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Journal articles on the topic 'Belarus – History – German occupation, 1941-1944'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

HREBEN, Ya. "THE STRUGGLE FOR THE SURVIVAL OF THE CIVILIAN POPULATION OF BELARUS DURING THE NAZI PUNITIVE OPERATIONS (BASED ON ORAL HISTORY MATERIALS)." Herald of Polotsk State University. Series A. Humanity sciences, no. 1 (February 7, 2024): 81–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.52928/2070-1608-2024-69-1-81-83.

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The article is based on the memories of residents of the Vitebsk region of Belarus who experienced the German occupation from 1941 to 1944. It characterizes the everyday survival practices of people during punitive operations by the Nazis. The region under consideration was distinguished by significant resistance to the German occupiers. The occupation authorities responded to partisan actions by carrying out numerous punitive operations, during which the civilian population was either completely destroyed or taken as forced labor to be sent to Germany. As a result, residents, in order to esca

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Vinnitsa, Gennadiy. "The Resistance of the Jewish Population of Eastern Belarus to the Nazi Genocide in 1941–1944." European Journal of Jewish Studies 13, no. 1 (2019): 103–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1872471x-11311053.

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Abstract The resistance of the Jews of the Eastern Belarus to the Nazi genocide is a chapter of World War II history to which little attention has been paid. This article deals with the position and resistance of the Jewish population of the eastern regions of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR) to the Nazi genocide during the German occupation in 1941–1944. The material presented here is the first attempt towards a comprehensive coverage of the activities of Jews concentrated in places of isolation to resist Nazi actions against the Jewish population. Materials from Belarusian,

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Krasnozhenova, E. E., and E. A. Greben. "Forced Labor of the Population under the Nazi Occupation of 1941–1944 (Based on the Materials of the Border Territory of Belarus and the North-West of Russia)." Modern History of Russia 11, no. 4 (2021): 908–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2021.405.

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The article investigates features of forced labor in the border territory of Belarus and the North-West of Russia during Nazi occupation of 1941–1944. The Wehrmacht used forced labor both in Germany by hijacking Soviet citizens there, and in industrial enterprises and in agriculture of the occupied territories. The civilian population was involved in the performance of certain work in favor of the occupation authorities. Peasants, in addition to traditional agricultural work and payment of in-kind taxes, were often forcibly involved in performing horse — drawn duties, peat and logging, railway

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Saal, Yuliya von. "In the name of Belarusian nation-building: Children as national capital during the German occupation of Belarus (1941–1944)." Cahiers du monde russe 64, no. 2 (2023): 445–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/monderusse.14071.

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Bubnys, Arūnas. "The Activities of the 2nd and the 252nd Police Battalions Between 1941–1944." Genocidas ir rezistencija 2, no. 8 (2025): 42–55. https://doi.org/10.61903/gr.2000.202.

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The article analyses the activities of the 2 and 252 Lithuanian police battalions during the Nazi occupation. The history of the 2 is roughly divided into three periods. The first period covers July-November 1941; the second – November 1941, to November 1942; and the third one the period of 1943 to 1944. During its existence, the battalion for the most part was engaged in watching different military objectives (in 1941–1942 it guarded the Majdanek concentration camp), and in fights with Soviet partisans in East Lithuania, in Belarus (Svyriai county) and in Russia (Pskov region). However, durin

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Lobach, Uladzimir. "Anthropology of Collaborationism: the Image of the Auxiliary Police in the Memory of the Villagers of Northern Belarus during the Nazi Occupation of 1941–1944." Studia Białorutenistyczne 17 (February 1, 2024): 11–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sb.2023.17.11-26.

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The article is devoted to the analysis of the oral history materials which reflect the attitude of the villagers of northern Belarus to the local police during the Nazi occupation. The research shows local people’s interpretation of the motives and reasons for joining the police, evaluation of the activities of collaborators and opinions about their methods of punishment. With the generally negative attitude of the villagers towards the police, the main emphasis within the local rural communities was placed on the specific actions and behaviour of the police towards the local community. Those

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Pushkarenko, Elena A., and Sergey A. Tretyak. "The political mood of the population and its reaction to German propaganda in the occupied Soviet territory (based on the materials of the General District of Belarus)." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Istoriya, no. 90 (2024): 40–49. https://doi.org/10.17223/19988613/90/4.

