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1

Marshall, Dale E., and Roger C. Brook. "Reducing Bell Pepper Bruising during Postharvest Handling." HortScience 32, no. 3 (1997): 522D—522. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.522d.

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Green bell pepper is a popular vegetable in the United States. Michigan is the 5th-leading production area, producing 480,000 cwt of green bell peppers in 1994. The tender skin of the green bell pepper covers a crisp, fragile flesh that is easily bruised, cracked, or crushed. During commercial harvest and postharvest handling operations, bell peppers undergo several transfers, each of which has the potential for causing mechanical injury to the pepper fruit. These mechanical injuries include abrasions, cuts, punctures, and bruises. Mechanical injuries and bruises are defects that affect the market grade of the peppers, and may reduce pepper quality and subsequent shipping life. The impacts occurring in a pepper field and on a Michigan packing line were measured using an Instrumented Sphere. Field tests attempted to duplicate how pickers harvest bell peppers into 5-gal pails and empty them into empty wooden tote boxes. Other tests were on an entire packing line. Most bruising on packing lines occurred at the transfers between different pieces of equipment when the peppers fell or were propelled from conveyors onto uncushioned metal plates or rollers. Several transfer points were identified as areas where much of the mechanical damage occurred and improvements were suggested to the packer. Bell peppers were found to bruise on their shoulders; therefore, shoulder bruises may be used as an indicator of injury. The major problems with packing lines were excessive height differences between line components, lack of control of rolling velocity, and lack of cushioning on hard surfaces.
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2

Ranwala, N. K. D., K. Brock, C. L. Ray, K. Greene, and D. R. Decoteau. "Alternative Crop-growing Strategies: Use of Winter Cover Crops on Bell Pepper Production." HortScience 32, no. 3 (1997): 465A—465. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.465a.

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The effects of two winter cover crops, rye and crimson clover, on bell pepper yield were studied. Cover crops were planted in fall and incorporated into the soil prior to bell pepper planting. Both cover crops increased the marketable number and weight of bell peppers, and reduced the cull number of bell peppers compared to fallow (control) treatment. Delaying the harvest increased the marketable yield in both cover crops. Since there was no difference in bell pepper yield between two cover crops, both cover crops can be used effectively for bell pepper production. Use of cover crops may reduce the production costs and harmful effects on the environment by reducing chemical dependency, and increase the crop yield.
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3

Marshall, Dale E., and Roger C. Brook. "Reducing Bell Pepper Bruising during Postharvest Handling." HortTechnology 9, no. 2 (1999): 254–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.9.2.254.

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The tender skin of bell peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) covers a crisp, fragile flesh that is easily bruised, cracked or crushed. During commercial harvest and postharvest handling operations, bell peppers undergo several transfers, each of which has the potential for causing mechanical injury to the peppers. These mechanical injuries include abrasions, cuts, punctures, and bruises, which affect the market grade and reduce pepper quality and subsequent life. Previous research on handling fresh vegetables and fruits has shown that the instrumented sphere (IS) is a tool that can help identify potentially damaging impacts during harvest and postharvest handling operations. For the study reported, the IS was used to evaluate the damage potential for peppers being hand harvested, and for peppers on a packing line. Studies in the field attempted to duplicate how pickers harvest peppers into pails and then empty them into empty wooden pallet bins. For the packing line evaluated, the diverging roll-sizer had the greatest potential for damage. Adding cushioning to hard surfaces and removing the metal support from under the cross-conveyor would help to reduce pepper damage. Cushioned ramps, and hanging flaps or curtains should be used to help reduce acceleration and drop height between pieces of equipment. All locations should be cushioned where peppers impact a hard surface, and drop height should be limited to 3 inches (8 cm) on a hard surface and 8 inches (20 cm) on a cushioned surface. The speed of all components in the system should be checked and adjusted to achieve full line flow of peppers without causing bruising. Workers must receive instruction on the significance of bruising during the harvest and postharvest operations.
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4

Frank, Chris, Eric Simonne, Robert Nelson, Amarat Simonne, and Bridget Behe. "427 Factors Determining Consumer Preferences for Colored Bell Pepper." HortScience 34, no. 3 (1999): 518A—518. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.518a.

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Most bell peppers produced and consumed in the United States are green in color. However, red, yellow, orange, brown, white, black, and purple bell pepper are also available. While bell pepper consumption has been increasing in the past 10 years, limited information is available on how color, retail price, and vitamin C influence consumer behavior. A conjoint analysis of 436 consumer responses showed that color (75%) and retail price (23%) were more important than vitamin C (3%) in shaping consumer purchase decision. Six consumer segments were identified. Segments II to V preferred green bell pepper, while segments I and VI favored the orange and brown color, respectively. Demographic variables were not good predictors of segment membership. However, previous purchases of bell pepper significantly affected the probability of membership in at least one segment. These results suggest that while green is the preferred color, a market exists for orange, red, and yellow peppers. Results on price sensitivity suggest that profits at the retail level are likely to increase by increasing the price of green peppers, and decresing that of the colored ones.
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5

Frank, Christopher A., Robert G. Nelson, Eric H. Simonne, Bridget K. Behe, and Amarat H. Simonne. "Consumer Preferences for Color, Price, and Vitamin C Content of Bell Peppers." HortScience 36, no. 4 (2001): 795–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.36.4.795.

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Most bell peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) produced and consumed are green. However, yellow, red, orange, white, black, and purple bell peppers are also available. While bell pepper consumption in the United States has been increasing in the past 10 years, limited information is available on how their color, retail price, and vitamin C content influence consumer preferences. A conjoint analysis of 435 consumer responses showed that, for the total sample, color was about three times more important than retail price in shaping consumers' purchase decisions, while vitamin C content was nearly irrelevant. Six distinct consumer segments were identified through cluster analysis. Four segments favored green peppers, while one segment favored yellow and one favored brown. Demographic variables generally were not good predictors of segment membership, but several behavioral variables, such as past bell pepper purchases, were significantly related to segment membership. While green is generally the preferred color, market segments exist for orange, red, yellow, and even brown peppers. Applications to marketing strategies suggested that price sensitivity could explain why green peppers were priced individually, but those of other colors were priced by weight, and that promotion of increased vitamin C content would be most effective if associated specifically with yellow and orange peppers.
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6

Sarker, Md Moklesur Rahman. "Evaluation of Red and Green Colored Bell peppers for the Production of Polyclonal IgM and IgG Antibodies in Murine Spleen Cells." Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 24, no. 1 (2021): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bpj.v24i1.51635.

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Immunostimulants are greatly required for the upregulation of immunity to fight against viral and bacterial infections and cancers. Bell peppers (Capsicum annuum L.), eaten as vegetables, are rich sources of vitamin C and E, provitamin A, β-carotene, and numerous phenolic compounds. Antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-mutagenic and anti-inflammatory properties of Bell peppers were reported. Our research group for the first time reported the immunomodulatory activities of Bell peppers. In this study, we evaluated the antibody production abilities of two different colored Bell peppers (red and green) in the culture of antibody producing splenic B cells of mice. Antibodies and the number of viable cells were determined by an ELISA and MTT assays, respectively. Red Bell pepper Extract (RBPE) at the doses of (0.375, 0.75, 1.5, and 2.25 mg/mL) significantly augmented the production of polyclonal IgM and IgG antibodies in-vitro. The highest amount of IgM antibody production was observed by the dose of 1.5 mg/kg which was 3 times higher than that of the untreated cells. Similarly, RBPE also enhanced the production of IgG antibody in the culture of murine splenic B cells. On the contrary, cultural treatment of murine splenic B cells with Green Bell pepper Extract (GBPE) could not stimulate the B cells, and hence, failed to produce neither IgM nor IgG antibody. Thus the current findings suggest that consumption of Red Bell Pepper extract or its vegetables, not green pepper, may be beneficial to strengthen humoral immune responses.
 Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 24(1): 45-53, 2021
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7

Ranwala, N. K. Damayanthi, Kathy Brock, Chris L. Ray, Katie Greene, and Dennis R. Decoteau. "Effects of Different Cover Crops on Sweet Corn and Bell Pepper Production." HortScience 32, no. 4 (1997): 601D—601. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.4.601d.

