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Journal articles on the topic 'Belizean literature'
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1
De Shield, Christopher, and Gerardo Polanco. "Succouring an Ixtabai: Zee Edgell’s Deployment of Belizean Folklore in The Festival of San Joaquin (1997)." Revista Canadiense de Estudios Hispánicos 44, no. 1 (May 22, 2021): 23–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18192/rceh.v44i1.5899.
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While folklore is often used in Belizean literature, it is generally treated there in one of two ways: infantilized as ghost story - told expressly for fascinating children - or in novel retellings - for the preservation of tradition. The Festival of San Joaquin, by celebrated Belizean author Zee Edgell, treats her recurring thematic and social concerns while deploying folkloric figures as an organizing motif in a novel way for Belizean literature; she offers a reworking of folklore that aspires toward recuperative ‘active myth.’ Exploration of her work might reveal it as amenable to an indigenous archetypal criticism, but such a criticism can only contribute to efforts at decolonization should it interrogate its own problematic adoption of folkloric figures whose indigenous origins have been obscured in the post-colonial era.
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Balam, Osmer, Ana de Prada Pérez, and Dámaris Mayans. "A congruence approach to the study of bilingual compound verbs in Northern Belize contact Spanish." Spanish in Context 11, no. 2 (September 5, 2014): 243–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sic.11.2.05bal.
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Attested in a wide variety of contact situations, bilingual compound verbs (BCVs) have baffled linguists, as they are innovative hybrid constructions that appear superfluous. In the current study, we examine BCVs in Northern Belize, where Spanish/English language alternation occurs alongside the pervasive use of Belizean Kriol, Belize’s lingua franca. We analyze Northern Belize code-switchers’ acceptability judgments and use of BCVs in oral production to determine whether stativity and/or verb frequency constrain the incorporation of BCVs as previously contended. The quantitative analysis of acceptability judgments and 553 canonical BCVs from 25 adolescent and 18 post-adolescent speakers revealed that BCVs are not constrained by stativity or verb frequency. We contend that although there are syntactic constraints, bilinguals’/multilinguals’ use of their linguistic resources is largely dependent on social factors (Sebba 1998). In the case of Northern Belize, where speakers do not perceive code-switching as illegitimate but rather embrace it and associate it with their mixed, multiplex identity, positive attitudes to non-standard varieties may have paved the way for the ubiquitous use of BCVs. The availability of a native Spanish/Mayan BCV model may have also catalyzed the process. BCVs in Northern Belize merit further investigation as they are innovative structures with Creoloid features that reflect code-switchers’ creative ability to capitalize on structural parsimony.
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SWANSON, DANIEL R., and STEPHEN W. III CHORDAS. "Annotated list of the assassin bugs (Heteroptera: Reduviidae) of Belize, with the description of two new species." Zootaxa 4500, no. 3 (October 16, 2018): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4500.3.7.
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Fifty-one species of Reduviidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) are recorded from Belize; literature citations are provided where relevant, and specimen data are included for examined material. Thirteen previously-described species are reported from Belize for the first time, ten of which represent new generic records: Eupheno histrionicus Stål, 1862 (Cetherinae); Ghinallelia signoreti (Dohrn, 1860) (Emesinae); Rasahus albomaculatus (Mayr, 1865) (Peiratinae); Leogorrus interruptus Champion, 1899; Microlestria laevis Champion, 1899; Nalata quadrituberculata Champion, 1899; Nalata setulosa Stål, 1862; Pseudozelurus superbus (Champion, 1899); Zelurus spinidorsis (Gray, 1832) (all Reduviinae); Oncerotrachelus conformis Uhler, 1894; Saica fuscipes Stål, 1862 (both Saicinae); Gnathobleda litigiosa Stål, 1862; and Stenopoda wygodzinskyi Giacchi, 1969 (both Stenopodainae). Among the ten subfamilies reported, Belizean records for one subfamily, Saicinae, are reported for the first time. Accompanying the checklist are the descriptions of Castolus omega Swanson sp. nov. (Harpactorinae) and Pygolampis aptena Swanson sp. nov. (Stenopodainae).
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Ingle, Kyle, Cynthia T. Thompson, and Zipporah W. Abla. "An exploration of preferred teacher characteristics and hiring tools in Belize." Journal of Educational Administration 56, no. 4 (July 2, 2018): 414–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jea-05-2017-0051.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to answer the following research questions: what characteristics do key Belizean educational leaders value in teacher applicants and why? What hiring tools do they use to ascertain whether teacher applicants have the characteristics they prefer?Design/methodology/approachThe authors utilized a mixed-methods approach drawing upon three data sources – face-to-face interviews with Belizean educational leaders, field notes, and government documents. A card sorting activity of applicant characteristics and tools was embedded into the interview.FindingsInformants preferred motivation, caring, subject matter knowledge, and teaching skills. Intelligence was perceived as a potentially negative characteristic unless coupled with other characteristics, such as strong teaching skills, motivation, and caring or the umbrella of other characteristics, such as content knowledge or university training/credentialing. Professional characteristics, such as where one went for teacher training and academic performance, were perceived as having less relative importance than personal characteristics. Least important were applicant demographics. Consistent with the extant literature, Belizean informants perceived the interview, evidence of prior experience, and certification as the most important tools in vetting and hiring applicants.Research limitations/implicationsThe exploratory study is limited by the small sample of informants, but provides insights into preferences for applicant characteristics and hiring tools in an understudied international context. This study informs future research that may seek to survey representative samples of various stakeholder groups (i.e. general managers and principals) for their preferences in applicant characteristics and hiring tools from across Belizean schools and educational providers.Originality/valueThe study adds to limited research on preferred teacher characteristics among educational leaders responsible for hiring and/or working with teachers and to the limited international educational leadership research.
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Mano, Avekadavie Parasramsingh. "An Innovative Approach to Sex Trafficking Research: The Methodological Advancement of Attride-Stirling’s Thematic Network Analysis." International Annals of Criminology 55, no. 1 (May 2017): 40–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cri.2017.4.
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AbstractResearch into sex trafficking is considerably lacking despite its increasing global relevance. The trafficking in human beings has been documented within the literature as a form of modern-day slavery. It is commonly described as a form of organized crime that is highly profitable, involving the active participation of corrupt officials, politicians, financial institutions and criminal networks that facilitate document forgery, illegal border crossings, money laundering and the return of escaped victims. This paper discusses the thematic network analysis of recently collected qualitative data on sex trafficking in Belize. Jennifer Attride-Stirling’s (2001) thematic network analysis was applied to data gathered from face-to-face, semi-structured interviews with four distinct groups within the sex industry: sex traffickers, sex workers, clients and knowledgeable locally based officials Given the expansive nature of this research, thematic network analysis has been advanced to accommodate the specificities of each group, creating what has been termed here as asupra-global theme. This innovative approach facilitates the emergence of a deeper, more pertinent understanding of the intrinsic realities characteristic of Belize’s sex industry and may be applied to similar multi-group research.
