Journal articles: 'Belt drives'

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SZCZYPIŃSKI-SALA, Wojciech, Krzysztof DOBAJ, and Adam KOT. "FRICTIONAL PROBLEMS IN CONTINUOUSLY VARIABLE TRANSMISSION BELT DRIVES." Tribologia, no. 5 (October 31, 2017): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.5923.

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The article describes the results of the research carried out on the evaluation of the influence of friction pairs (rubber belt – belt pulley in belt drive) on the ability to transmit power. In order to determine the characteristics of the belt drive operation, measurements were made on a real belt drive from the drive train of a light two-wheeled vehicle. The measurement was carried out in conditions of changes in the dynamic load. The measurements of the belt slip on the belt pulley within the whole range of the changes of gear ratios and angular speed of the engine were made. During the tests, belts made from various rubber mixtures were compared. The values of the friction coefficients between the surface of belts and the belt pulley were measured. Model analyses of the impact of belt slip on the wheel related to the temperature of Belt drive elements were also made. Generally, one can ascertain that, in belt drive systems, power losses are a combination of speed losses and torque losses. The increase in the efficiency of belt drives is possible by decreasing power losses. It is possible to obtain the high performance of continuously variable transmission belt drives with a V- belt solely with the proper choice of the design parameters, which is possible only after the exact recognition of the operational characteristics unique to this class of belt drive systems.

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Yurchenko, Vadim, and Valeriy Nesterov. "Non-reloading coal transportation in the eastern inclined shaft of “Raspadskaya” mine." E3S Web of Conferences 303 (2021): 01027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130301027.

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The planned increase in the mine output from 6.5 to 13.6 million tons per year has set the task of reconstructing a conveyor transport in the eastern inclined shaft of the Raspadskaya mine. The roadway length is 4100 m; the reduced inclination angle is +7°40´. An attempt was made to combine all the positive global practices in one project: the distribution of drive power along the length of a conveyor belt, minimizing the capital cost of implementation. Within the framework of this article, an approach to choosing the speed of a con-veyor belt is discussed, a comparative analysis of the two most com-mon types of intermediate “tripper-type” and “belt-to-belt” drives is given; calculation of a belt conveyor with intermediate “belt-to-belt” drives providing non-reloading conveying in the eastern inclined shaft. Pull force calculations showed that a conveyor belt with four interme-diate “belt-to-belt” drives can be implemented as follows: belt width – 1400 mm, belt speed – 4.0 m/s, mono-material load-carrying belt – PVG-4000, mono-material drive belt – PVG-1400, 2-pulley drive units when mounted on one side: head drive power – 2×1000 = 2000 kW, intermediate drive power – 2×1600 = 3200 kW. Thus, the use of a conveyor belt with four intermediate “belt-to-belt” drives in the in-clined shaft will give the following results: non-reloading transporta-tion over the entire length of the shaft, reducing the additional degra-dation of transported coal due to the exclusion of reloading points, minimizing costs through the use of less durable belts, minimizing costs of sinking an inclined shaft of a smaller cross-section.

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Gerbert, G., and J. de Mare´. "Belt Number Factor in Multiple V-Belt Drives." Journal of Mechanical Design 118, no. 3 (September 1, 1996): 347–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2826891.

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Tolerances on belts and pulleys lead to a nonuniform tension distribution among the belts in a multiple belt drive. Material imperfections lead to a service life distribution. Both phenomena contributes to the life of the drive i.e. the shortest life of any of the belts. To compensate for life reduction a belt number factor is introduced. The combined effect of tension and life distributions is simulated and compared with analyses. It appears that life distribution is the major contributor. Practical values of the belt number factor are presented.

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UEDA, Hiroyuki, and Masanori KAGOTANI. "BCD-07 TRNSMISSION ERROR IN SYNCHRONOUS BELT DRIVES UNDER DYNAMIC CONDITIONS(BELT AND CHAIN DRIVES)." Proceedings of the JSME international conference on motion and power transmissions 2009 (2009): 636–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeimpt.2009.636.

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Kong, Lingyuan, and Robert G. Parker. "Mechanics and Sliding Friction in Belt Drives With Pulley Grooves." Journal of Mechanical Design 128, no. 2 (June 23, 2005): 494–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2168469.

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The steady mechanics of a two-pulley belt drive system are examined where the pulley grooves, belt extension and wedging in the grooves, and the associated friction are considered. The belt is modeled as an axially moving string with the tangential and normal accelerations incorporated. The pulley grooves generate two-dimensional radial and tangential friction forces whose undetermined direction depends on the relative speed between belt and pulley along the contact arc. Different from single-pulley analyses, the entry and exit points between the belt spans and pulleys must be determined in the analysis due to the belt radial penetration into the pulley grooves and the coupling of the driver and driven pulley solutions. A new computational technique is developed to find the steady mechanics of a V-belt drive. This allows system analysis, such as speed/torque loss and maximum tension ratio. The governing boundary value problem (BVP) with undetermined boundaries is converted to a fixed boundary form solvable by a general-purpose BVP solver. Compared to flat belt drives or models that neglect radial friction, significant differences in the steady belt-pulley mechanics arise in terms of belt radial penetration, free span contact points, tension, friction, and speed variations.

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Abrate, Serge. "Vibrations of belts and belt drives." Mechanism and Machine Theory 27, no. 6 (November 1992): 645–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0094-114x(92)90064-o.

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Ueda, H., M. Kagotani, T. Koyama, and M. Nishioka. "Noise and Life of Helical Timing Belt Drives." Journal of Mechanical Design 121, no. 2 (June 1, 1999): 274–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2829454.

