Relevant bibliographies by topics / Belgian rap

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Belgian rap'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Belgian rap"

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Cultrera, Loredana, and Xavier Brédart. "Bankruptcy prediction: the case of Belgian SMEs." Review of Accounting and Finance 15, no. 1 (February 8, 2016): 101–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/raf-06-2014-0059.

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Purpose – The aim of this paper is to develop a bankruptcy prediction model for the Belgian small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) through the building of a logit model that includes a selection of financial ratios. Design/methodology/approach – Using a sample of 7,152 Belgian SMEs among which 3,576 were declared bankrupt between 2002 and 2012, the model, which includes control variables such as firm size and age, aims to test the predictive power of ratios reflecting the financial structure, the profitability, the solvency and the liquidity of firms. Findings – The results report a satisfactory prediction accuracy and show that ratios as profitability and liquidity are excellent predictors of bankruptcy for Belgian SMEs. Research limitations/implications – Although the results seem to be conclusive, it could be noted that the healthy sample was not paired with the bankrupt sample. Other studies show that the use of paired samples makes it possible to increase the already good prediction rate. Also, further research could focus on intra-sectorial analysis. Practical implications – Beside its contribution to the academic literature on bankruptcy prediction of Belgian SMEs, this study may be of interest for investors or managers to help them to anticipate bankruptcy risks. It can also be useful for banks and other credit institutions in the assessment of credit risk of firms. Thanks to such models, they could better identify firms with a higher risk of failure in their lending decisions. Social implications – Given the increasing number of SMEs in Belgium, their significant role in the economy, the specific characteristics of the country in terms of political decision making, the institutional differences between regions and the current uncertain economic circumstances, bankruptcy prediction seems to be a necessity for the country. Originality/value – The originality of this paper lies in the fact that Belgian SMEs have been studied. This study may also be of interest to investors or managers because it may help them highlight accounting measures they should closely follow up to avoid bankruptcy.
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Gabriëls, Jos. "‘The Belgians ran at the first shot’." Tijdschrift voor geschiedenis 129, no. 4 (November 1, 2016): 523–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/tvgesch2016.4.gabr.

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Van Nimmen, Armand. "De uitreiking van de Rembrandtprijs aan Raf Verhulst in 1941. Een politiek spektakel met voor- en naspel." WT. Tijdschrift over de geschiedenis van de Vlaamse beweging 70, no. 4 (December 7, 2011): 344–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/wt.v70i4.12289.

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Dit artikel behandelt enige betekenisvolle episodes uit het leven van de Vlaamse dichter/journalist/strijder Raf Verhulst (1866-1941). Eerst wordt in vogelvlucht een korte schets getekend van diens tot nog toe weinig nagevorst leven: zijn jeugd, zijn prominente rol als Antwerps stadsdichter, zijn collaboratie tijdens de Eerste Wereldoorlog, zijn daaropvolgende veroordeling door de Belgische Staat en zijn uitwijking naar Duitsland, waar hij benoemd werd tot lector aan de universiteit van Göttingen. Van daaruit, en later vanuit Aken, zette Verhulst zijn scherpe anti-Belgische campagnes verder in pamfletten en in door hem opgerichte tijdschriften.De kern van de bijdrage beschrijft echter hoe deze strijdlustige Duitsgezinde flamingant zich, zowel voor als tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog, gewillig liet gebruiken door bepaalde Duitse kringen om de culturele verbondenheid tussen Vlaanderen en Duitsland te benadrukken en te verheerlijken. Het boek Deutsch-Niederländische Symphonie van R.P. Oszwald speelt hierbij een belangrijke rol. Verhaald wordt verder hoe een van Toepfers stichtingen er in 1940 toe kwam Verhulst uit te kiezen als laureaat voor de Rembrandtprijs en hoe de uitreiking van deze prijs in Antwerpen in 1941 en de begrafenis van de dichter in die stad enkele weken later, door de bezetter en de Vlaamse collaborateurs geënsceneerd werden als groots opgezette propagandistische manifestaties.In die zin beschrijft het artikel een niet uitzonderlijk voorbeeld van Vlaams-Duitse collaboratie die, ingezet tijdens de Eerste Wereldoorlog en voortgezet tijdens het interbellum, tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog haar hoogtepunt bereikte.________The presentation of the Rembrandt prize to Raf Verhulst in 1941: A political event with a prologue and an epilogue. This articles discusses some significant episodes from the life of the Flemish poet/journalist/fighter Raf Verhulst (1866-1941). First, there is a brief overview of his life, which has hardly been researched until the present: his youth, his prominent role as Antwerp city poet, his collaboration during the First World War, his ensuing conviction by the Belgian State and his emigration to Germany where he was appointed as lecturer at the University of Göttingen. From Göttingen and later from Aachen, Verhulst continued his acerbic anti-Belgian campaigns in broadsheets and in the periodicals he had founded. The essence of this contribution, however, describes how this combative pro-German Flemish radical allowed himself to be used by German groups before and during the Second World War in order to emphasize and glorify the cultural connection between Flanders and Germany. The book Deutsch-Niederländische Symphonie by R.P. Oszwald plays a prominent role in this respect. The story tells how one of Toepfers’ foundations decided in 1940 to select Verhulst as the laureate for the Rembrandt prize and how the presentation of this prize in Antwerp in 1941 and the funeral of the poet in that city a few weeks later, were staged by the occupying forces and the Flemish collaborators as spectacularly planned propaganda displays. The article thereby describes a typical example of Flemish-German collaboration: it had started during the First World War, it continued during the interbellum period, and reached its peak during the Second World War.
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Rahier, Jean Muteba. "The Ghost of Leopold II: The Belgian Royal Museum of Central Africa and Its Dusty Colonialist Exhibition." Research in African Literatures 34, no. 1 (March 2003): 58–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/ral.2003.34.1.58.

