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1
Jacobs, Anel. "Die belang van die eenjaartermynklousule vir die oordrag van 'n fidusiêre belang by boedelbeplanning / A. Jacobs." Thesis, North-West University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4205.
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Ölcüm, Ipek. "Die Berücksichtigung sozialer Belange im öffentlichen Auftragswesen." Berlin Duncker & Humblot, 2009. http://d-nb.info/997987251/04.
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Iwasaki, Cauti Fernando. "Belaunde completo." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/114177.
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Krischke, Roland. "Das schriftstellerische Werk Emil Belzners (1901 - 1979) ; Darstellung - Analyse - Gesamtbibliographie." Heidelberg Winter, 2006. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2864898&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.
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Spoerel, Christine (Christine Ann) Carleton University Dissertation International Affairs. "The Anglo-Guatemalan dispute and rural development in southern Belize." Ottawa, 1988.
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Miller, Deborah A. "Long term impacts of ecotourism on a Mayan rural community in Belize." Virtual Press, 2000. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1164842.
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Before 1968, Blue Creek Village was comprised of Mayan Indians living their traditional way of life, growing corn, beans, and rice, caring for their homes and family. The years following 1968, Blue Creek Village began to see development and change. Between the years of 1968-1971, a road, Catholic Church and an ecotourism site were built, the International Zoological Expedition (IZE). Three years later a primary school was built (1974-75) and finally in 1978 an agriculture building was built. Only 9% of the people living in Blue Creek Village had no formal schooling. Two generations of the Blue Creek Village people experienced and were affected by developmental changes occurring in their community.During the summer of 1999 (May 13 - August 8), I studied the Mayan Indians to determine how ecotourism, education, and gender influence the cash income earned by the Mayan people and how education is influenced by ecotourism, gender, age, individual, family/generational or community decisions. Blue Creek Village, Belize, was chosen as the site of study because Mayan Indians lived a traditional lifestyle and it was adjacent to an ecotourism location, the IZE Blue Creek Rainforest Preserve in the Maya Mountains. Ethnographic interviews and participant observations were used to obtain responses and demographic data of the local Mayan people. From these responses the statistical analysis revealed that education does influence the cash income of the local Mayan people in Blue Creek Village. Prior to the IZE Rainforest Preserve, the Mayan men's only source of cash income was through rice production, and women were unable to earn cash. The cash earned from the visiting tourists assisted families by providing cash income to pay for an education for their children.Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management
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Ölcüm, Ipek [Verfasser]. "Die Berücksichtigung sozialer Belange im öffentlichen Auftragswesen. / Ipek Ölcüm." Berlin : Duncker & Humblot, 2009. http://d-nb.info/1238363687/34.
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Potgieter, Bianca. "Die rol en belang van suikerbelasting in Suid-Afrika." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/65711.
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The former finance minister stated in his budget speech in 2016 that sugar tax would come into force in South Africa from 1 April 2017. The treasury's reason for implementing sugar taxation is to reduce the health problems caused by sugar. It is nothing new to use fiscal measures to recover both taxes and to prevent health problems but it was not yet possible to reach a definite conclusion about the impact of sugar tax on the consumption of sugary drinks and the prevalence of obesity. The reason for this is that there is evidence that the implementation of food tax in different countries has shown different results in terms of public health issues and tax benefits. In South Africa, the implementation of sugar tax can either reduce the prevalence of obesity and thereby have a positive effect on the economy or its implementation may adversely affect the economy. If treasury does not implement sugar tax the economy can also be adversely affected by the prevalence of obesity. This dissertation deals with the effects of non-communicable diseases and sugar tax on the South African economy. The focus is on how sugar tax is being implemented internationally and how South Africa intends to implement sugar tax.Die voormalige minister van finansies het in sy begrotingstoespraak in 2016 vermeld dat suikerbelasting vanaf 1 April 2017 in Suid-Afrika in werking gaan tree. Die tesourie se rede vir die implementering van suikerbelasting is om, in samewerking met die Departement van Gesondheid, die gesondheidsprobleme wat deur suiker veroorsaak word te verminder. Dit is niks nuuts om fiskale maatstawwe te gebruik om beide belasting in te vorder en gesondheidsprobleme te voorkom nie, maar dit was nog nie moontlik om tot ’n definitiewe gevolgtrekking te kom oor die impak van suikerbelasting op die verbruik van suikerversoete drankies en die voorkoms van vetsug nie. Die rede hiervoor is dat daar bewyse is dat die implementering van voedselbelasting in verskillende lande verskillende resultate getoon het in terme van openbare gesondheidskwessies en belastingvoordele. In Suid-Afrika kan die implementering van suikerbelasting óf die voorkoms van vetsug verminder en sodoende die ekonomie bevoordeel óf die implementering daarvan kan die ekonomie negatief beïnvloed. Indien die tesourie nie suikerbelasting implementeer nie kan die ekonomie as gevolg van die voorkoms van vetsug negatief beïnvloed word. Die kern van hierdie skripsie handel oor die gevolge van nieoordraagbare siektes en suikerbelasting op die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie. Daar word spesifiek gefokus op hoe suikerbelasting internasionaal geïmplementeer word en hoe Suid-Afrika beoog om suikerbelasting te implementeer.
Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
Mercantile Law
LLM
Unrestricted
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Bertram, Christine. "Verteilung, Wachstum und Nahrungsökologie der Larven und Jungfische im Belauer See, Schleswig-Holstein." [S.l. : s.n.], 2002. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=964804638.
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Lawrence, Robert S. "Belize: new international actor." Thesis, Tulane University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/28012.
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Haramijová, Monika. "Zvláštnosti podnikatelského prostředí Belize." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-15939.
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Diploma thesis concerns with business environment in Belize, with analysis of particular components of the environment and with specification of business particularities. Chapters are divided according to the PEST analysis and they deal with economic, political, legal, social and cultural environment in Beize. Corporate environments in Belize and in Czech Republic are also confronted in diploma thesis and in the end, the mutal relation of these two countries is mentioned.