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The article deals with the problem of the political mood of the population in the occupied Soviet territory and its reaction to German propaganda (on the example of the General District of Belarus). The purpose of the study: to identify specific features of the political mood of the population in the territory of the General District of Belarus in 1941-1944, to determine the factors that caused them, and the effectiveness of German propaganda. The sources for writing the work were the documents of the National Archive of the Republic of Belarus (NARB), the Russian State Military Archive (RGVA)

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Wilk, Anna, Mateusz Zawadzki, Rafał Zapłata, Artur Obidziński, and Krzysztof Stereńczak. "Użytkowanie i ochrona Puszczy Białowieskiej w okresie II wojny światowej w świetle wybranych źródeł historycznych, kartograficznych i archeologicznych = Use and protection of the Białowieża Forest during World War II in the light of selected historical, cartographic and archaeological sources." Przegląd Geograficzny 93, no. 3 (2021): 445–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.7163/przg.2021.3.6.

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During the Second World War, the area of what is today the Białowieża/Belovezhskaya Forest was first controlled by the Soviet Union (in the face of its incursion into Poland in the years 1939‑1941) and then under German Occupation (in the years 1941‑1944). The management of the Forest’s resources during that period has remained one of the lesser-known aspects of this renowned site’s history, hence the justification for the present article considering the scope of exploitation and protection of the Białowieża Forest during the War, on the basis of newly-identified documentation, as well as the

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9

Rukšėnas, Alfredas. "The Kaunas Second Auxiliary Police Service Battalion and the Massacre in Belarus in 1941–1943." Genocidas ir rezistencija 2, no. 22 (2025): 25–64. https://doi.org/10.61903/gr.2007.202.

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During the years of the German occupation (1941–1944) military-police units under the jurisdiction of the Nazis, which were called auxiliary police service, security, self-preservation battalions and other names, were formed. Some of the Lithuanian military-police formations took part in the killings in Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine. In Kaunas in August 1941 the Second Auxiliary Police Service Battalion was formed (leader Major A. Impulevičius), which together with the German Eleventh Reserve Police Battalion was sent by the Nazis to the Minsk district in Belarus to fight against Soviet parti

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Tsimbal, Alexander G. "Everyday labour life in occupied Belarus in 1941–1944 (on the basis of the German trophy documents)." Journal of the Belarusian State University. History, no. 3 (July 31, 2019): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/2520-6338-2019-3-15-25.

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Everyday work of Belarusian citizens during the German occupation is explored on the basis of German trophy documents. The article is based on the materials of the Fund 378 of the National Archives of the Republic of Belarus. The documents give an idea of many aspects of occupational life through the prism of the activities of one institution – the Main Railway Directorate «Minsk» and shed light on many «white spots» of the everyday work of the population of Belarus. The presented study aims, first of all, to introduce into scientific circulation a significant set of factual material on the pr

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Korsak, Alesya, and Elena Krasnozhenova. "Punitive operations and their victims: 1941—1944 (based on materials from Belarus and North West Russia)." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2021, no. 03 (2021): 32–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202103statyi07.

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The article deals with the Nazi occupation policy on the border territory of Belarus and the North-West of Russia during the Great Patriotic War. The study of this problem is based on the materials of the Extraordinary State Commission and acts drawn up by the partisan command or underground authorities, as well as on the recollections of eyewitnesses of a later time. Mass graves of victims of Nazism found in Belarus and North-West Russia serve as reminders of the terrible days of the occupation.

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Saragih, Hondor, Hendra Manurung, Rahmat Pannyiwi, Erny Hutabarat, Teuku Rezasyah та Muhadi Sugiono. "Pemutaran Film ‘Иди и смотри’ Oleh Kedutaan Besar Federasi Rusia Di Jakarta: Perjuangan Anti-Perang Dalam Perang Dunia II". Sahabat Sosial: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat 2, № 3 (2024): 362–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.59585/sosisabdimas.v2i3.363.

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The film Иди и Cмотри directed by Elem Klimov starring Aleksei Kravchenko and Olga Mironova delivers the anti-war struggle campaign during World War II (WW II) in Belarus. This 142-minute film was released on July 9, 1985, in Belarus (БеларусьФильм) and the Soviets (МосФильм). The gross income obtained reached USS 21 million. The period of Nazi German occupation in Belarus began with the German invasion of the Soviet Union without a declaration of war on June 22, 1941, known as Operation Barbarossa ended in August 1944 with the launch of Operation Bagration by the Soviets. The western part of

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Pushkarenko, E., and T. Mamaeva. "Belarusian intelligentia in propagandism activities of the german occupation authorities in 1941 -1944." History: facts and symbols, no. 2 (June 18, 2023): 92–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.24888/2410-4205-2023-35-2-92-102.

