Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Belgrade (Serbie)'

Éclatement de la Yougoslavie, réformes des systèmes social et politique, contexte du passage d’un monde bipolaire à un monde multipolaire : au début des années 1990, la Serbie est confrontée à une crise économique, morale et institutionnelle. Avec la fin de la République socialiste fédérative yougoslave, c’est l’identité yougoslave qui disparaît. Les intellectuels serbes doivent alors s’atteler à la tâche d’une (re)définition de l’identité serbe. Deux voies se dessinent : celle des intellectuels nationalistes qui promeuvent une vision traditionnelle et celle que l’on pourrait qualifier de libérale, tournée vers une modernisation de la société. Or, dans ces deux types de discours, c’est une même grille de lecture qui est appliquée : celle d’une analyse bipolaire de la société serbe qui amène à penser deux identités serbes opposées et incompatibles. La thèse recherche tout d’abord les causes qui peuvent expliquer la naissance et la portée d'un tel discours manichéen, de plus en plus répandu dans un monde en pleine crise identitaire. Si la vision bipolaire n’est pas l’apanage de la société serbe, cette dualité présente ici une originalité. Comme l’écrit l’anthropologue Slobodan Naumović : « la Serbie “autochtone”, “authentique”, “historique”, “patriotique”, “nationale” mais aussi “céleste” et “orthodoxe” [fait] face à la Serbie “antinationaliste”, “pacifiste”, “moderne”, “européenne”, “cosmopolite”, “civile” et “libérale”. » L’opposition se cristallise au point de générer une entité quasi-ethnique connue sous le nom de « Druga Srbija », terme que l’on peut traduire par « Autre » ou « Deuxième » Serbie. Engagée dans la lutte contre Milošević dans les années 1990, la « Druga Srbija » a dû redéfinir son projet après la chute de ce dernier en octobre 2000. Dans une société qu’elle juge archaïque et inapte au changement, la « Druga Srbija » s’est depuis présentée comme la seule chance de permettre à la Serbie ̶ plongée dans la crise économique, bloquée aux portes de l’Union européenne ̶ d’accéder à la modernité
Splitting of Yugoslavia, reforms of the social and economic systems, context of the transition from a bipolar to a multipolar world, at the beginning of the 1990’s, Serbia faces an economical, moral and institutional crisis. With the end of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, that’s the Yugoslavian identity which disappears. The Serbian intellectuals have then to tackle the task to (re)define the Serbian identity. Two ways emerge: the one of the nationalist intellectuals who promote a traditional vision and another one we could call “liberal” turned towards modernization. But, in these two models, it’s the same pattern which is applied: a bipolar analysis of the Serbian society which leads to think two opposite Serbian identities, opposed and irreconcilable. The thesis searches first the causes that may explain the birth and the impact of such a black and white speech, always more widespread in a world in the middle of an identity crisis. If the bipolar outlook is not a prerogative of Serbia, this duality is here quite original. As the anthropologist Slobodan Naumović writes it: «The “Autochthonous”, “Authentic”, “Historical”, “Patriotic” and “National”, but at times also“Heavenly” and “Orthodox” Serbia was confronted by the “Anti-Nationalist”, “Pacifist”, “Modern”, “European”, “Cosmopolitan”, “Civil”, and “Liberal” Serbia». The opposition becomes strong enough to generate an almost ethnic entity known as “Druga Srbija” that we may translate by “Other” or “Second” Serbia. Committed in the fight against Milošević in the 90’s, the “Druga Srbija” had to redefine its project after his fall in October 2000. In a society it judges archaic and unfit to change, the “Druga Srbija” claims itself as the only chance for Serbia ̶ plunged in the economic crisis, blocked at the doors of European Union ̶ to access modernity

