Journal articles: 'Belite clinker'

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Staněk, Theodor. "Influence of Preparation Parameters on Properties of Belite Clinker." Advanced Materials Research 897 (February 2014): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.897.3.

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Low-lime saturated belite clinkers were prepared under different regimes of burning in the laboratory. Development of compressive strengths of the obtained belite clinkers was evaluated in relation to the reactivity of raw meals, burning temperature and time, and degree of lime saturation. Electron and optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis and high-temperature microphotometry were the methods used for characterization of belite clinkers. It was discovered that the quickly-burnt belite clinker has unexpectedly lower hydraulic activity with respect to the longer-time burnt, recrystallized clinker. The reason could be little contamination of its crystal lattice by secondary oxides as determined by electron microanalysis.

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Liu, Yan Jun, and Yong Chao Zheng. "Mineral Waste Coupled with Boron Oxide for Producing Active Belite Cement Clinker." Applied Mechanics and Materials 405-408 (September 2013): 2564–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.405-408.2564.

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This paper presents a laboratory study on active belite cement clinker using boron oxide as dopant to stabilize high temperature phases of Dicalcium silicate (C2S), and mineral waste as siliceous materials in complete replacement of clay. The clinker samples were soaked in Muffle Furnace at different burning temperatures and for various time durations, and then, cooled down to room temperature using air blower. Quantitative X-ray Diffraction analysis (QXRD) by Rietveld method indicates that major mineral components are Dicalcium Silicate (C2S), Ferrite (C2 (A0.48F1.52) O5) and trace amount of Tricalcium Silicate (C3S) in the cement clinkers. Among them, Dicalcium silicate is over 85 percent, Ferrite around 10 percent and Tricalcium silicate less than 10 percent. Thermogravimetric and Differential Scanning Calorimetric (TGA-DSC) spectrum shows that there is no significant phase change while cement clinker was cooling down, which means significant amount of high temperature polymorphic C2S was stabilized during cooling process. It is agreeable with the results from QXRD analysis. Specifically, among polymorphic belite phases, αH-C2S accounts for around 66% of cement clinker, and αL-C2S for about 22% of cement clinker. In addition, massive belite phase was identified by Scanning Electronic Microscope (SEM) analysis and Light Microscopy analysis. At last, the mechanical tests on active belite cement show that active belite cement clinker has a slow strength development at early ages, but rapid strength gain at 28 days in comparison with belite clinker without adding boron oxide. Thus, this active belite cement clinker demonstrates very promising prospect in sustainable cement industry development. Keywords: Active Belite Cement Clinker; Doped; Boron Oxide; αH-C2S; αL-C2S; Strength Development

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Staněk, Theodor, Martin Boháč, and Petr Sulovský. "Chemical Activation of Dicalcium Silicate and its Use for Cement Production." Advanced Materials Research 1151 (March 2019): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1151.17.

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In this work, it was found out that dicalcium silicate doped with SO3 shows higher hydraulic activity compared to pure dicalcium silicate. This finding was used to prepare and optimize high-belite cement from SO3 doped clinkers. The belite cement exhibited the same technological parameters, including short-term strengths, as ordinary Portland cement with a high content of tricalcium silicate. The clinker for belite cement is environmentally and economically advantageous. It is possible to burn the clinker at a temperature of 100 °C lower than conventional clinker and with lower consumption of calcium carbonate. In particular, methods of optical and electron microscopy were used for the research.

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Zheng, Yong Chao, Qing Li, and Yan Jun Liu. "Mine Tailing as Alternative to Clay for Producing Belite Cement Clinker." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 2704–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.2704.

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In this study, with iron ore tailing as an alternative to clay, three belite cement clinker samples were prepared in a muffle furnace at 1400°C for 10, 20 and 30 minutes respectively. And calcium sulphate and calcium fluoride were used as composite mineralizer with attempt to decrease clinkering temperature and improve hydraulic activity of dicalcium silicate. QXRD analysis shows that the major mineral components of the clinker are dicalcium silicate,account for over 80% of clinker, and trace amount of tricalcium silicate and ferrite. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis indicates that mineral grains were growing with the prolonged soaking duration. EDS analysis identified that C2S has a Ca/Si ratio varying from 2.07 to 2.32. And XPS analysis shows substantial amount of S and F atoms indented on clinker surface. Using 4×4×16cm mortar specimen, the mechanical strength of belite cement with 5% gypsum addition was investigated based on Chinese National Standard. The testing results show that three belite clinkers give very promising strength development at early ages, and very high strength gain was achieved at 28 days. In addition, this belite cement has a Lime Saturation Factor (LSF) of 0.76, which make it have potential for significant CO2 emission reduction. Also, more than 35% iron ore tailing was exhausted for producing unit ton of belite cement clinker. High utilization rate leads to not only mineral waste exhaustion, also environmental improvement.

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Enríquez, M. K., J. I. Tobón, and J. H. Ramírez. "Use of industrial wastes for the synthesis of belite clinker." Materiales de Construcción 70, no. 339 (June 26, 2020): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/mc.2020.14219.

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The synthesis of belite clinker was studied using industrial wastes: paper sludge, cement kiln dust and rice husk ashes, as substitutes for natural raw materials. Wastes were characterized by XRF, XRD and TG analysis. Different formulations were prepared to produce clinker at 1300, 1350 and 1400 °C. The clinker obtained was characterized using optical microscopy, XRD and f-CaO content determined by ethylene glycol method. Finally, the hydration of prepared cements with the clinkers was evaluated by isothermal microcalorimetry. It was found that by mixing paper sludge, cement kiln dust and rice husk ashes, it is possible to obtain belite clinker with f-CaO content below 0.5%, in clinkering temperatures between 1350 °C and 1400 °C without the use of natural raw materials. It was found that these cements have a high hydration kinetic, far above the rate of Ordinary Portland Cement, due mainly by the amorphous phase content in clinkers obtained.

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Staněk, Theodor. "Potential Application of Belite Clinker." Advanced Materials Research 1000 (August 2014): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1000.7.

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Blended cements were prepared from belite clinker burned in a model kiln and ordinary industrial alite clinker. The mechanical and physical properties of these blended cements were determined. The difference in the development of hydration heat of belite and alite cements by using calorimetric method was determined also. The results show that strengths of prepared belite cement after 28 days of hydration are equal to those of industrial alite cement. Short time strengths are suitable for blended cements up to 30 % content of belite clinker. These results demonstrate the possibility of separate industrial belite clinker production next to common alite clinker manufactory and production of economically and ecologically advantageous blended Portland cements with suitable technological properties.