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Introduction. The article examines the phenomenon of the Belarusian intelligentsia in the conditions of the German occupation of the period 1941-1944. The author defines the types of interaction, motives, and political intentions of this social group in the conditions of war. Materials and methods. The territorial scope of the study is limited to the General District of Belarus, within which the head of the civil administration V. Kube pursued a policy of so-called "Belarusization", aimed, among other things, at attracting the local intellectual elite to interact with the occupation authoritie

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Пушкаренко, Е. А. "The Phenomenon of Quasi-Statehood: German Propaganda in the Sphere of State Formation (based on the materials of the General District of Belarus)." Вестник Рязанского государственного университета имени С.А. Есенина, no. 4(77) (March 16, 2023): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.37724/rsu.2022.77.4.005.

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В статье исследуется проблема квазигосударственности как аспекта оккупационной политики и пропаганды генерального комиссара В. Кубе. Территориальные рамки исследования — Генеральный округ Беларусь, хронологические — 1941–1944 годы. Цель работы — определить содержание и задачи немецкой пропаганды и политики по национально-государственному вопросу, ее эффективность. Методы исследования — анализ, синтез, сравнение. Автор считает, что Кубе — глава гражданской немецкой администрации округа — сделал основную ставку в оккупационной политике на пропаганду. Он допускал в публичных высказываниях обороты

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Alenius, Kari. "Balancing between dissent and conformity: Estonian self-administration under German occupation, 1941–1944." Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies 11, no. 1 (2019): 57–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.53604/rjbns.v11i1_4.

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When Germany attacked the Soviet Union in the summer of 1941, it also conquered the territory of Estonia by the end of the year. The German occupation administration of the new territories ruled by the Germans needed the help of local residents everywhere. For this purpose, a semi-autonomous (or quasi-autonomous) Estonian Self-Administration was established. Similar administrative bodies were established in Latvia, Lithuania and Belarus as well. Based on previous studies, it is known that the Estonian Self-Administration worked closely with the German occupation administration. Thus, it is par

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KRYVAROT, A. "THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE BELARUSIAN PARTISANS WITH THE POLISH UNDERGROUND ON THE TERRITORY OF THE BARANOVICHI REGION (1941–1944): ORGANIZATIONAL AND COMBAT ASPECT." Herald of Polotsk State University. Series A. Humanity sciences, no. 2 (July 24, 2023): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.52928/2070-1608-2023-67-2-80-85.

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The article studies the relationship of the partisan formations of Belarus with the Polish underground on the territory of Baranovichi region in 1941–1944, represented on the one hand by Polish pro–Soviet structures, and on the other handby units that were subordinated to the Polish emigrant government in London. It is concluded that local Soviet underground and partisan structures sought to establish quickinteraction with the emerginggroups of the Polish pro-Soviet underground and direct their activities towards an active fight against the German invaders. Partisan units organized on the basi

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Pushkarenko, E. A. "GERMAN PROPAGANDA IN THE OCCUPIED TERRITORY OF BELARUS IN 1941-1944: A POLITICAL ASPECT." Vestnik Bryanskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta 07, no. 04 (2023): 128–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22281/2413-9912-2023-07-04-128-136.

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This article examines the actual problem of modern Russian historiography – the phenomenon of ideological, political, moral and psychological impact on mass consciousness through propaganda in the occupied Soviet territory during the Great Patriotic War. The subject of the study was the thematic direction of anti-Sovietism/anti-communism. The author conclude that the Nazi principles of Slavophobia/Russophobia were disguised as anti-Soviet rhetoric. At the same time, propaganda was supposed to legitimize the arrival of the German authorities in the eyes of the population, justify the policy of

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Pushkarenko, Elena A. "German cultural policy and propaganda in the territory of the General district of Belarus in 1941–1944." Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: History. International Relations 21, no. 2 (2021): 167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1819-4907-2021-21-2-167-174.

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The article deals with the problem of policy and propaganda in the field of culture of the German civil administration in the territory of the General District of Belarus. The aim of the research is to analyze the content of German propaganda materials in the field of culture, to determine its main directions, goals and effectiveness, as well as the content of the real occupation policy in the field of culture. Research methods-analysis and synthesis are applied in the article. The researcher comes to the conclusion that the true goals of German policy and propaganda in the field of culture we

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Peleshok, Olga. "Ternopil press of 1941–1944: Local History aspect." Obraz 34, no. 2 (2020): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/obraz.2020.2(34)-63-71.