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Rye and crimson clover as winter cover crops and red clover as a companion crop were evaluated in sweet corn and bell pepper production systems in South Carolina. Winter cover crops were planted in fall and incorporated into the soil 3 weeks prior to planting vegetable crops. Red clover was overseeded with the vegetable crops. There were no significant differences among treatments for corn yield. Marketable number and weight of bell peppers were significantly higher in both winter cover crops compared to red clover and fallow (control) treatments. Number of cull peppers (smaller peppers than USDA grades) were lower in both cover crops compared to other treatments. Lack of response in red clover compared to the fallow treatment may be due to the lower emergence of red clover when used as a companion crop with bell pepper. Marketable bell pepper yield was higher in the late harvest compared to the early harvest in all the treatments.
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8

Rahman, Anisur, Mohammad Akbar Faqeerzada, Rahul Joshi, et al. "Quality Analysis of Stored Bell Peppers Using Near-Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging." Transactions of the ASABE 61, no. 4 (2018): 1199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.12482.

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Abstract. The objective of this study was to predict the moisture content (MC), soluble solids content (SSC), and titratable acidity (TA) content in bell peppers during storage (18°C, 85% relative humidity) over 12 days, based on near-infrared hyperspectral imaging (NIR-HSI) in the 1000-1500 nm wavelength range. The mean spectra of 148 mature bell peppers were extracted from the hyperspectral images, and multivariate calibration models were built using partial least squares (PLS) regression with different preprocessing spectra techniques. The most effective wavelengths were selected using the variable importance in projection (VIP) technique, which selected optimal variables for the target quality parameters of bell peppers from a full set of variables. Subsequently the selected variables were used to develop a PLS-VIP model for simplifying the prediction model. The MC, SSC, and TA content in bell peppers during storage changed from 90.7% to 93.0%, from 6.1%Brix to 7.3%Brix, and from 0.222% to 0.334%, respectively. The PLS regression model with MC, SSC, and TA content resulted in coefficients of determination (R2pred) of 0.83, 0.85, and 0.7, with standard errors of prediction (SEP) of 0.08%, 0.075%Brix, and 0.013%, respectively, using SNV preprocessed spectra for MC and TA content and Savitzky-Golay (S-G) second-order derivatives preprocessed spectra for SSC of bell peppers. By contrast, the prediction results yielded R2pred of 0.69, 0.75, and 0.68, respectively, with SEP values of 0.103%, 0.107%Brix, and 0.011% when the PLS-VIP model was employed. The PLS-VIP model simplified the calibration model by selecting the most important variables in terms of their responsiveness to bell pepper quality properties. The results revealed that HSI coupled with multivariate analysis can be used successfully to predict the MC, SSC, and TA content in bell peppers. Keywords: Fruit quality, Hyperspectral imagery, Image analysis, Spectral analysis, Stored bell pepper.
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9

Wyenandt, Christian A., Wesley L. Kline, Daniel L. Ward, and Nancy L. Brill. "Production System and Cultivar Effects on the Development of Skin Separation or “Silvering” in Bell Pepper Fruit." HortTechnology 27, no. 1 (2017): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech03144-16.

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From 2006 to 2008, four different production systems and five bell pepper cultivars (Capsicum annuum) with either no resistance (Alliance and Camelot), tolerance (Revolution), or resistance (Paladin and Aristotle) to the crown rot phase of phytophthora blight (Phytophthora capsici) were evaluated for the development of skin separation or “silvering” in fruit at a research facility and four commercial vegetable farms in southern New Jersey. Cultivar, production system, and year, each had a significant effect on the total percentage of fruit with skin separation and marketable yield. The percentage of bell pepper fruit with skin separation was higher in both phytophthora-resistant cultivars compared with the phytophthora-susceptible cultivars across all four production systems. Marketable yield was highest when bell peppers were grown in double rows on raised beds with black plastic mulch and drip irrigation compared with bell peppers grown on single rows on raised beds with black plastic mulch and drip irrigation and bell peppers grown on single rows on raised, bare ground beds with buried drip irrigation. Marketable yields were lowest when bell peppers were grown in single rows on high, ridged beds with overhead irrigation. Results of this study suggest that the development of skin separation or “silvering” in fruit is more closely associated with genotype than type of production system.
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10

Weston, Leslie A., and Michael Barrett. "Tolerance of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and Bell Pepper (Capsicum annum) to Clomazone." Weed Science 37, no. 3 (1989): 285–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500071939.

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Pronounced differences in the tolerance of tomatoes and bell peppers to clomazone observed in field studies were confirmed in a greenhouse experiment. In greenhouse studies, preemergence clomazone rates causing 50% visible injury on bell pepper and tomato seedlings 10 days after application were 9.4 and 0.1 kg/ha, respectively. Based on growth inhibition, bell peppers were 40-fold more tolerant of clomazone than tomatoes 20 days after clomazone application. In laboratory studies investigating the basis for differential clomazone tolerance, no differences in uptake of 14C-clomazone from nutrient solutions between tomato and bell pepper plants were observed after 24 h. Minor differences were observed in the distribution of 14C label within plants; a higher percentage of 14C was recovered in bell pepper roots than in tomato roots, while the opposite was true for the shoots. Clomazone was metabolized to two products in roots of both bell peppers and tomatoes within 48 h after treatment. Tomato shoots were more active in converting clomazone to these metabolites than were tomato roots. Bell pepper roots converted more clomazone to metabolites than did tomato roots 24 h after treatment. However, by 72 h, differences in clomazone metabolite levels between species were negligible in both roots and shoots. Enzymatic and acid hydrolysis of soluble, polaf clomazone metabolites indicated that these metabolites may be sugar conjugates of clomazone.
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11

Simonne, Eric H., and John T. Owen. "Picking Regimes Affect Yield, Grade Distribution and Retail Value of Colored Bell Pepper." HortScience 33, no. 3 (1998): 550d—550. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.550d.

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The retail value of yellow and red bell peppers is usually three to five times higher than that of the green ones. However, colored bell pepper production in Alabama is presently limited because most growers do not wait the additional 3 to 6 days needed for marketable green pepper to develop color. Hence, drip-irrigated yellow `Admiral' and `Goldcoast' and red `Bell Star' and `Capsitrano' bell peppers were grown in single row and bare-ground, and harvested as needed between July and October 1997 at the 0/3 (green), 1/3 or 2/3 colored stages. The interaction variety × picking method was not signficant (P > 0.50). Early (9,136 kg/ha) and total (32,363 kg/ha) yields of green (0/3) peppers were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those of the 1/3 and 2/3 colored ones (5,166 and 27,235 kg/ha, respectively). Higher green yields were mainly due to increased numbers of marketable fruits rather than increased fruit size. The longer the pods stayed on the plants, the more likely was sunscald to occur. Retail values (/ha) for the early fancy grade were $10,800 and $20,500 for the green and colored peppers, respectively (using $2 and $6/kg, respectively). These results suggest that the present higher retail value of the colored bell peppers off-sets the lower expected yields.
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12

Sutliff, Aimee, Audrey Hendrick, Katrina Doenges та ін. "Bell Peppers Provide Consistent β-cryptoxanthin Content Independent of Organic Status, Fresh, or Cooked, North American Country of Origin and Season". Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (2020): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa041_033.

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Abstract Objectives The carotenoid β-cryptoxanthin is a natural pigment that is both an antioxidant and a precursor to retinol. Research supports that β-cryptoxanthin has greater bioavailability than β-carotene in humans. Red bell peppers have more than double the amount of β-cryptoxanthin than any of the top seven consumed vegetables, as ranked by the USDA. To determine if the amounts of β-cryptoxanthin in bell peppers are dependent upon the organic status, color, cooking, season or location that the fruit was grown within North America, β-cryptoxanthin was measured and compared in green, red and yellow bell peppers. Methods An assortment of bell peppers were purchased in the greater Denver, CO region. Green, red and yellow peppers; organic and non-organic; and peppers grown in Canada, the US and Mexico during two different seasons were selected for analysis. The effects of lightly sautéing compared to fresh peppers and season of growth were compared. Samples (100 mg/1 mL) were freeze-dried, then prepared by liquid-liquid extraction for untargeted liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based metabolomics analysis. An accurate mass and retention time (AMRT) database was used to identify and quantify β-cryptoxanthin. Linear regression was used to assess the relationship between β-cryptoxanthin and pepper qualities. Results β-cryptoxanthin concentration was significantly higher in red bell peppers compared to green (11.8-fold) and yellow peppers (7.1-fold) (P = 1.624e-11). β-cryptoxanthin concentration does not appear to be influenced by organic status, season or geographic location. Likewise, the cooked peppers were similar in β-cryptoxanthin content compared to their fresh counterparts. Conclusions Our results suggest that the consumption of bell peppers as a source of β-cryptoxanthin is consistent across organic status, fresh, cooked, season and the location in which they were grown. While β-cryptoxanthin concentration in significantly higher in red bell peppers, more research is necessary in order to determine whether these differences result in any altered health outcomes. Funding Sources National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK).
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BOGOESCU, Marian, Madalina DOLTU, Dorin SORA, and Bogdan IORDACHE. "Grafting Bell Peppers an Alternative for Growers." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Horticulture 76, no. 1 (2019): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-hort:2018.0026.