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A new helical timing belt has been developed to reduce noise. In the present study, three belts, each having a curvilinear tooth profile and helix angles of 3 deg, 5 deg and 10 deg, respectively, were designed. The noise and life of the helical timing belt under a constant transmission force are compared with those of a conventional timing belt, in which the helix angle is zero. The noise level of the new helical belts having helix angles of 5 deg or 10 deg was found to be around 5 dB(A) lower than the conventional belt. The belt life was found to be almost identical for each type when the installation tension was set while the slack side tension for the transmission force was lowest. The results of the present study showed that helical belts should be selected for applications in which noise is a crucial factor.

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Kong, L., and R. G. Parker. "Microslip friction in flat belt drives." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 219, no. 10 (October 1, 2005): 1097–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440605x31959.

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The microslip shear model of belt mechanics is extended to fully incorporate belt inertia effects and used to analyse the steady state of a two-pulley drive. The belt is modelled as an axially moving string consisting of a tension-bearing member and a pliable elastomer envelope. Relative displacement between the tension-bearing member and the pulley surfaces shears the elastomer envelope, transferring the friction from the pulley surface to the tension-bearing member. The belt-pulley contact arcs consist of adhesion and sliding zones. Static friction exists in the adhesion zones, whereas kinetic friction exists in the sliding zones. An iteration method involving one outer and two inner loops is proposed to find the steady mechanics, including the sliding and adhesion zones, belt-pulley friction, and belt tension distribution. The outer loop iterates on the tight span tension similar to that used in published creep models. Two inner loops iterate on the tight span and driven pulley speeds respectively, necessitated by the speed differences between the tension-bearing member and the pulley at the entry points in the shear theory. Comparisons between the shear and creep models are conducted. Dramatic differences in belt-pulley mechanics between these two models are highlighted. Nevertheless, the key system performance measures such as the belt tight/slack span tensions, the maximum transmissible moment, and efficiency differ only modestly for the most normal operating conditions. Correspondingly, the adoption of the creep model for flat belts in industry is well justified because it is well developed and simple, although the shear model seems more relevant for modern belts with grid layers.

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Kagotani, Masanori, Hiroyuki Ueda, and Tomio Koyama. "Transmission Error in Helical Timing Belt Drives (Case of a Period of Pulley Pitch)." Journal of Mechanical Design 123, no. 1 (February 1, 2000): 104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1326916.

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Helical timing belts have been developed in order to reduce the noise that occurs when conventional timing belts are driven. Helical timing belts are characterized by synchronous rotation. Although several studies have been performed to clarify the noise characteristics and belt life of helical timing belts, the transmission error of these belts remains unclear. In the present study, the transmission error having a period of one pitch of the pulley was investigated both theoretically and experimentally for helical timing belt drives. Experimental conditions were such that the transmission force acts on the helical timing belts under quasi-static conditions and the belt incurs belt climbing at the beginning of meshing and at the end of meshing. Experimental results obtained for the transmission error agreed closely with the computed results. The computed results revealed that helical timing belts can be analyzed as a set of very narrow belts for which the helix angle is zero. The transmission error was found to decrease when the helix angle or the belt width increase within a range defined such that the face advance is less than one belt pitch. In addition, there exists an appropriate installation tension that reduces the transmission error.

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Townsend, W. T., and J. K. Salisbury. "The Efficiency Limit of Belt and Cable Drives." Journal of Mechanisms, Transmissions, and Automation in Design 110, no. 3 (September 1, 1988): 303–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3267462.

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Compliant belt and cable drives cannot approach perfect efficiency. Some friction loss in the form of belt/pulley slippage must be present. Thermodynamic principles may be applied to a simple control volume drawn around a belt or cable drive to show that there is a limit on efficiency. This maximum efficiency applies to all belt and cable drives. Chain/sprocket drives, though similar to belt and cable drives, may not be limited to this efficiency. Consequences of the analysis relevant to belt and cable transmission design are that: (1) multiple transmission stages degrade the total efficiency, and (2) it is best to maximize the cable or belt speed and stiffness per unit length for a given power transmitted.

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Kátai, László, Péter Szendrő, and Péter Gárdonyi. "The power transmission stability and efficiency of V-belts." Progress in Agricultural Engineering Sciences 12, no. 1 (December 2016): 25–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/446.12.2016.2.