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Rahier, Jean. "The Ghost of Leopold II: The Belgian Royal Museum of Central Africa and Its Dusty Colonialist Exhibition." Research in African Literatures 34, no. 1 (2003): 58–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ral.2003.0016.

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Jacobs, P., and M. De Batist. "Sequence stratigraphy and architecture on a ramp-type continental shelf: the Belgian Palaeogene." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 117, no. 1 (1996): 23–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1996.117.01.03.

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Gill, Brian. "Charles De Kempeneer (c.1852–1884), preparator: one of Auckland Museum’s earliest employees." Records of the Auckland Museum 53 (December 20, 2018): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.32912/ram.2018.53.5.

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Henry Ward, the American businessman and trader in natural history specimens, visited Auckland Museum in 1881 and subsequently helped the museum to recruit a preparator. Correspondence between Ward and the museum’s curator, Thomas Cheeseman, shows that the first preparator sent by Ward was the Belgian, Charles De Kempeneer, who had worked previously for about seven years at both the “Royal Museum”, Brussels, and at Ward’s establishment in Rochester, New York State. De Kempeneer started at Auckland Museum in July 1882 for a trial period of about three months until October 1882, the museum having insufficient funds to pay him for longer. He then got work with the Macleay collection in Sydney (Australia) but negotiated with Cheeseman a permanent position at Auckland Museum, whose finances had been improved by the Costley Bequest of 1884. De Kempeneer returned to Auckland to commence work but died on arrival, a tragic loss of a talented young man. By virtue of his short-term engagement, De Kempeneer ranks as one of Auckland Museum earliest employees and the museum’s archival record of the Cheeseman correspondence has enabled a memory of him to be recovered.
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Elsen, Jan, Gilles Mertens, and Koen Van Balen. "Raw materials used in ancient mortars from the Cathedral of Notre-Dame in Tournai (Belgium)." European Journal of Mineralogy 23, no. 6 (December 21, 2011): 871–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0935-1221/2011/0023-2139.

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Shvetsov, Alexey, Alexander Balalaev, Olga Grivanova, Galia Kokieva, and Larisa Varlamova. "Transportation safety in an urban condition." E3S Web of Conferences 135 (2019): 02004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913502004.