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Crop rotation is rarely practiced in greenhouse production, which allows soil borne pathogens and pests to accumulate, progressively reducing crop yields and fruit quality. Grafting cultivars with high quality and productivity on rootstocks that are resistant to the soil pests and diseases is a method known from years ago, which was improved and quickly spread in the last years. The aim of this research was to evaluate the performance of the grafted peppers on some rootstocks, in greenhouse conditions. Marketable yield, fruit quality and nutritional qualities (total soluble solid contents, titratable acidity, soluble carbohydrates, Vitamin C content) have been determined. The marketable yield and fruit number were positively influenced by rootstock as compared with ungrafted peppers. The obtained results showed that grafting has improved the commercial quality of pepper fruits. There were no significant differences in the nutritional qualities of pepper fruits obtained from the grafted or ungrafted plants.
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Başak, Hakan. "COMPARISON OF CEMELE PEPPER WITH BELL PEPPER GENOTYPES (Capsicum annuum L. var. grossum) WITH RESPECT TO AGRONOMIC AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus 20, no. 2 (2021): 121–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24326/asphc.2021.2.12.

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This study was conducted in 2014 and 2015 to compare Cemele pepper with other bell peppers (Capsicum annuum L. var. grossum) genotypes with respect to agronomic and morphological traits. Totally 75 bell peppper genotypes were collected from the centrum and villages of Kırşehir province. For a total of 48 agronomic and morphological characteristics of pepper genotype, the characterization study of IPGRI according to the criteria of the International Union of Plant Protection Preservation (UPOV) were done made. As a result of the principal component analysis, total 11 main component axes were obtained and these axes represented 73.25% of the total variance. Genotypes were divided into 15 groups in dendrogram according to morphological and agronomic characteristics. The mean of the quantitative characteristics of each group was determined and it was determined which group or group was the difference between them. As a result of cluster analysis; D1, D20, D54, D67K, D43 and D39 coded genotypes were determined to be the most distant genotypes in terms of agronomic and morphological degree of relation. To conclude, with the identification of the genotypes of bell peppers in Kırşehir province, it will provide significant advantages in future pepper breeding studies as well as contributing to the formation of pepper database.
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Gillay, Zoltán, and László Fenyvesi. "3D reconstruction and calculation of surface area and volume of bell pepper." Progress in Agricultural Engineering Sciences 3, no. 1 (2007): 89–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/progress.3.2007.5.

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There was a method developed that generates the three-dimensional model of not axisymmetric produce, based on an arbitrary number of photos. The model can serve as a basis for calculating the surface area and the volume of produce. The efficiency of the reconstruction was tested on bell peppers and artificial shapes. In case of bell peppers 3-dimensional reconstruction was created from 4 images rotated in 45° angle intervals. The surface area and the volume were estimated on the basis of the reconstructed area. Furthermore, a new and simple reference method was devised to give precise results for the surface area of bell pepper. The results show that this 3D reconstruction-based surface area and volume calculation method is suitable to determine the surface area and volume of definite bell peppers with an acceptable error.
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16

Hutton, Mark G., and David T. Handley. "Effects of Silver Reflective Mulch, White Inter-row Mulch, and Plant Density on Yields of Pepper in Maine." HortTechnology 17, no. 2 (2007): 214–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.17.2.214.

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Bell peppers (Capsicum annuum) are an economically important yet difficult to grow crop in northern New England. Yields of bell peppers can be increased through the use of plastic mulches; however, refinements are needed to make bell peppers a more viable crop in regions with short, variable growing seasons. The objectives of this study were to (1) compare the effects of black mulch with white inter-row much, reflective silver mulch, and standard black plastic mulched beds on bell pepper yield and quality and (2) compare the effects of two in-row plant arrangements [single rows at 12-inch within-row spacing (7260 plants/acre) and double rows spaced 18 inches apart with 18-inch in-row spacing (9680 plants/acre)] on pepper yield and quality. Treatments were factorial combinations of three mulch treatments and two within-row planting arrangements. Double rows produced more fruit by number and weight than single rows; however, fruit harvested from the double-row plots tended to be smaller than fruit harvested from the single-row plots. Mulch treatments significantly influenced total marketable yield and yield of cull bell peppers grown in Maine. The plots receiving the inter-row white mulch or reflective silver mulch treatment produced significantly greater yield than standard black plastic mulch treatment. The reflective mulch treatment produced significantly more cull fruit per acre compared with the white inter-row mulch and black plastic.
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17

El-Bassuoni, Rawia, and Marita Cantwell. "135 LOW TEMPERATURES AND CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERES MAINTAIN QUALITY OF FRESH CUT BELL PEPPER." HortScience 29, no. 5 (1994): 448a—448. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.448a.

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Bell pepper fruits (green and red) were stored intact or prepared in dices (1 × 1 cm), washed with chlorinated water, biot dried, and stored in air or controlled atmospheres (air or 3% O2 with 0, 5 or 10% CO2) at 0, 5 or 10C for up to 20 days. Dicing resulted in respiration rates 2-3 times higher than those of intact peppers, but did not result in measureable increases in ethylene production. Samples were periodically transferred to 15C for 12 h before evaluation for visual quality, decay, discoloration, aroma, flavor, texture, and sugar content. Quality changes were similar for green and red fruit of the same cultivar. Intact peppers are chilling sensitive, but the quality of diced peppers was maintained best at 0C. The shelf-life of diced pepper at 10 and 5C was 1/2 to 2/3 that of intact peppers. Atmospheres containing 5 or 10% CO2 reduced decay and increased the shelf-life of diced peppers, but were not as effective as storage in air at 0C. Storage at 0C also resulted in greater retention of sugars than storage under other conditions. High CO2 atmospheres resulted in softening of pepper tissue and increased electrolyte leakage. Aroma and flavor scores declined more rapidly in CA than in air storage.
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Won, Kang-Hee, Sung-il Park, Jisun Choi, Hyun Hee Kim, Byoung-Cheorl Kang, and Hyeran Kim. "A Reliable Regeneration Method in Genome-Editable Bell Pepper ‘Dempsey’." Horticulturae 7, no. 9 (2021): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7090317.

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A reliable regeneration technique is critical for the improvement of pepper traits in the genome editing era. Recently, we reported that peppers were successfully and specifically edited using CRISPR tools, CRISPR/Cas9 and CRISPR/Cas12a (LbCpf1). Although genome-editing tools can be applied to modify peppers at the cellular level, feasible pepper regeneration techniques have not been developed. Therefore, we studied a pepper regeneration protocol for Capsicum annuum L. ‘Dempsey’, a bell pepper species that has been proven to be genome-editable. Three explant types were used in this study, including the first leaves, cotyledons and hypocotyls of pepper seedlings. The shoot buds of the tested explants were produced using 8 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP)- and 6 mg/L indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)-containing shoot induction medium (SIM). The first leaves of the ‘Dempsey’ seedlings showed an average shooting rate of 69.8%, whereas the hypocotyls and cotyledons had approximately 25.5% and 19.5% shooting rates, respectively. The regenerated ‘Dempsey’ plants exhibited no alterations in fruit and fertile seed phenotypes. Furthermore, the parent ‘Dempsey’ and progenies of the regenerants were cytogenetically stable with the same chromosome numbers (2n = 24). Therefore, this regeneration protocol enables the precise molecular breeding of ‘Dempsey’ peppers when coupled with CRISPR tools.
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Prank, J. Ray, Paul H. Schwartz, and John B. Bourke. "Insect and Weed Interactions on Bell Peppers (Capsicum annuum)." Weed Technology 2, no. 4 (1988): 423–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00032206.

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Two years of field research were conducted to determine the additive effects of weed cover and insects on pepper production. When weeds covered less than 10% of test plots, the natural insect populations reduced the marketable fruit yield of bell peppers 32% in 1983 and 22% in 1984. When weeds covered 72 or 94% of the test plots, foliage damage due to insects was from 5.8 to 12.1%, respectively. The high percent weed cover and insects reduced yield 99%. The average fresh weight of pepper foliage approached zero as weed cover approached maximum. Foliar levels of iron and aluminum were reduced greatly in peppers grown in competition with a 100% weed cover. The level of boron, copper, phosphorus, and potassium in pepper foliage increased as percent weed cover increased.
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Purvis, Albert C., and James W. Gegogeine. "Diphenylamine Inhibits Respiration of Green Bell Peppers." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 128, no. 6 (2003): 924–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.128.6.0924.