On river Danube in Belgrade, Serbia, abandoned coal power plant Power and Light and the surrounding historical industrial zone have been laying in shadows for decades, waiting to be reconnected to the city life.  This project deals with the revitalization of the old power plant giving it a new function – a school of architecture. As the use for which the building was build is so vastly different from the function of a school, one of the main points dealt with in the proposal is reconciling the existing structure and the new program. This challenge is addressed through working with the building, rather than against is - recognizing existing spatial qualities and seeing how they can be utilized in the new program.  Alongside developing the program for the building itself, the project gives a schematic proposal for future development of the industrial zone as a campus for the city’s growing university.
Vid floden Donau i Belgrad, Serbien, det övergivna kolkraftverk Kraft och Ljus och det omkringliggande historiska industriområdet had varit dolt i skuggor under årtionden, väntandes på att åter bli anslutet till staden.  Det här projektet behandlar förnyelsen av det gamla kolkraftverket genom att ge det en hel ny funktion i form av en skola för arkitektur. Eftersom ursprungliga användandet av byggnaden skiller sig så väsentligt mycket från en skola blir huvuduppgiften att anpassa programmet till byggnadens befintliga struktur. Utmaningen hanteras genom att jobba med byggnaden och se potentialen hos dess existerande utrymmen och hur dessa kan användas i det nya programmet.  Jämt med att utveckla programmet för byggnaden i sig ger projektet ett schematisk förslag för användandet av industri området som ett campus för stadens växande universitet.

The project “Six weeks in Belgrade” is a comic book and an exhibition of our research on citizen participation in the planning process in Belgrade, Serbia.   The project discusses how participation can be used to improve the way we plan and build our cities: If, and how, participation can result in a more democratic planning, aiming at a more long-term sustainable and less market-driven urban development. It presents current planning conditions in Belgrade, and current actors and projects in Belgrade. It also introduces a speculative method for a participatory practice through fiction and the visual language of comics. The project maps both formal and informal initiatives in the field of urban planning.The research was done on the basis of interviews, books and articles. By mapping these initiatives we wanted to show their importance, hoping that people will get inspired and involved in the planning and making of the city, and also to strengthen already existing initiatives. The research is presented in the form of a comic narrative, presenting an alternative mode of communicating ideas in architecture and planning. Something which is of specific importance for the development of a participatory practice.
Projektet “Sex veckor i Belgrad” är en seriebok och en utställning baserad på vår undersökning av medborgardeltagande i stadsplaneringen i Belgrad, Serbien. Utställningen var på KTH, Arkitekturskolan 2-5 juni 2014. “Sex veckor i Belgrad” diskuterar hur deltagande i stadsplanering kan användas för att förbättra hur vi planerar våra städer: Om och hur deltagande kan leda till en mer demokratisk stadsplanering i en strävan mot en mer långsiktigt hållbar och mindre marknadsstyrd stadsutveckling. Det diskuterar dagens förutsättningar för stadsplanering i Belgrad genom att titta på stadsplaneringshistorien där. Och genom intervjuer med planerare, politiker, akademiker och framförallt aktivister kartläggs både formella och informella initiativ inom stadsbyggandet i Belgrad. Genom att kartlägga dessa initiativ vill vi stärka dem och visa på deras betydelse, och hoppas att fler blir inspirerade och involverade i planeringen och skapandet av staden.     Projektet föreslår ett nytt sätt att jobba på, med deltagande i praktiken och en spekulativ metod som tar avstamp i fiktion och serieteckningens visuella språk. Resultaten av undersökningen är presenterad i form av en narrativ seriebok, och visar en alternativ metod att kommunicera idéer inom arkitektur och stadsplanering. Något som är angeläget vid en utveckling av en deltagande praktik.

The focus of this study is the underground music scene in Belgrade, Serbia. This work requires the exploration of varied cultural and market factors that have shaped the scene, resulting in its present form. The explored phenomenon is complex and achieving the necessary depth of analysis will involve the use of a wide set of theoretical sources and research methods. The fieldwork includes in-depth interviews, reflective accounts of longitudinal participant observation, data collected through email correspondence, and a large amount of documentary data. Data analysis will be articulated into a single methodology (examined in depth in Chapter 3).

Belgrad är en växande europeisk universitetsstad,idag Balkans största till antalet. Uppemot 140 000studenter får dela på totalt 12 000 statligt ägdastudentbostäder. Denna växande trend lär fortsättai takt med att staden och landet generellt ser enekonomisk tillväxt större än under tidigare år.  I ett försök att bemöta studentbostadsbristen bidrarjag med ett förslag för hur man effektivt byggerför både studenter och stad. Tomten är nämligencentralt belägen på Bulevar kralja Aleksandra, vilketär Belgrads motsvarighet till Sveavägen. Framtill branden 2014 fanns på tomten en inomhusmarknad,som hette Depo, i vad som tidigare vargarage och vändplats för spårvagnarna som gårlängs med boulevarden.
Belgrade is a growing European university city, today the largest in the Balkans. Up to 140,000 students share a total of 12,000 state-owned student homes. This growing trend will continue as the city and the country generally see economic growth greater than inprevious years. In an effort to respond to student housing shortages, I contribute with a proposal how to efficiently build for both students and the city. The site is centrally located at Bulevar kralja Aleksandra, which is Belgrade’s equivalent to Sveavägen. Until the fire in 2014 there was an indoor market on the site of what was previously a garage and turning point for the trams that go along the boulevard.