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The V-belt drive is a rather popular, widely used form of power transmission in agricultural and food industry engineering. At the same time, its stability, the lifetime of V-belt is influenced by several environmental factors, namely in the food industry by the contamination affecting the belt sides, the ambient temperature, humidity and the occasionally aggressive (acidic, alkaline air, air saturated with gases, etc.) medium. In the case of agricultural machinery, the vibration caused by uncertainly oriented pulleys with bearing in different plate structures (often being shaken in the fields) as well as alignment adjustment inaccuracies jeopardize the reliability of the parameters of the drive. Furthermore, the efficiency is determined by several factors together: the slippage occurring during drive transmission, the hysteresis loss resulting from the external and internal friction occurring with the belt entering and exiting the pulley. Experimental equipment and calculation methods were developed to determine the dynamics of temperature increase generated by the belt and pulley relationship. The temperature generated in the V-belt was measured as a function of pretension, pulley diameter and bending frequency. The so-called damping factor characterizing the contact with the pulley (the external friction when entering and exiting the groove) and the hysteresis loss (inner friction) are also determined. On the basis of the damping factor (ζ ≈ 400 Ns/m2) of the V-belt involved in the experiments the other losses (Poth) occurring from the pulley—V-belt contact and internal friction may be estimated. The drive parameters may be optimized with the mathematical model describing the effect of the pulley diameter and belt frequency on the increase in temperature. A standardized calculation method as well as design factors valid for the properly adjusted drive and normal operating conditions determined through empirical and laboratory experiments are used for the sizing of V-belt drives. The lifetime of V-belt drives designed in this way, used in extreme conditions typical of agricultural machinery will not be appropriate and will not provide clear, predictable information for maintenance planning. In such cases the results of our own many lifetime tests conducted in the given circumstances can be safely relied on. The agricultural harvesting machines are large plate-body self-propelled structures on which most of the power supply of the (threshing, cleaning, moving, etc.) machine units handling the crop is realized via belt drives. The distance and angular displacement of the axes involved in the drive can vary within wide limits. The misalignment and angular displacement of the pulleys can be the result of installation instability — due to the plate structure — and the deformation of the plate structure occurring during the operation as well. V-belt drives operate satisfactorily under such conditions as well, however these faults are unfavourable in terms of belt lifetime and result in the reduction of drive efficiency. A further aim of our research is to examine through experiments the lifetime and efficiency of V-belts used in agricultural machines as a function of drive adjustment errors. According to the results of the measurements of the geometrical adjustment errors of V-belt drives performed in the field, the pulleys of agricultural equipment are not always positioned in the medium plane of the drive. In our experiments these data served as independent variables. Figure 1 shows the arrangement of a V-belt drive in a grain harvester with the laser pulley alignment measuring instrument installed as an accessory. In the case of many machine types in 80% of the tested drives three times the permissible error was measured, and because of off-road use, due to dynamic load these errors further increased as a result of the frame deformation. The results of both the belt bending testing and the geometrical adjustment testing of the drive offer great help in the design of belt drives. At the same time they can be the source of lifetime and efficiency forecasts.

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Kagotani, Masanori, Kenichi Makita, Hiroyuki Ueda, and Tomio Koyama. "Transmission Error in Helical Synchronous Belt Drives in Bidirectional Operation Under No Transmitted Load (Influence of Pulley Flanges)." Journal of Mechanical Design 126, no. 5 (September 1, 2004): 881–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1765118.

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Helical synchronous belt drives are more effective than conventional synchronous belt drives with respect to reducing noise and transmission error per single pitch of the pulley. However, the helix angle of the tooth trace causes axial belt movement. Therefore, flanged pulleys are used in a helical synchronous belt drive, in order to prevent the belt from running off the pulley. In the present study, the transmission error in a helical synchronous belt drive using flanged pulleys under no transmitted load was investigated both theoretically and experimentally for the case where the pulley was rotated in bidirectional operation. The computed transmission error agrees well with the experimental results, thereby confirming the applicability of the proposed theoretical analysis for transmission error. In this case, transmission error is found to be generated by the difference in axial belt movement between the driving and driven sides, and by a change in the state of contact between the belt and pulley teeth flanks. The transmission error is reduced when the installation tension is set higher than the tension that causes a change in contact direction between the tooth flanks. In addition, transmission error does not occur when the driving and driven pulleys are of equal outside diameter and have no alignment error between the driving and driven pulleys in the axial direction.

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CEPON, Gregor, and Miha BOLTEZAR. "BCD-06 DYNAMICS OF A BELT-DRIVE SYSTEM USING A LINEAR COMPLEMENTARITY PROBLEM FOR THE BELT-PULLEY CONTACT DESCRIPTION(BELT AND CHAIN DRIVES)." Proceedings of the JSME international conference on motion and power transmissions 2009 (2009): 630–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeimpt.2009.630.

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Martynov, V. K. "Bending torsion in the V-belt drives." Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 9, no. 1-1 (January 10, 2015): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-67226.

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The paper deals with the possible appearance of bending torsion of belt in of belt transmissions, especially for wide variable with corrugations. For similar V-belts loading in transmission - as flexible rods of open profile - imposes its own specificity in considering of new torque to the defined in the existing theory based on the hypothesis of plane sections. Results increase opportunities for description of the processes in transmission, giving them proper assessment.

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Zolkin, Denis, and Vadim Petrov. "Computer model of electric drive of 1L100K conveying unit." E3S Web of Conferences 134 (2019): 01012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913401012.

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The paper deals with the problems of vibration damping and limiting dynamic loads in the electromechanical system of a belt conveyor by means of an adjustable electric drive. A conveying unit is represented as a three-mass ring system, which corresponds to a conveying unit with cinematically closed tape. The development of the structure of the control system for electric drives of belt conveyors with limited dynamic loads in elastic elements will reduce the dynamic loads on the belt and therefore the wear of the belts. Conditions of damping of oscillations in electromechanical system of belt conveyors are defined.

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Leamy, Michael J., and Tamer M. Wasfy. "Transient and Steady-State Dynamic Finite Element Modeling of Belt-Drives." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 124, no. 4 (December 1, 2002): 575–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1513793.

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In this study, a dynamic finite element model is developed for pulley belt-drive systems and is employed to determine the transient and steady-state response of a prototypical belt-drive. The belt is modeled using standard truss elements, while the pulleys are modeled using rotating circular constraints, for which the driver pulley’s angular velocity is prescribed. Frictional contact between the pulleys and the belt is modeled using a penalty formulation with frictional contact governed by a Coulomb-like tri-linear friction law. One-way clutch elements are modeled using a proportional torque law supporting torque transmission in a single direction. The dynamic response of the drive is then studied by incorporating the model into an explicit finite element code, which can maintain time-accuracy for large rotations and for long simulation times. The finite element solution is validated through comparison to an exact analytical solution of a steadily-rotating, two-pulley drive. Several response quantities are compared, including the normal and tangential (friction) force distributions between the pulleys and the belt, the driven pulley angular velocity, and the belt span tensions. Excellent agreement is found. Transient response results for a second belt-drive example involving a one-way clutch are used to demonstrate the utility and flexibility of the finite element solution approach.