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Benmohamed, Mohamed, Rabah Alouani, Amel Jmayai, Abdesslem Ben Haj Amara, and Hafsia Ben Rhaiem. "Morphological Analysis of White Cement Clinker Minerals: Discussion on the Crystallization-Related Defects." International Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1259094.

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The paper deals with a formation of artificial rock (clinker). Temperature plays the capital role in the manufacturing process. So, it is useful to analyze a poor clinker to identify the different phases and defects associated with their crystallization. X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy was used to determine the clinker’s chemical composition. The amounts of the mineralogical phases are measured by quantitative XRD analysis (Rietveld). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to characterize the main phases of white Portland cement clinker and the defects associated with the formation of clinker mineral elements. The results of a study which focused on the identification of white clinker minerals and defects detected in these noncomplying clinkers such as fluctuation of the amount of the main phases (alite (C3S) and belite (C2S)), excess of the free lime, occurrence of C3S polymorphs, and occurrence of moderately-crystallized structures are presented in this paper.

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Dolenec, Sabina, Katarina Šter, Maruša Borštnar, Klara Nagode, Andrej Ipavec, and Lea Žibret. "Effect of the Cooling Regime on the Mineralogy and Reactivity of Belite-Sulfoaluminate Clinkers." Minerals 10, no. 10 (October 15, 2020): 910. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10100910.

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This study investigated the influence of different cooling regimes on the microstructure and consequent reactivity of belite-sulfoaluminate clinkers. The cement clinkers were synthesized by incorporating secondary raw materials, such as titanogypsum and bottom ash, to the natural raw materials. Clinker phases were determined by Rietveld quantitative phase analysis, while the distribution morphology and the incorporation of substitute ions in the phases were characterized by scanning electron microscopy using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). Clinker reactivity was studied using isothermal calorimetry and was additionally investigated through compressive strength, which was determined for the cement prepared from the synthesized clinkers. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that, as well as the three main phases (belite, calcium sulfoaluminate, and ferrite), the clinkers contained additional minor phases (mayenite, gehlenite, arkanite, periclase, and perovskite), the ratios of which varied according to the cooling regime utilized. Microscopic observations indicated that the cooling regime also influenced the crystal size and morphology of the main phases, which consequently affected clinker reactivity. Furthermore, a smaller amount of substitute elements was incorporated in the main phases when cooling was slowed. Results showed that, in comparison to clinkers cooled at slower rates, air quenched clinkers reacted faster and exhibited a higher compressive strength at 7 days.

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Žibret, Lea, Katarina Šter, Maruša Borštnar, Mojca Loncnar, and Sabina Dolenec. "The Incorporation of Steel Slag into Belite-Sulfoaluminate Cement Clinkers." Applied Sciences 11, no. 4 (February 19, 2021): 1840. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11041840.

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The potential use of steel slag from treated steel slag in belite-sulfoaluminate cements was investigated in this study. Cement clinkers with two phase compositions were synthesized, allowing the incorporation of different amounts of steel slag. The phase composition and microstructure of cement clinkers at three different sintering temperatures were studied by X-ray powder diffraction and the Rietveld method, as well as scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectrometry. The results showed that the targeted phase composition of clinkers was achieved at a sintering temperature of 1250 °C. However, a higher amount of perovskite instead of ferrite was detected in the clinker with a higher content of Ti-bearing bauxite. Apart from the main phases, such as belite, calcium sulfoaluminate, and ferrite, several minor phases were identified, including mayenite, perovskite, periclase, and alkali sulfates. In both clinker mixtures, a higher content of MgO in the steel slags resulted in the formation of periclase. Furthermore, the hydration kinetics and compressive strength at 7 and 28 days were studied in two cements prepared from clinkers sintered at 1250 °C. As evidenced by the results of isothermal calorimetry, the hydration kinetics were also influenced by the minor clinker phases. Cement with a higher content of calcium sulfoaluminate phase developed a higher compressive strength.

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10

Kramar, S., L. Žibret, E. Fidanchevska, V. Jovanov, B. Angjusheva, and V. Ducman. "Use of fly ash and phosphogypsum for the synthesis of belite-sulfoaluminate clinker." Materiales de Construcción 69, no. 333 (February 8, 2019): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/mc.2019.11617.

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Fly ash and phosphogypsum were used as Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) by-products for the synthesis of belite-sulfoaluminate clinkers. The influence of raw mixture composition and firing temperature was investigated. Clinkers and cements were examined by X-ray powder diffraction and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The compressive strength of the cements was determined after 28 days. Clinker phases identified included ye’elimite, ß-phase of belite, ternesite and gehlenite, while the main hydration product of the cement pastes was ettringite. The results showed that belite-sulfoaluminate cements can be fabricated with a compressive strength of 45.9 N/mm2 by firing the raw mixture (70 wt.% marl, 10 wt.% bauxite and 20 wt.% phosphogypsum) at a temperature of 1320°C/1h.

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11

Liu, Yan Jun, and Yong Chao Zheng. "Active Belite Cement Clinker Produced with Mineral Waste." Advanced Materials Research 610-613 (December 2012): 2378–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.2378.

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This paper presents a laboratory study on active belite cement linker using mineral waste as one of the major raw meal components. The main chemical component of mineral waste employed in this study is silica (SiO2), around 70%. The raw meals were soaked in Muffle Furnace at 1350oC for 10 minutes and 20minutes respectively, then, cooled down to room temperature using air blower. Boron Oxide was used to stabilize high temperature phases of C2S. QXRD analysis indicates that active belite cement clinker has major mineral components consisting of Dicalcium Silicate (C2S), Ferrite (C2 (A0.48F1.52) O5) and trace amount of Tricalcium Silicate (C3S). Among them, Dicalcium silicate is over 85 percent, Ferrite around 10 percent and Tricalcium silicate less than 10 percent. Also, significant amount of high temperature polymorphic C2S was stabilized under room temperature. Among polymorphic belite phases, αH-C2S accounts for around 66% of cement clinker, and αL-C2S for about 22% of cement clinker. Scanning Eαlectronic Microscope (SEM) analysis also shows coαnsiderable round grains of C2S. TGA-DSC spectrum indicated there is no significant phase change while cement clinker was cooling down. Also, the mechanical tests on active belite cement show that active belite cement clinker has a slow strength development at early ages, but rapid strength gain over 70Mpa at 28 days. Thus, this active belite cement clinker demonstrates very promising prospect in sustainable cement industry development.