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Kunert, Michael. "Analýza investičního prostředí Belgie." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-193355.
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This thesis analyzes the investment environment in Belgium using SWOT analysis. Within the scope off this analysis there are discussed the most important aspects of political, legislative, economic, socio-cultural and technological nature. Due to this fact, this thesis provides a comprehensive view on the Belgian investment environment and allows potential investors to become familiar with the local characteristics. Belgian investment environment namely disposes of many sectors, which are not apparent at first glance and which can carry investment potential. Therefore, despite the complexity of the Belgian administration, legislation and regional support programs, Belgium provides a convenient place for a particular business.
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May, Johan André Hugo. "Die afweging van belange van grondeienaars en plakkers / J.A.H May." Thesis, North-West University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/177.
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The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate the development of the notion of
property concept since the promulgation of the Constitution of South Africa 108 of
1996 with special reference to the influence of statutory developments and especially
the influence of Prevention of Illegal Eviction from and Unlawful Occupation of Land
Act 19 of 1998.
In the preamble to the Constitution it is made very clear that the injustices of the past
are recognised and that it is endeavoured to rectify the division of the past and that
all efforts are to be made to build a future that is characterised for the acknowledgement
of human rights, democracy, equality and peaceful co-existence.
In the Bill of Rights the right to property is acknowledged as a fundamental right and
is it also mentioned that the state must respect, protect, promote and fulfil the rights
in the Bill of Rights. Before the Constitution common law protection for ownership
was well established, but no statutory protection for ownership existed. The effect of
the property clause (section 25) of the Constitution was that not only ownership, but
also other rights to property protected. The property clause prescribes that no one
may be deprived of his property, except in terms of law of general application, and no
law may permit arbitrary deprivation of property.
No fundamental right is absolute with the effect that conflict may arise between the
different clauses of the Bill of Rights. A typical example may be where the rights of
an owner of immovable come into conflict with another person's right to housing. It
must, however, always be borne in mind that no fundamental right is absolute that it
is possible, under certain circumstances, to limit a fundamental right. This limitation
may also occur in the case of property rights.
Certain statutory developments took place since the promulgation of the Constitution.
The most important of these developments is of course the Prevention of Illegal
Eviction from and Unlawful Occupation of Land Act 19 of 1998. In terms of this Act it
is required that certain formalities are to be fulfilled before an unlawful occupier may
be evicted from property. The relevant part of the Act is the definition of an illegal
occupier. Despite the fact that it was decided in several court cases that an illegal
occupier does not include a person who previously had permission to occupy the
property, it was decided by the Supreme Court of Appeal in Ndlovu v Ngcobo :
Bekker v Jika that the act is applicable to such occupiers and specifically to lessees
who's lease agreements have expired or a mortgagor who's mortgage has been
foreclosed and who now refuses to vacate the property in question.
The key findings are that the property concept has developed drastically since the
Constitution. In regard to statutory development the most important development
was the Prevention of Illegal Eviction from and Unlawful Occupation of Land Act
which was found to be applicable to all unlawful occupiers of property, regardless of
the fact that the occupiers may previously have occupied the property lawfully. The
Legal Amendment Bill is to rectify this in order to ensure that the Prevention of lllegal
Eviction from and Unlawful Occupation of Land Act will no longer be applicable to
such occupiers and specifically to lessees who's lease agreements have expired or
mortgagors who's bond have been called up and who now refuse to vacate the
property in question
This amendment will bring the (often) conflicting fundamental rights to property and
housing into a greater degree of harmony, even though it will not solve all problems.
It is the duty of the State to address this and all other potential conflict between
different fundamental rights.
The method used in this dissertation was the analytical study of statutes, court cases
and articles in legal magazines.Thesis (LL.M. (Estate Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.
14
Powis, Terry George. "An integrative approach to the analysis of the Late Preclassic ceramics at Lamanai, Belize /." Thesis, Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3086792.
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Key, Carol. "Cayes, Coral, Tourism and Ethnicity in Belize." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2002. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc3239/.
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The development of tourism and more importantly eco-tourism has emerged as a primary objective for the government of Belize, Central America. This study examines two villages Seine Bight and Placencia located on a peninsula occupied by separate ethnic groups (Garifuna and Creole) that is located on a peninsula in Southern Belize. Seine Bight and Placencia are undergoing a change in economic activity to tourism. The study attempts to understand the role of ethnicity, socio-economic status, amount of contact with tourists, and the environment in regard to attitudes towards tourism utilizing quantitative and qualitative methods. The study also attempts to understand the organization and disorganization of productive activity on the peninsula and ethnicity over space and time. The point of diffusion and contact of different groups is reflected archeologically and historically in the marine landscape. The peninsula served not only as a natural harbor for those sailing up and down the coastline over time but also served as a point of diffusion of different groups reflected in changing place names, such as Placentia, Point Patient, and Pasciencia.
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Bellante, Gabriel John. "Hyperspectral remote sensing as a monitoring tool for geologic carbon sequestration." Thesis, Montana State University, 2011. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2011/bellante/BellanteG1211.pdf.