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The article is devoted to the study of materials of Ukrainian periodicals during the Nazi occupation as important components of coverage of local lore life of the population of Ternopil region during the war. The purpose of the study is а general review of the press during the German occupation of the region and a study of the problem-thematic component of the materials of the local history spectrum on the pages of these publications. The relevance of the study is that this press has recently become available to scholars, so this group of periodicals to this day remains poorly studied in journ

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Kaasik, Peeter. "Soviet Partisan Movement in Estonia 1941–1944." Latvijas Vēstures Institūta Žurnāls 119, no. 2 (2023): 33–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/lviz.119.02.

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Article is giving an overview of the activities of the Soviet partisans in Estonia in 1941–1944. The partisans, trained in the Soviet rear and sent to Estonia over the frontline or parachuted, were mostly recruited from among ethnic Estonians, evacuated to the Soviet rear or mobilised to the Red Army in 1941. Soviet partisans in Estonia were commanded by the Estonian Partisan Movement Headquarters that was subordinated to the Central Headquarters of the Partisan Movement of the Red Army. Most of the partisans sent to Estonia were captured soon or gave themselves up. The damage caused by the pa

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Bubnys, Arūnas. "The 15th Lithuanian police battalion (1941–1944)." Genocidas ir rezistencija 1, no. 21 (2025): 69–79. https://doi.org/10.61903/gr.2007.104.

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The history of the 15th Lithuanian Police Battalion can be divided into several stages: 1) the formation of the battalion in Vilnius (July 1941); 2) the service in Belarus (end of July 1941—June 1944); 3) its withdrawal to Lithuania and disbanding (July 1944). Throughout its existence the 15th Battalion was stationed almost exclusively in Belarus, guarding the railways and other objects of military importance, conveying prisoners of war, and fighting against Soviet partisans. Unlike other Lithuanian police battalions, this battalion did not commit any war crimes and was not involved in the kil

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Tsiamis, C., G. Vrioni, E. Vogiatzakis, et al. "Infectious diseases in Athens during the German Occupation (1941-1944)." ACTA MICROBIOLOGICA HELLENICA 61, no. 3 (2016): 217–42. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10023959.

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The aim of the study is to present the second most frequent cause of death in Athens, during the German Occupation (1941-1944), which was the infectious diseases. Until now the majority of studies have focused to the great famine of 1941-42 with thousands of victims. Although the famine was the main cause of death, a significant number of cases were due to infection diseases or noncommunicable diseases. The study was based on the archives, such as the books of admissions of the hospitals located in Athens, but also to the official public records of the Prefecture of Athens. From the study of t

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Levchenko, V. V., H. S. Levchenko, and O. S. Murashko. "THE ACTIVITIES OF ODESA LIBRARIES DURING THE OCCUPATION OF 1941–1944." Library Mercury, no. 2(32) (December 27, 2024): 7–44. https://doi.org/10.18524/2707-3335.2024.2(32).316842.

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The article is dedicated to one of the insufficiently researched aspects of the history of librarianship in our country – the policy of the occupation authorities and representatives of the German military administration regarding the organization of library activities in the occupied territories of the Ukrainian SSR. For the first time, the article presents the history of Odesa libraries during the German-Romanian occupation of 1941–1944. Based on materials published in the occupation press and a number of archival documents, introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, the auth

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Bubnys, Arūnas. "The Kaunas Ghetto (1941–1944)." Genocidas ir rezistencija 2, no. 16 (2025): 7–40. https://doi.org/10.61903/gr.2004.201.

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The history of the Kaunas Jewish community and the ghetto during the Nazi occupation may be divided into several stages: 1) the period before the establishment of the ghetto (23 June–15 August 1941); 2) the period of mass slaughter ("actions") in the ghetto (15 August–October 1941); 3) the period of stabilization (November 1941–September 1943); 4) reorganization of the ghetto as a concentration camp (October 1943 until mid–June 1944); 5) liquidation of the Kaunas ghetto (concentration camp) and imprisonment of the Jews in German concentration camps (mid-July 1944– April 1945). Discrimination a

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Kmeťová, Marianna, and Marek Syrný. "The 1944 Warsaw Uprising." Journal of the Belarusian State University. History, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/2520-6338-2020-1-18-23.