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KITLV, Redactie. "Book Reviews." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 78, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2004): 123–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002521.
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-Chuck Meide, Kathleen Deagan ,Columbus's outpost among the Taínos: Spain and America at La Isabela, 1493-1498. New Haven CT: Yale University Press, 2002. x + 294 pp., José María Cruxent (eds)-Lee D. Baker, George M. Fredrickson, Racism: A short history. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002. x + 207 pp.-Evelyn Powell Jennings, Sherry Johnson, The social transformation of eighteenth-century Cuba. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2001. x + 267 pp.-Michael Zeuske, J.S. Thrasher, The island of Cuba: A political essay by Alexander von Humboldt. Translated from Spanish with notes and a preliminary essay by J.S. Thrasher. Princeton NJ: Markus Wiener; Kingston: Ian Randle, 2001. vii + 280 pp.-Matt D. Childs, Virginia M. Bouvier, Whose America? The war of 1898 and the battles to define the nation. Westport CT: Praeger, 2001. xi + 241 pp.-Carmelo Mesa-Lago, Antonio Santamaría García, Sin azúcar no hay país: La industria azucarera y la economía cubana (1919-1939). Seville: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Sevilla y Diputación de Sevilla, 2001. 624 pp.-Charles Rutheiser, Joseph L. Scarpaci ,Havana: Two faces of the Antillean Metropolis. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002. x + 437 pp., Roberto Segre, Mario Coyula (eds)-Thomas Neuner, Ottmar Ette ,Kuba Heute: Politik, Wirtschaft, Kultur. Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Vervuert, 2001. 863 pp., Martin Franzbach (eds)-Mark B. Padilla, Emilio Bejel, Gay Cuban nation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001. xxiv + 257 pp.-Mark B. Padilla, Kamala Kempadoo, Sun, sex, and gold: Tourism and sex work in the Caribbean. New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 1999. viii + 356 pp.-Jane Desmond, Susanna Sloat, Caribbean dance from Abakuá to Zouk: How movement shapes identity. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2002. xx + 408 pp.-Karen Fog Olwig, Nina Glick Schiller ,Georges woke up laughing: Long-distance nationalism and the search for home. Durham NC: Duke University Press, 2001. x + 324 pp., Georges Eugene Fouron (eds)-Karen Fog Olwig, Nancy Foner, From Ellis Island to JFK: New York's two great waves of immigration. Chelsea MI: Russell Sage Foundation, 2000. xvi + 334 pp.-Aviva Chomsky, Lara Putnam, The company they kept: Migrants and the politics of gender in Caribbean Costa Rica, 1870-1960. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002. xi + 303 pp.-Rebecca B. Bateman, Rosalyn Howard, Black Seminoles in the Bahamas. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2002. xvii + 150 pp.-Virginia Kerns, Carel Roessingh, The Belizean Garífuna: Organization of identity in an ethnic community in Central America. Amsterdam: Rozenberg. 2001. 264 pp.-Nicole Roberts, Susanna Regazzoni, Cuba: una literatura sin fronteras / Cuba: A literature beyond boundaries. Madrid: Iberoamericana/Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Vervuert, 2001. 148 pp.-Nicole Roberts, Lisa Sánchez González, Boricua literature: A literary history of the Puerto Rican Diaspora. New York: New York University Press, 2001. viii + 216 pp.-Kathleen Gyssels, Ange-Séverin Malanda, Passages II: Histoire et pouvoir dans la littérature antillo-guyanaise. Paris: Editions du Ciref, 2002. 245 pp.-Sue N. Greene, Simone A. James Alexander, Mother imagery in the novels of Afro-Caribbean women. Columbia MO: University of Missouri Press, 2001. x + 215 pp.-Gert Oostindie, Aarón Gamaliel Ramos ,Islands at the crossroads: Politics in the non-independent Caribbean., Angel Israel Rivera (eds)-Katherine E. Browne, David A.B. Murray, Opacity: Gender, sexuality, race, and the 'problem' of identity in Martinique. New York: Peter Lang, 2002. xi + 188 pp.-James Houk, Kean Gibson, Comfa religion and Creole language in a Caribbean community. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2001. xvii + 243 pp.-Kelvin Singh, Frank J. Korom, Hosay Trinidad: Muharram performances in an Indo-Caribbean Diaspora.Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003. viii + 305 pages.-Lise Winer, Kim Johnson, Renegades: The history of the renegades steel orchestra of Trinidad and Tobago. With photos by Jeffrey Chock. Oxford UK: Macmillan Caribbean Publishers, 2002. 170 pp.-Jerome Teelucksingh, Glenford Deroy Howe, Race, war and nationalism: A social history of West Indians in the first world war. Kingston: Ian Randle/Oxford UK: James Currey, 2002. vi + 270 pp.-Geneviève Escure, Glenn Gilbert, Pidgin and Creole linguistics in the twenty-first century. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, 2002. 379 pp.-George L. Huttar, Eithne B. Carlin ,Atlas of the languages of Suriname. Leiden, The Netherlands: KITLV Press/Kingston: Ian Randle, 2002. vii + 345 pp., Jacques Arends (eds)
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MARTIN, JON H. "Whiteflies of Belize (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Part 1 introduction and account of the subfamily Aleurodicinae Quaintance & Baker." Zootaxa 681, no. 1 (October 12, 2004): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.681.1.1.
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A field survey of sternorrhynchous Hemiptera in Belize, principally conducted within the Chiquibul Forest Reserve, has revealed in excess of 180 species of whiteflies, over 40 of which belong to the subfamily Aleurodicinae. Provided here are a key to all the neotropical genera of Aleurodicinae, an illustrated account of all definable Belize species of Aleurodicinae, and a review of literature that is relevant to systematic studies of New World species in both whitefly subfamilies. Four appendices provide a check list of Belize members of the Aleurodicinae, a list of their known host plants in Belize, a list of nomenclatural changes proposed by this work, and a protocol for the field collection and subsequent laboratory preparation of whitefly specimens. As detailed in Appendix 3, this account proposes one revised subfamilial placement, three new generic synonymies, six new specific synonymies and 12 new combinations; 18 new species are here described.
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Duncan, Philippa. "Isolating small Belize banks from the global system." Managerial Finance 45, no. 2 (February 11, 2019): 263–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mf-11-2017-0475.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to increase insights into the withdrawal of correspondent banks (CBs) from developing markets. Design/methodology/approach A case study of a small offshore bank in Belize was conducted using information collected from the bank’s CEO and compliance officer through semi-structured interviews. The interview data were triangulated with data from relevant laws in Belize and literature review. Findings Compliance with international standards is onerous on small banks, but necessary to level the playing field and protect the global system. Practices within small banks effectively combat money laundering, but remain unsung because size and geographic location of banks influence perceptions about the banks. The approach to de-risking was overreaching and unfair. Research limitations/implications The findings are specific to one offshore bank, but create awareness of Belize banking practices to mitigate money laundering risks. The results could influence regulators, international organizations and CBs to pierce through to the bank level to assess risks and determine CB relationships. Originality/value This is the first study providing firsthand accounts of efforts by a small Belize bank to comply with international standards and remain connected to the global financial system. The study highlights a critical weakness in employing a risk-based approach to rate banks.