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The contemporary global climate crisis demands mitigation technologies to curb atmospheric greenhouse gas emissions, principally carbon dioxide (COâ‚‚). Geologic carbon sequestration (GCS) is a method by which point source COâ‚‚ emissions are purified and deposited in subsurface geologic formations for long-term storage. Accompanying this technology is the inherent responsibility to monitor these large-scale subsurface reservoirs for COâ‚‚ leaks to ensure safety to local environments and inhabitants, as well as to alleviate global warming. Elevated COâ‚‚ levels in soil are known to cause anoxic conditions in plant roots, thereby interfering with plant respiration and inducing a stress response that could possibly be remotely sensed using aerial imagery. Airborne remote sensing technology has the potential to monitor large land areas at a relatively small cost compared to alternative methods. In 2010, an aerial campaign was conducted during the height of the growing season to obtain an image time series that could be used to identify and characterize COâ‚‚ stress in vegetation from a simulated COâ‚‚ leak. An unsupervised classification was performed to classify COâ‚‚ stressed vegetation as a result of the subsurface injection. Furthermore, a spectral index was derived to amplify the COâ‚‚ stress signal and chart vegetation health trajectories for pixels affected by the COâ‚‚ release. A theoretical framework was developed for analysis strategies that could be implemented to detect a COâ‚‚ leak using aerial hyperspectral imagery with minimal a priori knowledge. Although aerial detection of COâ‚‚ stressed vegetation was possible while no other physiological plant stressors were present, the spectral distinction between vegetation stress agents would have important implications for the appropriate timing that GCS monitoring using remote sensing data could commence. A greenhouse experiment was devised to compare the spectral responses of alfalfa plants to COâ‚‚ and water stress in order to reveal whether COâ‚‚ leak detection is possible when soil water availability is highly variable or during periods of drought. Spectral discernment of a COâ‚‚ leak appears to be possible when soil water is spatially variable and during moderate drought conditions with remote sensing instruments that are sensitive to reflectance in the short wave infrared, where water absorption features related to leaf water content occur.
17
Arias-Caballero, Diego Andres. "Refuge in Belen Valley." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/52626.
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A story about love and desire to imagine architecture in a peruvian landscape. On one hand, 'Refuge in Belen Valley' is a thesis about discovering the ideal conditions that architecture should meet in a landscape, conditions that approach the idea of an offering of man rather than a conditioning for man. On the other, it is a thesis about thinking architecture as a composition derived out of material properties, emotional intentions, inhabiting possibilities and counterpoint, the arrangement of differences through dialogue.Master of Architecture
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Kosakowsky, Laura J. "Preclassic Maya Pottery at Cuello, Belize." University of Arizona Press (Tucson, AZ), 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/595479.
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"This monograph adds important data on the development of Preclassic period ceramics in northern Belize."—American Antiquity"This book contributes to our understanding of early Maya society during an era that has only new been revealed."—The Chesopiean"Kosakowsky's book, produced in the clear, easy-to-read and well designed format . . . is a substantive contribution to Maya ceramic studies."—Journal of Latin American Studies
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Pyburn, Karen Anne, and Karen Anne Pyburn. "The settlement of Nohmul: Development of a prehispanic Maya community in northern Belize." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184624.
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The study of prehistoric Maya settlements has been hampered by simplistic views of cultural ecology, over generalized ethnographic analogy, and a lack of attention to both natural and cultural site formation processes. As a result, Mayanists have tended to expect very little variety in archaeological features and have assumed cultural uniformity over wide ranges of time and space. Traditional research designs support these assumptions. Current knowledge of Maya social organization suggests that more structural variety may occur in Maya archaeological sites than is ordinarily discovered. Some of this variation is evidenced by features not currently visible on the ground-surface. The Nohmul Settlement pattern project employed a "purposive" sampling design to search for settlement variation over time and space. Several assumptions about surface-subsurface relationships were tested. Surface indications were not found to outline subsurface variety. Excavating at intervals from site center in both visible and "invisible" features, showed that the Nohmul community was affected by both centralizing and decentralizing influences and grouped into residential clusters resembling neighborhoods. The degree of centralization and the location of the clusters, as well as some of their characteristics, changed notably over Nohmul's 2500 year occupation.
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Roy, Olivier. "Étude sur les concepts d'agent et de choix dans la logique de l'action de Nuel Belnap et ses collaborateurs /." Trois-Rivières : Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 2004. http://www.uqtr.ca/biblio/notice/resume/18268556R.pdf.
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Botha, Nicolene. "Propaganda : 'n historiese kommunikasieproses van belang vir bestuurders van die media." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51890.
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Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Although most journalists and media managers will deny that they are at all biased, few of the communication messages that are daily spread by the mass communication media, are neutral. Media people transfer their own political orientation, also that of the organisation that they work for, to their reports by means of their decisions of what news they will present and how they will present it. From the recent past it has become clear that there is a link between the government of the day and how the news is presented, as perceptions that have been created of certain events, have changed over time. Journalists have certain political convictions, but even if they try to be objective in spite of these, they are often insensitive to the fact that they are used by propagandists, who themselves have a thorough knowledge of the media. Sometimes journalists are knowingly and willingly involved in such attempts, and sometimes against their will. More often they are completely ignorant of the fact that they form part of a propaganda attempt, because they do not realise that they are being manipulated. In order to distinguish between "real" news and propaganda in the form of news, it is essential to have insight into the nature and origin of propaganda, but especially into the techniques that are commonly used. Initially, the word "propaganda" had a positive meaning, but during the First World War