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12

Huang, Yong Bo, Shou De Wang, Yan Ting Zhao, Chen Chen Gong, and Ling Chao Lu. "Influence of CaF₂ on the Formation Kinetics of Belite-Calcium Barium Sulphoaluminate Cement Clinker." Applied Mechanics and Materials 541-542 (March 2014): 118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.541-542.118.

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This paper studies the formation dynamics of belite-calcium barium sulphoaluminate cement clinker with and without CaF2. The results suggest that, under the condition of the experimental preparation process, the formation process of belite-calcium barium sulphoaluminate cement clinker is controlled by diffusion mechanism in the temperature range of 1250-1380¡æ and the formation dynamics fits nicely with D4̍́˽̂ځ˿̃˽˸́˽ځ˹2/3=kt. Apparent activation energy was calculated to be 250 kJ·mol-1and 195 kJ·mol-1 for sample clinker without and with 0.6% CaF2 content. It is concluded that CaF2 contributes a lot to the reduction in energy consumption during the process of sintering belite-calcium barium sulphoaluminate cement clinker.

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13

Ben Addi, K., A. Diouri, N. Khachani, and A. Boukhari. "Mineralogical stabilization of Ternesite in Belite Sulfo-Aluminate Clinker elaborated from limestone, shale and phosphogypsum." MATEC Web of Conferences 149 (2018): 01073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814901073.

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This paper investigates the mineralogical evolution of sulfoaluminate clinker elaborated from moroccan prime materials limestone, shale and phosphogypsum as a byproduct from phosphoric acid factories. The advantage of the production of this type of clinker is related to the low clinkerisation temperature which is known around 1250°C, and to less consumption quantity of limestone thus enabling less CO2 emissions during the decarbonation process compared to that of Portland cement. In this study we determine the stability conditions of belite sulfoaluminate clinker containing belite (C2S) ye’elimite (C4A3$) and ternesite (C5S2$). The hydration compounds of this clinker are also investigated. The monitoring of the synthesized and hydrated phases is performed by X-Ray Diffraction and Infrared spectroscopy. The results show the formation of ternesite at 800°C and the stabilization of clinker containing y’elminite, belite and ternesite at temperatures between 1100 and 1250°C.

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Mohaček-Grošev, Vlasta, Marija Đuroković, and Aleksandar Maksimović. "Combining Raman Spectroscopy, DFT Calculations, and Atomic Force Microscopy in the Study of Clinker Materials." Materials 14, no. 13 (June 30, 2021): 3648. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14133648.

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Raman spectroscopy and Raman mapping analysis, combined with density functional theory calculations were applied to the problem of differentiating similar clinker materials such as alite and belite. The Portland cement clinker 217 (further: clinker) was analysed using colocalised Raman mapping and atomic force microscopy mapping, which provided both spatial and chemical information simultaneously. The main constituents found in the clinker were alite, belite, portlandite, amorphous calcium carbonate, and gypsum. Since phonon bands of alite and belite greatly overlap, and their distinction is important for the hydration process during cement setting, we provided the calculated phonon density of states for alite Ca3SiO5 (<M>Pc structure) and belite Ca2SiO4 (β P21/n structure) here for the first time. Both calculated phonon densities have similar distribution of phonon modes, with a gap between 560 and 810 cm−1. A comparison of the calculated phonon frequencies for Ca3SiO5 and Ca2SiO4 shows that the lowest calculated phonon frequency of β-Ca2SiO4 lies at 102 cm−1, while for <M>Pc alite the lowest phonon frequency is predicted at 27 cm−1. Low frequency Raman spectroscopy could therefore be used for a clearer distinction of these two species in a clinker material.

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Ji, Dao Peng, Su Hua Ma, and Wei Feng Li. "Synthesis of Belite-Ye’elimite-Ternesite Cement Clinker." Materials Science Forum 1036 (June 29, 2021): 223–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1036.223.

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Belite - ye’elimite - ternesite (BYT) cement clinker has attracted much attention due to its advantages of wide range of raw materials, low energy consumption and low carbon emission compared with ordinary portland cement (OPC). In this experiment, chemical reagents were used as raw materials. The effects of calcination temperature and calcination time on clinker synthesis were studied. The best sintering temperature was determined by sintering in rang of 1150-1300°C (setting a temperature point every 30 °C), and then the samples were sintering for 1-6 hours (setting every hour) to determine the best sintering time. The stable condition of the BYT clinker was determined. The phase composition and microstructure of cement clinker were analyzed by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) Rietveld refinement and Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the desired clinker could be obtained by sintering at 1210°C for 2 hours. In the presence of C4A3$, the hydration of C5S2$ was accompanied by the formation of gypsum and the precipitation of ettringite.

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Zucchini, Azzurra, Paola Comodi, Alessandro Di Michele, Riccardo Vivani, Lucia Mancini, Gabriele Lanzafame, Serena Casagrande, et al. "Effect of the Nano-Ca(OH)2 Addition on the Portland Clinker Cooking Efficiency." Materials 12, no. 11 (June 2, 2019): 1787. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12111787.

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A new technology was tested to improve the cooking efficiency of the raw mixture for Portland clinker production by the use of nano-Ca(OH)2. A decrease in the free lime concentration after the firing of approximately 35% and 55% in the nano-added clinkers burned at 1350 °C and 1450 °C, respectively, with respect to the standard Portland clinkers was observed. Moreover, in the nano-added clinkers, a slight decrease in alite (C3S), of approximately 2–4 wt%, and increase in belite (C2S), of approximately 5–6 wt%, were observed. Despite these variations, the C2S and C3S abundance lies within the ranges for standard Portland clinkers. The results showed that the nano-addition leads to an increase of the raw mixtures’ cooking efficiency. The relatively low energy required for the clinker firing could be used to increase the plant productivity and decrease the CO2 emissions during clinker burning. The decrease of the work index of the clinkers produced by the use of the nano-Ca(OH)2 also contributes to the energy saving during clinker grinding. Differences were also found in the pore size distribution among nano-added clinkers and the standard Portland clinker. The smallest porosities with the modal volume lying in the class of 3 × 10−6 mm3 were found to increase by the use of nano-Ca(OH)2. However, the pore volumes higher than 2.0 × 10−5 mm3 decreased in the nano-added clinkers.