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Massouros, G. "The Effect of Geometry Imperfections on the Performance of Multiple V-Belt Drives." Journal of Mechanisms, Transmissions, and Automation in Design 111, no. 1 (March 1, 1989): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3258962.

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It has been observed in practice, that the lifetime of a multiple V-belt drive is always less than the corresponding life of a single V-belt drive. This is due to an uneven contribution of all belts of the multiple drive to the power transmission owing to microerrors in the equality of the diameters and profiles of all grooves and of the lengths of all belts. These microerrors cause a distribution of the transmission ratios among the branches of the V-belt around a mean value which in turn results in an uneven loading of the belts and a reduction of their “life.” In the present work, analytical relations are obtained for the influence of the aforementioned errors on the elastic creep of the belts, on the transmitted power, and on the other characteristics of the belt drive. An experiment was made to verify the analytical results.

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IIZUKA, HIROSHI, NORIHITO SUZUKI, TAKUYA MORIMOTO, and AKIHIKO TOKUDA. "BCD-02 INITIATION OF SURFACE CRACK IN CVT RUBBER BELTS(BELT AND CHAIN DRIVES)." Proceedings of the JSME international conference on motion and power transmissions 2009 (2009): 609–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeimpt.2009.609.

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MORIMOTO, Takuya, and Hiroshi IIZUKA. "BCD-04 A RATE-DEPENDENT MODEL OF FLAT RUBBER BELTS(BELT AND CHAIN DRIVES)." Proceedings of the JSME international conference on motion and power transmissions 2009 (2009): 620–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeimpt.2009.620.

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Kusumaningtyas, Indraswari, Ashley J. G. Nuttall, and Gabriel Lodewijks. "Dynamics of Multiple-Drive Belt Conveyors during Starting." Applied Mechanics and Materials 842 (June 2016): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.842.141.

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In this paper, the dynamics of multiple-drive belt conveyors during starting is discussed. The aim of the research is to determine whether the belt sections in a multiple-drive belt conveyor can be viewed as a single-drive belt conveyor, and whether the DIN 22101 standard for the starting of a single-drive belt conveyor can still be used for the starting of a multiple-drive belt conveyor. A finite element model of a belt conveyor system was built in Matlab, consisting of a model of the belt and its support structure, and a model of the drive system. In this work, the simulations were carried out for the starting procedures of empty belt conveyors with varying number of drives. For each simulation case, the linear start-up procedure was tested. The simulations focused on the study of the axial elastic response of the belt. The simulations revealed that, by using more drives, the maximum belt stress during non-stationary as well as stationary conditions decreased. However, when using reduced starting times, negative stresses occur in the system. Overall, it was observed that the behaviour of each section between two drive stations in the multiple-drive belt conveyor differed from those of the single-drive belt conveyor. Therefore, the DIN 22101 guidelines for the start-up of a single-drive belt conveyor cannot be applied directly for the start-up of a multiple-drive belt conveyor.

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Leamy, M. J., and N. C. Perkins. "Nonlinear Periodic Response of Engine Accessory Drives With Dry Friction Tensioners." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 120, no. 4 (October 1, 1998): 909–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2893919.

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Belt drives have long been utilized in engine applications to power accessories such as alternators, pumps, compressors and fans. Drives employing a single, flat, “serpentine belt” tensioned by an “automatic tensioner” are now common in automotive engine applications. The automatic tensioner helps maintain constant belt tension and to dissipate unwanted belt drive vibration through dry friction. The objective of this study is to predict the periodic rotational response of the entire drive to harmonic excitation from the crankshaft. To this end, a multi-degree of freedom incremental harmonic balance method (IHB) is utilized to compute periodic solutions to the nonlinear equations of motion over a wide range of engine speeds. Computed results illustrate primary and secondary resonances of the accessory drive and tensioner stick-slip motions.

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JOHANNESSON, Tomas. "BCD-13 FRICTIONAL WORK IN AUTOMOTIVE SYNCHRONOUS BELT DRIVES(BELT AND CHAIN DRIVES)." Proceedings of the JSME international conference on motion and power transmissions II.01.202 (2001): 773–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeimpt.ii.01.202.773.

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Childs, T. H. C., and D. Cowburn. "Power Transmission Losses in V-Belt Drives Part 2: Effects of Small Pulley Radii." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Transport Engineering 201, no. 1 (January 1987): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1987_201_156_02.

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Run-in AV10 wrapped, raw-edged and cogged V-belts have been used to transmit power between pulleys of equal radii R equal to 51, 36 and 21 mm. Separate measurements of the torque and angular speed losses between the pulleys have shown that these are approximately proportional to 1/R and 1/R2 respectively and are also greater than expected from current theories. The maximum useful belt tension ratio fell from 21 to 5 as R was reduced from 51 to 21 mm. A dimensionless belt deformation parameter (gEI/R4)1/2, arising from a simplified analysis of torque loss, has been found empirically to correlate with both torque loss and the speed loss in excess of that expected from belt extension and radial compliance. Subsidiary tests with thick flat belts on cylindrical pulleys have shown their power losses to be unexpectedly close to those of V-belts of similar cross-sectional area, suggesting that those V-belt losses usually attributed to wedging in the pulley groove are of more general origin. It is speculated that belt carcass warping or shearing distortions must be considered to explain losses on small-radii pulleys.

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Childs, T. H. C., and D. Cowbum. "Power Transmission Losses in V-Belt Drives Part 1: Mismatched Belt and Pulley Groove Wedge Angle Effects." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Transport Engineering 201, no. 1 (January 1987): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1987_201_155_02.