the word increasingly obtained a negative connotation. A century later, the word itself had become almost obsolete, except in reference to the information attempts of the opposition. "Own" campaigns are referred to in eufemistic terms such as "news management" and "public diplomacy". However, phenomena of propaganda did not disappear. In fact, with the progress in technology since the end of the nineteenth century, the number of communication channels available for the transfer of messages have multiplied. This created new means of spreading propaganda, especially since the invention of the transistor and later of television. With the changes in and improvements of mass communication media, the nature and extent of propaganda techniques also changed significantly. The techniques became more sophisticated and new methods of manipulation are continuously thought up, so much so that there are currently almost no limit to the ways in which propaganda messages are conveyed. When the uses of these techniques, as they are commonly found in media reports, are studied, it is possible to identify six broad catagories of propaganda. The first category is that where the nature of the contents is obvious, in other words, where no further information is required about an issue or a person in order to recognise the technique as propaganda. The second category represents pieces of propaganda where further information is required in order to recognise the use of the technique, like when somebody tells a lie. Thirdly, there are techniques that can only be recognised after a variety of propaganda pieces have been studied and the relation between the contents have been studied, such as when politicians play for time. The fourth technique is repetition. The fifth category of techniques is based on the nature of the arguments used by the propagandist, whether these are rational or non-rational. The last category is based on the intention of the propagandist, for example whether he wants to create fear or drive a wedge between groups. Knowledge of these different techniques provide a basis according to which journalists and media managers will be able to judge news events in order to determine the propagandistic intention thereof.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hoewel die meeste joernaliste en mediabestuurders salontken dat hulle enigsins bevooroordeeld is, is min van die kommunikasïeboodskappe wat daagliks deur die massamedia uitgedra word, neutraal. Medialui druk die stempel van hul eie politieke ingesteldheid, maar ook dié van die organisasie waarvoor hulle werk, op hul berigte af deur hul besluite oor watter nuus hulle gaan aanbied en hoe hulle dit gaan aanbied. Uit die onlangse verlede is dit duidelik dat daar 'n verband is tussen die regering van die dag en hoe die nuus aangebied word, aangesien persepsies wat oor gebeure geskep is, met verloop van tyd verander het. Joernaliste het sekere politieke oortuigings, maar al probeer hulle ten spyte daarvan objektief wees, is hulle dikwels onsensitief daarvoor dat hulle deur propagandiste, wat self 'n grondige kennis van die werking van die media het, gebruik word. Soms word joernaliste met hulle medewete en goedkeuring by sulke pogings betrek, en soms teen hulle sin. Meer dikwels vorm hulle egter onbewustelik deel van 'n belangegroep se propagandapoging, omdat hulle nie besef dat hulle gemanipuleer word nie. Om in staat te wees om "regte" nuus te onderskei van propaganda in die vorm van nuus, is dit noodsaaklik om insig te hê in die aard en oorsprong van propaganda, maar veral in die tegnieke wat algemeen gebruik word. Die woord "propaganda" het aanvanklik 'n positiewe betekenis gehad, maar tydens die Eerste Wêreldoorlog het dit toenemend 'n negatiewe konnotasie gekry. In Eeu later het die woord self grootliks in onbruik verval, behalwe waar daar na die opposisie se inligtingspogings verwys is. "Eie" veldtogte word in eufemistiese terme na verwys as "nuusbestuur" en "openbare diplomasie". Ten spyte hiervan het die verskynsel van propaganda nie verdwyn nie. In teendeel, met die vooruitgang in tegnologie sedert die einde van die negentiende eeu, het die kommunikasiekanale wat vir die oordrag van die boodskap beskikbaar was, veelvuldig toegeneem. Dit het nuwe moontlikhede van propagandavoering daargestel, veral sedert die uitvinding van die transistor en later ook televisie. Met die verandering en verbetering van massakommunikasiemedia het die aard en omvang van propagandategnieke ook merkbaar verander. Die tegnieke het meer gesofistikeerd geraak en nuwe metodes van manipulasie word voortdurend bedink, sodat daar vandag feitlik geen perke is aan die maniere waarop propaganda- boodskappe uitgedra word nie. Wanneer die gebruik van dié tegnieke, soos dit algemeen in mediaberigte voorkom, bestudeer word, is dit moontlik om ses breë kategorieë van propaganda te identifiseer. Die eerste kategorie is dié waar die aard van die inhoud vanself spreek, met ander woorde, waar geen verdere inligting oor 'n saak of persoon nodig is om 'n tegniek as propaganda te eien nie. Die tweede kategorie verteenwoordig propagandastukke waar bykomende inligting nodig is om die tegniek uit te ken, soos wanneer 'n leuen vertel word. Derdens is daar tegnieke wat slegs herken kan word nadat verskeie propagandastukke bestudeer is en die inhoud daarvan met mekaar in verband gebring is, soos wanneer politici vir tyd speel. Vierdens word daar van herhaling gebruik gemaak. Die vyfde kategorie van tegnieke is gegrond is op die aard van die argumente wat die propagandis gebruik, of dit byvoorbeeld rasioneel of nie-rasioneel is. Die laaste kategorie sluit tegnieke in wat gegrond is op die bedoeling van die propagandis, of hy byvoorbeeld vrees wil inboesem of groepe teen mekaar wilopmaak. Kennis van hierdie verskillende tegnieke bied 'n grondslag waarvolgens joernaliste en mediabestuurders nuusgebeure kan beoordeel ten einde die propaganda-bedoeling daarvan te bepaal.
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Timmer, Rijk. "Profeet in eigen land : Philips van Leiden en het publiek belang /." Hilversum : Verloren, 2008. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41337535g.
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Hunter, Clarissa C. "The chultuns of Caracol, Belize." Virtual Press, 1995. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/941712.
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Chultuns have served as a source of curious debate for most Maya archaeological projects. Although there is great speculation about the function(s) served by the chultuns, few theories are concrete. This study attempted to determine the specific use of chultuns as relevant to this particular site. During the 1989 field season at Caracol excavations were carried out in six chultuns. A team composed of one student and several workman were assigned to investigate each group. At least one test pit was placed within each group to search for other diagnostic material to compare with the artifacts recovered from the chultun. The data collected indicates that the chultuns of Caracol were primarily related to a burial function. However, the possibility cannot be ruled out that a different function was intended for these features and that they were only used as burial chambers when they were about to be abandoned.Department of Anthropology
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Holden, Patsy. "BALLCOURT ICONOGRAPHY AT CARACOL, BELIZE." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2009. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/2649.