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This study is explores the problem of cars entry in to subway stations. Cars been driven in to subway stations in many countries including France, Russia, Belarus, Belgium, Italy, etc. Sometimes this results in fatalities or injuries and stoppage of work at the station. In this article, we have systematized statistics on cases of cars entry in to subway stations around the world and suggest a resolution for this problem. The proposed in the study of an anti-ram protective bollard capable of blocking cars driving into stations could serve as such a resolution. Then we develop an method that of determined the optimal location of anti-ram protective bollards. The authors tested the developed methodology on the example of the Prospect Mira station (Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya line) of the Moscow subway. Equipping territories around subway stations with the developed an bollards will resolve the problem of protecting subway stations against cars entering their territories and will protect people.
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Zec, Daniel. "Modernistička sastavnica u opusu Oscara Nemona i kontekst modernizma i avangardnih kretanja u Bruxellesu (1925. – 1936.)." Radovi Instituta za povijest umjetnosti, no. 44/1 (February 2021): 149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31664/ripu.2020.44/1.10.

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Rad iznosi na vidjelo umjetničku formaciju kipara Oscara Nemona u pravcu modernizma te njegovu participaciju u modernističkim kretanjima na likovnoj sceni u Belgiji tijekom djelovanja u Bruxellesu od 1925. do 1936. godine. Nemonova inspiracija konstruktivizmom, postkubizmom i geometrijskom stilizacijom interpretira se u kontekstu suvremenih pravaca, umjetničkih grupa i njihovih nositelja u Bruxellesu 20-ih i 30-ih godina 20. stoljeća. Analiziraju se veze Oscara Nemona s René Magritteom i nadrealizmom. Analiziraju se, stilski determiniraju i valoriziraju do sada neistraženi primjeri modernističke skulpture u Nemonovu briselskom opusu, pri čemu se razmatraju stilske odrednice: kubizam, konstruktivizam, art déco, ekspresionizam.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Belgian rap"

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Verbeke, Martin R. J. "Rappers and linguistic variation : a study of non-standard language in selected Francophone rap tracks." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/22915.

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This thesis examines the use of non-standard language, more specifically non-standard vocabulary (i.e. slang, verlan, colloquialisms, vulgarities, foreign borrowings, and abbreviations), in a corpus of selected francophone rap tracks in order both to quantify its use and to investigate what determines its variation, focusing on the impact of diachronic, diatopic, gender and diaphasic determinants. The methodology relies on a lexicographic analysis to produce quantitative results which are then analysed qualitatively by means of extract analyses and semi-structured interviews with francophone rappers. To answer the research questions, the thesis is divided into five chapters. The first chapter presents the aforementioned methodology and the overall quantitative results from the thesis, while also introducing the notion of variation, which is then tackled in the last four chapters. The second chapter investigates diachronic determinants from two perspectives: different generations of rappers (1990/1991, 2001 and 2011) and one artist throughout his career (Akhenaton in 1991, 2011 and 2011). The third chapter looks at diatopic determinants, analysing the impact of ethnic and spatial origins. Three ethnic origins are compared (rappers of French, Algerian and Senegalese origin), together with three cities (Marseille, Paris and Brussels) and three departments (Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne). The fourth chapter focuses on gender determinants, with a comparison of male versus female rappers that also takes broader gender performativity into account. Finally, the fifth chapter examines the impact of diaphasic determinants. It analyses three rap genres (jazz/poetic, ego trip and knowledge rap), which then form the foundation for qualitative discussions of the effect of aesthetics, figures of speech, themes and performance. In conclusion, the contribution to knowledge of this work is the observation that the main determinant of high use of non-standard vocabulary is the performance of modern ego trip. The other determinants do not impact non-standard vocabulary to the same extent quantitatively or systematically, due to the complexity of the contextual and fluid identity performances involved with these determinants.
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Books on the topic "Belgian rap"

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La mémoire de l'air. [Paris]: Gallimard, 2014.

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Decker, Cynrik de. Duel boven België: De Luftwaffe tegen de RAF en USAAF, 1943. [Erpe]: De Krijger, 1996.

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Roba, Jean-Louis. Belgen in de RAF. Erpe, België: De Krijger, 2000.

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Decker, Cynrik de. Luchtslag om Berlijn en Nürnberg: RAF-bommenwerpers tegen de Duitse Nachtjagd boven België : september 1943-maart 1944. Erpe: De Krijger, 2007.

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The rape of Belgium: The untold story of World War I. New York: New York University Press, 2004.

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Dunnett, Dorothy. The spring of the ram. New York: Vintage Books, 1999.