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The mechanism by which diphenylamine (DPA) controls superficial scald in apples and reduces chilling injury in green bell peppers [Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum (Grossum Group)] has been assumed to be related to its antioxidant activity. In the present study, DPA inhibited the respiratory activity of green bell pepper fruit as well as oxygen uptake by the mitochondria isolated from them. When the alternative oxidase was inhibited with n-propyl gallate or disulfiram during state 4 respiration, DPA did not further inhibit O2 uptake. Treating green bell peppers with DPA before storage did not alter the induction and abundance of the alternative oxidase protein in mitochondria which was maximally induced in peppers stored at 4 °C. Whether added before or after the uncoupler, 2,4-dinitrophenol, DPA negated the enhanced O2 uptake associated with uncoupling of electron transfer in isolated mitochondria. These observations indicate that DPA inhibits the flow of electrons through the cytochrome path, probably somewhere in the cytochrome bc1 complex. Although the secondary amine function of DPA makes it a powerful antioxidant, the effectiveness of DPA in reducing chilling injury in green bell peppers and superficial scald in apples [Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf.] also may be due, in part, to its inhibition of respiration.
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RIZZATTI, Ivanise Maria, Cristiane MARANGON, and Bianca SCHVEITZRT. "DETERMINATION OF THE MACRO AND MICRONUTRIENTS OF PEPER CAPSICUM SSP CULTIVATED IN RORAIMA." Periódico Tchê Química 14, no. 27 (2017): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v14.n27.2017.177_periodico27_pgs_177_185.pdf.

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The objective of this article was to determine the macro and micronutrients in four species peppers cultivated in Roraima: Capsicum chinense Jacq. (Fish-eye peppers true and false, Spur cock, Murici, Eye mutum, Murupi, smelling pepper, Roxinha, Chilli, Sapucaia, and others), Capsicum frutescens (pepper malagueta), Capsicum annuum (bell peppers) e Capsicum baccatum v. pendulem Wild (Lady's finger and basking Hat), they were collected in two fairs of Boa Vista and the Lower Rio Branco region, county of Caracaraí. Peppers are widely consumed in the state, however, there are no studies on the mineral composition. Were determined P (phosphorus) and B (boron) Spectrometry Ultraviolet Visible, the Ca (Calcium), K (potassium), Mg (magnesium), Fe (iron), Mn (manganese), Cu (copper) and Zn (zinc) by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry and N (nitrogen) Kjeldahl. In two peppers of the same species (C. chinense) were found high concentrations of Mn (pepper Murici) and Mg (pepper Roxinha) when compared to the other analyzed peppers.
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Zheljazkov, Valtcho D., Thomas E. Horgan, Tess Astatkie, Dolores Fratesi, and Charles C. Mischke. "Study on Shrimp Waste Water and Vermicompost as a Nutrient Source for Bell Peppers." HortScience 46, no. 11 (2011): 1493–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.46.11.1493.

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The aquaculture industry generates significant nutrient-rich wastewater that is released into streams and rivers causing environmental concern. The objective of this controlled environment study was to evaluate the effect of waste shrimp water (SW), vermicompost (VC), at rates of 10%, 20%, 40%, and 80% by volume alone or in combination with SW, controlled-release fertilizer (CRF), and water-soluble fertilizer (WSF) on bell peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) cv. X3R Red Knight. Application of VC at 80% or SW alone increased yields relative to unfertilized control. Combined applications of VC and SW increased yields compared with VC alone. Overall, total yields were greatest in the chemical fertilizer treatments (CRF and WSF) and least in the unfertilized control. SW and VC increased growth medium pH relative to the unfertilized control or to the chemical fertilizer treatments. In pepper fruits, the greatest nitrogen (N) content was found in the CRF treatment, although it was not different from VC at high rates or WSF treatments. Phosphorus concentration in peppers was greatest in the CRF treatment, less in all VC or SW treatments, but not different from unfertilized control or WSF treatment. Iron, magnesium (Mg), and zinc concentrations in peppers were greatest in CRF treatment but not different from control or WSF treatments. Overall, N accumulation in peppers was negatively correlated to growth medium pH and calcium (Ca); phosphorus (P) in peppers was negatively correlated to growth medium pH, Ca, and sodium (Na), whereas potassium (K) in peppers was negatively correlated to growth medium P, Mg, and Na. Results indicated: 1) SW may not be a viable pepper nutrient source; (2) SW can provide a similar nutrient supply as VC; and (3) chemical fertilizers can provide higher pepper yields compared with SW or VC alone or in combination.
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Antoniali, Silvia, Paulo Ademar Martins Leal, Ana Maria de Magalhães, Rogério Tsuyoshi Fuziki, and Juliana Sanches. "Physico-chemical characterization of 'Zarco HS' yellow bell pepper for different ripeness stages." Scientia Agricola 64, no. 1 (2007): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162007000100003.

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The bell pepper presents alterations in its composition and its properties with the process of senescence during ripening. These composition and textual factors are part of the quality of the fruit and therefore of the selection. This permits the correct knowledge of the factors necessary for post-harvest measures, so that they can be adequately applied. The aim of this study is to analyze the 'Zarco HS' yellow pepper at various levels of ripeness taking into account its physico-chemical properties (titratable acidity, pH, total soluble solids, water content, and ascorbic acid), in order to understand this behavior during the ripening process. Bell peppers were separated based on their yellow percentage, which varied from 0% to 100%, and for each percentage five fruits were chosen as replicates. They were compared to 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% levels of ripening, due to the difficulty of the methodology in identifying the smaller differences between coloring. The 'Zarco HS' yellow bell pepper presents greater levels of soluble solids and lower levels of malic acid as the percentage of external yellow coloring increases. The yellow bell peppers, especially when totally yellow, represent an important source of vitamin C.
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24

Thies, Judy A., Richard L. Fery, John D. Mueller, Gilbert Miller, and Joseph Varne. "Response of Bell Pepper Cultivars Near-isogenic for the N Gene to Meloidogyne incognita in Field Trials." HortScience 38, no. 7 (2003): 1394–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.38.7.1394.

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Resistance of two sets of bell pepper [(Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum (Grossum Group)] cultivars near-isogenic for the N gene that conditions resistance to root-knot nematodes [Meloidogyne incognita (Chitwood) Kofoid and White, M. arenaria (Neal) Chitwood races 1 and 2, and M. javanica (Treub) Chitwood] was evaluated in field tests at Blackville, S.C. and Charleston, S.C. The isogenic bell pepper sets were `Charleston Belle' (NN) and `Keystone Resistant Giant' (nn), and `Carolina Wonder' (NN) and `Yolo Wonder B' (nn). The resistant cultivars Charleston Belle and Carolina Wonder were highly resistant; root galling was minimal for both cultivars at both test sites. The susceptible cultivars Keystone Resistant Giant and Yolo Wonder B were highly susceptible; root galling was severe at both test sites. `Charleston Belle' had 96.9% fewer eggs per g fresh root than `Keystone Resistant Giant', and `Carolina Wonder' had 98.3% fewer eggs per g fresh root than `Yolo Wonder B' (averaged over both test sites). `Charleston Belle' and `Carolina Wonder' exhibited a high level of resistance in field studies at both sites. These results demonstrate that resistance conferred by the N gene for root-knot nematode resistance is effective in field-planted bell pepper. Root-knot nematode resistant bell peppers should provide economical and environmentally compatible alternatives to methyl bromide and other nematicides for managing M. incognita.
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Lurie, Susan, Reuven Ronen, and Shimon Meier. "Determining Chilling Injury Induction in Green Peppers Using Nondestructive Pulse Amplitude Modulated (PAM) Fluorometry." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 119, no. 1 (1994): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.119.1.59.

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Storing `Maor' green bell peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) for 3 weeks at 2C resulted in the development of chilling injury (CI) evidenced as surface pitting. Fruit held at 8C did not develop any CI symptoms, but, after 3 weeks of storage, the fruit began to change color from green to red. PAM fluorometry was used to measure changes in photosynthetic competency in whole green bell peppers. Three photosynthetic characteristics could be measured by this method: quantum yield (Fm/Fe), photochemical quenching (Qp), and nonphotochemical quenching (Qnp). Fm/Fo decreased 90% during the first week of storage at 2C and remained low thereafter, while Qnp decreased after 2 weeks at 2C, just before the peppers began to develop CL Qp was similar at both storage temperatures. Potassium leakage as a CI measurement also increased in excised pepper discs after 2 weeks at 2C. The results indicate that PAM fluorometry can measure CI nondestructively before tissue damage is visible in green peppers.
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Frank, J. Ray, Paul H. Schwartz, and William E. Potts. "Modeling the Effects of Weed Interference Periods and Insects on Bell Peppers (Capsicum annuum)." Weed Science 40, no. 2 (1992): 308–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500057398.