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Townsend, Cliff, and Bruce Allen. "A Checklist of the Mosses of Belize." Bryophyte Diversity and Evolution 15, no. 1 (December 31, 1998): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/bde.15.1.9.
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A survey of the limited literature on the mosses of Belize and an examination of various taxonomic revisions has been made, together with many recent collections giving rise to a list of 250 species and 13 varieties. Extensive nomenclatural changes have been made since the older contributions came into print, so that the present list will serve as a basis for future recording.
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Portillo Reyes, Hector Orlando. "LA MOSKITIA HONDUREÑA, EL LÍMITE MÁS AL NORTE DE LA DISTRIBUCIÓN ACTUAL DEL OSO HORMIGUERO GIGANTE (Myrmecophaga tridactyla)." Revista Mexicana de Mastozoología (Nueva Epoca) 4, no. 2 (December 15, 2014): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/ie.20074484e.2014.4.2.195.
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RESUMENEl oso hormiguero gigante también conocido en Centro América como oso caballo (Myrmecophaga tridactyla), es una de las especies carismáticas del mundo. Se ha documentado en la literatura que los límites de la distribución más septentrional para esta especie son Belice y Guatemala. El mapa de su distribución para Centro América da inicio en toda la franja Caribe de Panamá e incluye todo el territorio de Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador y una mínima porción de la costa del Caribe de Guatemala y Belice. Sin embargo, M. tridactyla no se registra en los últimos 100 años para Guatemala, Belice y El Salvador. En Honduras se realizaron diferentes monitoreos en la región Caribe y Moskitia registrándose fotocapturas del oso caballo únicamente en la Reserva de la Biosfera del Río Plátano y la Reserva propuesta de Rus Rus. Este análisis propone como límite septentrional de la distribución del M. tridactyla la región de la Moskitia hondureña, basados en la ausencia de esta especie en los listados actuales oficiales de los países de Guatemala, El Salvador y Belice, en la revisión bibliográfica para Centro América y en los monitoreos que se realizaron en la región Caribe y Moskitia hondureña. Palabras clave: Centro América, oso caballo, septentrional, Caribe, Moskitia.ABSTRACTThe giant anteater also known in Central America as oso caballo (Myrmecophaga. tridactyla), is one of the world’s charismatic species. It has been mentioned for different sources that giant anteater most northern limit distributions are Belize and Guatemala. The distribution map for Central America begins and extends throughout the Caribbean of Panama and includes the entire territory of Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador and a minimal portion of the Caribbean coast of Guatemala and Belize. However M. tridactyla is not recorded in the last 100 years in Guatemala, Belize and El Salvador. In Honduras several biological monitoring were performed in the Caribbean and the Moskitia region recorded evidence for the specie only for the Biosphere Reserve of Río Plátano and the biological Reserve of Rus Rus in the Moskitia region. This analysis propose as most northerly for M. tridactyla the Honduran Moskitia region, based in the absence on the most recent check list for Guatemala, El Salvador, and Belize, also literature review for Central America and the biological monitoring performed in the Caribbean and Moskitia region. Keywords: Central America, giant anteater, Northern, Caribbean, Moskitia.
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Canché-Estrada, Idalia Arely, Juan Javier Ortiz-Díaz, and Juan Tun-Garrido. "Floristic affinities of the lowland savannahs of Belize and southern Mexico." PhytoKeys 96 (March 21, 2018): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.96.20097.
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Environmental heterogeneity of Belize and southern Mexico savannahs as well as their geographical location suggest that these plant communities share floristic elements, making them conducive to a phytogeographical analysis. The aim of this study was to analyse the floristic affinities of nine savannahs of Belize and southern Mexico and to explain the similarities and differences amongst them. A binary data matrix containing 915 species was built based on the authors’ own collections and on nine floristic lists already published. A second data matrix, consisting of 113 species representing trees, was also used since most literature on neotropical savannahs has focused on this life form. In addition, the ten most species-rich families as well as the characteristic species present in more than five savannahs were analysed. Floristic similarities were calculated using the Jaccard index. Dendrograms obtained in both types of analysis showed clusters with low similarity values, corresponding to geographic locations formed by the savannahs of Belize-Tabasco and the Yucatan Peninsula. The floristic affinities of the savannahs may be explained in terms of heterogeneity in climate and physiography. The Yucatan Peninsula and Belize-Tabasco groups have differences in climate type and the amount of rainfall. In addition, the Yucatan Peninsula savannahs are established at the bottom of karstic valleys, while the Belize and Tabasco savannahs develop on extensive flatlands. The savannahs of Oaxaca have the same climate type and amount of rainfall as those of the Yucatan Peninsula but they are distributed along peaks and the slopes of shale hills. Fabaceae and Poaceae mainly dominated the local floras with 121 and 116 species each; remarkably, Melastomataceae was absent in the Yucatan Peninsula and Oaxaca. Nine species occurred in five to seven savannahs, confirming that they are widespread in both Belize and southern Mexico, and the Neotropics. Geographic location and floristic affinities of the nine savannahs support, to some extent, three different biogeographic provinces.
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Lundgren, Nancy, and Mark Moberg. "Citrus, Strategy, and Class: The Politics of Development in Southern Belize." Antioch Review 51, no. 1 (1993): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4612682.
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Verver, Michiel, David Passenier, and Carel Roessingh. "Contextualising ethnic minority entrepreneurship beyond the west." International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 25, no. 5 (August 13, 2019): 955–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-03-2019-0190.
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Purpose Literature on immigrant and ethnic minority entrepreneurship almost exclusively focusses on the west, while neglecting other world regions. This neglect is problematic not only because international migration is on the rise outside the west, but also because it reveals an implicit ethnocentrism and creates particular presumptions about the nature of ethnic minority entrepreneurship that may not be as universally valid as is often presumed. The purpose of this paper is to examine ethnic minority entrepreneurship in non-western contexts to critically assess two of these presumptions, namely that it occurs in the economic margins and within clear ethnic community boundaries. Design/methodology/approach The authors draw on academic literature (including the authors’ own) to develop two case descriptions of ethnic minority entrepreneurship outside the west: the Mennonites in Belize and the Chinese in Cambodia. For each case, the authors describe the historic entrepreneurial trajectory, i.e. the historical emergence of entrepreneurship in light of relevant community and society contexts. Findings The two cases reveal that, in contrast to characterisations of ethnic minority entrepreneurship in the west, the Mennonites in Belize and the Chinese in Cambodia have come to comprise the economic upper class, and their business activities are not confined to ethnic community boundaries. Originality/value The paper is the first to elaborate the importance of studying ethnic minority entrepreneurship outside the west, both as an aim in itself and as a catalyst to work towards a more neutral framework.