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Dorothy, Dunnett. The spring of the ram. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1988.

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Dorothy, Dunnett. The Spring of the Ram. London: Penguin Group UK, 2009.

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Dorothy, Dunnett. The spring of the ram. London: Joseph, 1987.

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Dorothy, Dunnett. The spring of the ram. New York: Vintage Books, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Belgian rap"

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Godfroid, Anne. "After “Teutonic Fury”, “Belgian Fury”? Fact and Fiction in the Revenge of Belgian Soldiers in the Rhineland in 1923." In Rape in Wartime, 90–102. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137283399_7.

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Gullace, Nicoletta F. "The Rape of Belgium and Wartime Imagination." In “The Blood of Our Sons”, 17–33. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-04751-9_2.

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Dixon, Daniel, and Onur Tahmaz. "Intercultural competence for youth workers." In Designing and implementing virtual exchange – a collection of case studies, 231–40. Research-publishing.net, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14705/rpnet.2020.45.1129.

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Intercultural Competence for Youth workers (ICY) was a project co-funded by the European Union Erasmus+ programme that ran for 14 months, from spring 2019 to spring 2020, and involved four organisations from Finland, Spain, Belgium, and the Netherlands.Engaging youth workers and young people with fewer opportunities, the project helped youth workers improve their intercultural ability to create places – particularly in the context of sports activities – where young people feel safe, accepted, and not discriminated against. In the context of the Erasmus+ Virtual Exchange (E+VE) initiative, the partners developed a ‘trial run’ which included an online facilitated dialogue session to test the pedagogy and process of VE, as well as get feedback from the youth involved.
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Lutpiatina, Leka. "Pathogens Transmitted through Contaminated Rice." In Recent Advances in Rice Research [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93757.

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Rice can be a source of food poisoning because it can be contaminated with dangerous pathogens. Pathogens that often transmitted through rice are Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus. This chapter aims to explain the dangers of pathogens transmitted through contaminated rice, modes of transmission, contamination cases, and precautions. The method used in writing is to review articles. It is known that pathogens transmitted through contaminated rice can cause food poisoning, which occurs due to consuming rice containing pathogenic bacteria. Several cases of contamination of Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus in rice occurred in Indonesia, Pakistan, India, Malaysia, Belgium, America, Australia, Korea, Iran, China, and Nigeria. In general, prevention is by proper handling of raw materials, controlling the temperature of cooking and storing rice, and personal hygiene of food handlers.
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Williams, Jonathan, and Andrew Burnett. "A New Gallo-Belgic B Coin Die from Hampshire." In Communities and Connections. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199230341.003.0029.

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The die is 18mm in diameter at the business end, and 23mm in length (figure 19.1). It weighs 46.80 grams. On the die-face there is an incuse design of a stylized horse and rider familiar from the coins of the type known as Gallo-Belgic B (figure 19.2). About halfway down the side, it begins to taper towards the other end which is roughly oval in shape, with a longer diameter of 15mm and a shorter one of 13mm. At the base there is a vestigial spike which projects out slightly (figure 19.3). It looks as if it should be an obverse die which would have been set into an anvil or another kind of metal case for striking. However, such evidence as exists for Iron Age dies from northern Europe suggests that, as indeed was the case in the Greek and Roman worlds, reverse dies could either be in the form of a tapered barrel-shaped object set into a metal casing probably made of iron, or in the form of a long metal shaft with the design carved onto the end. The probability, however, is that this example is in fact an obverse die, for reasons outlined below. The die was analysed by Michael Cowell using non-destructive x-ray fluorescence (XRF) on areas where the immediate surface seems to have been removed, and the bulk material exposed. The results should be regarded as semi-quantitative or approximate, as the technique provides only a surface analysis. The following average results were obtained: The die is thus made of a high-tin bronze with small quantities of other metals. Such alloys are extremely hard and difficult to work, for instance by punching or engraving. The die was examined using optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Most of the surface has a dark grey or black-coloured patina, except in a few places around the edge of the die-face and along the side where the surface has been chipped or broken to reveal a light grey crystalline material beneath. The section of the surface patina is exposed here and can be seen to be more than superficial. There are no indications of copper corrosion products (i.e. red cuprite or green malachite).
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Scerri, Eric. "Element 75—Rhenium." In A Tale of Seven Elements. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195391312.003.0010.