The thesis discusses the remembrance of the Ottoman heritage and presentation of Ottoman culture at the Ethnographic Museum in Belgrade. The study emphasizes the role and importance of memory and historical interpretation in the contemporary museum practice at the museum. The historical memories of a collection of 6 curators will be discussed and represented in order to examine the influence these recollections have on the exhibition of culture in the museum. The thesis gives the reader a further understanding of the mechanisms behind the continuous neglect and lack of appreciation of the Ottoman heritage in the Serbian society. In line with the current research within memory studies, this study focus on a museum as a site of memory, or a "lieux de mémoire" in Pierre Nora's term. The author concludes that there is a lack of awareness and emphasis in the museum on the Ottoman heritage. She also argues that the museum as a site of memory does little to provide for an arena where memories of different cultures and identities are channeled and presented in the society. Further studies should also emphasize museum presentations in other Southeast European countries in order to discuss the ways in which folk culture, cultural history and memory are presented to the public.

Master program in International studies - specialization Eurasian studies

This study is about seven women’s organizations in Belgrade, Serbia and their relations to domestic and international donors during the period 2003-2006. My main research questions focus on their choices of either domestic or international cooperation partners. How and why did the women organize themselves? What factors were essential when selecting donors? In what ways were the organizations influenced by donors? Through interviews, with organization representatives’ concepts such as gift and reciprocity, power and dependency, trust and mistrust and collective identity emerged.  These concepts were used as points of departure for developing deeper understanding of women organizations’ choice of cooperation partners. The women organizations’ basically had two alternatives for cooperation: cooperation with foreign donors which offered funds, organizational development and social networks. Alternately, cooperation with local donors, which offered the equivalent except for the organizational development. Cooperation with the foreign donor has resulted in more professional attitudes to the work that have been desired by other international donors. A result is that they can compete with other women’s organizations’ for international funding. Cooperation with local donors has led to fewer resources but more independent working practices. For these women organizations’ independence was important so they choose partners who, they felt more respected this allowing them to write articles or discuss gender in the media with little external influence. Regardless of the chosen donor the reciprocity is embedded in the relation between the donor and the receiver of aid, which in various ways is beneficial for both parties.

The aUthor of the book investigates the innovative processes in the Serbian music between 1945 and 1965, taking into due consideration the factor of tradition and the wider European context of musical development.

The aUthor of the book investigates the innovative processes in the Serbian music between 1945 and 1965, taking into due consideration the factor of tradition and the wider European context of musical development.

This dissertation discusses the rebuilding of cities after war in the context of the changing character of warfare and the increased expectations for societies to deal with difficult pasts. Departing from studies that approach post-war reconstruction focusing on the functional dimension of infrastructural repair and housing relief or on debates about architectural form, this dissertation examines reconstruction through the lens of the process of 'coming to terms with the past'. It explores how understandings of victimhood and responsibility influence the rebuilding of urban space. Conversely, it argues that cities and architecture, through the meanings ascribed to them by various actors, play an important role in dealing with the past. Building on the moral philosophy of Theodor Adorno and Hannah Arendt, it discusses the potential of reconstruction for societies to work through the past, then it engages with frictions highlighted by three situations of rebuilding after different types of war. First, it examines the rebuilding of Belgrade as the capital of socialist Yugoslavia after the aerial bombings typical of the Second World War. Second, it analyses reconstruction debates in the same city after the 1999 NATO bombings, a high-tech operation, framed by NATO as a preventative, humanitarian intervention against a 'perpetrator' state. Third, it discusses rebuilding processes in Sarajevo, where destruction was inflicted between 1992 and 1995 by actors internal to the country, albeit with international ramifications, exemplary of Mary Kaldor's 'new wars'. Based on thirteen months of fieldwork conducted in Belgrade and Sarajevo between 2012 and 2015, it analyses intentions and consequences of reconstruction acts. It suggests the potential and the challenges of a reflective reconstruction, which engages critically with the past, and of a syncretic place-making reconstruction, which focuses on place and its agonistic promise. Its main contribution is to highlight the essential relationship between reconstruction and coming to terms with the past, arguing for an understanding of reconstruction with regards to conflict itself.