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Hageman, Jon B. "THE LINEAGE MODEL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA IN LATE CLASSIC NORTHWESTERN BELIZE." Ancient Mesoamerica 15, no. 1 (January 2004): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536104151043.
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Central topics of anthropological study from the 1940s through the 1970s, kinship and lineage became largely discredited during the 1980s. Recent scholarship, however, has indicated that kinship and lineage, when considered as the products of social activity, can make important contributions to studies of living and past populations. This paper explores lineage as a model of social organization distinguished by specific activities practiced by members of Late Classic Maya social groups. This model is derived from cross-cultural literature on lineages, but practices associated with lineage organization are historically and culturally specific. A suite of archaeological correlates, based on practices endemic to the Late Classic Maya, is evaluated against a test case from northwestern Belize. The implications of a landscape populated by lineages during the Classic period argue that archaeological investigations of hinterland areas are an important complement to more traditional studies focused on nucleated site centers.
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FENTON, M. B., E. BERNARD, S. BOUCHARD, L. HOLLIS, D. S. JOHNSTON, C. L. LAUSEN, J. M. RATCLIFFE, D. K. RISKIN, J. R. TAYLOR, and J. ZIGOURIS. "The bat fauna of Lamanai, Belize: roosts and trophic roles." Journal of Tropical Ecology 17, no. 4 (July 2001): 511–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467401001389.
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Thirty-six of the 70 species of bats known from Belize were recorded from the area around Lamanai, Orange Walk County: two in roosts and 34 in about 680 mist net hours that produced 560 captures. Day roosts used by 35 of the species were located using radio-tracking (Sturnira lilium, Platyrrhinus helleri, Centurio senex and Bauerus dubiaquercus) or general searching for roosts (Rhynchonycteris naso, Saccopteryx bilineata, Saccopteryx leptura, Dicli durus albus, Mimon bennettii, Micronycteris schmidtorum, Carollia brevicauda, Carollia perspicillata and Eptesicus furinalis). Data on the day roosts of 23 other species were determined from the literature. Most species reported from Lamanai (19) roosted in hollows, while others used foliage (6), tents (3), sheltered sites (2), crevices (2), open sites (1), and a few species used more than one type of day roost (hollows and crevices (1); hollows and foliage (1); hollows, foliage and tents (1)). The fauna consisted of 13 aerial foragers, 9 gleaners, 11 fruit/leaf eaters, one trawler, one flower-visitor and one blood-feeder. In day roost use and foraging behaviour, the Lamanai fauna did not differ significantly from that of Paracou, French Guiana, but both these locations differed from the bat fauna of Kruger National Park, South Africa, in foraging behaviour.
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Balam, Osmer, and María del Carmen Parafita Couto. "Adjectives in Spanish/English code-switching." Spanish in Context 16, no. 2 (August 27, 2019): 194–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sic.00034.bal.
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Abstract The current study investigates DP-internal adjectives in Spanish/English code-switching (CS). Specifically, we analyze two concomitant phenomena that have been previously investigated; namely, the distributional frequency and placement of adjectives in mixed determiner phrases (DPs). A total of 1680 DPs (477 monolingual Spanish and 1203 Spanish/English DPs), extracted from sociolinguistic interviews with 62 consultants from Northern Belize, were quantitatively examined. This paper is the first of its kind to examine adjectives in the innovative Spanish/English CS variety of Northern Belize, an understudied context where bilingual CS has thrived among younger generations. The distributional and statistical analyses revealed that the avoidance of Spanish attributive adjectives and overt gender marking is a distinguishing characteristic of mixed DPs but not monolingual Spanish DPs, a finding that supports Otheguy and Lapidus’ (2003) adaptive simplification hypothesis. In terms of adjective placement, both the Matrix Language Frame model and the Minimalist approach to CS were able to account for mixed noun-adjective DPs, with the exception of a few cases that could only be predicted by the former model. The present analysis highlights the pivotal role that simplification and convergence play in code-switchers’ optimization of linguistic resources in bi/multilingual discourse.
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Morgan, Paul Marcel. "Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in a 68-Year-old Hyperglycemic Female Patient: Case Report and Literature Review." International Journal of Medical Students 7, no. 2 (August 31, 2019): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/ijms.2019.393.
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Background: While hyperglycemia is intimately associated with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus (DM), recent clinical studies have demonstrated that hyperglycemia is also present in the early acute phase of stroke and is associated with poor prognosis and increased long-term mortality. About half of patients with acute hemorrhagic stroke also present with hyperglycemia upon admission. But more than 50% of patients with acute hemorrhagic stroke develop hyperglycemia even without a previous history of DM. This sheds new light on the relationship between DM, hyperglycemia, and hemorrhagic stroke, with a pathophysiology that is perhaps more profound than is conventionally understood.
The Case: We report a case of a 68-year-old female, with a history of DM Type 2 and stage 3 hypertension who presents to the emergency room (ER) at the Western Regional Hospital in Belmopan City, Belize, with hemorrhagic stroke and hyperglycemia. Diffuse subarachnoid hemorrhage was found in the frontal, temporal, and parietal regions. Mild intraventricular hemorrhage was also observed in the frontal horns and basal cisterns. And small areas of intraparenchymal hemorrhage were present in the frontal lobes. The patient was stabilized and treated conservatively with calcium channel blockers, and diuretics.
Conclusion: Despite a unifying consensus that is still pending, maintaining glucose levels between 110-120 mg/dl by using continuous insulin infusions after traumatic brain injury or aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage may carry some clinical benefit with slightly improved outcome.
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Ofordeme, Ken G., Linda Papa, and Daniel F. Brennan. "Botfly myiasis: a case report." CJEM 9, no. 05 (September 2007): 380–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1481803500015360.
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ABSTRACT Cutaneous infestation by the human botfly, Dermatobia hominis, results in furuncular myiasis. This condition is endemic to the forested areas of Mexico, Central and South America. However, because of widespread travel, furuncular myiasis has become more common in North America. Misdiagnosis and mismanagement can occur owing to limited awareness of the condition outside endemic areas. To our knowledge, there is only a single report of botfly myiasis in the recent emergency medicine literature, which is surprising since the emergency department is likely to be the place many patients with this condition first seek attention. We present and discuss the case of a 50-year-old man with furuncular myiasis acquired in Belize. Parasitic infestation should be included in the differential diagnosis of a new skin lesion in patients who have travelled to endemic areas.
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Maia, Valéria Cid. "Coleopterous galls from the Neotropical region." Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 52, no. 15 (2012): 175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0031-10492012001500001.