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Th e element rhenium lies two places below manganese in group VII of the periodic table (fi g. 5.1). Its existence was predicted by Mendeleev when he first proposed his periodic table in 1869. This group is rather unique because when the periodic table was first published, it possessed only one known element, manganese, with at least two gaps below it. Th e first gap was eventually filled by element 43, technetium, while the second gap was filled by rhenium. But rhenium was the first to be discovered, in 1925, by Walter Noddack and Ida Tacke (later Noddack) (fi g. 5.2) and Otto Berg in Germany. In the course of an arduously long extraction, they of the ore molybdenite. The German discoverers called their element “rhenium” after Rhenus, Latin for the river Rhine, which fl owed close to the place where they were working. They also believed that they had isolated the other element missing from group 7, or element 43, which eventually became known as technetium, but this was hotly disputed by several other researchers. As recently as the early years of the twenty-first century, research teams from Belgium and the United States reanalyzed the X-ray evidence from the Noddacks and argued that they had in fact isolated element 43. But these further claims have been debated by many radiochemists and physicists and now have been laid to rest, at least for the time being. By a further odd twist of fate, the Japanese chemist Masataka Ogawa believed that he had isolated element 43 and called it nipponium even earlier, in 1908. His claim too was discredited at the time but as recently as 2004 it has been argued that he had in fact isolated rhenium rather than element 43, well before the Noddacks and Berg. Otto Hahn’s first entry into the fi eld of radioactivity was as a student of Ramsay’s at University College, London, just after the beginning of the twentieth century.
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Temple, Christine M. "Klinefelter Syndrome." In Cognitive and Behavioral Abnormalities of Pediatric Diseases. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195342680.003.0025.

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Klinefelter syndrome (KS) was first identified by Dr. Harry Klinefelter in 1942 (Klinefelter, Reifenstein, and Albright 1942) in a report of nine tall men with hypogonadism, sparse body hair, gynecomastia, and infertility. The associated chromosome disorder 47XXY was identified several years later (Jacobs and Strong 1959). The full phenotype consists of hypogonadism, low testosterone levels, infertility, gynecomastia, sparse body hair, eunuchoid body habitus, long legs and arm span, and above-average height. However, except for hypogonadism (small testes), which is present in nearly all individuals with XXY, the physical phenotype may be quite variable. In live-born males, KS has an incidence of 1:500 to 1:1,000 (Bojesen, Juul, and Gravholt 2003; Hamerton, Canning, Ray, and Smith 1975; Ratcliffe, Bancroft, Axworthy, and McLaren 1982; Rovet, Netley, Keenan, Bailey, and Stewart 1996), with a further incidence of 1:300 in spontaneous abortions (Hassold and Jacobs 1984). Klinefelter syndrome is the most common of the sex chromosome abnormalities and the second most common chromosomal disorder after Down syndrome. The possibility that incidence is increasing has also been raised (Morris, Alberman, Scott, and Jacobs 2008). Despite this, possibly as a consequence of poor identification, the syndrome has been studied less extensively than, for example, Turner syndrome (45XO) and many other developmental disorders. Boys with KS are generally tall and long-limbed but with increasing height in the population, these characteristics alone are not necessarily distinguishing. Individuals with KS are generally not immediately identifiable, and many cases of KS remain unidentified throughout life. Up to two-thirds of cases may never be identified clinically (Lanfranco, Kamischke, Zitzmann, and Nieschlag 2004). There is no clearly identifiable facial appearance, although mandibular prognathism (a prominent lower jaw and extended chin) is reported on group analysis using radiographic cephalometry (Brown, Alvesalo, and Townsend 1993). Increased genetic screening now means that 10% of cases in the United Kingdom are diagnosed prenatally on the basis of karyotype, with a further 25% of cases diagnosed during childhood (Abramsky and Chapple 1997). However, this means that 65% of cases reach puberty undiagnosed. In Belgium, fewer than 10% of expected cases are diagnosed before puberty (Bojesen et al. 2003).
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"Research Station at Cambridge and somewhat later at the Wantage Research Laboratories of the Atomic Energy Research Establishment. By the mid- or late 1950s national research programs on food irradiation were also underway in Belgium, Canada, France, The Netherlands, Poland, the Soviet Union, and the Federal Republic of Germany. This early history of food irradiation has been reviewed by Goldblith (9), Goresline (10), and Josephson (11). In 1960 the first books on food irradiation appeared, written by Desrosiers and Rosenstock in the United States (12) and Kuprianoff and Lang in Germany (13). A first international meeting devoted to discussion of wholesomeness and legisla­ tive aspects of food irradiation was held in Brussels in 1961 (14). In the United Kingdom the report of a government working party on irradiation of food (15) summarized and evaluated the studies done until 1964. The first commercial use of food irradiation occurred in 1957 in the Federal Republic of Germany, when a spice manufacturer in Stuttgart began to improve the hygienic quality of his products by irradiating them with electrons using a Van de Graaff generator (16). The machine had to be dismantled in 1959 when a new food law prohibited the treatment of foods with ionizing radiation, and the company turned to fumigation with ethylene oxide instead. In Canada irradiation of potatoes for inhibition of sprouting was allowed in 1960 and a private company, Newfield Products Ltd., began irradiating potatoes at Mont St. Hilaire, near Montreal, in September 1965. The plant used a 60Co source and was designed to process some 15,000 t of potatoes a month. It closed after only one season, when the company ran into financial difficulties (17). In spite of these setbacks, interest in food irradiation grew worldwide. At the first International Symposium of Food Irradiation, held in Karlsruhe, Germany, and organized by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), representa­ tives from 28 countries reviewed the progress made in research laboratories (18). However, health authorities in these countries still hesitated to grant permissions for marketing irradiated foods. At that time only three countries— Canada, the United States, and the Soviet Union— had given clearance for human consump­ tion of a total of five irradiated foods, all treated with low radiation doses. The food industry had not yet made use of the permissions. Irradiated foods were still not marketed anywhere. Questions about the safety for human consumption of irradiated foods were still hotly debated and this was recognized as the major obstacle to commercial utilization of the new process. As a result of this recognition the International Project in the Field of Food Irradiation (IFIP) was created in 1970, with the specific aim of sponsoring a worldwide research program on the wholesomeness of irradiated foods. Under the sponsorship of the IAEA in Vienna, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in Rome, and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) in Paris, 19 countries joined their re­ sources, with this number later growing to 24 (see Table 1). The World Health." In Safety of Irradiated Foods, 22. CRC Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482273168-16.