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AV 10 raw-edged V-belts cut to wedge angles from 32° to 42° have been run in 36° grooves on pulleys of 51 mm pitch circle radius. It has been shown experimentally that belts with wedge angles from 37° to 38.5° fitted the grooves best and were the most efficient. The excess speed and torque loss parts of the power loss of other belts was due to the larger radial compliance of these belts which did not fit their pulley groove. Current theoretical models of radial compliance of misfitting belts are shown to be wrong. The results have been generalized and a theory of belt bending distortion developed to give detailed recommendations of the most efficient pulley groove angles in which to run belts cut to 40°, depending on pulley radius, belt construction and belt length.

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Bortnowski, Piotr, Adam Gładysiewicz, Lech Gładysiewicz, Robert Król, and Maksymilian Ozdoba. "Conveyor Intermediate TT Drive with Power Transmission at the Return Belt." Energies 15, no. 16 (August 21, 2022): 6062. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15166062.

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Intermediate linear booster drive can solve many problems of transport by long route conveyors. At the same time, operating costs are significantly reduced. There are solutions using intermediate belt drives, usually involving friction coupling in the carry belt. From a theoretical point of view, it is possible to transmit the friction force on an additional section in the return belt. The article presents a theoretical and experimental analysis of this solution and a comparison with a drive operating in a conventional solution. The transferred forces, the variability of the belt tension as well as the efficiency and stability of the drive for both solutions were compared. The use of additional coupling in the return belt makes it possible to increase the transmitted friction force and achieve a better rate of electricity consumption. The solution can be useful in currently existing intermediate drives, where it is possible to support the return side and transmit power.

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CEPON, Gregor, Lionel MANIN, and Miha BOLTEZAR. "BCD-05 INTRODUCTION OF A DAMPING MECHANISM IN THE FLEXIBLE MULTIBODY BELT-DRIVE MODEL : A NUMERICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION(BELT AND CHAIN DRIVES)." Proceedings of the JSME international conference on motion and power transmissions 2009 (2009): 624–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeimpt.2009.624.

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Goncharov, K. A. "Conceptual solutions for control systems of differential tensioners for belt conveyors." Nauchno-tekhnicheskiy vestnik Bryanskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta 7, no. 4 (December 25, 2021): 316–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22281/2413-9920-2021-07-04-316-327.

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Differential tensioning devices for belt conveyors in general and intermediate drives of extended conveyors in the form of closed traction loops are a new type of automatic tensioning devices that differ from other known designs by the presence of a stepwise discrete belt tension control system with separation of compensation functions for belt stretching under load and control of its tension during the operation of the conveyor in order to create optimal modes of belt loading. The article analyzes the well-known and practical concepts of belt conveyor control systems in general. The possibility of controlling the traction force realized by the intermediate belt drive by controlling the tension of the traction and load-carrying belts is shown. On the basis of the analysis, conceptual solutions for control systems for differential tensioning devices of belt conveyors are proposed with the possibility of both autonomous use and application in the structure of an integrated conveyor control system. Possible structures of linear parts of differential tensioning devices are presented, as well as options for the implementation of executive parts that directly move tensioning elements.

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Luo, S., Y. Wu, D. Zhang, Y. Yu, and S. Zhu. "An experimental study on magnetic belt drive." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 221, no. 5 (May 1, 2007): 579–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954406jmes427.

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This paper focuses on an experimental investigation of a novel friction drive, a magnetic belt drive (MBD), in which an additional frictional force between the belt and pulleys is provided by the usage of magnetic belt and magnets. The effective tension, elastic creep rate, and transmission efficiency of a prototype of the MBD were measured by experiments against a few running parameters, such as initial tension, input torque, and magnetic flux density. The results demonstrate that the MBD has better contact conditions and transmission performances than conventional belt drives in terms of the above measures.

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Pozhbelko, V. I. "A Unified Theory of Structure, Synthesis and Analysis of Multibody Mechanical Systems with Geometrical, Flexible and Dynamic Connections. Part 1. Basic Structural Equations and Universal Structure Tables." Proceedings of Higher Educational Institutions. Маchine Building, no. 09 (726) (September 2020): 24–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/0536-1044-2020-9-24-43.

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Multibody mechanical systems (mechanisms and machine drives) are widely used in different fields of modern engineering due to their reliability and simple design. They can be found in robots, manipulators, technological and construction equipment, automatic lines, etc. This paper presents a unified theory of structure, synthesis and analysis of mechanisms and machines with geometrical (single and multiple kinematic pairs), flexible contact (friction or belt) and dynamic contactless (inertial, gravitational, etc.) connections. The theory can be used to construct planar and spatial single- and multi-loop kinematic chains of machines with a given number of closed loops and driving motors. Areas of possible existence of multibody mechanical systems with open, closed and mixed kinematic chain are determined. Based on these findings, various planar and spatial gear and linkage patentable mechanisms are developed that can be used in vibrational drives, variable structure systems requiring precise stoppage during the cycle, lever actuators of multi-axle locomotives, spatial mixers with several mixing tanks, tribometers for measuring the limiting pulling capacity of flexible belts of belt-and-pulley drives, and direct-drive devices for horizontal motion of a suspended load with a low set velocity.

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Beikmann, R. S., N. C. Perkins, and A. G. Ulsoy. "Free Vibration of Serpentine Belt Drive Systems." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 118, no. 3 (July 1, 1996): 406–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2888197.

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The vibration of an automotive serpentine belt drive system greatly affects the perceived quality and the reliability of the system. Accessory drives with unfavorable vibration characteristics transmit excessive noise and vibration to other vehicle structures, to the vehicle occupants, and may also promote the fatigue and failure of system components. Moreover, these characteristics are a consequence of decisions made early on in the design and arrangement of the accessory drive system. The present paper focuses on fundamental modeling issues that are central to predicting accessory drive vibration. To this end, a prototypical drive is evaluated, which is composed of a driven pulley, a driving pulley, and a dynamic tensioner. The coupled equations of free response governing the discrete and continuous elements are presented herein. A closed-form solution method is used to evaluate the natural frequencies and modeshapes. Attention focuses on a key linear mechanism that couples tensioner arm rotation and transverse vibration of the adjacent belt spans. Modal tests on an experimental drive confirm the theoretical predictions.