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Kurokawa, Daisuke, Kenichi Honma, Hiroshi Hirao, and Koichiro Fukuda. "Quality design of belite–melilite clinker." Cement and Concrete Research 54 (December 2013): 126–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2013.09.004.

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Zhao, Yan Ting, Xi Chen, Ling Chao Lu, Yong Bo Huang, and Jie Zhang. "Determination of Tricalcium Silicates Crystal Forms in Belite-Barium Calcium Sulphoaluminate Cement." Applied Mechanics and Materials 541-542 (March 2014): 204–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.541-542.204.

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Chemical method of extraction was adopted in the study, and aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide and sucrose (KOSH) was used to obtain the clinker rich in silicate phases (alite and belite) in order to get the crystal forms of tricalcium silicates (C3S) in the belite-barium calcium sulphoaluminate cement clinker. The crystal forms of C3S were finally determined by XRD (X-ray diffraction) spectrums through its characteristic windows of the diffraction spectrums. Results shows that, C3S exists in the innovative cement system mainly in the form of M1; C2.75B1.25A3can completely dissolve in KOSH solution while its dissolution is inhibited in the cement system; after KOSH treatment, diffraction peaks of C4AF disappear totally and peaks of C3A has weakened to great extent; for the cement clinker, the clinker ground for 90min has the best extraction rate.

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Su, Dunlei, Qiuyi Li, Yuanxin Guo, Gongbing Yue, and Liang Wang. "Effect of Residual CaSO4 in Clinker on Properties of High Belite Sulfoaluminate Cement Based on Solid Wastes." Materials 13, no. 2 (January 16, 2020): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13020429.

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The high belite sulfoaluminate cement (HBSAC) containing CaSO4, and without CaSO4, based on solid wastes were successfully prepared from petroleum coke desulfurization slag (PCDS), fly ash (FA), carbide slag (CS), and bauxite (BX). The mineral composition of clinkers after different calcination history were investigated by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD)/Quantitative X-ray diffraction (QXRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), so as to determine the calcination temperatures. The difference between residual CaSO4 and dihydrate gypsum (DG) and the optimal content of residual CaSO4 were discussed by studying the properties of HBSAC. The results revealed that the residual CaSO4 in clinker could replace DG to participate in hydration, and showed some advantages in strength and early hydration heat, but meanwhile increased the water requirement of normal consistency and hydration heat at 72 h, and prolonged the setting time. With the increase of residual CaSO4 content in clinker, the lower limit temperature of clinker formation gradually increased, and the crystal size of clinker minerals became finer and the boundary between crystals became more blurred. However, the optimal calcination temperature (1300 °C) of HBSAC clinker did not change. Considering the effect of residual CaSO4 content on the water requirement of normal consistency, setting time, hydration heat, strength, and hydration products, the optimal design content of residual CaSO4 in HBSAC clinker based on solid wastes, such as PCDS and FA, was 15%.

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Pinto, Andrés Felipe, Jorge Iván Tobón, Natalia Betancur-Granados, and Oscar Jaime Restrepo-Baena. "Evaluation of the reactivity of artificial mixtures of Portland cement clinker obtained by flame spray pyrolysis." Material Science Research India 16, no. 2 (May 25, 2019): 110–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/msri/160204.

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The Portland cement clinker consists of 95% calcium oxide, silicon, aluminium and iron and 5% impurities of magnesium, sodium, potassium, titanium, sulfur, phosphorus and manganese. From the combination of two or more of the main oxides, the constituents of the white clinker are formed, corresponding to alite(3CaO.SiO2 or C3S), belite (2CaO.SiO2 or C2S) and celite (Ca3Al2O6 or C3A), which give cement its characteristic properties. The fundamental properties of cement are its mechanical resistance, chemical resistance, the speed of reaction with water and the heat given off in hydration. In this work, the reactivity of an artificial mixture of white clinker, formed from alite, belite and celite prepared by flame spray pyrolysis was evaluated. The phases were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and microcalorimetry, to evaluate their formation and reactivity. The characterization showed that during the synthesis of belite, a greater amount of the polymorph alpha was produced, with some impurities. On the other hand, the synthesis of celite allowed the production of the polymorph CII. The reactivity was evaluated by microcalorimetry.

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Zhao, Pi Qi, Wen Zong, Shou De Wang, Gui Yun Wang, and Ling Chao Lu. "Performance of Belite-Barium Calcium Sulphoaluminate Cement Prepared by Substituting Fly Ash for Clay." Advanced Materials Research 306-307 (August 2011): 1066–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.306-307.1066.

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The mineral structure and performance of belite-barium calcium sulphoaluminate cement clinkers were investigated by petrographic analysis, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The experimental results showed that the minerals of calcium barium sulphoaluminate (C2.75B1.25A3) and C2S could coexist in the belite-barium calcium sulphoaluminate cement clinker, and the optimal sintering temperature was 1380°C, at which, more C2.75B1.25A3was formed, well developed and also evenly distributed in the optimal sintering condition. If the sintering temperature exceeded 1380°C, the decomposition of C2.75B1.25A3 would speed up and the C3S became inactivate for its excessive development. In the optimal sintering condition, the compressive strength of the prepared cement at 3, 7, 28 d were 32.6, 47.9, 88.5 MPa respectively, which exhibited excellent mechanical properties.

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Fukuda, K., S. Ito, and H. Taguchi. "Thermoelasticity of belite in Portland cement clinker." Cement and Concrete Research 28, no. 8 (August 1998): 1141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0008-8846(98)00085-4.

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Qin, Shou Wan, Jian Jun Shen, Hui Fen Wang, and Zhao Ran Xiao. "Utilization of Blast Furnace Slag, Steel Slag in the Production of Clinker." Materials Science Forum 743-744 (January 2013): 334–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.743-744.334.

