intend to verify what phonological parameters related to vh in the literature (trigger, target, domain, application direction and blocking element) indicate about vh processes in Proto-Creole, based on the lexical reflexes of a set of cognates in daughter languages and proto-forms. We will show that many of the items interpreted as harmonic derive from the maintenance of mid-vowels in Portuguese etyma and from the insertion of a vowel copy in order to avoid roots ending in consonants in the Proto-Creole of the Gulf of Guinea. In this analysis, we will argue for the hypothesis according to which parasitic vh processes (COLE; TRIGO, 1988) with [atr] mid-vowels in contiguous syllables occurred in Proto-Creole within the prosodic word domain. However, the vh was limited because, based on the observation of proto-forms and harmonisation patterns with [atr] mid-vowels in contiguous syllables, there were many cases in which there was neutralisation of final non-stressed mid-vowels and, therefore, no application of the harmony process in favouring contexts.