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Tolkachev, E. N. "Changing the technical characteristics of conveyors with a suspended belt in case of failures in the power supply system of drive suspensions." Nauchno-tekhnicheskiy vestnik Bryanskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta 7, no. 3 (September 25, 2021): 280–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.22281/2413-9920-2021-07-03-280-295.

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The results of the research presented in the article relate to a fundamentally new type of continuous transport machines-conveyors with a suspended load-carrying belt and a distributed drive. The main advantages of which are due to the features of the kinematic scheme, in which the load-bearing conveyor belt is held by the sides by means of roller suspensions on rolling guides closed along the route and does not interact with its base with supporting supports, and the drive is implemented according to the distributed scheme by the equipment of individual suspensions with individual motor-gear drives. A feature of such a kinematic scheme is the nature of the failures associated with the operation of highly loaded drive suspensions, the influence of which affects the main technical characteristics of the conveyor with a sufficiently increased number. The paper presents a mathematical model designed to calculate the dynamic characteristics of a conveyor with a suspended belt and a distributed drive when the types of failures characteristic of this conveyor design occur, associated with a break in the supply electrical circuit of the motor-gear drive of the suspensions. Based on the developed mathematical model for the reference design of a conveyor with a suspended belt and a distributed drive, a series of numerical calculations of dynamic characteristics in the event of failures of drive suspensions is performed. The obtained results allowed us to establish that with a reduction in the number of groups of consistently failed drive suspensions located with an equal step along the route, the technical characteristics of the conveyor deteriorate: the speed of movement of the load-bearing belt and the total power of the drives are reduced, and the longitudinal tensile stresses in the belt are increased. With an increase in the number of consistently failed drive suspensions within one group, the power and speed of the conveyor decrease non-linearly, and the longitudinal stresses in the conveyor belt increase linearly. In general, the results of calculations of the technical characteristics of the reference idealized design demonstrated the possibility of the conveyor operation in case of failure of 90% of the drive suspensions. The actual performance indicators are determined by the technical characteristics of the used gear motor drives.

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Kong, L., and R. G. Parker. "Equilibrium and Belt-Pulley Vibration Coupling in Serpentine Belt Drives." Journal of Applied Mechanics 70, no. 5 (September 1, 2003): 739–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1598477.

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Serpentine belt drives with spring-loaded tensioners are now widely used in the automotive industry. Experimental measurements show that linear system vibration coupling exists between the pulley rotations and the transverse span deflections. Former models that treat the belt as a string and neglect the belt bending stiffness cannot explain this coupling phenomenon. In this paper, a new serpentine belt system model incorporating the belt bending stiffness is established. The finite belt bending stiffness causes nontrivial transverse span equilibria, in contrast to string models with straight span equilibria. Nontrivial span equilibria cause linear span-pulley coupling, and the degree of coupling is determined by the equilibrium curvatures. A computational method based on boundary value problem solvers is developed to obtain the numerically exact solution of the nonlinear equilibrium equations. An approximate analytical solution of closed-form is also obtained for the case of small bending stiffness. Based on these solutions, the effects of design variables on the equilibrium deflections and span-pulley coupling are investigated.

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Wu, Yingdan, Michael J. Leamy, and Michael Varenberg. "Schallamach waves in rolling: Belt drives." Tribology International 119 (March 2018): 354–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2017.11.005.

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Zwiers, U., and M. Braun. "On the Dynamics of Belt Drives." PAMM 5, no. 1 (December 2005): 149–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pamm.200510055.

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Bekircan, S. "Ideal Characteristics of a Variable Ratio Belt Drive." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Transport Engineering 202, no. 1 (January 1988): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1988_202_154_02.

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A fundamental theory concerning the theoretical power-torque envelopes over the speed ratio range of a general variable ratio belt drive is presented, to the best of the author's knowledge, for the first time. This theory applies to both V and flat belt drives, and is independent of the detailed designs. The analysis is based on two limiting factors, namely the maximum tension and the tendency of the belt to slip bodily on one or both pulleys assuming that the centre distance and the belt length are constant. These above factors determine the power and torque envelopes. The most suitable envelopes for the design purpose of the variable ratio belt drive are those of compact size, maximum belt tension and relatively high transmitted power.

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Kagotani, M., T. Koyama, and H. Ueda. "A Study on Transmission Error in Timing Belt Drives (Effect of Production Error in Polychloroprene Rubber Belt)." Journal of Mechanical Design 115, no. 4 (December 1, 1993): 1038–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2919253.

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Experiments on a transmission error caused by production errors in polychloroprene rubber timing belts were performed under a quasistatic condition and an initial tension. The experimental results were compared with the computed results obtained using the measurement results of the production error in the belt. It was confirmed that the transmission error, having a period of one revolution of the belt, was mainly caused by a single pitch error, a change in cross-sectional area of the load carrying cords and a change in modulus of elasticity for one revolution of the belt. As the experimental results coincided quite well with the computed ones, it was concluded that the measurement methods for the single pitch error and the belt elongation factor, and the arrangement methods of these values used to compute the transmission error were valid. Further, it was found that the transmission error due to the production error in the belt lessens when the initial tension becomes smaller.

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Kong, Lingyuan, and Robert G. Parker. "Coupled Belt-Pulley Vibration in Serpentine Drives With Belt Bending Stiffness." Journal of Applied Mechanics 71, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1641064.