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One of the more commonly known aspects of the ancient Maya culture is the ballgame. This ancient ballgame was played by most Mesoamerican cultures on a constructed ballcourt and many major Mesoamerican sites have at least one, if not more than one. Contemporary Mesoamericans still play versions of this ballgame today, but without the use of the ballcourts, questioning the importance and purpose of the ballcourt that is no longer the case today. After over a century of research, scholars have yet to unravel all the cosmological and mythological mysteries of the ballcourt and its purpose to the ancient Maya. Although the archaeological record rarely supports the well-known Postclassic Hero Twin myth, most scholars continue to use this myth to interpret Classic ballgame iconography. In this study, I link Classic period ballcourt architecture and iconography at Caracol to Preclassic cache practices, to an Early Classic tomb, and to an elite Classic structure, demonstrating a widespread set of cosmological symbols that were not exclusively reserved for the ballcourt. I suggest that the four eroded figures on Caracol Ballcourt Markers 1 and 2 represent east, west, zenith, and nadir, and that the north-south alignment of Classic Southern Lowland ballcourts was the result of a vertical visualization of the three ballcourt markers. This study shows that the Maya ballcourt was a cosmogram, intended to delineate sacred space and demarcate a portal into the underworld.M.S.
Department of Anthropology
Sciences
Anthropology MA
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Barrow, Ursula H. "Organizing for business in Belize." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.385900.
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Nieto, Vélez S. J. Armando. "Homenaje a Víctor Andrés Belaunde." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/114323.
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García, Belaunde Domingo. "Informe legal - Domingo García Belaunde." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2007. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/116078.
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Lee, Devon Lovelle. "Pan Africanist Praxis Ina Belize." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/103648.
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Pan Africanism is strategy that emerges through a history of surviving oppression, methodology to understand thought and action, and theory that tests findings against sociopolitical context. History, methodology and theory are used to develop the historical trajectory that responds to invasion, slavery, colonization and neocolonialism in Belize. As such, three manuscripts are offered to outline the historical narrative of Belizean Pan Africanism, autoethnographic insights for the study of Pan Africanism, and the sociopolitical context that contemporary Pan Africanism in Belize rises out of. Kurt Young defines Pan-Africanism as: "a fusing of affirmations of African identity with libratory efforts at the level of the masses (2009:7). The study and practice of Pan Africanism should therefore aligned in objectives and strategy to interrupt oppressive conditions that impact communities within the African Diaspora. This project, therefore, operationalizes scholar-activism in history, method and theory to outline strategic action and collective subversion as Pan Africanist Praxis in Belize.Doctor of Philosophy
White Colonizers invaded the shores of Africa, dislocating a people from their legacy and heritage. However, a strategy was formed to create a new legacy and heritage that broke the bondage of White supremacy that trapped Black bodies. From the enslaved that ran to forge a new path for their people, to those that shed blood for freedom, Pan Africanism has been a strategy that has incorporated thoughts of freedom into escape plans. This study builds a historical timeline for Pan Africanism in Belize, methodology for the study of Pan Africanism and an academic exploration of contemporary Pan Africanism in Belize. Pan Africanism as history, method and contemporary theory add to the body of knowledge by inserting Belize at the center of Pan Africanist theory and practice. The study and practice of Pan Africanism is aligned in objectives and strategy to interrupt historical and contemporary conditions that impact communities within the African Diaspora. This project, therefore, operationalizes scholar-activism in history, method and theory to outline strategic action and collective subversion as Pan-Africanist Praxis in Belize.
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Hayden, Heather Lyn. "The Erosion of Coastal Sediment and Regeneration of Rhizophora mangle Following Anthropogenic Disturbance on Turneffe Atoll, Belize." PDXScholar, 2015. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2365.
Full textAbstract:
As communities and managers become aware of the long-term impacts of mangrove loss, estimated at 1-2% per year, interest in sediment erosion and mangrove rehabilitation has increased substantially. In this thesis project I 1) examine erosion rates within coastal fringing Rhizophora mangle ecosystems following mangrove clearing and compare these rates to accretion rates in intact mangroves; and 2) investigate the abiotic factors influencing mangrove seedling survival and regeneration of naturally colonizing R. mangle, in historic mangrove habitat after anthropogenic clearing.
Differences in erosion were compared between patches of open-coast intact and anthropogenically cleared R. mangle to quantify the sediment trapping function provided by mangroves and its loss following clearing over a 24 month period. Growth rates of mangrove seedlings in intact forest were compared to seedlings in cleared areas. Seedling growth indicators were measured on 100 seedlings at five sites (50 in the intact and 50 in the cleared areas). To examine the limiting factors on seedling growth rates, nutrient addition and wave protection treatments were applied to seedlings in three disturbed areas.
Sites within intact mangroves had sediment accretion (M= +3.83 mm) while areas cleared of mangroves had sediment erosion (M= -7.30 mm). Seedling growth (height) over the 2 year study period significantly differed between intact mangrove (M = 15.6 cm) and cleared (M = 10.24 cm) areas. Seedling mortality from the cleared areas (31%) differed from the intact areas (13%). Average seedling growth (height) was: greater with both nutrient/wave (M = 18.4 cm) and nutrient (M = 17.65 cm) treatments compared to controls (M = 10.8 cm), which suggests that providing nutrients and/or wave protection result in growth outputs comparable to seedlings found in intact mangroves.
This study may prove to be useful in identifying areas that are most vulnerable to erosion following mangrove removal and ideal location of restoration following mangrove removal. Areas cleared of mangroves can lead to intensified erosion in areas where fringing reefs are not continuous. When managers are determining areas to focus resources for restoration, focusing on areas with nutrient rich habitat may result in higher survival rates and growth outputs.
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Stemp, William James. "An analysis of stone tool use in the Maya coastal economies of Marco Gonzalez and San Pedro, Ambergris Caye, Belize." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq64672.pdf.
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Cook, Patricia Maria 1965. "Residential architecture on Albion Island, Belize." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291687.
Full textAbstract:
The discovery of small, residential-sized mounds in the northern Yucatan composed of solid or nearly solid rubble limestone triggered a vigorous debate within Maya archaeology over the actual function of these mounds. Many Mayanists found it difficult to accept that these were indeed housemounds based on their size and composition. A review of recent excavations of similar mounds from various regions within the Maya area is combined with new evidence from Albion Island, Belize, to posit that rubble construction is merely an alternate form of construction dictated by geologic and geographical constraints. Group 200 on Albion Island is a group of five mounds which in size, shape, and cultural artifacts fall within the designation 'housemound,' but which are composed mainly of limestone cobbles and boulders.