Rezension: Mit diesem Band in englischer Sprache können sich nun Kollegen aus aller Welt mit dem Thema serbische Musik im jugoslawischen Kontext vertraut machen. (Ein westeuropäischer Verlag hätte sicherlich für ein breiteres Interesse gesorgt, aber darüber, wie schwierig es ist, zu einem bekannten Verlag zu gelangen, können wir alle, einschließlich der rumänischen Kollegen, ein Lied singen.) Die Idee zu diesem Band entstand während einer Tagung der Internationalen Gesellschaft für Musikwissenschaft (2012), als beide Herausgeber sich entschieden, das Projekt anzupacken. Das erfahren wir aus dem Vorwort von Melita Milin, in dem sie zugleich die Leitlinien der historischen Mikro- und Makrostudien darstellt, die die Geschichte der musikalischen Landschaften im jugoslawischen Staat (während seiner kurzen Existenz von 1918 bis 1991) beschreiben.

Крајем XX и почетком XXI века дошло је до интензивне урбанизације и индустријализације које су условиле низ проблема из области заштите животне средине, али и квалитета човековог живота. Довеле су до убрзаног начина живота и мало слободног времена које се обично неквалитетно проводи. Ако се  ту дода и економски аспект долази се до поражавајућих резултата. Мир, тишина и одмор – било активан или не, потребни су сваком људском бићу да би правилно функционисало, насупрот буци, густом саобраћају, пренасељености и сличним одликама савременог друштва које и сам Београд има. Пошто се дата ситуација не може променити, ваљано је прилагодити се и променити поједине навике на опште задовољство. Ту ступа на сцену излетничко-рекреативни  туризам. Овај вид туризма сваки становник Београда може себи приуштити пошто не захтева много времена и финансијских средстава.У самом граду су познате парк-шуме  Топчидер и Кошутњак које пружају одличан простор за брзо склањање у мирну оазу, иако сте у самом граду. Реке Дунав и Сава, имају одличне шеталишне стазе, а Ада Циганлија са богатим излетничко- рекреативним програмима у моменту ће омогућити да се заборави да смо били у градској вреви. Не треба заборавити и Велико ратно острво са богатом орнитофауном. Са мало више времена треба да се располаже уколико се жели отићи до Авале, надомак Београда. Она пружа пун доживљај одласка из града, јер ће се шетњом кроз шуму, утабаним стазама полако стићи и доживети ова ниска планина, и брзо стићи до врха јер стазе нису превише захтевне. Уз доживљај Авалског торња и Споменика Незнаном јунаку дан ће бити испуњен. Космај се мора волети због дугих уређених стаза. Фрушка гора је посебна на свој начин и у односу на друге обрађене планина  пружа највише могућности за реализацију више различитих видова туризма. Дуге шеталишне стазе, бициклизам, маратони и незаобилазне манастирске туре само су део доживљаја шта ова планина може да пружи. Вршачке планине на граници са Румунијом и специфичним климатским карактеристика, а Дивчибаре, са  дивљином може да прикаже праве природне пејзаже. Све ове излетничко- рекреативне дестинације осим природних пружају и разноврсна културно-историјска богатства. У близини Београда је Обедска бара, а нешто даље, поред Зрењанина Царска бара. Оне су посебно интересантне за ученике основних и средњих школа. У град Суботицу треба свратити јер је надомак Палићког комплекса који је и један од омиљених дестинација на листи туристичких  агенција. У Ваљево треба отићи да би се доживело старо градско језгро Тешњар, као што треба обићи и његову околину која зрачи културно-историјским духом. На нешто већој удаљености, али исто надомак су и Ђердап и Сребрно језеро. Ђердап са непоновљивим природним пределом, а на Сребрно језеро лети на купање, а у свим осталим годишњим добима за задовољење излетничко-рекреативних потреба.
Krajem XX i početkom XXI veka došlo je do intenzivne urbanizacije i industrijalizacije koje su uslovile niz problema iz oblasti zaštite životne sredine, ali i kvaliteta čovekovog života. Dovele su do ubrzanog načina života i malo slobodnog vremena koje se obično nekvalitetno provodi. Ako se  tu doda i ekonomski aspekt dolazi se do poražavajućih rezultata. Mir, tišina i odmor – bilo aktivan ili ne, potrebni su svakom ljudskom biću da bi pravilno funkcionisalo, nasuprot buci, gustom saobraćaju, prenaseljenosti i sličnim odlikama savremenog društva koje i sam Beograd ima. Pošto se data situacija ne može promeniti, valjano je prilagoditi se i promeniti pojedine navike na opšte zadovoljstvo. Tu stupa na scenu izletničko-rekreativni  turizam. Ovaj vid turizma svaki stanovnik Beograda može sebi priuštiti pošto ne zahteva mnogo vremena i finansijskih sredstava.U samom gradu su poznate park-šume  Topčider i Košutnjak koje pružaju odličan prostor za brzo sklanjanje u mirnu oazu, iako ste u samom gradu. Reke Dunav i Sava, imaju odlične šetališne staze, a Ada Ciganlija sa bogatim izletničko- rekreativnim programima u momentu će omogućiti da se zaboravi da smo bili u gradskoj vrevi. Ne treba zaboraviti i Veliko ratno ostrvo sa bogatom