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Conference papers on the topic "Belgian rap"

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d’Udekem, Nicolas, Philippe Art, and Jacques Grisel. "Application and Experience Feedback of ASME Code Case N-155-2 for RTR Piping in Nuclear Plants." In ASME 2013 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2013-97425.

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Nowadays, the usefulness of RTR (Reinforced Thermosetting Resin) for pressure retaining equipment does not need further proof: they are lightweight, strong, with low thermal elongation and highly corrosion resistant. The use of RTR piping makes all sense for piping systems circulating raw water such as sea water at moderate pressure and temperature for plants cooling. However, this material is rarely used for safety related cooling systems in nuclear power plants. In Belgium, Electrabel and Tractebel have chosen to replace the existing carbon steel pipes of the raw water system by GRE (Glassfiber Reinforced Epoxy) pipes, in accordance with the Authorized Inspection Agency, applying the ASME Code Case (CC) N-155-2 defining the specifications and requirements for the use of RTR pipes, fittings and flanges. After a challenging qualification process, Class 3 GRE pipes are now installed and operating for raw water cooling systems in two Belgian nuclear units and will soon be installed in a third one. The paper will address the followed qualification processes and the implementation steps applied by Electrabel/Tractebel and relate the overcome obstacles encountered during manufacturing, erection and commissioning of Class 3 GRE piping in order to ensure quality, reliability and traceability required for safety equipment in nuclear power plants.
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Steinkuhler, Claude, Koen Lenie, and Reginald Coomans. "Experience in Chemical Decontamination of PWR Systems and Components." In ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16274.