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Wenzel, Walter. "Neue historische Belege zu Niederlausitzer Ortsnamen." Gesellschaft für Namenkunde e.V, 2005. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A31418.
Full textAbstract:
Past research carried out on place names in the Niederlausitz (Lower Lusatia) has for the most part not evaluated any archival sources. Consequently considerable gaps resulted in the verifications of many place names. The material in this publication attempts to fill in the resulting gaps, especially in respect to the 16th and 17th century. Concurrently this material together with the historical name forms excerpted from church records which have already appeared in other publications provides the prerequisites for the reexamination of earlier interpretations of the names, and if necessary for their rectification.
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Cunningham, Smith Petra. "Fish from afar marine resource use at Caracol, Belize." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2011. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4878.
Full textAbstract:
The ancient Maya had strong ties to the sea. The trade, transportation and use of marine resources were important not only to coastal Maya communities, but also to the heavily populated cities that lay many miles inland. A review of zooarchaeological evidence recovered from excavations at the inland site of Caracol, Belize suggests that the inhabitants imported marine fish for food, marine shell for working into trade items, and sharks teeth and stingray spines for ritual use. This thesis examines the manner in which fish and other marine resources were used, procured and transported from the coast to the site of Caracol. The possibility that certain marine fish might have been transported alive to the site is explored. An examination of present day fishing and animal husbandry practices suggests that many species could have survived an inland trip in ancient times if transported under conditions that allowed for water exchanges and minimized stress. Marine resources had important economic and ritual significance to the people of Caracol. Understanding the methods by which these valuable items were transported and traded ultimately facilitates a greater understanding of the economic and socio-political relationships among these ancient polities.ID: 030423342; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Thesis (M.A.)--University of Central Florida, 2011.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 69-79).
M.A.
Masters
Anthropology
Sciences
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Wenck, Alexandra-Eileen. "Zwischen Menschenhandel und "Endlösung" : das Konzentrationslager Bergen-Belsen /." Paderborn [u.a.] : Schöningh, 2000. http://www.gbv.de/dms/bs/toc/254949975.pdf.
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Bruner, Gail Yvonne. "Evaluation a model of private-ownership conservation : ecotourism in the community baboon sanctuary in belize." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/30382.
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Crandall, James M. "Water and the mountains Maya water mangement at Caracol, Belize /." Orlando, Fla. : University of Central Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/CFE0002652.
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Cochran, Jennifer Lynn. "Diet, habitat and ecomorphology of cichlids in the Upper Bladen River, Belize." Texas A&M University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/86072.
Full textAbstract:
Cichlids are among the most species rich and ecologically diverse families of
freshwater fishes. Life history attributes vary greatly among cichlids across their global
range, and in the Neotropics alone studies have revealed a great deal of diversity in cichlid
ecology, morphology and behavior. This study investigated the habitat use, diet, and
ecomorphology of an assemblage of cichlids in the Upper Bladen River, Belize.
Mesohabitats, including riffles, runs, deep pools, vegetated areas and adjacent streams,
were surveyed and snorkeled, and physicochemical and habitat variables were measured at
each site where cichlids were observed or collected. Between 12 and 65 stomachs of each
cichlid species were analyzed for diet composition. In addition, traditional morphometrics
were completed on five individuals of each species in order to investigate the relationships
between morphology, diet, and habitat use. The present study revealed patterns of trophic
and morphological diversity consistent with a hypothesis of resource partitioning in
accordance with adaptive divergence in morphological traits that influence ecological
performance. The Bladen cichlid assemblage has one algivore with a long, coiled gut
(Archocentrus spilurus), one piscivore with an elongated body and highly protrusbile jaws
(Petenia splendida), two substrate sifters that feed extensively on benthic invertebrates
(Astatheros robertsoni and Thorichthys meeki), one midwater invertebrate feeder ('Cichlasoma' salvini), and one large-bodied, trophic generalist (Vieja maculicauda).
Species in this assemblage display divergent ecological patterns supported by
morphological and behavioral adaptations that yield a degree of diet and habitat
segregation. The present study provides not only basic ecological data essential for
effective conservation, but also evidence of niche diversification within a local assemblage
of heroine cichlids that will be useful for ecological and evolutionary analyses at larger
scales of taxonomy, geography, and time.
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Pastor, Clara. "Education in Belize : history and current issues." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=22616.
Full textAbstract:
This study examines the evolution of preschool, primary and secondary education in Belize for the period 1816 to 1994 in relation to access, quality, effectiveness and efficiency in the use of available resources. Qualitative analysis of documentary evidence and interviews with 40 Belizean educators was combined with quantitative analysis of enrollment and other statistics. The data collected identified the major development milestones including compulsory attendance for primary students, the Primary School Leaving Certificate, the Belize National Selection examination for primary students, the Caribbean Examination Council examinations for secondary students and local teacher training. Major continuing issues include: lack of proper planning, inadequate human and financial resources, shortages of qualified teachers, high dropout rates, irrelevant curricula, and imbalance between rural and urban educational opportunity. This study concludes that although preschool, primary and secondary education has expanded, much still remains to be done to provide equal access, and improve its quality, effectiveness and efficiency.
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Maanen, G. E. van. "Publiek domein en het belang van de overheid bij bodemsanering een ongewasschen varken? /." Deventer : Maastricht : Kluwer ; University Library, Maastricht University [Host], 1990. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=12942.
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Maritz, Willem Johannes Stoltz. "Die belang van belasting op toegevoegde waarde vir boedelbeplanning / Willem Johannes Scholtz Maritz." Thesis, North-West University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/140.