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The study on the use of blast furnace slag, steel slag and fly ash as raw materials to produce cement clinker has been carried out in the present investigation. The burnability of raw meal was determined by the linear shrinkage and free lime content of clinkers sintered at different temperatures. The microstructrue and properties of raw meal and clinker were investigated by the means of chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction and petrographic analysis. The physical and mechanical performance of cement was tested according to the standards. The results showed that the burnability was good as the free lime content was lower than 0.5w% in the clinker sintered at 1350. It is believed that the nucleation of alite only needs to grow bigger and rearrange with the rising temperature. The micrograph of clinker sintered at 1450 showed that there were some garlands of belite crystals around alite crystals because of high temperature or the local reducing atmosphere caused by the compact raw meal. High-quality cement clinker with compressive strength of 60.4MPa was produced by utilizing limestone, blast furnace slag, steel slag and fly ash as raw materials after curing 28 days.

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Staněk, Theodor, and Petr Sulovský. "Mechanism of Immobilization of Toxic Elements in Special Binders." Advanced Materials Research 1124 (September 2015): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1124.3.

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The paper deals with development of cementitious binders that would be able to efficiently immobilize toxic elements contained in various types of wastes. The basic component of the proposed binders are clinkers with phosphorus incorporated into the structure of clinker silicates, mixtures of cement with ash containing hydroxylapatite and belite-rich clinkers activated with sulfate anions. The prepared binders were mixed with water doped with various toxic elements; after a defined period of cement stone hydration the test beams were subjected to long-term testing of leachability of individual toxic elements. The research methods involved besides leaching tests also optical and electron microscopy.

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Jiao, You Zhou, Pan Ding, and Shuang Li Du. "Study on Pulverized Combustion Boiler Co-Generation Belite Q-Phase Cement Clinker from Coal." Advanced Materials Research 472-475 (February 2012): 1598–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.472-475.1598.

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Taking Changguang high-sulfur coal and Yanzhou low-sulfur coal as experimental coal types, carrying out the experiment of Q-phase cement clinker co-generated from coal on two-stage polyphase reaction setup and conducting XRD analysis on the mineral composition in co-generation clicker sample, the result shows that the major mineral species in compositions of co-generation clinker are 2CaO•SiO2 and Q-phase. Taking one 330MW machine set 1004 (t.h-1) pulverized coal combustion boiler as analysis object, this paper carries out the preliminary analysis of the economic benefits that it may bring to power plant and cement enterprise by using co-generation technology. The analysis indicates that the objective boiler adopting belite Q-phase cement clinker technology, on the whole estimate of the resourceful benefit of coal fly ash and SO2 emission reduction benefit, the economic benefit of power plant obtained is 25,870 thousand yuan per year. The economic benefit cement enterprise obtained by using Belite Q-phase cement clinker to advance capacity is 40,581 thousand yuan per year.

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Clarizka, Cynthia, Agus Prasetya, and Indra Perdana. "Influence of Calcium/Silica Ratio on the Formation Belite Cement Clinker from Geothermal Sludges." Materials Science Forum 948 (March 2019): 249–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.948.249.

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Cement industry is seeking alternative raw material and process to reduce the energy consumption and environmental impacts from conventional cement manufacture. This paper describes process of belite cements synthesis. Geothermal sludges, an undesired waste from Dieng Geothermal Power Plant as amorphous silica source and calcium hydroxide were used to form belite cement at elevated temperatures. Experimental results showed that principal phase of belite cement (larnite or β-Ca2SiO4) was formed at temperature as low as 800 °C. Thus, the geothermal silica is shown to be very promising starting material for the low-temperature production of belite cement.

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Su, Dunlei, Gongbing Yue, Qiuyi Li, Yuanxin Guo, Song Gao, and Liang Wang. "Research on the Preparation and Properties of High Belite Sulphoaluminate Cement (HBSAC) Based on Various Industrial Solid Wastes." Materials 12, no. 9 (May 9, 2019): 1510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12091510.

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In this study, a variety of industrial solid wastes, including petroleum coke desulfurization slag, fly ash and carbide slag with natural resource bauxite, were used as raw materials to prepare high belite suphoaluminate cement, which contains a certain CaSO4 content without adding natural gypsum to the clinker. The sintering temperature, mineral composition, and the physical and mechanical properties of the cement clinkers were investigated. The techniques adopted included a comprehensive thermal analysis (DSC-TG), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results revealed that it is completely feasible to prepare high belite sulphoaluminate cement with the various industrial solid wastes mentioned above and the utilization rate of the solid wastes is up to 80%. The sintering temperature ranges from 1225 °C to 1350 °C, and the optimal sintering temperature is approximately 1300 °C. The clinkers prepared at 1300 °C set and harden quickly and have a slightly higher water requirement of normal consistency. The mechanical strength is greatly affected by the CaSO4 and 3CaO·3Al2O3·CaSO4 contents and the most reasonable CaSO4 content is 15%.

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Maki, I., S. Ito, T. Tanioka, Y. Ohno, and K. Fukuda. "Clinker grindability and textures of alite and belite." Cement and Concrete Research 23, no. 5 (September 1993): 1078–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(93)90167-8.

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Magrla, Radek, Dominik Gazdič, Karel Kulísek, and Karel Dvořák. "Belit Cement Based on Concrete Recyclate." Key Engineering Materials 722 (December 2016): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.722.163.

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Main phase of belite cement is β-C2S. This modification is distinguished by low hydration speed compared to alite, which is main mineral of commonly produced cement. It is possible to increase the low hydration speed by modification of raw mixture by potassic ions, which basically change the belite structure. It leads to the content increase of internal free energy and therefore its reactivity too. Positioning of potassic ions in produced clinker is solved by combined burning.

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Telesca, Antonio, Thomas Matschei, and Milena Marroccoli. "Study of Eco-Friendly Belite-Calcium Sulfoaluminate Cements Obtained from Special Wastes." Applied Sciences 10, no. 23 (December 3, 2020): 8650. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10238650.