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After the German campaign at the beginning of World War II (1939), Poland was divided between nazi Germany which occupied the west and center of the country, and the Soviet Union which occupying the Eastern regions. The controversial relationship with Moscow has seen several diametrical breaks from a positive alliance after the invasion of the Soviet Union by the Axis powers in 1941, to a very critical relationship with the USSR after the revelation of the so-called Katyn massacre in 1943. With the approach of the Eastern Front to the frontiers of pre-war Poland, massive Polish Resistance was

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Jaago, Tiiu. "Folkloristika Tartu ülikoolis 1941–1944: eriala järjepidevuse küsimus." Mäetagused 87 (December 2023): 125–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.7592/mt2023.87.jaago.

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The article looks at the teaching of folklore at the University of Tartu during World War II and the German occupation. It covers three academic years, from the autumn of 1941 to the spring of 1944. In previous studies, the period under review has been presented as a disruption: these years were either ignored altogether or described as an aberration in the development of the Soviet university. Yet it is noticeable that, when discussing the contribution of scholars whose professional biography also covers this period, their work is presented in the context of years, not political periods. All

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Bubnys, Arūnas. "Lithuanian Public Police and Police Battalions in 1941–1944." Genocidas ir rezistencija 1, no. 3 (2025): 81–104. https://doi.org/10.61903/gr.1998.106.

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During the Soviet period, the situation of Lithuanian soldiers during the Nazi occupation could not be studied objectively and in detail. Recently, the operations of the Lithuanian security police battalions have attracted the interest of war crimes’ researchers in the US and Canada, but the motives of the historians working there are not very different from those of the Soviet historians, namely, to find as many war criminals as possible and to exaggerate the involvement of Lithuanians in the Holocaust. This is not to say that there are no dark pages in the history of the Lithuanian police an

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Pushkarenko, E. A. "BELARUSIAN WOMEN'S COLLABORATIONISM AS A TOOL OF GERMAN PROPAGANDA DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR." History: facts and symbols, no. 2 (June 6, 2022): 115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.24888/2410-4205-2022-31-2-115-121.

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The article examines the phenomenon of Belarusian women's collaboration in the context of the problem of German propaganda in the occupied Soviet territory during the Great Patriotic War. The study was conducted on the materials of the General District of Belarus, chronological framework – 1941-1944. The paper analyzes the materials of propaganda for women and the activities of Belarusian women's collaborationist organizations in the territory of the General District of Belarus. The district occupied about a quarter of the pre-war territory of the BSSR and included mainly western and part of t

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Núñez Seixas, Xosé M. "Good Invaders? The Occupation Policy of the Spanish Blue Division in Northwestern Russia, 1941–1944." War in History 25, no. 3 (2017): 361–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0968344516666422.

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Between 1941 and 1944, the Spanish Division of Volunteers took part in the Russian campaign as a unit integrated in the German Wehrmacht. Post-1945 war memoirs and even some historians have suggested that the ‘Blue’ Division was exceptional for their benign treatment of civilians and prisoners, distanced from the German War of Extermination. This image has not been subjected to critical enquiry. To what degree were the Spanish troops different from other Wehrmacht troops? Was the collective behaviour of the Spanish soldiers determined by the circumstances they encountered at the front, or was

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Alenius, Kari. "The people’s expectations of good governance in German-occupied Estonia, 1941–1944." Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies 8, no. 2 (2016): 25–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.53604/rjbns.v8i2_3.

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This paper aims to explain why certain elements were present in the expectations of the Estonian people and how, in the end, Estonians perceived the activities of German administration. On the basis of the analysis it is evident that a few central elements were distinguishable. The expectations consisted of several universal elements while others derived their roots from local and time-specific conditions and the history of Estonian-German relations. Similarly, there were remarkable divergences as to how different levels and parts of administration were perceived by the local population. For i

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Pushkarenko, E. A. "Проблемы национально-государственного строительства в содержании немецкой пропаганды на оккупированной советской территории (на примере Генерального округа Беларусь)". Вестник гуманитарного образования, № 4(32) (16 лютого 2024): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.25730/vsu.2070.23.051.