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Field experiments were conducted at Frederick, MD, in 1985 and 1986 to determine effects of weed-interference periods and insects on bell peppers. Weed-interference periods of approximately 40 and 60 d reduced both bell pepper fruit number and weight 10 and 50%, respectively. Bell pepper foliage weight was reduced 10 and 50% with approximately 20- and 50-day weed-interference periods. In 1985 and 1986, insect populations were low with an average of 10 and 3% of the pepper fruit infested, respectively. Most infested fruit was damaged by European corn borer. No significant differences in insect infestation of fruit as related to time of weed-interference periods were noted.
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AVILA-VEGA, DULCE E., BEATRIZ ÁLVAREZ-MAYORGA, SOFÍA M. ARVIZU-MEDRANO, RAMIRO PACHECO-AGUILAR, RAMÓN MARTÍNEZ-PENICHE, and MONTSERRAT HERNÁNDEZ-ITURRIAGA. "Microbiological Profile and Incidence of Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes on Hydroponic Bell Peppers and Greenhouse Cultivation Environment." Journal of Food Protection 77, no. 11 (2014): 1904–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-563.

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The aim of this study was to generate information regarding the microbiological profile, including Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes incidence, of hydroponically grown bell peppers and materials associated with their production in greenhouses located in Mexico. Samples of coconut fiber (24), knives (30), drippers (20), conveyor belts (161), pepper transportation wagons (30), air (178), water (16), nutrient solution for plant irrigation (78), and bell pepper fruits (528) were collected during one cycle of production (2009 to 2010) for the quantification of microbial indicators (aerobic plate counts [APC], molds, coliforms, and Escherichia coli) and the detection of Salmonella and L. monocytogenes. With regard to surfaces (conveyor belts and wagons) and utensils (knives and drippers), the APC, coliform, and mold counts ranged from 3.0 to 6.0, from 1.4 to 6.3, and from 3.6 to 5.2 log CFU/100 cm2 or per utensil, respectively. The air in the greenhouse contained low median levels of APC (1.2 to 1.4 log CFU/100 liters) and molds (2.2 to 2.5 log CFU/100 liters). The median content of APC and coliforms in water were 0.5 log CFU/ml and 0.3 log MPN/100 ml, respectively. The median content of coliforms in nutrient solution ranged from 1.8 to 2.4 log MPN/100 ml, and E. coli was detected in 18 samples (range, <0.3 to 1.2 log MPN/100 ml). On bell pepper analyzed during the study, populations (median) of APC, coliforms, and molds were 5.4, 3.6, and 5.8 log CFU per fruit, respectively; E. coli was detected in 5.1% of the samples (range, 0.23 to 1.4 log MPN per fruit). Salmonella was isolated from only one sample (1.6%) of conveyor belt located at the packing area and in four bell pepper samples (3%). L. monocytogenes was not detected. This information could help producers to establish effective control measures to prevent the presence of foodborne pathogens in bell peppers based on a scientific approach.
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Anaya-Esparza, Luis Miguel, Zuamí Villagrán-de la Mora, Olga Vázquez-Paulino, Felipe Ascencio, and Angélica Villarruel-López. "Bell Peppers (Capsicum annum L.) Losses and Wastes: Source for Food and Pharmaceutical Applications." Molecules 26, no. 17 (2021): 5341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26175341.

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Currently, the high added-value compounds contained in plant by-products and wastes offer a wide spectrum of opportunities for their reuse and valorization, contributing to the circular economy. The bell pepper (Capsicum annum L.) is an exotic vegetable with high nutritional value that, after processing, leaves wastes (peel, seeds, and leaves) that represent desirable raw material for obtaining phytochemical compounds. This review summarizes and discusses the relevant information on the phytochemical profile of bell peppers and their related biological properties as an alternative to revalorize losses and wastes from bell peppers for their application in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Bell pepper fruits, seeds, and leaves contain bioactive compounds (phenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, tocopherol, and pectic polysaccharides) that exhibit antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, immunosuppressive and immunostimulant properties, and antidiabetic, antitumoral and neuroprotective activities, and have a potential use as functional food additives. In this context, the revalorization of food waste is positioned as a technological and innovative research area with beneficial effects for the population, the economy, and the environment. Further studies are required to guarantee the safety use of these compounds and to understand their mechanisms of action.
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Fery, R. L., P. D. Dukes, and J. A. Thies. "Development of Bell Peppers with Resistance to the Southern Root-knot Nematode." HortScience 32, no. 4 (1997): 600C—600. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.4.600c.

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The southern root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) is a major pest of bell peppers (Capsicum annuum) in the United States. Since none of the leading bell pepper cultivars grown in the U.S. exhibit adequate levels of resistance, a breeding program was initiated to incorporate the N root-knot nematode resistance gene into commercial bell pepper germplasm. A backcross breeding procedure was used. The donor parent of the N gene was the open-pollinated, pimiento pepper cultivar Mississippi Nemaheart, and the recurrent parents were the open-pollinated bell pepper cultivars Keystone Resistant Giant and Yolo Wonder. A large number of homozygous resistant BC6 populations were evaluated in field tests in 1995, and two lines (PA-440, an isoline of `Keystone Resistant Giant', and PA-453, an isoline of `Yolo Wonder') were selected for further field evaluation and seed multiplication in 1996. Results of replicated field and greenhouse tests conducted in 1996 indicate that root-knot nematode resistance has been incorporated successfully in `Keystone Resistant Giant' and `Yolo Wonder' backgrounds.
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Rahman, A. S. A., D. J. Huber, and J. K. Brecht. "Low-oxygen-induced Poststorage Suppression of Bell Pepper Fruit Respiration and Mitochondrial Oxidative Activity." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 120, no. 6 (1995): 1045–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.120.6.1045.

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Bell pepper (Capsicum annum var. Jupiter) fruit were exposed to 1.5% O2 for 1 to 5 days at 20C to examine whether the low-O2-induced poststorage respiratory suppression (PRS) in whole fruit could be due to limitations in mitochondrial oxidative capacity. Mitochondrial oxidative capacity was not affected after storing bell peppers for 1 day in 1.5 % O2. Extending the storage period from 1 to 5 days in 1.5 % 0, resulted in PRS of CO2 production for about 55 hours after transfer to air, and a marked reduction in the oxidative capacity of isolated mitochondria. Mitochondrial activity was suppressed for 10 hours after transfer to air but, within 24 hours, bad recovered to values comparable to those of mitochondria from fruit stored continuously in air. Storing bell peppers in 1.5% O2 for 5 days resulted in a reduction in the respiratory control (RC), while ADP/O ratios were not affected. The reduction was temporary since the RC attained normal activity after returning bell peppers to air. Cyanide-sensitive cytochrome and CN-insensitive pathways were suppressed after storing fruit in 1.5 % O2 for 5 days. After returning fruit from a low-O2 atmosphere to air, the alternative pathway recovered at a greater rate than the cytochrome pathway.
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Giuffrida, Daniele, Paola Dugo, Giacomo Dugo, Germana Torre, and Luigi Mondello. "Analysis of Native Carotenoid Composition of Sweet Bell Peppers by Serially Coupled C30 Columns." Natural Product Communications 6, no. 12 (2011): 1934578X1100601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1100601207.