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Data on Neotropical coleopterous galls were compiled from the literature, which showed that 82 galls have so far been recorded among 77 plant species. The Fabaceae and Asteraceae plant families display the greatest richness in galls. Most galls are induced on stems or buds, while leaves constitute the second most attacked plant organ. Only 16 coleopteran gallers have been identified at the species level; most records are presented at the order level. The identified species belong to four families: Apionidae, Buprestidae, Curculionidae and Erirhinidae. The galls are found in Argentina, Brazil, Belize, Chile, Colombia (probably), Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama and Venezuela. Eighteen species of Coleoptera are inquilines of galls and are associated with 18 plant species, most frequently with Asteraceae, Melastomataceae and Fabaceae. The inquilines were recorded mainly in leaf galls induced by Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). The identity of these weevils is poorly known. General data indicate a lack of taxonomic studies in the Neotropical region.
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Chase, Adrian S. Z., and John Weishampel. "Using Lidar and GIS to Investigate Water and Soil Management in the Agricultural Terracing at Caracol, Belize." Advances in Archaeological Practice 4, no. 3 (August 2016): 357–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/2326-3768.4.3.357.
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AbstractIn April 2009, a lidar survey flown by the National Center for Airborne Laser Mapping recorded 200 square kilometers of terrain that comprised the Classic Period Maya city of Caracol, Belize. The data revealed a highly manipulated landscape of dense settlement, agricultural terraces, and residential reservoirs. Literature on Maya agriculture has discussed the benefits of terraces in controlling soil erosion, retaining water, and managing the gravitational flow of water; however, until now these benefits have not been quantified or demonstrated on the ground at scale. This research utilizes these lidar data and data derivatives in order to test the degree to which the ancient Maya manipulated their environment and were able to support large-scale populations through their landscape management practices. As such, the research provides evidence supporting the significance of agricultural terraces and their impact on limiting soil erosion, increasing water retention, and permitting flow control over rainfall runoff. This research also highlights the conscious effort by the ancient Maya to manage the hydrology of their terraced landscape.
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RANDALL, JOHN E., and PHIILLIP S. LOBEL. "A literature review of the sponge-dwelling gobiid fishes of the genus Elacatinus from the western Atlantic, with description of two new Caribbean species." Zootaxa 2133, no. 1 (June 16, 2009): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2133.1.1.
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Nineteen species of the neotropical gobiid genus Elacatinus are currently known from the western Atlantic, six of which are closely associated with sponges. Elacatinus colini is described as a new species of sponge-dwelling goby from Belize and Islas de la Bahía, Honduras. Formerly regarded as a color variant of E. xanthiprora (Böhlke & Robins) from Florida, it is differentiated principally by having a white instead of bright yellow stripe on the body, and 17 or 18 vs. 19 or 20 pectoral-fin rays. A second new species, E. serranilla, also formerly identified as a color form of E. xanthiprora, is described from three specimens from the Serranilla Bank in the Caribbean Sea (15°50’N, 79°50’W) and one from Jamaica (formerly a paratype of E. xanthiprora). It is distinct in having 10 dorsal soft rays (vs. 11 or 12 for E. xanthiprora), a bluish white dorsolateral stripe and median rostral band, longer dorsal-fin spines, and longer dorsal and anal soft rays. Elacatinus xanthiprora is presently known from Dry Tortugas (type locality) north to Miami in the Atlantic, and north to 28°41’N, 83°45’W on the Gulf coast of Florida, where the largest specimen (ANSP 148926, 43.1 mm SL) was collected at a depth of 26 m. Specimens off the east coast of Nicaragua in 27 m, and from nearby Isla de Providencia in 3–13 m, also previously identified as E. xanthiprora, probably represent two different undescribed species. Additional collection of specimens from the latter two localities is recommended for details of life color and DNA analysis.
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Lima Silva, Luan Gabriel De, Daniela Cristina Ferreira, and Rogério Vieira Rossi. "Species diversity of Marmosa subgenus Micoureus (Didelphimorphia, Didelphidae) and taxonomic evaluation of the white-bellied woolly mouse opossum, Marmosa constantiae." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187, no. 1 (May 4, 2019): 240–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz023.
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Abstract Marmosa subgenus Micoureus contains six currently recognized species, distributed from southern Belize to northern Argentina. Although recent studies have demonstrated the monophyly of the subgenus, the species have not been recently revised. Except for M. phaea, we evaluated the species diversity in this subgenus of mouse opossums using integrated morphological, morphometric and molecular data, with emphasis on M. constantiae. We used a total of 700 specimens for morphological and morphometric analyses. For phylogenetic, species delimitation, molecular variance and population structuring analyses (the latter two only for M. constantiae), we used the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Morphometric variation patterns were evaluated through Principal Component Analysis and Discriminant Function Analysis. Our results indicate that there are seven species in our samples. Among the species analysed morphologically, some can be discriminated by craniodental measurements and all can be discriminated through morphology. Marmosa constantiae is polyphyletic, composed of two lineages, one of which is correctly named M. budini. Marmosa constantiae (s.s.) has a well-known genetic structure, with no clear geographic structure and no consistent morphological patterns. Several records of M. demerarae in the literature correspond to M. constantiae. Marmosa demerarae may thus represent a complex formed of at least two species.
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MCMAHAN, CALEB D., CHRISTOPHER M. MURRAY, AARON D. GEHEBER, CHRISTOPHER D. BOECKMAN, and KYLE R. PILLER. "Paraneetroplus synspilus is a Junior Synonym of Paraneetroplus melanurus (Teleostei: Cichlidae)." Zootaxa 2833, no. 1 (April 27, 2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2833.1.1.
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The genus Paraneetroplus (Teleostei: Cichlidae) currently consists of 11 species that naturally occur from southern Mexico south to Panama. Paraneetroplus melanurus (Günther 1862) is found in the Lago de Petén system of Guatemala, and P. synspilus (Hubbs 1935) in the Río Grijalva-Usumacinta system, and other systems in Mexico, Belize, and Guatemala. Reported morphological differences between the two nominal species in the literature are vague but center around characteristics of a dark band that begins at the caudal fin and tapers anteriorly near mid-body. This band is reported as straight (horizontal) in P. melanurus but ventrally sloped in P. synspilus. Some authors have previously suggested that these two forms are not distinct. The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic morphological comparison of P. melanurus and P. synspilus to further investigate their validity. We examined meristic, morphometric, and geometric morphometric characters and failed to recover diagnostic differences between these two forms. The characters proposed to separate them do not allow for their differentiation, and we conclude that P. synspilus is a junior synonym of P. melanurus. A re-description of P. melanurus is provided on the basis of existing type material and additional material recently collected.
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KITLV, Redactie. "Book Reviews." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 64, no. 3-4 (January 1, 1990): 149–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002021.