Full textAbstract:
In the context of estate planning value-added tax (VAT) is particularly of
importance to the estate owner who either in his personal capacity is
registered as a VAT vendor or who, although not a VAT vendor, conducts
an enterprise in his personal capacity and in the course whereof he makes
vatable supplies. In firstmentioned instance the estate owner's deceased
estate will upon his demise be a VAT vendor whilst in lastmentioned
instance the likelihood exists that the deceased estate will be a VAT vendor.
If the deceased estate is a VAT vendor the executor in his capacity as
representative VAT vendor will have to account for output tax on the supply
of all those assets that were either wholly or partially used in the course or
furtherance of the enterprise in respect of which the deceased made
vatable supplies. The supply of enterprise assets to purchasers, heirs or
legatees constitutes the continuation of the enterprise.
In certain instances the deceased estate will have to account for output tax
at the standard rate on the open market value of the supply of an asset
used in the course of the enterprise, however, the output tax will not be
carried by the direct recipient of the asset but in fact by the deceased
estate. The deceased estate will upon paying the output tax from its
resources be legally unable to recover same from the recipient of the
supply. In the case of bequests it is, however, possible through the use of a
bequest price to either wholly of in part shift the carrying of the output tax
from the deceased estate to the heir or legatee.
In certain instances the liability upon the deceased estate to pay output tax
in respect of enterprise assets supplied to purchasers, heirs or legatees
could put a strain upon the deceased estate's cash resources. In might
result in other estate assets having to be sold. When this happens the
estate planner's carefully laid plans to provide for his dependants and to
ensure a smooth administration of his deceased estate could be
jeopardized. It requires a careful factual analysis to determine whether a
deceased estate would carry output tax liability in respect of the supply of
estate assets.
VAT does not, however, affect those assets in the deceased estate that
were not used in the course or furtherance of the deceased's VAT
enterprise.
In the context of estate planning VAT is of no significance to the estate
owner who does not in his personal capacity conduct an enterprise which
makes vatable supplies.Thesis (LL.M. (Estate Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.
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Somsen, Gert Jan. ""Wetenschappelijk onderzoek en algemeen belang" : de chemie van H. R. Kruyt (1882-1959) /." Delft : Delft university press, 1998. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39168083g.
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Levi, Laura Jane. "Prehispanic residence and community at San Estevan, Belize." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186475.
Full textAbstract:
Research at the site of San Estevan, Belize begins with the premise that more serious attention must be paid to the significance of residential variability in archaeological modelings of the lowland Maya. A classification of structure groupings is used to track the distribution of San Estevan's diverse residential arrangements across the site. Norms of social structure and economic inequality prove inadequate frameworks to account for the spatial and temporal variation manifest by San Estevan's residential classes, nor do they help to explain the spatial regularities underlying the distributions of these classes. I suggest, instead, that the site's residential units best effect divergent organizational strategies adopted by San Estevan's prehispanic domestic groups. Whereas diffuse political authority, impoverished political economies, and kingroup self-sufficiency traditionally have been invoked to account for Maya residential patterns, domestic strategies at San Estevan gained their shape directly in relation to the functions housed in the community's precincts of monumental architecture. I conclude that prehispanic Maya residential distributions formed through stringent economic and political entailments of community life.
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Castillo, Matta Eric. "Victor Andrés Belaunde: homenaje de la juventud." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/114099.
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Neighbor, Rebecca, Claire Gleadhill, and Kacie Denton. "Viral Hemorrhagic Conjunctivitis Outbreak in Rural Belize." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/asrf/2019/schedule/196.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT OBJECTIVES:
The objectives of this project are to review current literature regarding conjunctivitis including the pathogens that cause conjunctivitis, how to diagnose and differentiate between viral and bacterial conjunctivitis, and the different modalities to treating the disease with limited resources in rural communities. Then examine an outbreak of viral hemorrhagic conjunctivitis in rural Belize in October of 2017. This includes examining data collected by ETSU Family Medicine Department during health outreach clinics regarding diagnosis made, treatment provided, and comparing this information to a survey collected about social determinants of health. Finally, discuss the importance of disseminating public health education regarding how to limit the spread of contagious infections to a rural population with limited health literacy and access to resources.
METHODS:
In October of 2017 East Tennessee State University (ETSU) Quillen College of Medicine medical students, primary care physicians, and residents traveled to rural Belize to provide free primary care. The clinics consisted of seeing patients at both an established clinic in Roaring Creek, Belize and at remote health clinics in even more rural locations. Many of the patients who presented to the clinics had similar complaints of itchy, red, and productive eyes. Quantitative data was recorded from patient charts regarding their presenting symptoms, diagnosis, and the treatment. The data was organized utilizing microsoft excel and evaluated using SPSS and measures of central tendency. Qualitative data was also collected from interactions with patients and newspaper articles published in Belize about the conjunctivitis outbreak.
RESULTS:
The results showed that a total of 431 patients received care and 52% of them were diagnosed with conjunctivitis. 46.9% of the patients were determined to have viral conjunctivitis, while 2.8% of them had bacterial conjunctivitis. It was discovered that many patients utilized one reusable cloth to wipe their children's eyes repeatedly thus spreading the disease across and throughout the rural communities. It was found through careful conversations with patients that they were putting urine and breast milk into their eyes in hopes that it would help their pink eye. The Belize Ministry of Health Reported that there were 5,343 cases of pink eye countrywide, with a viral strain being more predominant than bacterial.
CONCLUSION:
In conclusion, extremely contagious diseases like conjunctivitis are dangerous in rural developing countries because of lack of education about hygiene and limited resources necessary to contain such diseases. While medication is not effective for viral conjunctivitis, it can have devastating consequences (e.g blindness) if a superinfection is not caught early in the course. Education can be the best medicine especially in cases of viral diseases. Patients were also provided with resources to wash their hands often, sterilized water to flush their eyes, and single use towels. A lesson on conjunctivitis, its complications, and how to prevent the spread of the disease was aired on public television. This reports provides examples of both practice creative ways to spread health literacy in rural populations with limited access to resources.