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Serial coupled columns reversed-phase separations in high-performance liquid chromatography can be a useful tool for the analysis of complex real samples. The great difficulties found when analyzing complex carotenoid samples, due to the high natural variability of these compounds, as well as to the presence of carotenoid esters, are well documented. In the present contribution, the applicability of connecting two C30 columns to increase significantly the separation power, resolution and peak capacity for the analysis of carotenoids in a complex carotenoid sample, like sweet bell peppers, has been shown for the first time. By using LC coupled to PDA/APCI-MS detectors, 56 different carotenoids have been detected in red sweet bell peppers. By using two serial coupled C30 columns a peak capacity of 95.4 was obtained, compared with 73 achieved using a single column. Moreover, resolution greatly improved between different critical peaks when using two serial coupled C30 columns, compared with a single column. Interestingly, free carotenoids, mono-esters and diesters were quantitatively equally represented (around 33% for each different class) in red sweet bell pepper, showing, therefore, a value for the ratio of mono-esters/di-esters of around 1, which could be considered a parameter of typicality. Free β-carotene (12.6%), capsanthin-C14:0 (8.4%), and capsanthin-C12:0-C14:0 (8.9%) were the most abundant carotenoids in the three different classes of red sweet bell pepper. No carotenoid esters were detected in either yellow or green sweet bell peppers. The application of such methodology in the analysis of other complex carotenoid matrices could be a future objective of research.
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Santos, Bielinski M., James P. Gilreath, Camille E. Esmel, and Myriam N. Siham. "Effects of Yellow and Purple Nutsedge Time of Establishment on Their Distance of Influence on Bell Pepper." HortTechnology 17, no. 3 (2007): 305–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.17.3.305.

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Field trials were conducted to determine the effect of yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) and purple nutsedge (C. rotundus) time of establishment on their distance of influence on bell pepper (Capsicum annuum). A single seedling of each weed species was transplanted 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 weeks after transplanting (WAT) bell pepper. Each weed was separately established in the center of plots within double rows of bell peppers. Crop height and yield were determined from bell pepper plants located at 6, 13.4, 24.7, and 36.5 inches away from each weed. Bell pepper height was unaffected by weed species, time of establishment, or the interaction between these factors. Marketable yield data indicate that yellow nutsedge was more aggressive than purple nutsedge interfering with bell pepper. When yellow nutsedge was established at 1 WAT, bell pepper yield reduction was between 57% and 32% for plants at 6 and 13.4 inches away from the weed respectively, which represents a density of ≈0.14 plant/ft2. One purple nutsedge plant growing since 1 WAT at 6 inches along the row from two bell pepper plants (0.43 plant/ft2) produced a yield reduction of 31%. These results indicate that low nutsedge densities, which are commonly believed to be unimportant, can cause significant bell pepper yield reductions.
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Lewis Ivey, Melanie L., Cristian Nava-Diaz, and Sally A. Miller. "Identification and Management of Colletotrichum acutatum on Immature Bell Peppers." Plant Disease 88, no. 11 (2004): 1198–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2004.88.11.1198.

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Farmers in northwestern Ohio reported severe losses due to anthracnose in immature (green) bell pepper as early as 1998. Two fungal isolates (AN1 and AN2) were recovered from immature fruit showing severe anthracnose symptoms. The pathogen was identified as Colletotrichum acutatum based on morphological and cultural characteristics, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay with the C. acutatum species-specific primer (CaInt2), and nucleotide sequencing. Isolate AN1 was pathogenic on immature pepper, tomato, and strawberry. Twenty-two bell pepper cultivars evaluated in field trials were all susceptible to C. acutatum AN1 and AN2, but the degree of susceptibility varied among cultivars. ‘Crusader’, ‘Valiant’, and ‘ACX229’ were the most susceptible, while ‘North Star’ and ‘Paladin’ were least susceptible. The fungicides pyraclostrobin (Cabrio) alternated with manganese ethylenebisdithiocarbamate (Manex), chlorothalonil (Bravo Ultrex) alone, Manex plus copper hydroxide (Kocide 2000), and pyraclostrobin + boscalid (BAS 516 = Pristine) alternated with Manex significantly reduced anthracnose incidence and intensity in bell peppers compared with the untreated control.
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Park, Sung-il, Hyun-Bin Kim, Hyun-Ji Jeon, and Hyeran Kim. "Agrobacterium-Mediated Capsicum annuum Gene Editing in Two Cultivars, Hot Pepper CM334 and Bell Pepper Dempsey." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 8 (2021): 3921. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22083921.

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Peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) are the most widespread and cultivated species of Solanaceae in subtropical and temperate countries. These vegetables are economically attractive worldwide. Although whole-genome sequences of peppers and genome-editing tools are currently available, the precision editing of peppers is still in its infancy because of the lack of a stable pepper transformation method. Here, we employed three Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains—AGL1, EHA101, and GV3101—to investigate which Agrobacterium strain could be used for pepper transformation. Hot pepper CM334 and bell pepper Dempsey were chosen in this study. Agrobacterium tumefaciens GV3101 induced the highest number of calli in cv. Dempsey. All three strains generated similar numbers of calli for cv. CM334. We optimized a suitable concentration of phosphinothricin (PPT) to select a CRISPR/Cas9 binary vector (pBAtC) for both pepper types. Finally, we screened transformed calli for PPT resistance (1 and 5 mg/L PPT for cv. CM334 and Dempsey, respectively). These selected calli showed different indel frequencies from the non-transformed calli. However, the primary indel pattern was consistent with a 1-bp deletion at the target locus of the C. annuumMLO gene (CaMLO2). These results demonstrate the different sensitivity between cv. CM334 and Dempsey to A. tumefaciens-mediated callus induction, and a differential selection pressure of PPT via pBAtC binary vector.
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Maquilan, Mary Ann D., Dominick C. Padilla, Donald W. Dickson, and Bala Rathinasabapathi. "Improved Resistance to Root-knot Nematode Species in an Advanced Inbred Line of Specialty Pepper (Capsicum annuum)." HortScience 55, no. 7 (2020): 1105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci14921-20.

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Bell and chili peppers are important vegetable and spice commodities worldwide. Significant yield reductions have been attributed to damage caused by root-knot nematodes (RKNs; Meloidogyne spp.). This study addresses the need for developing pepper varieties that have high resistance to RKN, which is now of increasing importance due to restrictions on the use of fumigant nematicides. Our goal is to provide a nonchemical alternative to sustain commercial pepper production in Florida, which is a major producer of peppers in the United States. We evaluated ‘UFRJ107(6)A3’, an advanced inbred line developed from a cross between Capsicum annuum L. ‘Jalapeno’ and ‘Round of Hungary’, for resistance against the nematode in comparison with the parental and three other Capsicum cultivars, namely, C. annuum ‘Charleston Belle’, ‘California Wonder’, and C. chinense Jacq. ‘Datil’ in two separate growth chamber experiments. Based on egg mass indices and reproduction factors, ‘UFRJ107(6)A3’ was significantly more resistant to M. incognita compared with the other five cultivars. When tested with five RKN species, ‘UFRJ107(6)A3’ showed comparably high levels of resistance to M. arenaria and M. floridensis as ‘California Wonder’ based on the nematode reproduction factor. In ‘UFRJ107(6)A3’, however, there were no detectable M. arenaria egg masses, and M. incognita reproduction was minimal compared with that of ‘California Wonder’; both cultivars supported the reproduction of M. enterolobii and M. javanica, although the reproduction factors of M. enterolobii were ≈10-fold higher than M. javanica. To characterize the mechanism of high resistance to M. incognita in ‘UFRJ107(6)A3’, we examined the extent to which infective second-stage juveniles (J2s) were able to penetrate its roots in comparison with the susceptible ‘California Wonder’ and ‘Datil’ in two independent experiments; we conducted RKN root penetration assays with a single plant in a pot and two plants in a single-pot choice test using ‘Datil’ and ‘California Wonder’, respectively, as susceptible standards. In both assays, M. incognita J2s were absent in the roots of ‘UFRJ107(6)A3’ 7 days after inoculation but were present in the susceptible cultivars, indicating that resistance has an effect at the root invasion stage. In growth chamber experiments, at constant temperatures of 28 and 30 °C, ‘UFRJ107(6)A3’ exhibited M. incognita resistance superior to its parents and to the standard resistant bell pepper ‘Charleston Belle’, thus offering the potential to enhance specialty pepper production and for use as a nematode-resistant rootstock for commercial bell peppers.
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Jovicich, Elio, John J. VanSickle, Daniel J. Cantliffe, and Peter J. Stoffella. "Greenhouse-grown Colored Peppers: A Profitable Alternative for Vegetable Production in Florida?" HortTechnology 15, no. 2 (2005): 355–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.15.2.0355.