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-Mohammed F. Khayum, Michael B. Connolly ,The economics of the Caribbean Basin. New York: Praeger, 1985. xxiii + 355 pp., John McDermott (eds)-Susan F. Hirsch, Herome Wendell Lurry-Wright, Custom and conflict on a Bahamian out-island. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 1987. xxii + 188 pp.-Evelyne Trouillot-Ménard, Agence de Cooperation Culturelle et Technique, 1,000 proverbes créoles de la Caraïbe francophone. Paris: Editions Caribéennes, 1987. 114 pp.-Sue N. Greene, Amon Saba Saakana, The colonial legacy in Caribbean literature. Trenton NJ: Africa World Press, Inc. 1987. 128 pp.-Andrew Sanders, Cees Koelewijn, Oral literature of the Trio Indians of Surinam. In collaboration with Peter Riviére. Dordrecht and Providence: Foris Publications, 1987. (Caribbean Series 6, KITLV/Royal Institute of Linguistics anbd Anthropology). xiv + 312 pp.-Janette Forte, Nancie L. Gonzalez, Sojouners of the Caribbean: ethnogenesis and ethnohistory of the Garifuna. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1988. xi + 253 pp.-Nancie L. Gonzalez, Neil L. Whitehead, Lords of the Tiger Spirit: a history of the Caribs in colonial Venezuela and Guyana 1498-1820. Dordrecht and Providence: Foris Publications, 1988. (Caribbean Series 10, KITLV/Royal Institute of Linguistics and Anthropology.) x + 250 pp.-N.L. Whitehead, Andrew Sanders, The powerless people. London and Basingstoke: Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1987. iv + 220 pp.-Russell Parry Scott, Kenneth F. Kiple, The African exchange: toward a biological history of black people. Durham: Duke University Press, 1987. vi + 280 pp.-Colin Clarke, David Dabydeen ,India in the Caribbean. London: Hansib Publishing Ltd., 1987. 326 pp., Brinsley Samaroo (eds)-Juris Silenieks, Edouard Glissant, Caribbean discourse: selected essays. Translated and with an introduction by J. Michael Dash. Charlottesville, Virginia: The University Press of Virginia, 1989. xlvii + 272 pp.-Brenda Gayle Plummer, J. Michael Dash, Haiti and the United States: national stereotypes and the literary imagination. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1988. xv + 152 pp.-Evelyne Huber, Michel-Rolph Trouillot, Haiti: state against nation: the origins and legacy of Duvalierism. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1990. 282 pp.-Leon-Francois Hoffman, Alfred N. Hunt, Hiati's influence on Antebellum America: slumbering volcano of the Caribbean. Baton Rouge and London: Louisiana State University Press, 1988. xvi + 196 pp.-Brenda Gayle Plummer, David Healy, Drive to hegemony: the United States in the Caribbean, 1898-1917. Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1988. xi + 370 pp.-Anthony J. Payne, Jorge Heine ,The Caribbean and world politics: cross currents and cleavages. New York and London: Holmes and Meier Publishers, Inc., 1988. ix + 385 pp., Leslie Manigat (eds)-Anthony P. Maingot, Jacqueline Anne Braveboy-Wagner, The Caribbean in world affairs: the foreign policies of the English-speaking states. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1989. vii + 244 pp.-Edward M. Dew, H.F. Munneke, De Surinaamse constitutionele orde. Nijmegen, The Netherlands: Ars Aequi Libri, 1990. v + 120 pp.-Charles Rutheiser, O. Nigel Bolland, Colonialism and resistance in Belize: essays in historical sociology. Benque Viejo del Carmen, Belize: Cubola Productions / Institute of Social and Economic Research / Society for the Promotion of Education and Research, 1989. ix + 218 pp.-Ken I. Boodhoo, Selwyn Ryan, Trinidad and Tobago: the independence experience, 1962-1987. St. Augustine, Trinidad: ISER, 1988. xxiii + 599 pp.-Alan M. Klein, Jay Mandle ,Grass roots commitment: basketball and society in Trinidad and Tobago. Parkersburg, Iowa: Caribbean Books, 1988. ix + 75 pp., Joan Mandle (eds)-Maureen Warner-Lewis, Reinhard Sander, The Trinidad Awakening: West Indian literature of the nineteen-thirties. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1988. 168 pp.
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Ball, Joseph W., and Jennifer T. Taschek. "Sometimes a “Stove” is “Just a Stove”: A Context-Based Reconsideration of Three-Prong “Incense Burners” from the Western Belize Valley." Latin American Antiquity 18, no. 4 (December 2007): 451–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25478197.
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Among the most ubiquitous “functionally identifiable” archaeological artifacts found in the Belize Valley are so-called ceramic “censer horns” or “three-prong incensarios,” sometimes glossed in the literature as “chile mashers” or “pestles.” Since their original identifications in the 1920s, they generally have been regarded as incensarios—or ceremonial objects—and used regularly as indicators of private or public ritual activities. The authors have examined many of these sherds and the restorable vessels represented; adhering residues; the reported depositional contexts; and their functional contextual associations, and submit that the vessels, sherds, and formal types represented had little if anything to do with ceremonial activities, public or private, but were in fact portable domestic braziers or braseros, and are primarily indicative of household or personal domestic activities rather than personal, familial, or corporate ritual observances. In actuality, two distinct classes of three-horned burner stands do exist and can be distinguished by appearance, intactness, and context. We describe and discuss both classes, and reiterate that although previously used to identify household shrines, religious activities, or other ideo-ritual observances, the majority of these vessels had little or nothing to do with anything other than warming beanpots, beans, or hands, or keeping away biting insects.
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Ditter, Robert E., Luis M. Mejía-Ortíz, and Heather D. Bracken-Grissom. "Anchialine adjustments: an updated phylogeny and classification for the family Barbouriidae Christoffersen, 1987 (Decapoda: Caridea)." Journal of Crustacean Biology 40, no. 4 (July 2020): 401–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcbiol/ruaa037.
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Abstract Barbouriidae Christoffersen, 1987 is a family comprised of 4 genera and 11 species of enigmatic shrimps restricted to anchialine or marine caves whose evolutionary history and relationships remain elusive. We investigated the evolutionary relationships among members of Barbouriidae with the inclusion of four genera and nine species, and newly collected material from Belize, the Bahamas, and the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico. Phylogenetic analyses based on seven mitochondrial and nuclear gene regions and genetic distances calculated using partial 16S gene regions have identified a need to revisit the relationships and classification within Barbouriidae. More specifically, we find evidence to suggest Janicea Manning & Hart, 1984 as a junior synonym of Parhippolyte Borradaile, 1900, B. yanezi Mejía, Zarza & López, 2008 as a synonym of Barbouria cubensis (von Martens, 1872), and define two new subfamilies, Calliasmatinae Holthuis, 1973 and Barbouriinae Christoffersen, 1987. Included is a dichotomous key for the species of Barbouriidae that summarizes previous literature and includes new morphological characters. Our findings shed light on existing inaccuracies and gaps in molecular data from barbouriids. We also provide further clarity into evolutionary relationships among genera of Barbouriidae and their allies, suggesting phylogeographic divisions within the family. Our findings suggest an early Atlantic-Pacific divide among genera originating from a shallow-water reef ancestor.
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McAnany, Patricia A., and Ian Hodder. "Thinking about stratigraphic sequence in social terms." Archaeological Dialogues 16, no. 1 (June 2009): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1380203809002748.