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Tecnubel has recently performed various chemical decontamination of French and Belgian Pressurized Water Reactors (PWR) systems and components. The purpose of this paper is to present and compare these experiences. The objectives of these operation were the reduction of the general surface contamination together with the elimination of hot spots in Residual Heat Removal Systems (RHRS), Chemical and Volume Control Systems (CVCS) and Reactor Coolant Pumps (RCP). This reduction of contamination leads to the reduction of dosimetry to the maintenance personnel and allows the works on critical equipment. An additional challenge for three of these projects lay in the execution of a complicated operation on the critical path of a reactor refueling shutdown. The chemical decontamination were performed by circulating an adequate fluid in the systems or around the components. Since the contamination was generated at hot conditions during power operation, a redox attack on the surface was necessary. The EDF systems and components were decontaminated using a qualified EDF process of the EMMAC family. The Reactor Coolant Pump from the Belgian PWR was treated with the NITROX process, qualified by Westinghouse. The functions required by the decontamination system were very diverse and therefore an existing decontamination loop, which was previously developed for the decontamination of small circuits, was re-developed and adapted for bigger volumes by DDR Consult and Tecnubel. The results of five decontamination are presented and detailed in terms of efficiency and waste production. These projects were: the chemical decontamination of the RHRS of Flamanville 1 NPP, of the CVCS non regenerative heat exchanger at St Laurent des Eaux NPP, of the RHRS and CVCS of Bugey 2 NPP and of two RCP at the Westinghouse Belgian Service Center.
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3

Parvin, Daniel F., and Thomas Huys. "Performance of a DrumScan® HRGS Solo Scanner for the Assay of Legacy Waste at the Belgoprocess Site." In ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2011-59122.

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On the sites of Belgoprocess several thousands of drums containing conditioned legacy waste are stored. A significant number of these waste packages are 220 litre drums containing radioactive waste embedded into inactive bitumen. Most of the radioactive waste in these drums was generated during the development and production of MOX-fuels and the operation of the Eurochemic reprocessing plant. The current state of a number of these packages is no longer acceptable for long term storage. In order to make the waste packages acceptable for interim storage a repackaging process was developed. The process involves the repackaging of the waste items into 400 or 700 litre waste drums and a non-destructive gamma-ray assay (NDA) measurement performed on the new package. The aim of the NDA measurement is to detect significant quantities of fissile material in order to demonstrate compliance with the operational limits of the storage building. Since the waste items are destined for geological disposal, there is no specific need for a detection limit in the order of milligrams of plutonium as required for surface disposal. To meet this NDA requirement Babcock International Group supplied, calibrated and commissioned an open geometry system from its HRGS product range. The DrumScan® HRGS Solo assay system was delivered to the Belgoprocess site in 2009 after completing a series of factory acceptance tests performed in the UK. In May 2009 after successful completion of the site acceptance tests performed in Belgium, the system has been undergoing extensive testing and validation by Belgoprocess in order to demonstrate acceptance and compliance to the Belgian Radioactive Waste Agency, NIRAS/ONDRAF. After a careful evaluation of the qualification file, NIRAS/ONDRAF approved the system for operational measurements at the end of 2010. This paper provides a detailed description of the NDA requirement, calibration methodology, system validation tests and overall measurement performance of the system.
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Polito, Aure´lie. "Waste Treatment by Selective Mineral Ion Exchanger." In The 11th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2007-7340.

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STMI, subsidiary company of the AREVA Group with over 40 years in the D&D business, has been continuously innovating and developing new decontamination techniques, with the objectives of achieving more efficient decontaminations on a growing spectrum of media. In the field of liquid waste treatment, STMI manufactures uses and commercialises selective inorganic ion exchangers (RAN). These are hydrated synthetic inorganic compounds prepared from very pure raw materials. Different types of RANs (POLYAN, OXTAIN, Fe-Cu, Fe-CoK, Si-Fe-CoK) can be used to trap a large number of radioactive elements in contaminated effluents. Different implementations could be applied depending on technical conditions. STMI’s offers consist in building global solution and preliminary design of installation either in dispersed form (batch) or in column (cartridge filtration). Those products are used all over the world not only in the nuclear business (Canada, US, Belgium, France…) but also in other fields. Indeed, it provides competitive solutions to many domains of application especially water pollution control, liquid waste treatment in the nuclear business by decreasing the activity level of waste. The following paper will focus on the theoretical principle of the mineral exchanger, its implementation and the feed back collected by STMI.
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