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The relevance of the research is due to the political processes and events taking place in the post-Soviet space. The issues of nation-building and the acquisition of sovereignty have deep historical roots. During the Second World War, German propaganda actively exploited the problems of nation-building, national expression, preservation of national culture and language in the occupied European countries. This article is based on the materials of the General District of Belarus, the chronological framework of the study is 1941–1944. The purpose of the work: to determine the content and objecti

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Silova, Svetlana V. "The role of activity of Orthodox parish clergy in Belarus during the Nazi occupation (1941–1944)." Journal of the Belarusian State University. History, no. 3 (July 31, 2019): 6–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/2520-6338-2019-3-6-14.

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On the basis of documents from various archives, little-known pages of the history of the Orthodox Church in Belarus during the Great Patriotic War are being investigated. The main directions of activity of the Orthodox clergy during the years of the Nazi occupation, previously not of interest to the national historical science, are revealed. The author reflects the role of individual priests in the normalization and development of parish life and the salvation of parishioners. The examples show the forms of interaction of the Orthodox clergy with partisan and underground movements, the proble

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Pukelytė, Ina. "Reflections of Theatrical Activities in Lithuanian Local Periodical Press Under German Occupation 1941–1944." Art History & Criticism 17, no. 1 (2021): 71–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mik-2021-0006.

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Summary The article explores the reflection of Lithuanian theatrical activities in the local press during the World War II. As the number of articles shows, theatre was an important part of the dailies’ content. The articles reveal that theatre activities were very important for the expansion of the Nazi culture. One can distinguish three general themes that the articles cover: promotion of Western theatre, especially German, promotion of Lithuanian repertoire and presentation of entertainment theatre. The latter can still be divided into entertainment for German soldiers and administration, a

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Фомін, А. В. "Power supply of urban residents in nazi occupied Ukraine (between 1941 – 1944)." ВІСНИК СХІДНОУКРАЇНСЬКОГО НАЦІОНАЛЬНОГО УНІВЕРСИТЕТУ імені Володимира Даля, no. 3(259) (February 18, 2020): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.33216/1998-7927-2020-259-3-99-107.

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In this article, from the standpoint of anthropocentrism, social history, the history of everyday life, the problem of energy supply to residents of Ukrainian cities during the years of Nazi occupation is analyzed. Energy in an industrial society is one of the most important sectors of the economy, ensuring the functioning of industry, transport, water supply and sanitation, lighting and heating of homes. It plays a particularly important role in the life of cities, because the city’s infrastructure is the center of population, industry and transport, high-rise buildings, and its normal operat

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Solonari, Vladimir. "From Silence to Justification?: Moldovan Historians on the Holocaust of Bessarabian and Transnistrian Jews." Nationalities Papers 30, no. 3 (2002): 435–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0090599022000011705.

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The Holocaust was one of the major experiences of the populations, both Jewish and non-Jewish, of those European countries that were either part of the Axis or occupied by Nazi Germany. This was certainly the case for the inhabitants of Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina, and Transnistria. These regions remained under Romanian administration from June/July 1941 to spring/summer 1944. The Soviets had seized Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina from Romania in June 1940 under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. These territories were then reoccupied (“liberated”) by the Romanian and German armies after the Germ

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Vishivanyuk, Anna. "The Greek Catholic Church during the German Occupation of Western Ukraine (1941—1944): Relations with the Occupation Authorities and the Main Areas of Activity." ISTORIYA 13, no. 6 (116) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840021881-8.

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The article considers the position and activities of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (UGCC) under the German occupation. The authors analyzed the documents by Greek Catholics, German and Soviet authorities, and tried to understand the circumstances of the relationship between the UGCC hierarchy and the occupation regime. The transformation of the position of the Greek Catholics towards the German occupation authorities was studied. The work also highlights the social and socio-political activity of the Greek Catholic clergy in Galicia during this period, church activities to support those

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PESCHANSKI, DENIS. "Legitimacy/Legitimation/Delegitimation: France in the Dark Years, a Textbook Case." Contemporary European History 13, no. 4 (2004): 409–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777304001870.

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The history of France's defeat, occupation and subsequent liberation may be read, and written, as a constant struggle for legitimacy. Here the diverse candidates for legitimacy are analysed (Pétain, de Gaulle and the internal Resistance) as well as the agents of legitimation, and the arbiters of that process of legitimation (French society, the German occupier, Britain and the United States). Four successive configurations are distinguished within that struggle for legitimacy: summer 1940 to spring 1941, the time of the defeat; summer and autumn 1941, when French society called into question t

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Baranova, Olga. "Nationalism, anti-Bolshevism or the will to survive? Collaboration in Belarus under the Nazi occupation of 1941–1944." European Review of History: Revue europeenne d'histoire 15, no. 2 (2008): 113–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13507480801931044.