ornitofaunom. Sa malo više vremena treba da se raspolaže ukoliko se želi otići do Avale, nadomak Beograda. Ona pruža pun doživljaj odlaska iz grada, jer će se šetnjom kroz šumu, utabanim stazama polako stići i doživeti ova niska planina, i brzo stići do vrha jer staze nisu previše zahtevne. Uz doživljaj Avalskog tornja i Spomenika Neznanom junaku dan će biti ispunjen. Kosmaj se mora voleti zbog dugih uređenih staza. Fruška gora je posebna na svoj način i u odnosu na druge obrađene planina  pruža najviše mogućnosti za realizaciju više različitih vidova turizma. Duge šetališne staze, biciklizam, maratoni i nezaobilazne manastirske ture samo su deo doživljaja šta ova planina može da pruži. Vršačke planine na granici sa Rumunijom i specifičnim klimatskim karakteristika, a Divčibare, sa  divljinom može da prikaže prave prirodne pejzaže. Sve ove izletničko- rekreativne destinacije osim prirodnih pružaju i raznovrsna kulturno-istorijska bogatstva. U blizini Beograda je Obedska bara, a nešto dalje, pored Zrenjanina Carska bara. One su posebno interesantne za učenike osnovnih i srednjih škola. U grad Suboticu treba svratiti jer je nadomak Palićkog kompleksa koji je i jedan od omiljenih destinacija na listi turističkih  agencija. U Valjevo treba otići da bi se doživelo staro gradsko jezgro Tešnjar, kao što treba obići i njegovu okolinu koja zrači kulturno-istorijskim duhom. Na nešto većoj udaljenosti, ali isto nadomak su i Đerdap i Srebrno jezero. Đerdap sa neponovljivim prirodnim predelom, a na Srebrno jezero leti na kupanje, a u svim ostalim godišnjim dobima za zadovoljenje izletničko-rekreativnih potreba.
At the end of XX and beginning of XXI century there has been intense urbanization and industrialization, which caused a number of problems in the field of environmental protection, but also the quality of human life. Led to a rapid way of life and a bit of free time that are usually poorly implemented. If there are added and economic aspects leads to devastating results. Peace, quiet and relaxation - whether active or not, are required every human being in order to function properly, as opposed to noise, heavy traffic, overpopulation and similar characteristics of modern society, which itself has Beograd. Since the data can’t change the situation, rolled it up and adapt to change certain habits to general satisfaction. Here comes in the excursion and recreational tourism. This type of tourism every citizen of Belgrade can afford as it does not require much time and financial resources.In the city known forest park Topcider and  Kosutnjak that provide an excellent place for a quick removal of the peaceful oasis, even though you are in the city. The rivers Danube and Sava, have excellent pedestrian  paths, and Ada Ciganlija with rich excursion and recreational programs at the moment will allow you to forget that we were in the bustle. We should not forget the Great War Island with rich ornithofauna. With a little more time to be available if they want to go to Avala, near Belgrade. It provides a full experience of leaving the city, because it will be a walk through the woods, trodden paths, and slowly get to experience this low mountains, and quickly get to the top because the trails are not too demanding. With the experience of the Avala Tower and the Monument to the Unknown  Soldier Day will be filled. Kosmaj must love me for long groomed trails. Fruska gora is special in its own way and in relation to other processed mountain offers the most features for the realization of a number of different types of tourism. Long pedestrian paths, cycling, marathons and unavoidable monastery tours are just part of the experience of what this mountain has to offer. Vrsac mountains on the border with Romania and specific climatic characteristics, Divcibare, with the wilderness can display real natural landscapes. All of this excursion and recreational destination other than natural and provide a variety of cultural and historical wealth. Near Belgrade Obedska bar, a little further, near Zrenjanin Imperial bar. They are particularly interesting for elementary and secondary schools. The city of Subotica need to stop because it is close to Palic complex that is one of the favorite destinations on the list of travel agencies. In Valjevo need to go to the old town center suffered Tesnjar, as it needs to take a tour of the surrounding area that radiates cultural and historical spirit. On a somewhat greater  distance, but they are also close to the Iron Gates and Silver Lake. Djerdap with unique natural zones, and at Silver Lake flying to swimming, and in all other seasons to enjoy the excursion and recreational needs.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--York University, 2004. Graduate Programme in Sociology.
Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 248-258). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/yorku/fullcit?pNQ99200