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AbstractFor archaeologists, stratification is an important character of archaeological deposits. Through it, layering is discerned and cultural and evolutionary interpretations are proposed. Archaeologists possess much implicit knowledge about the social practices that produce stratigraphic sequence and the specific, contextualized manner in which layers were built upon or cut into previous deposits. The aim of this paper is to gather together and formalize this knowledge so as to codify conceptual ‘tools to think by’ when recording and interpreting stratigraphy. Relevant literature is widely dispersed and here can only be sampled; authors consider stratigraphy in terms of (1) techniques of terraforming, (2) processes enacted and (3) meaning and interpretation. Techniques and processes are discussed within larger social interpretations such as memory, history-building, forgetting, renewing, cleansing and destroying. Examples are drawn from the Turkish Neolithic site of Çatalhöyük and the ancestral Maya site of K'axob in Belize, Central America, to illustrate the applicability of an approach that here is called ‘social stratigraphy’. A practice-based history of stratigraphy – the recording and interpretation of strata – within archaeology is problematized in reference to codependence with geology, the deployment of labour and centralized authority within the emergent 19th- to early 20th-century field of archaeology. The contributions of and conflicts between British and American stratigraphic schools are considered in light of a potential rapprochement. Contested issues of cultural heritage – such as preservation of selected strata – suggest that thinking about stratigraphic sequence in social terms is more than an academic exercise.
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Muhammad Khalid Rashid, Abdul Basit, Tehmina Fiaz Qazi, and Abdul Aziz Khan Niazi. "Comprehensive Analysis of Tariff Barriers Worldwide: A Composite Assessment Approach." Journal of Accounting and Finance in Emerging Economies 7, no. 1 (January 26, 2021): 205–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.26710/jafee.v7i1.1583.
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International trade has fundamental importance for all the countries and the analysis concerning international trade particularly concerning tariff barriers is high on the agenda of researchers in the field of economics, business and politics. Aim of the study is to assess the world tariff barriers of 158 countries. Overall design of the study comprises of a crisp literature review, data extraction and analysis. It is a study of one hundred fifty-eight countries that uses secondary data taken from World Development Indicators (WDI) 2020. It uses Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) as research methodology. Results of GRA show that Macao SAR, China, Hong Kong, Singapore, Montenegro, Mauritius, Brunei Darussalam, Myanmar, Chile, Peru and Australia have relatively highest grey relational grades meaning thereby, low tariff trade barriers whereas Grenada, Antigua and Barbuda, Belize, Central African Republic, Nepal, Guinea-Bissau, Fiji, Gabon, Barbados, Djibouti, St. Kitts and Nevis have lowest grey relational grade meaning thereby, these countries have high level of tariff based barriers of international trade. Interestingly, all the member countries of European Union occupy the rank of 27 (i.e. all countries have the same rank) which can be explained in the perspective of their union of tariff. Since, they have uniformed tariff policy as against rest of the world, therefore, have same rank. It is a study based on reliable real time data set. The study has value for all stakeholders i.e. international community, local governments, society at large, policy makers, researchers and international institutions.
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Roessingh, Carel, and Michiel Verver. "When simplicity becomes complexity: negotiations between a Mennonite enterprising community and the Government of Belize." Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy ahead-of-print, ahead-of-print (February 8, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jec-09-2020-0166.
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Purpose A central theme in the literature on entrepreneurship in remote communities – be they religious, indigenous, rural or migrant communities – is the balance between continuity and change or tradition and modernity and the role of entrepreneurship in maintaining or uprooting this balance. The purpose of this paper is to examine this dynamic in the context of Springfield, a small settlement of Old Order Mennonites in Belize, Central America. Design/methodology/approach This study draws on ethnographic research conducted in the Mennonite settlement of Springfield, Belize, between 2002 and 2019, as well as written correspondence with key stakeholders from Springfield. Findings This paper identifies three issues of contention between the Springfield Mennonites and the Belizean state: the agricultural census issue, the buying land issue and the cow tagging issue. Each of these revolves around state demands for assimilation into (digitalized) administrative systems and Mennonite resistance to these demands based on their religious-moral code. This study describes the negotiations around these issues. Originality/value The focus in most literature on entrepreneurship in remote communities is on how internal community dynamics shape the balance between continuity and change and, in extension, the space for entrepreneurship. The originality of the paper lies in shifting the focus to the relationship between the community and external stakeholders, especially the state.
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Garbacz, S. Andrew, Garret J. Hall, Kaitlyn Young, Yen Lee, Rachel K. Youngblom, and Daniel D. Houlihan. "Validation Study of the Family Involvement Questionnaire–Elementary Version With Families in Belize." Assessment for Effective Intervention, July 11, 2019, 153450841986285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1534508419862857.
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The purpose of this study was to examine the factor structure of the Family Involvement Questionnaire–Elementary Version with families in Belize. Participants were 185 primary caregivers of children in primary education settings in Belize. Caregivers were given the Family Involvement Questionnaire–Elementary Version to measure their educational involvement in their children’s schooling. Findings indicated the factor structure of the Family Involvement Questionnaire–Elementary Version in Belize was not congruent with the factor structures with samples from the United States and New Zealand. Exploratory factor analysis suggested a five-factor solution: (a) home-school communication, (b) home expectations and monitoring, (c) educational support, (d) school and community involvement, and (e) school attendance. In light of similar measurement studies in the literature, these data indicate that family educational involvement varies across geographic and cultural contexts. This suggests that interventions and policies to improve education outcomes via family involvement ought to consider the unique structure of families’ involvement in the educational system.
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Baird, Adam. "Man a Kill a Man for Nutin’: Gang Transnationalism, Masculinities, and Violence in Belize City." Men and Masculinities, September 5, 2019, 1097184X1987278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1097184x19872787.
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Belize has one of the highest homicide rates in the world; however, the gangs at the heart of this violence have rarely been studied. Using a masculinities lens and original empirical data, this article explores how Blood and Crip “gang transnationalism” from the United States of America flourished in Belize City. Gang transnationalism is understood as a “transnational masculinity” that makes cultural connections between local settings of urban exclusion. On one hand, social terrains in Belize City generated masculine vulnerabilities to the foreign gang as an identity package with the power to reconfigure positions of subordination; on the other, the establishment of male gang practices with a distinct hegemonic shape, galvanized violence and a patriarchy of the streets in already marginalized communities. This article adds a new body of work on gangs in Belize, and gang transnationalism, whilst contributing to theoretical discussions around the global to local dynamics of hegemonic masculinities discussed by Connell and Messerschmidt (2005) and Messerschmidt (2018).
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Kongsager, Rico. "Data Collection in the Field: Lessons from Two Case Studies Conducted in Belize." Qualitative Report, April 5, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2021.4744.