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A method is developed to evaluate the natural frequencies and vibration modes of serpentine belt drives where the belt is modeled as a moving beam with bending stiffness. Inclusion of bending stiffness leads to belt-pulley coupling not captured in moving string models. New dynamic characteristics of the system induced by belt bending stiffness are investigated. The belt-pulley coupling is studied through the evolution of the vibration modes. When the belt-pulley coupling is strong, the dynamic behavior of the system is quite different from that of the string model where there is no such coupling. The effects of major design variables on the system are discussed. The spatial discretization can be used to solve other hybrid continuous/discrete eigenvalue problems.

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Kong, Lingyuan, and Robert G. Parker. "Mechanics of Serpentine Belt Drives with Tensioner Assemblies and Belt Bending Stiffness." Journal of Mechanical Design 127, no. 5 (October 29, 2004): 957–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1903002.

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Steady state analysis is conducted on a multipulley serpentine belt drive with a spring-loaded tensioner assembly. Classical creep theory is extended to incorporate belt bending stiffness as well as the belt stretching and centripetal accelerations. The belt is modeled as an axially moving Euler–Bernoulli beam with nonuniform speed due to belt extensibility and variation of belt tension. The geometry of the belt-pulley contact zones and the corresponding belt tension and friction distributions are the main factors affecting belt slip. Bending stiffness introduces nontrivial span deflections, reduces the wrap angles, and makes the belt-pulley contact points unknown a priori. The free span boundary value problems (BVP) with undetermined boundaries are transformed to a fixed boundary form. A two-loop iteration method, necessitated by the tensioner assembly, is developed to find the system steady state. The effects of system parameters on serpentine drive behavior are explored in the context of an actual automotive belt drive.

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Makita, Kenichi, Masanori Kagotani, Hiroyuki Ueda, and Tomio Koyama. "Transmission Error in Synchronous Belt Drives With Idler (Influence of Thickness Error of Belt Back Face Under No Load Conditions)." Journal of Mechanical Design 126, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 148–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1639379.

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Synchronous belt drives are commonly used in conjunction with an idler on the back face of the belt. However, thickness errors between the belt pitch line and back face of the belt, if present, will result in a change in belt tension on the span, and are considered to affect transmission error. In the present study, the transmission error in a synchronous belt drive with an idler under no load was investigated both theoretically and experimentally using a belt of known thickness error. The computed transmission error agrees well with the experimental data thereby verifying the applicability of the analysis method. In addition, a transmission error was mainly generated by the change in length of the belt pitch line due to the thickness error of the belt. It is shown that the transmission error due to the belt thickness error can be removed by using an automatic tensioner.

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Kremer, Christina, Markus Tomzig, Nora Merkel, and Alexandra Neukum. "Using Active Seat Belt Retractions to Mitigate Motion Sickness in Automated Driving." Vehicles 4, no. 3 (August 11, 2022): 825–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vehicles4030046.

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The introduction of automated-driving functions provides passengers with the opportunity to engage in non-driving related tasks during the ride. However, this benefit might be compromised by an increased incidence of motion sickness. Therefore, we investigated the effectiveness of active seat belt retractions as a countermeasure against motion sickness during inattentive automated driving. We hypothesized that seat belt retractions would mitigate motion sickness by supporting passengers to anticipate upcoming braking maneuvers, by actively tensioning their neck muscles and, thereby, reducing the extent of forward head movement while braking. In a motion base driving simulator, 26 participants encountered two 30 min automated drives in slow-moving traffic: one drive with active seat belt retractions before each braking maneuver and a baseline drive without. The results revealed that there was no difference in perceived motion sickness between both experimental conditions. Seat belt retractions resulted in an increased activity of the lateral neck muscles and supported drivers to anticipate braking maneuvers. However, at the same time, the retractions led to an increased magnitude of head movement in response to braking. This research lays the groundwork for future research on active seat belt retractions as a countermeasure against motion sickness and provides directions for future work.

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Kubas, Krzysztof. "Measurement of the friction parameters of a belt transmission under heavy load." Archives of Automotive Engineering - Archiwum Motoryzacji 95, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 18–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.14669/am.vol95.art2.

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This article presents the results of measurements of a belt transmission with a poly-V belt 5PK, most often used in the industry, especially in industrial drives, agricultural machines and in the automotive industry. The main goal of the works was to obtain the dependence of the belt slip value on the measured, relatively high values of resistance torque. For this purpose, a series of measurements were made using a specialised research stand consisting of two alternating current motors and attached pulleys. It considered four cases of the value of the belt pre-tensioning force. In each of the cases, while making the measurements, the resistance of the passive pulley was increased, resulting in increasing values of belt slip. Finally, the achieved courses were approximated. The obtained results will be used to develop empirical models of friction at the belt-pulley interface. They can also be useful for belt manufacturers to make better belts, especially those subjected to higher loads.

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Kasza, Piotr, Piotr Kulinowski, and Jacek Zarzycki. "The Influence of an Operating Conditions on the Friction Coefficient in Transportation Machines Drives." New Trends in Production Engineering 3, no. 1 (August 1, 2020): 294–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ntpe-2020-0024.

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AbstractThe publication presents the construction of the station for testing the friction coefficient under high pressure and low slip velocity values. These conditions of cooperation of friction pairs occur in the drives of transport machines such as belt conveyors and suspended monorails. The value of the friction coefficient, depending on the operating conditions such as moisture and rock or coal dust pollution, has a significant impact on the correct and efficient operation of such drives. The features of the station allow mapping the operating conditions on a laboratory scale. As part of the research, appropriate friction samples made of rubber or polyurethane were prepared. Referring to the conditions of conveyor operation and conditions of contact of the conveyor belt with the drive drum, the values of unit pressures and values of slip speed occurring in the drum drive of the belt conveyor were determined. A series of laboratory tests were carried out for the friction pair rubber drum lining – conveyor belt cover. The tests were carried out for four different states of friction vapor surfaces, namely for dry and wet samples, as well as for samples in clean or contaminated with stone dust. As a result of the tests, the values of friction coefficients for various surface states were determined, which will be valuable information for designers of friction drive systems of transport devices.