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Belite-calcium sulfoaluminate (BCSA) cements are special binders obtained from non-Portland clinkers; they have become increasingly more important due to their environmental impact during the manufacturing process compared to Portland cements, such as lower energy consumption and CO2 emissions. The aim of this paper was to assess the possible use of titanogypsum (T) and water potabilization sludge (W) to reduce the amount of natural raw materials (natural gypsum and clay, respectively) used in the production of BCSA cements. Three BCSA clinker generating raw mixes, containing T and/or W, and a reference mix based only on natural materials (limestone, clay, bauxite and natural gypsum) were heated in an electric furnace at temperatures ranging from 1200 to 1350 °C. Quantitative X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of the burnt products showed high conversion of reactants towards the main hydraulically active BCSA clinkers components (C2S and C4A3$), particularly at temperatures of 1300 and 1350 °C. Isothermal calorimetric measurements, differential thermal–thermogravimetric and XRD analyses as well as porosimetric measurements showed that all BCSA cements, from mixing the clinkers (at optimum temperatures) with commercial anhydrite, exhibited similar hydration behavior.

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Miryuk, O. A. "Thermal Transformations of the Technogenic Component of the Cement Raw Material Mixture." Ecology and Industry of Russia 24, no. 4 (April 24, 2020): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2020-4-36-41.

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There are presented the results of physicochemical studies of the composition and thermal transformations og large-tonnage wastes of beneficiation of scarnified-magnetite ores from Kazakhstan. To determine the composition of materials and thermal transformations, the following methods were used: X-ray phase analysis, differential-thermal analysis, Mцssbauer and infrared spectroscopy. There was revealed the stepwise nature of the transformation of anthropogenic material during roasting, due to polymineral composition of ore beneficiation. It has been established that the chemical-mineral characteristics of natural silicates determine the formation processes and properties of clinker phases. An integrated approach to the study of technogenic raw materials allowed not only to substantiate the possibility and expedience of using scarnified-magnetite ore beneficiation wastes in cement production, but also to determine the preference for the phase composition of cement clinker. Research result from the basis for the development of low-energy cement clinkers with a high content of belite phase.

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Goswami, G., and J. D. Panda. "Application of XRD in a rapid quality control system of cement." Powder Diffraction 14, no. 2 (June 1999): 114–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0885715600010393.

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The present paper establishes that the ratio between the XRD pulse counts of cement clinkers at d=0.278 and 0.274 nm bears a distinct relationship with the degree of sintering of the clinker, which is one of the factors that determine the cement quality. The paper also presents a rapid and accurate method for predicting both 3- and 28-day compressive strength (CCS) of cement mortar cubes based on XRD of the cement clinkers. The method is based on an index Xn derived from the XRD pulse counts at d=0.2959 and 0.287 nm corresponding to alite (hkl=202) and belite (hkl=102) phases of the clinker, respectively. The regression equation derived for a particular plant is (1) 3 day CCS=Xn×240 kg/cm2, when Xn<1 and 240+26 (Xn−1) kg/cm2, when Xn>1, where Xnmaximum=5.5. (2) 28 day CCS=C+C×In/100, where C=3 days CCS estimated by XRD (1), In=90−10Xn, where Xnmax=5.5. Calculated CCS values, in average, vary from the conventional test values by +5.9% to −5.4% and +3.8% to −3.5% in cases of 3- and 28-day CCS, respectively.

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Miryuk, О. А. "Activation of cement clinker with high content of belite." Kompleksnoe Ispolʹzovanie Mineralʹnogo syrʹâ/Complex Use of Mineral Resources/Mineraldik Shikisattardy Keshendi Paidalanu 2, no. 313 (June 15, 2020): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31643/2020/6445.15.

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Zapata, Aída, and Pedro Bosch. "A Combustion Method to Synthesize a Belite Cement Clinker." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 93, no. 4 (April 2010): 987–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2009.03536.x.

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Kacimi, Larbi, Angélique Simon-Masseron, Souria Salem, Abdelhamid Ghomari, and Zoubir Derriche. "Synthesis of belite cement clinker of high hydraulic reactivity." Cement and Concrete Research 39, no. 7 (July 2009): 559–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2009.02.004.

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Staněk, Theodor, Alexandra Rybová, Anežka Zezulová, and Martin Boháč. "Formation of Clinker Containing Lithium." Materials Science Forum 955 (May 2019): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.955.50.

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Nowadays, in industrial production, lithium consumption is strongly increasing and it can be assumed that waste material with an increased content of this metal could also appear. One of the most important sectors where different types of waste can be utilized is the cement industry. Therefore, it is desirable to monitor the influence of lithium on formation and properties of the clinker. In the presented work, this effect was monitored in laboratory conditions up to 5 wt.% Li2O. X-ray diffraction, DTA and optical microscopy were employed as research methods. Among other things, it has been found that Li2O causes the decomposition of the alite, the major clinker phase, to a microcrystalline mixture of belite and free lime, depending on its content and clinker cooling rate.

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Hamzaoui, Rabah, and Othmane Bouchenafa. "Equivalent Cement Clinker Obtained by Indirect Mechanosynthesis Process." Materials 13, no. 21 (November 9, 2020): 5045. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13215045.

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The aim of this work is to study the heat treatment effect, milling time effect and indirect mechanosynthesis effect on the structure of the mixture limestone/clay (kaolinite). Indirect mechanosynthesis is a process that combines between mechanical activation and heat treatment at 900 °C. XRD, TGA, FTIR and particle size distribution analysis and SEM micrograph are used in order to follow thermal properties and structural modification changes that occur. It is shown that the indirect mechanosynthesis process allows the formation of the equivalent clinker in powder with the main constituents of the clinker (Alite C3S, belite C2S, tricalcium aluminate C3A and tetracalcium aluminoferrite C4AF) at 900 °C, whereas, these constituents in the conventional clinker are obtained at 1450 °C.

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38

Strigáč, Július. "Effect of Selected Alternative Fuels and Raw Materials on the Cement Clinker Quality." Selected Scientific Papers - Journal of Civil Engineering 10, no. 2 (November 1, 2015): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sspjce-2015-0020.