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The increase in U.S. demand for colored bell peppers (Capsicum annuum) has been satisfied with increased supplies from imports and increased domestic production. Greenhouse-grown peppers of red, orange, and yellow colors were imported during the period 1993–2002 at wholesale fruit market prices that were three to five times greater than field-grown fruits. With high market prices and a suitable environment for growing colored peppers under inexpensive greenhouse structures [<$40/m2 ($3.7/ft2)], up to 14 ha (34.6 acres) of greenhouses produced bell peppers in Florida in the year 2002. To estimate the profitability of a bell pepper greenhouse enterprise, a budget analysis was used to calculate the returns to capital and management. Production costs of greenhouse-grown peppers were estimated assuming the use of current technology applied in commercial greenhouse crops in Florida and in experimental crops at the University of Florida. Production assumptions included a crop of nonpruned plants grown in soilless media in a highroof polyethylene-covered greenhouse [0.78 ha (1.927 acres)] located in north-central Florida. For a fruit yield of 13 kg·m–2 (2.7 lb/ft2), the total cost of production was $41.09/m2 ($3.82/ft2), the estimated return was $17.89/m2 ($1.66/ft2), and the return over investment was 17.1%. A sensitivity analysis indicated that fruit yields should be greater than 7.8 kg·m–2 (1.60 lb/ft2) in order to generate positive returns based on a season average wholesale fruit price of $5.29/kg ($2.40/lb). For this price, a range of possible fruit yields [5–17 kg·m–2 (1.0–3.5 lb/ft2)] led to returns ranging from –$9.52 to 30.84/m2 (–$0.88 to 2.87/ft2), respectively. The estimates indicate that production of greenhouse-grown peppers could represent a viable vegetable production alternative for Florida growers.
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Schmilovitch, Ze'ev, Timea Ignat, Victor Alchanatis, Janna Gatker, Viacheslav Ostrovsky, and József Felföldi. "Hyperspectral imaging of intact bell peppers." Biosystems Engineering 117 (January 2014): 83–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2013.07.003.

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Bosland, Paul W., Danise Coon, and Peter H. Cooke. "Novel Formation of Ectopic (Nonplacental) Capsaicinoid Secreting Vesicles on Fruit Walls Explains the Morphological Mechanism for Super-hot Chile Peppers." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 140, no. 3 (2015): 253–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.140.3.253.

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Chile peppers (Capsicum sp.) are one of the most important spices in the world and a significant vegetable, providing substantial amounts of vitamins A and C. Chile peppers are also used as a medicinal and lachrymator plant because of the characteristic burning sensation they cause when consumed by mammals. This sensation is caused by capsaicinoids that are alkaloids produced in vesicles inside the fruit. A novel class of chile peppers known as “super-hots” having greater than 1 million Scoville heat units have generated much interest. We compared the morphological structure of fruit pericarp and placental tissue of “super-hot” chile peppers to those of jalapeno and bell pepper. Most chile peppers including jalapenos, only produce the capsaicinoids in secreting vesicles found on the placenta. We report on the novel discovery that these “super-hot” chile peppers have developed accessorial vesicles on the pericarp tissue in addition to the vesicles on the placental tissue, thus leading to exceedingly high Scoville heat units for these plants.
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Tietien, W. H., P. Nitzsche, and W. P. Cowgill. "658 PB 066 EVALUATION OF PREPLANT AND FERTIGATED NITROGEN ON YIELD OF DRIP-IRRIGATED BELL PEPPERS." HortScience 29, no. 5 (1994): 527b—527. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.527b.

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Environmental concerns about nitrate contamination of groundwater have prompted renewed interest in optimizing fertilizer rates. A field study was initiated to study the influence of preplant and drip fertigation rates of nitrogen on the yield of hell peppers grown on Quakertown (QkB) silt loam soil. Preplant nitrogen rates of 0, 56.7, and 113.5 kgha were incorporated into the plots before transplanting. The three fertigation rates (0, 17 and 34 Kg/mulched hectare) were injected through the drip irrigation starting one week after transplanting and repeated at three week intervals. Proplant nitrogen applications variably influenced early pepper yield. and did not significantly influence total yield. Early pepper yield was not influenced by drip fertigation rate, however, total yield increased as the fertigation rate increased. The dry weather conditions of the 1993 growing season may have influenced the responsc of pepper yield to the fertilizer treatments. Further studies are required to determine the optimum fertilization program for bell peppers grown under Northern New Jersey's edaphic conditions.
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40

Manshadi, Faezeh D., Martin Karpiscak, and Charles P. Gerba. "Enteric bacterial contamination and survival on produce during irrigation with dairy wastewater in the field." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 3, no. 2 (2013): 102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2013.161.

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The goals of this study were to quantify enteric bacterial contamination and survival on several different types of produce during irrigation with wastewater from a dairy operation. Dairy wastewater was used to irrigate three different types of vegetable crops: lettuce, carrot, and bell pepper. This study was conducted over two consecutive growing seasons. Irrigation water and vegetable samples were examined for Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens. In the dairy wastewater, E. coli and C. perfringens concentrations averaged 8.2 × 107MPN/100 mL and 5.0 × 104CFU per 100 mL, respectively. Analysis of variance test results indicated that E. coli and C. perfringens concentrations detected on the three crops after irrigation were statistically different (p < 0.0001). The greatest contamination occurred on the carrots followed by lettuce and bell peppers. E. coli and C. perfringens were recovered from the carrots, bell peppers, and soil 49 days after wastewater irrigation of the plots had ceased. Moisture content of the soil was statistically significantly related to survival of the organisms in the soil.
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41

Garcia-Mier, Lina, Sandra Neli Jimenez-Garcia, Ramon Gerardo Guevara-González, Ana Angelica Feregrino-Perez, Luis Miguel Contreras-Medina, and Irineo Torres-Pacheco. "Elicitor Mixtures Significantly Increase Bioactive Compounds, Antioxidant Activity, and Quality Parameters in Sweet Bell Pepper." Journal of Chemistry 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/269296.

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Sweet bell peppers are greatly appreciated for their taste, color, pungency, and aroma. Additionally, they are good sources of bioactive compounds with antioxidant activity, which can be improved by the use of elicitors. Elicitors act as metabolite-inducing factors (MIF) by mimic stress conditions. Since plants rarely experience a single stress condition one by one but are more likely to be exposed to simultaneous stresses, it is important to evaluate the effect of elicitors on plant secondary metabolism as mixtures. Jasmonic acid (JA), hydrogen peroxide (HP), and chitosan (CH) were applied to fruits and plants of bell pepper as mixtures. Bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity, and quality parameters were evaluated. The assessed elicitor cocktail leads to an increase in the variables evaluated (P≤ 0.05) when applied to mature fruits after harvest, whereas the lowest values were observed in the treatment applied to immature fruits. Therefore, the application of the elicitor cocktail to harvested mature fruits is recommended in order to improve bioactive compounds and the antioxidant activity of sweet bell peppers.
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42

Popov, Vasily N., Albert C. Purvis, Vladimir P. Skulachev, and Anneke M. Wagner. "Stress-Induced Changes in Ubiquinone Concentration and Alternative Oxidase in Plant Mitochondria." Bioscience Reports 21, no. 3 (2001): 369–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1013246501917.

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We have investigated the influence of stress conditions such as incubation at 4°C and incubation in hyperoxygen atmosphere, on plant tissues. The ubiquinone (Q) content and respiratory activity of purified mitochondria was studied. The rate of respiration of mitochondria isolated from cold-treated green bell peppers (Capsicum annuum L) exceeds that of controls, but this is not so for mitochondria isolated from cold-treated cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L). Treatment with high oxygen does not alter respiration rates of cauliflower mitochondria. Analysis of kinetic data relating oxygen uptake with Q reduction in mitochondria isolated from tissue incubated at 4°C (bell peppers and cauliflowers) and at high oxygen levels (cauliflowers) reveals an increase in the total amount of Q and in the percentage of inoxidizable QH2. The effects are not invariably accompanied by an induction of the alternative oxidase (AOX). In those mitochondria where the AOX is induced (cold-treated bell pepper and cauliflower treated with high oxygen) superoxide production is lower than in the control. The role of reduced Q accumulation and AOX induction in the defense against oxidative damage is discussed.
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43

AKINTOKUN, P. O., A. K. AKINTOKUN, O. A. AWOLUMATE, M. R. OSHO, B. A. OYEBADE, and U. O. AMUOFU. "COMPARATIVE EFFECTS OF ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL AND DEGRADED SAWDUST ON GROWTH AND YIELD CHARACTER OF PEPPER (CAPSICUM SPP)." Journal of Agricultural Science and Environment 15, no. 2 (2020): 102–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.51406/jagse.v15i2.1981.