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Hepburn, N. C. "Cutaneous leishmaniasis in British troops from Belize." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/20566.
Full textAbstract:
A general review of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and its management is followed by a retrospective review of 306 cases of CL in British soldiers from Belize. The diagnosis was confirmed by demonstration of the parasite, by histology and/or culture, in 61% of cases. Leishmania braziliensis braziliensis (Lbb) was identified in 78 cases and Leishmania mexicana (Lmm) in a further 29 cases. Only cases in which the parasite was identified were analysed further. A single lesion was present in 71%, usually on the exposed extremities. The mean diameter of the ulcers was 14.4mm and lesions had been present for a mean of 9.9 weeks before treatment started. Those due to Lbb were larger, yet they had been present for a shorter time than those due to Lmm. There were no other distinguishing clinical features between them. Treatment with sodium stibogluconate was effective. A 10 day course of 600-800mg od healed 48.5%, whereas a 14 day course of 600 mg bd healed 63.9%. A total of 24g of sodium stibogluconate healed the ulcers of 90% soldiers irrespective of the regime used. Reports of myalgia, anorexia and malaise were more frequent in those who received the higher daily dose. A transient leucopenia and a rise in serum aminotransferases were noted during treatment. These studies led me to propose some management guidelines. The diagnosis should be confirmed histologically and by culture. Sodium stibogluconate 20mg/kg/day should be administered for 20 days. Patients should be assessed 6 weeks after the completion of treatment both clinically - complete epithelialisation with a flat, non-indurated, scar, and by culture of a biopsy.
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Gregorová, Martina. "Zahraniční politika Belgie vůči svým bývalým koloniím." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-114240.
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This thesis deals with Belgian foreign policy towards its former colonies since colonialism to the present. Particular emphasis is put on the crucial moments of their relationship, which are character of the colonial administration, process of decolonization, civil war in the former colonies and current bilateral cooperation. The conclusion and evaluation of Belgian foreign policy is based on analysis of historical and political mutual relations.
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Peters, Faustina Gertrudis Francisca. "De aanmerkelijkbelangregeling in internationaal perspectief de exitheffingen en de vestigingsplaatsficties in het licht van de nationale regeling, belastingverdragen, BRK en het EG-recht /." [Amsterdam] : Amsterdam : [Universiteit Amsterdam] ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 2007. http://dare.uva.nl/document/47976.
Full textAbstract:
Proefschrift Universiteit van Amsterdam.Van dit proefschrift verschijnt een handelseditie in de serie Fiscale Monografieën (nr. 123), ISBN 9789013046526. Lit. opg.: p. 449-464. - Reg. - Met een samenvatting in het Nederlands en Engels.
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Bekker, Cornelia Aletta. "Die belang van die definisie "gade" vir doeleindes van boedelbeplanning / deur Cornelia Aletta Bekker." Thesis, North-West University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/3627.
Full textAbstract:
Recent legislation and case law lead to great uncertainty regarding the scope and meaning of the word "spouse" in terms of South African law. Is only people married in terms of the Marriage Act regarded as "spouses", or does it also include those married in terms of the Recognition of Customary Marriages Act and the Civil Union Act? Another question with regards hereto is what the position of people in a permanent cohabitation relationship (or domestic partnership) is? In order to answer the above questions, this study will determine which persons will qualify as a "spouse" for purposes of estate planning.
People married in terms of the Marriage Act, Recognition of Customary Marriages Act or Civil Union Act are all regarded as "spouses". They are entitled to maintenance after the death of the first dying (in terms of the Maintenance of Surviving Spouses Act) and to inherit from their spouse's estate in terms of the Intestate Succession Act should he or she die without leaving a valid will (see Gory v Kolver with regards to people in a same-sex relationship). These "spouses" also qualify for certain tax exemptions, especially in relation to estate duty, donations tax and capital gains tax.
There are however uncertainty with regards to the recognition of domestic partnerships and whether these partners can be regarded as "spouses"? Are they entitled to inherit from their partner in the absence of a valid will in terms of the Intestate Succession Act and are they able to claim maintenance in terms of the Maintenance of Surviving Spouses Act? Certain tax legislation does however include people in permanent life-relationships within the definition of "spouse". Accordingly, they are also able to claim tax benefits, which are available to married persons. There are however no legislation in force which regulates domestic partnerships. Therefore people in domestic partnerships are not entitled to claim maintenance or to inherit from their partner's intestate estate. The South African law thus require people to act positively by entering into marriage in terms of the Marriage Act, Recognition of Customary Marriages Act or Civil Union Act or by concluding a civil union (in terms of the Civil Union Act) if they want legal recognition for their union.Thesis (LL.M.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.
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Schneck, Alexander. "Optimierung der Grundwasserbewirtschaftung unter Berücksichtigung der Belange der Wasserversorgung, der Landwirtschaft und des Naturschutzes." [S.l. : s.n.], 2006. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:93-opus-28841.
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McSwain, Rebecca Anne. "Production and exchange of stone tools among Preclassic Maya communities: Evidence from Cuello, Belize." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184958.
Full textAbstract:
Analysis of lithics, particularly flake debitage, from a small Preclassic Maya community provides data bearing upon the manufacture and distribution of stone tools in the northern Belizean region during the Middle and Late Preclassic eras. These data suggest a complex relationship among contemporaneous communities with regard to raw material and tool acquisition and manufacture. There is no evidence of monopoly of raw material resources by any one group; rather, a mixed pattern is seen involving distribution both of partly processed raw material and of certain finished formal tool types. These formal types, as well as befaces in general, are seen to be increasingly important through time, possibly related to changing agricultural practices. While no conclusions can be drawn on the basis of presently available lithic data as to the nature of the Preclassic regional lithic distribution system, ethnographic and archaeological analogies are used to suggest some possible economic scenarios.