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Bubnys, Arūnas. "The 3(11) Battalion of the Lithuanian Police." Genocidas ir rezistencija 1, no. 23 (2025): 45–57. https://doi.org/10.61903/gr.2008.103.

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The history of the 3(11) battalion can be divided into two periods: the formation and activities of the battalion in Kaunas between August 1941 and April 1942; and the battalion’s activities in Ukraine, Belarus and the time it was disbanded between May 1942 and the autumn of 1943. The battalion was formed in Kaunas at the beginning of September 1941. It guarded various military buildings, PoWs at work and the Jews ghetto in Vilijampolė. The troops of the battalion did not directly take part in the killings of the Jews. Later it was deployed in Ukraine and Belarus, where it guarded military obj

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GÜZAY, Aybüke. "GERMAN OCCUPATİON İN CRİMEA AND ATTİTUDE OF TURKİSH PRESS (1941-1942)." ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR DIE WELT DER TÜRKEN / JOURNAL OF WORLD OF TURKS / TÜRKLERİN DÜNYASI DERGİSİ 14, no. 3 (2022): 303–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.46291/zfwt/140319.

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The geography of Crimea has been a region that cannot be shared throughout history, thanks to the advantages offered by its strategic location. Crimean Tatars are one of the ancient nations of this geography. The Crimean Khanate, which was established in the north of the Black Sea after the collapse of the Altınorda State, was occupied by the Russian Tsardom in 1783. Crimea, which has been under the pressure of the Russian tsars since this date, was occupied by the Germans during the First World War. The German occupation, which took place between 21.04.1918 and 16.11.1918, was a hope for the

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Sereda, Oksana. "The magazine «Nashi Dni» [Our Days] (1941–1944): chronicle of Ukrainian cultural life under occupation." Presoznavstvo. Press Studies, no. 4 (2024): 143–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.37222/2786-7552-2024-4-6.

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The peculiarities of the functioning of the Ukrainian literary and artistic magazine «Nashi Dni» during the German occupation have been studied and its editorial and publishing policy in the conditions of censorship repression and limited information opportunities has been analyzed. The purpose of the article was to reconstruct the history of the magazine’s appearance, to characterize the composition of its editorial board, the duties of the editors, to reveal the pseudonyms and cryptonyms of the periodical’s employees. To this end, a number of tasks were completed – the memories of direct par

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Pushkarenko, Elena A. "German Propaganda of Anti-Semitism and the Policy of the Genocide of Jews: the Reaction of the Local Population and its Political Sentiments (on the Example of the General District of Belarus)." Proceedings of the Southwest State University. Series: History and Law 12, no. 2 (2022): 164–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1501-2022-12-2-164-176.

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Relevance. The article examines the actual problem of modern Russian historiography – the reaction of the population to anti-Semitic propaganda and the policy of genocide of Jews by the German occupation authorities (using the example of the General District of Belarus). The purpose: the aim of the work is to determine the specifics of the political sentiments of the population of the General District of Belarus during the period of the German occupation of 1941-1944 and its reaction to the propaganda of anti-Semitism and the policy of the Holocaust. Оbjectives: to identify historical factors

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Marchukov, Andrey. "Socio-ethical consequences of the German and Romanian occupation (on the example of the southern and eastern regions of the USSR)." Slavic Almanac 2022, no. 3-4 (2022): 128–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2073-5731.2022.3-4.1.06.

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The article dwells upon some social and moral consequences of the German-Romanian occupation in the Ukrainian SSR in 1941–1944. The source base are transcripts of conversations conducted by the staff of the Commission on the History of the Great Patriotic War of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union with residents of Donbass, Odessa, Melitopol, etc. at the end of 1943 – the first half of 1944. These were people of different ages, professions, social groups who had survived the occupation or had come to these areas immediately after their liberation. The policy of the German and Romanian

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Pushkarenko, Elena A. "The cultural policy of "Belarusization" as a propaganda tool of the German authorities in the occupied Soviet territory (based on the materials of the General District of Belarus)." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Kul'turologiya i iskusstvovedenie, no. 54 (2024): 76–89. https://doi.org/10.17223/22220836/54/7.