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Balta, Berna, Fazil O. Sonmez, and Abdulkadir Cengiz. "Speed losses in V-ribbed belt drives." Mechanism and Machine Theory 86 (April 2015): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2014.11.016.

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Koyama, Tomio, and Kurt M. Marshek. "Toothed belt drives—Past, present and future." Mechanism and Machine Theory 23, no. 3 (January 1988): 227–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0094-114x(88)90108-5.

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Gerbert, Göran, and Jacques De Maré. "Tension distribution in multiple V-belt drives." Mechanism and Machine Theory 30, no. 8 (November 1995): 1279–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0094-114x(95)00033-u.

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Balovnev, N. P., L. A. Dmitrieva, and I. N. Semin. "Experimental estimate of tractive ability of belt drives with different methods of belt tensioning." Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 6, no. 2-1 (January 20, 2012): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-68415.

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Ganesh Sampath, V., Kadaverla Abhishek, and N. C. Lenin. "Design, Development and Electromagnetic Analysis of a Linear Induction Motor." Applied Mechanics and Materials 852 (September 2016): 794–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.852.794.

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Linear induction motors (LIMs) are a very effective drive mechanism for actuation and transportation systems. LIMs are capable of generating a non adhesive thrust force, providing both propulsion and levitation forces and is hence considered as a promising propulsion system [1]. LIMs are used in rapid transportation, baggage handling conveyors (belt conveyors), crane drives, theme park rides, induction pumps, impact extrusion machines, flexible manufacturing systems etc. This is attributed to various advantages LIMs have such as, high starting thrust, simple mechanical design and construction, alleviation of gears between motor and the motion device, no backlash, small friction and sustainability for low speed and high speed applications making LIM a strong candidate in applications with linear motion. Force can be uniformly applied to the conveyor belt over a wide area without any mechanical contact by using LIMs to drive conveyor belts, making the drive independent of frictional losses between the rollers and belt. This paper presents a design guide for a longitudinal flux single sided linear induction motor for conveyor application. The design parameters have been verified using two dimensional finite element analysis (2D-FEA). Test results imply the features of LIM that make it a strong candidate for simple conveyor applications.

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Hwang, S. J., N. C. Perkins, A. G. Ulsoy, and R. J. Meckstroth. "Rotational Response and Slip Prediction of Serpentine Belt Drive Systems." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 116, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2930400.

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A nonlinear model is developed which describes the rotational response of automotive serpentine belt drive systems. Serpentine drives utilize a single (long) belt to drive all engine accessories from the crankshaft. An equilibrium analysis leads to a closed-form procedure for determining steady-state tensions in each belt span. The equations of motion are linearized about the equilibrium state and rotational mode vibration characteristics are determined from the eigenvalue problem governing free response. Numerical solutions of the nonlinear equations of motion indicate that, under certain engine operating conditions, the dynamic tension fluctuations may be sufficient to cause the belt to slip on particular accessory pulleys. Experimental measurements of dynamic response are in good agreement with theoretical results and confirm theoretical predictions of system vibration, tension fluctuations, and slip.

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Carbone, G., L. Mangialardi, and G. Mantriota. "Theoretical Model of Metal V-Belt Drives During Rapid Ratio Changing." Journal of Mechanical Design 123, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1345521.

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Today the use of metal V-belt (MVB) on C.V.T. (continuously variable transmission) based systems is the rule in automotive applications. The great advantage of this kind of belt is the capability to resist the moving half-pulley’s high axial thrust necessary to transmit the large torque involved. This paper suggest a theoretical model of belt’s behavior during rapid ratio speed changes with the aim to represent the dynamical response of the system during the transient condition. The paper proposes a relation which correlates some easily measurable macroscopic quantities: axial thrust, torque transmitted and belt’s tensions on the slack and tight side. The metal V-belt consists of wedge-shaped plates that are supported by a flexible band, of which there are two types: the metal V-belt without clearance and the metal V-belt with clearance between plates. Our investigation is carried out for the first type of belt and under the hypothesis that there is a rapid variation of speed ratio. The result, that has been reached, allows to predict the behavior of the system and simplifies the planning of continuously variable transmission with metal V-belt.

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Wojtkowiak, Dominik, Krzysztof Talaśka, Dominik Wilczyński, Jan Górecki, and Krzysztof Wałęsa. "Determining the Power Consumption of the Automatic Device for Belt Perforation Based on the Dynamic Model." Energies 14, no. 2 (January 8, 2021): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14020317.

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The subject of the dynamic analysis presented in the article is the linear drive system with a timing belt utilized in the automatic device for polymer composite belt perforation. The analysis was carried out in two stages. In the first stage, the timing belt was modeled with all the relevant dynamic phenomena; subsequently, the tension force of the belt required for the correct operation of the belt transmission was determined. The necessary parameters for belt elasticity, vibration damping, and inertia are based exclusively on the catalog data provided by the manufacturer. During the second stage, equations of motion were derived for the designed drive system with a timing belt, and characteristics were identified to facilitate the optimal selection of electromechanical drives for the construction solution under analysis. The presented methodology allows for designing an effective solution that may be adapted for other constructions. The obtained results showed the influence of the kinematic parameters on the motor torque and proved the importance of reducing the mass of the components in machines that perform high-speed processes.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Belt drives'

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