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Abstract The article deals with the study of the effects of alternative fuels and raw materials on the cement clinker quality. The clinker quality was expressed by the content of two principal minerals alite C3S and belite C2S. The additions of alternative fuels ashes and raw materials, in principle, always increased the belite content and conversely reduced the amount of alite. The alternative fuels with high ash content were used such as the meat-bone meal, sewage sludge from sewage treatment plants and paper sludge and the used alternative raw materials were metallurgical slags - granulated blastfurnace slag, air cooled blastfurnace slag and demetallized steel slag, fluidized bed combustion fly ash and waste glass. Meat-bone meal, sewage sludge from sewage treatment plants and paper sludge were evaluated as moderately suitable alternative fuels which can be added in the amounts of 2.8 wt. % addition of meat-bone meals ash, 3.64 wt. % addition of sewage sludge ash and 3.8 wt. % addition of paper sludge ash to the cement raw mixture. Demetallised steel slag is suitable for production of special sulphate resistant cement clinker for CEM I –SR cement with addition up to 5 wt. %. Granulated blastfurnace slag is a suitable alternative raw material with addition 4 wt. %. Air cooled blastfurnace slag is a suitable alternative raw material with addition 4.2 wt. %. Waste glass is not very appropriate alternative raw material with addition only 1.16 wt. %. Fluidized bed combustion fly ash appears not to be equally appropriate alternative raw material for cement clinker burning with less potential utilization in the cement industry and with addition 3.41 wt. %, which forms undesired anhydrite CaSO4 in the cement clinker.

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Yao, Wu, Qiao Ling, and Meng Xue Wu. "Preparation and Composition Optimization of Low-CO₂-Emission Cement Containing Belite, Calcium Sulfoaluminate and Ferrite." Key Engineering Materials 727 (January 2017): 1067–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.727.1067.

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Cement clinker with low CO2 emission was prepared in laboratory, which mainly consist of belite (C2S), calcium sulfoaluminate (C4A3S), and ferrite (C4AF). The mineral composition of clinker was optimized for better compressive strength development. The chemical and physical properties of this prepared cement were characterized through X-ray diffraction (XRD), back scattered electron-scanning electron microscopy (BSE-SEM) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The results reveal that C4A3S governs most of the compressive strength at early ages, while C2S contributes to the later strength development. C4AF is in liquid when fired to 1300°C, beneficial to the mass transfer but causing high crystallinity of C2S when excessive. Finally the results of experiments suggest that the optimal composition of clinker is 50wt. % C2S, 40wt. % C4A3S and 10wt. % C4AF.

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Gazdič, Dominik, Marcela Fridrichová, Karel Dvořák, Adéla Halešová, and Dalibor Všianský. "Influence of Firing Regime and Potassium Ions on Synthetic Preparation of Belite Clinker." Solid State Phenomena 296 (August 2019): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.296.64.

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The study of the influence of selected temperature regime and potassium ions on the process of synthesis of belite (2CaO·SiO2, C2S) was carried out. The basic raw material was calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and amorphous silica (SiO2). The dosage of both components was based on the stoichiometric ratio of CaO:SiO2 in belite. The modification of the raw meal was carried out in the form of potash, K2O. Potash was dosed in the form of potassium carbonate, K2CO3, and potassium sulfate, K2SO4. The firing process was performed in a superkanthal furnace with two temperature modes, firing temperature: 1150 °C / 3 hours soaking and 1450 °C / 5 hours soaking. The evaluation performed by the experiment was based on mineralogical analysis by XRD analysis.

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Lan, Ming Zhang, Bin Feng Xiang, Jian Feng Wang, Xu Dong Zhao, and Xiao Ying Wang. "Effect of Anhydrite on the Early Hydration Performance of Rapid Setting and Hardening Belite Sulfoaluminate Cement." Materials Science Forum 898 (June 2017): 1990–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.898.1990.

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In order to investigate the early hydration behavior of rapid setting and hardening belite sulfoaluminate cements, the methods of X-ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscope, Compressive Strength test and Setting Times test were used to identify and quantify the hydration kinetics and microstructure of this new-found cements in China. The results showed that the main mineral compositions of high belite sulfoaluminate cement clinker included calcium sulfoaluminate (4CaO·3Al2O3·CaSO4), belite (2CaO·SiO2), ferrite phase, free gypsum and free lime. It was found that not only the setting time and compressive strength but also the composition of hydration products were influenced by anhydrite to some extent. Meanwhile, a mass of AFt and AFm generated along with the hydration process at different ages, overlapped, crossed and penetrated through calcium silicate hydrate gel and aluminum oxide to form a relatively dense structure which could contribute to the high strength of cement.

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42

Maki, I., K. Fukuda, T. Imura, H. Yoshida, and S. Ito. "Formation of belite clusters from quartz grains in portland cement clinker." Cement and Concrete Research 25, no. 4 (May 1995): 835–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(95)00074-m.

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Kwon, Woo Teck, Young Phil Kim, Y. Kim, Soo Ryong Kim, and Seong Youl Bae. "Effect of Pair-Mineralizer on the Reaction of Alite and Calcium Langbeinite Formation." Materials Science Forum 510-511 (March 2006): 622–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.510-511.622.

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This paper investigates the effect of the pair-minerializer (CaSO4,-CaF2) on the reaction of alite, belite and calcium langbeinite formation with different alkali and sulfate contents. A set of clinker samples was prepared by adding laboratory grade reagents of (NH4)2SO4, CaF2 and K2CO3 to the cement raw mixes. The mineralogical composition of clinker was analyzed by X-ray powder diffraction, and the quantity of minerals was evaluated by using TOPAS software. As the experimental results, the total amount of calcium silicate minerals was rapidly increased with the addition of F and SO3 components simultaneously as pair-mineralizer with K2O more than the value which mineralizer was added separately. Also, in the case of adding K2O only to the raw mixes, the amount of alite is decreased after clinkering. However, if alkali (K2O) and pair-minerializer (CaSO4,-CaF2) were added simultaneously, the quantity of alite and calcium langbeinite mineral increased because of the formation of stable clinker minerals by the reaction of alkali (K2O) and sulfate.

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Julphunthong, Phongthorn, Thanet Thongdetsri, and Thanakorn Chompoorat. "Stabilization of Soft Bangkok Clay Using Portland Cement and Calcium Sulfoaluminate-Belite Cement." Key Engineering Materials 775 (August 2018): 582–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.775.582.

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The present study investigates the mechanical properties of soft Bangkok clay which was stabilized by ordinary Portland cement and calcium sulfoaluminate-belite (CSAB) cement. The CSAB cement was synthesized by using several types of industrial waste materials such as marble dust waste and flue gas desulfurization gypsum. The raw materials were mixed in designed proportion and calcined at 1,250 °C for 2 hours. The X-ray diffraction patterns suggested the clinker consists of ~58% of ye'elimite and ~35% of belite. The slurry soft Bangkok clay with liquidity index of 1.0, 1.3 and 1.5 was stabilized with ordinary Portland cement and CSAB cement in the range of 5 - 20%. Based on the laboratory study, mechanism of rising unconfined compressive strength results which soft clay stabilized with CSAB cement could observe from Scanning Electron Microscope images.