This study explores the usage of the memory of the bombings of Belgrade from WWII in the time period of Yugoslavia from 1995 until 2003. Considering that Belgrade was bombed by two opposing forces during WWII, once by Nazis in 1941, and the second time by the Allies in 1944, and due to the fact that the exploitation of memory of the two bombings was rather unequal during the Socialist Yugoslavia with the latter bombings being a taboo theme, I was interested in answering following questions: how the two memories were used in the times before, during and after the NATO Air Strikes of Yugoslavia, if the memory of the Allied bombings emerged in the public sphere and how it coexists with the one of the Nazi bombings. My primary sources are articles from "Politika" newspaper issues from commemoration dates during the research time frame from 1995 until 2003. The final conclusion shows the dominant usage of the memory of the Nazi bombings throughout the whole time frame even though we could witness the emergence of the memory of the Allied bombings.

On the evening of the 24th of March, 1999, the first air strikes hit multiple targets in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The “Operation Allied Force” had begun. The air raids lasted for 78 days. The Milošević regime used the “state of exception” (Agamben 2004) to further and deepen its own propagandistic imperatives of national unity and to advertise the necessity of the “war of defence” within the nation. The state started to offer a wide range of events that not only entertained its citizens but also created forums for them to meet and to “unite” against the enemy. Beyond the state-prescribed cultural events, numerous efforts sprang up throughout the city to maintain a social and cultural life. This paper will tell of the diverse ways in which the people of Belgrade spent their time between and during the air raids.

Short story cycle Magija Beograda (2008, The Magic of Belgrade, Czech anthology Belgrade, my magic love!, 2014) is one of the last works of Serbian author Momo Kapor. His subject matter is contemporary picture of Belgrade and characters in his work are people, who are emotionally bound to this city. The aim of this dissertation is to introduce a Czech translation of the short stories and their translatological commentary. This work deals with the theme of Belgrade work of Kapor, which the author engaged in throughout his whole life and wrote in this style for more than ten years. This area of his work still does not have a Czech literary translation. This dissertation also brings more coherent author's portrait. Pivotal part consists of two chapters, first one is devoted to the profile of the author and the second one to the translation and commentary.

Salon music, which marked the private sphere of music life during the 19th century, until recently represented an aesthetically uninteresting phenomenon. Musicological researches were, primarily, focused on art music, while the research of salon music was at the margin of scientific interest.

This thesis examines the development of decision making taken by two countries, the United Kingdom and the United States, in response to Croatia’s declaration of independence from Yugoslavia. The focus is on the recognition process and the reasoning and rationale used by the government officials and diplomats of the United Kingdom and United States to arrive at their policy decisions and opinions. The concentration is mainly on events from the early 1990s until mid 1992. Topics explored include matters such the politics behind non-recognition, democratic social norms, respect for human rights and Western national interests. The thesis first hypothesizes, then analyses, which International Relations theory, that is, realism or constructivism, possesses the best capacity explain why these nations initially withheld their recognition of Croatia’s independence before moving to accept the Republic of Croatia as an independent state. The role of the International Relations theories is to offer an interpretation and understanding of these events and decisions. Subsequently, they are judged on their ability to do so. The thesis finds that via the insight of scholars, analysts and theoretical perspectives that both the John Major government of the UK and the George H.W. Bush Administration of the United States behaved mostly according to realist principles, with some instances of constructivist manner.
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