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There is a vast load of literature concerning how data collection can be conducted. This literature provides guidelines and recommendations on how data collection might be done, however, only a very limited part of this literature describes in detail how data actually are collected in the field. This paper is intended to be an example, where the methodology is explained in detail to assist and inspire other researchers, on their way to conduct interesting and important research. The data collection and fieldwork described in this paper were conducted to complete two case studies in Belize, Central America. The core of the paper is data collection methods applied in these case studies, which include selection and arrangement of interviewees, and conducting the interviews, and how secondary information was obtained. It also includes the considerations related to timing and fieldwork locations, and thoughts on positioning, power, and ethics related to the fieldwork conducted.
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Menchaca, Angelica, Natalia A. Rossi, Jeremy Froidevaux, Isabela Dias-Freedman, Anthony Caragiulo, Claudia Wultsch, Bart Harmsen, et al. "Population genetic structure and habitat connectivity for jaguar (Panthera onca) conservation in Central Belize." BMC Genetics 20, no. 1 (December 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12863-019-0801-5.
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Abstract Background Connectivity among jaguar (Panthera onca) populations will ensure natural gene flow and the long-term survival of the species throughout its range. Jaguar conservation efforts have focused primarily on connecting suitable habitat in a broad-scale. Accelerated habitat reduction, human-wildlife conflict, limited funding, and the complexity of jaguar behaviour have proven challenging to maintain connectivity between populations effectively. Here, we used non-invasive genetic sampling and individual-based conservation genetic analyses to assess genetic diversity and levels of genetic connectivity between individuals in the Cockscomb Basin Wildlife Sanctuary and the Maya Forest Corridor. We used expert knowledge and scientific literature to develop models of landscape permeability based on circuit theory with fine-scale landscape features as ecosystem types, distance to human settlements and roads to predict the most probable jaguar movement across central Belize. Results We used 12 highly polymorphic microsatellite loci to identify 50 individual jaguars. We detected high levels of genetic diversity across loci (HE = 0.61, HO = 0.55, and NA = 9.33). Using Bayesian clustering and multivariate models to assess gene flow and genetic structure, we identified one single group of jaguars (K = 1). We identified critical areas for jaguar movement that fall outside the boundaries of current protected areas in central Belize. We detected two main areas of high landscape permeability in a stretch of approximately 18 km between Sittee River Forest Reserve and Manatee Forest Reserve that may increase functional connectivity and facilitate jaguar dispersal from and to Cockscomb Basin Wildlife Sanctuary. Our analysis provides important insights on fine-scale genetic and landscape connectivity of jaguars in central Belize, an area of conservation concern. Conclusions The results of our study demonstrate high levels of relatively recent gene flow for jaguars between two study sites in central Belize. Our landscape analysis detected corridors of expected jaguar movement between the Cockscomb Basin Wildlife Sanctuary and the Maya Forest Corridor. We highlight the importance of maintaining already established corridors and consolidating new areas that further promote jaguar movement across suitable habitat beyond the boundaries of currently protected areas. Continued conservation efforts within identified corridors will further maintain and increase genetic connectivity in central Belize.
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Zaino Chase, Diane, and Arlen Frank Chase. "Classic Maya Warfare and Settlement Archeology at Caracol, Belize." Estudios de Cultura Maya 22 (January 17, 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.19130/iifl.ecm.2002.22.406.
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Se ha hecho cada vez más evidente que los mayas del periodo Clásico nunca fueron un pueblo utópicamente pacífico y que, de hecho, toda su trayectoria estuvo relacionada con la guerra. Las variaciones en la frecuencia, técnicas y propósitos de sus guerras fueron paralelas, a través del tiempo, e influyeron en su desarrollo cultural. Las investigaciones en el sitio arqueológico de Caracol, Belice, proporcionan ejemplos históricos específicos de agresiones que pueden ser comprobadas con los artefactos, patrones de asentamiento y representaciones en piedra, cerámica y estuco. el análisis de tal información muestra el amplio impacto de la guerra dentro del territorio controlado por Caracol y la creciente frecuencia de las actividades agresivas de Caracol sobre los estados y gobernantes vecinos a través del tiempo. La información proveniente del sitio, en combinación con otros patrones regionales de las Tierras Bajas Mayas, apunta hacia la importancia de los cambios bélicos para el final del periodo Clásico y el sobresaliente papel que la guerra jugó para la sociedad maya a través del Clásico Tardío. Para examinar el impacto de la guerra entre los mayas de Caracol y los mayas en general, durante el Clásico, las actividades bélicas deben ser definidas y ubicadas dentro de una perspectiva cultural más amplia. La información etnohistórica y arqueológica relativa a la agresividad maya necesita ser delimitada y evaluada por su importancia. Así, las evidencias arqueológicas de la guerra en Caracol necesitan ser comparadas con esta literatura general y específica. A partir de esta información se examina la relación existente entre la guerra y el colapso de la sociedad maya.
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Labruna, Marcelo B., and Salim Mattar V. "Rickettsioses in Latin America, Caribbean, Spain and Portugal." Revista MVZ Córdoba, May 10, 2011, 2435–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21897/rmvz.282.
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Data on genus and infectious by Rickettsia were retrospectively compiled from the critical review literature regarding all countries in Latin America, Caribbean islands, Portugal and Spain. We considered all Rickettsia records reported for human and/or animal hosts, and/or invertebrate hosts considered being the vector. In a few cases, when no direct detection of a given Rickettsia group or species was available for a given country, the serologic method was considered. A total of 13 Rickettsia species have been recorded in Latin America and the Caribbean. The species with the largest number of country confirmed records were Rickettsia felis (9 countries), R. prowazekii (7 countries), R. typhi (6 countries), R. rickettsii (6 countries), R. amblyommii (5 countries), and R. parkeri (4 countries). The rickettsial records for the Caribbean islands (West Indies) were grouped in only one geographical area. Both R. bellii, R. akari, and Candidatus ‘R. andeane’ have been recorded in only 2 countries each, whereas R. massiliae, R. rhipicephali, R.monteiroi, and R. africae have each been recorded in a single country (in this case, R. africae has been recorded in nine Caribbean Islands). For El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua, no specific Rickettsia has been reported so far, but there have been serological evidence of human or/and animal infection. The following countries remain without any rickettsial records: Belize, Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam, and Paraguay. In addition, except for a few islands, many Caribbean islands remain without records. A total of 12 Rickettsia species have been reported in Spain and Portugal: R. conorii, R. helvetica, R. monacensis, R. felis, R. slovaca, R. raoultii, R. sibirica, R. aeschlimannii, R. rioja, R. massiliae, R. typhi, and R. prowazekii. Amongst these Rickettsia species reported in Spain and Portugal, only R. prowazekii, R. typhi, R. felis, and R. massiliae have also been reported in Latin America. This study summarizes the current state of art on the rickettsial distribution in Latin America, Caribbean, Spain and Portugal. The data obtained allow a better understanding on rickettsial epidemiology and distribution of vector ecology.Key words: Acari, epidemiology, rocky mountain spotted fever, vector control. (Source: DeCS)