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Kurokawa, Daisuke, Hideto Yoshida, and Koichiro Fukuda. "Crystallization of belite–melilite clinker minerals in the presence of liquid phase." Cement and Concrete Research 60 (June 2014): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2014.03.006.

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Gong, Yongfan, Jianming Yang, Haifeng Sun, and Fei Xu. "Effect of Fly Ash Belite Cement on Hydration Performance of Portland Cement." Crystals 11, no. 7 (June 25, 2021): 740. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11070740.

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Fly ash belite cement is a green, low carbon cementitious material, mainly composed of hydraulic minerals of dicalcium silicate and calcium aluminate. In this study, we used fly ash belite cement to control the setting time, hydration heat, strength, composition and microstructure of hydration products in Portland cement. Results showed that incorporating fly ash belite cement into Portland cement can shorten the setting time, accelerate hydration reaction speed, enhance early hydration heat release rate of silicate minerals and reduce total hydration heat. Moreover, replacing composite cement with 30% FABC causes the 90 d compressive strength of pastes and mortars to reach 107 and 46.2 MPa, respectively. The mechanical properties can meet the requirements of P·F 42.5 cement. During the hydration reaction process, clinker and Portland cement have a synergistic hydration effect. Notably, hydration of fly ash belite cement promotes the formation of C-S-H gel, Ettringite and calcium hydroxide, thereby significantly enhancing long-term strength. With the increase of FABC contents, the long-term strength would be improved with the densification of hydration products. The porosity has a great influence on the strength, and the high porosity was the main cause of the low early strength of FABC pastes. FABC and its composite cement show promise for mass concrete applications and can be applied as a setting agent for Portland cement.

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Gazdič, Dominik, Marcela Fridrichová, and Iveta Hájková. "Study of Increasing of Belite Reactivity." Advanced Materials Research 897 (February 2014): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.897.9.

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Within the research at Institute of Technology of Building Materials and Components the questions of belite cement hydration speed improvement have been solved for a long time. In comparison with common Portland cements (alite type) these cements obtain almost identical final properties but the main shortage of them due to which they are not practically produced is their very low hydration process speed and thus insufficient initial strength for construction practice. A development of lower hydration heat is another difference of the belite cement from common Portland cements. In case of concreting of massive constructions as for example water dams this can be perceived as an important benefit, however in case of concreting during cold season of the year this appears as a definite negative. The belite cement also shows a lower inclination to concrete efflorescence and higher strength to aggressive environment due to lower CaO content. Both of the properties can be definitely understood as benefits compared to orthodox alite clinker. The raw material base of belite cements require less lime than production of common Portland cements and on that ground the implementation of its production would be a positive benefit for ecology in sense of CO2 emission reduction and also in improvement of economy of non-renewable raw material sources. The raw material is burnt to lower temperature than alite cement resulting in lower CO2 emission released in the atmosphere during the cement production. In addition at reduction of the temperature for more than 100 °C also heat consumption is reduced for 10 to 14 %, which has positive economical and ecological effects due to lower consumption of fuels. Within the research focussed on improvement of belite cement properties the study of hydration process course and technological properties of belite (C2S) prepared using low-energy burning modes was the aim of the research.

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Guo, Wei, Jialin Qiu, Qin Chen, Xiao Wang, and Tao Yang. "Low-Temperature Calcination of Belite-Calcium Sulphoaluminate Cement Clinker and the Hydration Process." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 33, no. 12 (December 2021): 04021350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0003984.

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Bouregba, A., A. Diouri, F. Amor, H. Ez-zaki, and O. Sassi. "Valorization of glass and shell powders in the synthesis of Belitic clinker." MATEC Web of Conferences 149 (2018): 01021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814901021.

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In recent years, waste recycling has become a key issue in construction materials science for achieve the goal of sources of raw materials. The aim of this study is to use waste glass as source of SiO2 oxide and mussel shells consisting essentially of calcium carbonate as starting materials to synthesize belite rich cement. The elaborated clinker is chemically and structurally related to β-Ca2SiO4, by heat solid state activation. After grinding, the raw materials are mixed and heated up to 1050°C. The samples are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transformed Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The mechanical strength of some sample was measured for 28 and 72 days. The results show the different mineralogical stapes of formation of clinker, the state reaction method allows the elaboration of a cementitious material by a simple heat treatment at relatively low temperature and low release of CO2. The hydration products are also identified by XR diffraction at 2, 7, 28 and 72 days.

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Marszałek, Mariola, Krzysztof Dudek, and Adam Gaweł. "Cement Render and Mortar and Their Damages Due to Salt Crystallization in the Holy Trinity Church, Dominicans Monastery in Cracow, Poland." Minerals 10, no. 7 (July 20, 2020): 641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10070641.

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The investigations focused on the façade of the 17th-century Myszkowskis chapel at the 13th-century Church of the Holy Trinity in Cracow, Poland. Most of the chapel’s façade is made of rusticated limestone blocks, but its lower part is covered with cement render, and the basement consists of irregular pieces of limestone and sandstone, bound and partly replaced with cement mortar. The façade exhibited clearly visible damages: gray soiling of the surface, cracks, scaling, and efflorescence. The study presents characteristics of the cement render and mortar used for stone repair and/or substitution, as well as efflorescence from the lower part of the Myszkowskis chapel façade. The materials were analyzed with optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS), Raman microspectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry (XRPD), and mercury intrusion porosimetry. The analyses demonstrated that the render covering some of the decayed limestone blocks was prepared using Portland cement (residual clinker grains represent alite and belite) as a binding agent, mixed with crushed stone as an aggregate. The cement mortar consisted of rounded quartz grains, rock fragments, and feldspars in very fine-grained masses of calcite and gypsum, also containing relics of cement clinker (alite, belite, ferrite, and aluminate). All these components point out the use of the ordinary Portland cement. Analyses of the efflorescence allowed us to distinguish several secondary salts, among others, thenardite, aphthitalite, and darapskite. The appearance of these phases is related to the composition and physicochemical properties of the building materials, atmospheric alteration agents, air pollution, and some other anthropogenic factors.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Belite clinker'

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