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The article examines the phenomenon of the cultural policy of the German authorities in the occupied Soviet territory. The study was conducted on the materials of the General District of Belarus, 1941–1944. The author believes that the cultural policy initiated by the head of the district V. Kube created an external impression of the revival of the national language and culture of Belarus and thus served as an additional means of verifying German propaganda. From his submission, the propaganda media actively exploited the Belarusian national idea as the most trump card of ideological influence

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Starka, V. "THE DAILY LIFE OF THE PEASANTRY OF EASTERN GALICIA IN 1941-1944." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, no. 141 (2019): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2019.141.9.

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The author analyzed the daily life of the rural population of the eastern Galicia during the Nazi occupation relying on archival source materials of the periodical press and the previous achievements of historians. It is that today, despite a considerable number of works on the history of the second world war, this subject has not received adequate coverage in the national historiography. The majority of researchers are turning to the study of macro-historical topics. Instead, the study of history "from below" allows historians and society to learn the mechanisms of adaptation of the ordinary

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Harandzha, Vasyl. "The Greek Catholic Theological Academy in Lviv in the conditions of the persecution of the Church by the Soviet government." Scientific Yearbook "History of Religions in Ukraine", no. 33 (2023): 117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33294/2523-4234-2023-33-1-117-130.

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The activities of the Greek Catholic Theological Academy in Lviv are examined. It is stated that this higher educational institution was founded by Metropolitan Andrei Sheptytskyi in 1928. Despite the difficult relationship between the Ukrainians of Galicia and the Polish government, the Theological Academy was able to exist and quite quickly developed. The situation changed in 1939, after the partition of Poland between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany. Thus, Galicia came under Soviet rule. In 1941, after the beginning of the German-Soviet war, all Ukrainian lands were quickly occupied by th

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Kovalev, Boris. "Reports of the Soviet state security agencies as a source on the history of the Church in the occupied territory of the Leningrad region (1941–1944)." Vspomogatel'nye istoricheskie distsipliny, no. 43 (4) (2024): 166. https://doi.org/10.7868/s0130086524040085.

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In the second half of 1944, after the liberation of the western regions of the Leningrad region from the Nazis and their allies, the NKGB Directorate prepared a “Collection of materials on German devastation and atrocities, the activities of enemy intelligence and counterintelligence agencies in the occupied areas of the region”. A separate section was called “The Church in the Service of the Germans”. It discussed the destruction of monuments of Russian ecclesiastical architecture by the Nazis. Particular attention was paid to various forms of cooperation between Russian priests and the Germa

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Honcharenko, Oleksiy, and Alina Ivanenko. "Participation of Local Administration Bodies of Provisional Military Administration and Reichskommissariat ‘Ukraine’ in Ensuring Holocaust Measures (1941-1944)." Eminak, no. 1(41) (April 13, 2023): 181–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.33782/eminak2023.1(41).629.

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The purpose of the research paper is to uncover the role and significance of local administration bodies that were established on the territories under the control of the Provisional Military Administration (PMA) and the Reichskommissariat ‘Ukraine’ (RKU) in ensuring the Holocaust policy. Scientific novelty is based on the original documentary sources analysis. It is determined that the employees of local administration bodies in the German occupation zones of Ukraine, even against their will, took an active part in various forms of preparation and technical support for actions to exterm

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Honcharenko, Оleksij. "Key Historical Narratives for the Formation of National Identity of Ukranians in Propaganda Discourse of Administrations of German Occupation Zones of Ukraine (1941–1944)." Ethnic History of European Nations, no. 66 (2022): 58–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2518-1270.2022.66.07.

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The purpose of the study: to identify information arrays, that reconstructed and interpreted the historical past of Ukrainians, based on the source analysis of the content of German occupation periodicals, thus forming an appropriate model of historical memory, in fact, turning the Ukrainian people into a historical process. The methodology and methodology of research involves a combination of the principles of historicism, objectivity and consistency, as well as historical criticism of the selected basic reconstructions of the past of Ukrainians widely promoted in the occupation period. The s

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Krasnozhenova, Elena. "Economic and economic features of the Nazi occupation policy: 1941— 1944. (based on materials from the North-West of Russia)." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2020, no. 11-1 (2020): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202011statyi17.

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The article shows the content of the Nazi occupation policy in the North-West of Russia during the Great Patriotic war. Features of the German command’s agricultural and tax policy in the occupied territory of the region are presented. To supply Nazi Germany and its armies, the economic resources of the occupied territories were used by exporting raw materials, food, equipment, and other material values. The local population was involved in mandatory work at enterprises, or sent to Germany. The occupation policy led to a significant deterioration of living conditions in the North-West of the R

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