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The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of Arbuscular mycorrhiza and degraded sawdust on growth and yield characters of bell pepper (Capsicum annum L.) The experiment was 2x4 factorial arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD)) with four replicates. The eight treatments were combinations of two early maturing varieties of bell peppers (PEP and Gombe) and soil amendments (degraded sawdust, Glomus etunicatum and steam sterilized homogenous soil as control (C). The two varieties of bell pepper differed significantly in growth and fruit parameters. Variety Gombe had higher plant height (22.2cm) and produced more fruits of bell pepper (1.7) than variety PEP inspite of its larger leaf area (23.1cm2) by the latter. The results also showed that soil amendment with degraded sawdust alone and combination with Glomus etunicatum improved the growth parameters such as plant height, stem girth, leaf area as well as numbers of flowers and fruits of bell pepper. The interaction of pepper and soil amendments was significant on all the growth and yield parameters with varieties exhibiting differential reactions to the soil amendment treatments. Soil amendments with degraded sawdust and combination of degraded sawdust with Arbuscular mycorrhiza had positive effects on the growth and yield characters of both varieties of pepper used (PEP and Gombe).
 
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44

Hruska, H. J., G. R. Cline, A. F. Silvernail, and K. Kaul. "399 Use of Conservation Tillage and Cover Crops for Sustainable Vegetable Production." HortScience 35, no. 3 (2000): 461E—461. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.461e.

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Research began in 1999 to examine sustainable production of bell peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) using conservation tillage and legume winter cover crops. Tillage treatments included conventional tillage, strip-tillage, and no-tillage, and winter covers consisted of hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), winter rye (Secale cereale L.), and a vetch/rye biculture. Pepper yields following the rye winter cover crop were significantly reduced if inorganic N fertilizer was not supplied. However, following vetch, yields of peppers receiving no additional N were similar to yields obtained in treatments receiving the recommended rate of inorganic N fertilizer. Thus, vetch supplied sufficient N to peppers in terms of yields. Pepper yields following the biculture cover crop were intermediate between those obtained following vetch and rye. When weeds were controlled manually, pepper yields following biculture cover crops were similar among the three tillage treatments, indicating that no-tillage and strip-tillage could be used successfully if weeds were controlled. With no-tillage, yields were reduced without weed control but the reduction was less if twice the amount of residual cover crop surface mulch was used. Without manual weed control, pepper yields obtained using strip-tillage were reduced regardless of metolachlor herbicide application. It was concluded that a vetch winter cover crop could satisfy N requirements of peppers and that effective chemical or mechanical weed control methods need to be developed in order to grow peppers successfully using no-tillage or strip-tillage.
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45

El Hamss, R., M. Idaomar, A. Alonso-Moraga, and A. Muñoz Serrano. "Antimutagenic properties of bell and black peppers." Food and Chemical Toxicology 41, no. 1 (2003): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0278-6915(02)00216-8.

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46

J. H. Wilhoit, G. A. Duncan, and L. G. Wells. "Elliptical Combing Motion for Harvesting Bell Peppers." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 6, no. 6 (1990): 673–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.26446.

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47

Díaz-Pérez, Juan Carlos, and Erick Smith. "Training of Growers and Extension Agents in the Dominican Republic on Managing Heat Stress of Bell Pepper (Capsicum annum L.) Grown in High Tunnels." HortScience 52, no. 9 (2017): 1148–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci12102-17.

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The Dominican Republic is located in the Hispaniola Island in the Caribbean region. Its climate differs substantially over short distances and is the most diverse of the Caribbean. Annual average temperature is 25 °C, ranging from 18 °C (at higher elevations) to 28 °C (at sea level). Average annual rainfall is 1500 mm. Although sugar, coffee, cocoa, and tobacco are the principal cash crops of the country, peppers are increasing in popularity on the country’s exportation market. Bell peppers grown in high tunnels and greenhouses may be impacted by high temperatures that result in reduced fruit yield and quality. In this article, we make a short review of cooling techniques for high tunnels and share the experience of training bell pepper growers and extension personnel from the Dominican Republic regions of San José de Ocoa and Constanza on how to manage heat stress of bell peppers grown inside high tunnels. Bell pepper plants inside high tunnels showed symptoms of heat stress, including reduced plant and fruit size, small fruit number, and a mild leaf chlorosis. In both regions, but particularly in the warmer region, San José Ocoa, because of occurrences of high temperatures inside the high tunnels, growers were advised to use well-ventilated high tunnels, such as structures with plastic film on the top and screen net on the sides. Other strategies such as shade nets (30% to 40% shade) placed on top of the high tunnel or whitewash paint applied on the high tunnel cover may also help reduce air and soil temperatures inside the tunnel. Use of white or silver reflective mulch, instead of the commonly used black mulch, may provide additional reduction of soil temperature. In conclusion, high tunnel structures developed for temperate regions, with limited to poor ventilation, may result in excessively high temperatures inside the high tunnels and thus were not recommended for the Dominican Republic regions of this study. More research is necessary on adequate high tunnel design and cooling techniques for high tunnel production, particularly in tropical regions.
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48

Safari, Maliheh, and Marilyn J. Roossinck. "Coevolution of a Persistent Plant Virus and Its Pepper Hosts." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 31, no. 7 (2018): 766–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-12-17-0312-r.

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There are many nonpathogenic viruses that are maintained in a persistent lifestyle in plants. Plant persistent viruses are widespread, replicating in their hosts for many generations. So far, Endornaviridae is the only family of plant persistent viruses with a single-stranded RNA genome, containing one large open reading frame. Bell pepper endornavirus (BPEV), Hot pepper endornavirus, Capsicum frutescens endornavirus 1 (CFEV 1) have been identified from peppers. Peppers are native to Central and South America and, as domesticated plants, human selection accelerated their evolution. We investigated the evolution of these endornaviruses in different peppers including Capsicum annuum, C. chacoense, C. chinense, C. frutescens, C. baccutum, and C. pubescens using two fragments from the viral helicase (Hel) and RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) domains. In addition, using single nucleotide polymorphisms, we analyzed the pepper host populations and phylogenies. The endornaviruses phylogeny was correlated with its Capsicum species host. In this study, BPEV was limited to C. annuum species, and the RdRp and Hel phylogenies identified two clades that correlated with the host pungency. No C. annuum infected with CFEV 1 was found in this study, but the CFEV 1 RdRp fragment was recovered from C. chinense, C. frutescens, C. baccutum, and C. pubescens. Hence, during pepper speciation, the ancestor of CFEV 1 may have evolved as a new endornavirus, BPEV, in C. annuum peppers.
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Nogueira, José Luiz, Bruna Ariane da Silva, Átila Francisco Mógor, Camila Ribeiro de Souza Grzybowski, and Maristela Panobianco. "Quality of organically produced bell pepper seeds." Journal of Seed Science 39, no. 2 (2017): 100–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2317-1545v39n2159173.

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Abstract: The production of bell pepper seeds may be affected by the plant management and harvesting point of fruits. The goal of this study was to evaluate the quality of organically produced bell pepper seeds according to free plant growth, branch thinning and ripening stage. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse with randomized block design; plants were tutored to parallel tape supports, with and without branch thinning, and fruits were harvested at three ripening stages (completely green, green/reddish and red). The following determinations were made: seed moisture content of at the time of harvest and after post-harvest rest, number of seeds per fruit, seed germination, and seedling emergence. It is possible to conclude that the production of bell pepper seeds in an organic system is viable, resulting in seeds with a germination percentage and seedling emergence above 90%. The management system of plants without branch thinning results in the production of seeds with greater viability and higher quantity per fruit. The cultivation of bell peppers for seed production may be carried out with fruits at the green ripening stage (51 days after anthesis), without any quality loss.
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50

Gonzalez, T. G., D. M. Henderson, and S. T. Koike. "First Report of Bell Pepper (Capsicum annuum) as a Host of Sclerotinia minor in California." Plant Disease 82, no. 7 (1998): 832. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1998.82.7.832c.

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In 1997, commercially grown bell pepper in the Salinas Valley (Monterey County), California, developed a previously undescribed disease. Plant foliage became pale green and wilted. Crowns developed brown lesions that girdled the plants, resulting in plant death. White mycelia and small (2 to 3 mm), black, irregularly shaped sclerotia were observed on the outside of plant crowns and in the centers of stem cavities. Isolations consistently resulted in the recovery of Sclerotinia minor. Pathogenicity was tested by inoculating 2-month-old bell pepper plants (cv. California Wonder) with sclerotia from three pepper and three lettuce (Lactuca sativa) isolates of S. minor (seven plants per isolate). Six to 10 sclerotia were placed 1 cm below the soil line and adjacent to the plant crowns. After 8 days, plants inoculated with pepper and lettuce isolates developed symptoms similar to those found in commercial fields, and S. minor was recovered from all peppers. The uninoculated control plants developed no symptoms. This is the first report of bell pepper as a host of S. minor.
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