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Books on the topic 'BEM Duale'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Hunkler, Christian. Ethnische Ungleichheit beim Zugang zu Ausbildungsplätzen im dualen System. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-05494-6.

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2

Frangioudakis, Tom Athanasios. Optical levitation particle delivery system for dual beam fiber optic trap. Sudbury, Ont: Laurentian University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, 2000.

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3

L, Johnson R. Application of dual-beam acoustic procedures to estimate limnetic juvenile sockeye salmon. New Westminster, B.C., Canada: International Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission, 1985.

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4

Johnson, R. L. Application of dual-beam acoustic procedures to estimate limnetic juvenile sockeye salmon. New Westminster, B.C: International Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission, 1985.

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5

Cecchini, Paola. La corte squisita del duca Federico: Mense imbandite nel più bel palazzo del Rinascimento italiano. Bologna: Calderini, 1995.

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6

Burwen, Debby. Estimates of chinook salmon abundance in the Kenai River using dual-beam sonar, 1993. Anchorage: Alaska Dept. of Fish and Game, Division of Sport Fish, Research and Technical Services, 1995.

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7

Pringle, Steven Derek. A study of the formation of silicon oxide thin films using dual ion beam reactive sputtering. Salford: University of Salford, 1994.

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8

Turner, Roderick David. Dual wavelength fiber-optic polarimeter for path-integrated strain sensing: application to the measurement of local slope on a flexible beam. [Downsview, Ontario]: University of Toronto, Institute for Aerospace Studies, 1991.

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9

Turner, Roderick David. Dual wavelength fiber-optic polarimeter for path-integrated strain sensing: application to the measurement of local slope on a flexible beam. [Downsview, Ont.]: University of Toronto, Institute for Aerospace Studies, 1990.

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10

Gaul, Lothar. Boundary element methods for engineers and scientists: An introductory course with advanced topics. Berlin: Springer, 2003.

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11

"Shuang zhuan xing" bei jing xia de jiu ye neng li ti sheng zhan lüe yan jiu = Research on the strategy of employability improvement in the context of dual transformation. Beijing: Zhongguo ren min da xue chu ban she, 2010.

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12

Rumpf, Dominik. Zinsbereinigung bei der Dualen Einkommensteuer. Mohr Siebeck, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1628/978-3-16-152881-1.

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13

Ethnische Ungleichheit beim Zugang zu Ausbildungsplätzen im dualen System. Springer VS, 2014.

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14

Richter, Judith. Kelim sheluvim: Ben karyerah le-mishpahah (Anashim va-avodah). Am oved, 1992.

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15

Taxman, Faye S. Dual diagnosis. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0045.

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Substance abuse and mental illness are concentrated in correctional populations. Further, nearly half of female inmates and one-third of male inmates with substance use disorders have a diagnosable mental illness. Even with the higher rates of comorbid disorders of substance use and mental health, studies find that justice-involved individuals with mental illness tend to subscribe to a criminal lifestyle, criminal identity, and criminal values. Treatment for this population needs to address the syndemic of criminal lifestyle, mental illness, and substance abuse in order to effectively reduce recidivism and symptoms. The substance abuse population in most correctional settings is not homogeneous in terms of the type of drug abuse, the age and gender of the population, the criminal justice history, criminal lifestyle and value system, and mental health needs. In the justice system, there is a temptation to provide generic types of drug treatment. Treatment services need to be tailored to the individual in order to reduce symptoms and improve overall justice outcomes. For dually diagnosed patients, the need to provide treatment for both substance abuse and mental illness along with criminal lifestyle and thinking is widely recognized. This chapter reviews current knowledge about treatments for dually diagnosed patients. Included is a discussion of the factors that are unknown or unclear in the literature. Best practices and implementation issues regarding treatment for dual diagnosis patients are then discussed. An important part of these implementation issues are the systems factors required to support treatment in correctional settings. The chapter concludes with a research agenda for the future of dual diagnosis treatment in corrections.
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16

Radical Dualism A Metafantasy On The Square Root Of Dual Organizations Or A Savage Homage To Levistrauss Radikaler Dualismus Eine Metafantasie Ber Die Quadratwurzel Dualer Organisationen Oder Eine Wilde Hommage An Levistrauss. Hatje Cantz Publishers, 2012.

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17

Fraenkel, Ernst. The Sociology of the Dual State. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198716204.003.0010.

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This chapter presents a sociological analysis of the dual state by looking at the terms “community” and “society” and relating them to Germany under the National-Socialists. The chapter also considers the concept of politics in National-Socialist theory, which, it states, is defined by reference to “the enemy.” National-Socialist negation of all universally valid values and its suppression of all communities based upon such values, its negation of an order sanctioned by Natural Law, it is stated, may be said to be at least partially due to foreign threats; at the same time, it is necessary to recognize that the relaxation of the international threat was accompanied by an intensification of the war against internal disintegration. The chapter ends by looking at what the solution to the tensions in National-Socialist Germany might be at the time when this text was written. This is left open. The solution, it states, depends on the people.
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18

Camp, Elisabeth. A Dual Act Analysis of Slurs. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198758655.003.0003.

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Slurs are incendiary terms—many deny that sentences containing them can ever be true. And utterances where they occur embedded within normally “quarantining” contexts, like conditionals and indirect reports, can still seem offensive. At the same time, others find that sentences containing slurs can be true; and there are clear cases where embedding does inoculate a speaker from the slur’s offensiveness. This chapter argues that four standard accounts of the “other” element that differentiates slurs from their more neutral counterparts—semantic content, perlocutionary effect, presupposition, and conventional implicature—all fail to account for this puzzling mixture of intuitions. Instead, it proposes that slurs make two distinct, coordinated contributions to a sentence’s conventional communicative role.
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19

Resnik, David B. Dual-Use Research and Inductive Risk. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190467715.003.0004.

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Dual-use research is research that can be readily employed for beneficial or harmful purposes. Using recent examples from biomedical science, this chapter argues that scientists who are assessing the risks and benefits of dual-use research face issues of practical inductive risk because they must consider the ethical and social implications of mistaken inferences concerning the acceptability of hypotheses pertaining to these risks and benefits. Attempting to avoid practical inductive risk by estimating the probabilities of hypotheses and deferring to policymakers and the public on the issue of accepting hypothesis for practical purposes would be an abdication of the scientist’s ethical and professional responsibility. Scientists have an obligation to play an active role in helping policymakers and the public make well-informed decisions concerning conducting, funding, and publishing dual-use research, including considering the values at stake in these decisions and the bearing they have on policy options.
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20

Fraenkel, Ernst. The Economic Background of the Dual State. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198716204.003.0009.

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This chapter analyzes the German economy in the late 1930s and explores the extent to which it was capitalist. The chapter begins by stating that it is essential to discuss certain economic aspects of the German system under the National-Socialists in order to understand some fundamental problems of that time. Only against an economic background can we understand why it was that the state in Germany was neither completely “prerogative” nor completely “normative” but rather “dual.” The kind and the degree of historical “necessity” involved in the emergence of the dual state in Germany needs to be analyzed and understood. For it is in the dual state that the starting point toward a solution of the much debated problem could hopefully be found. The chapter asks: was the German economic system capitalistic or non-capitalistic?
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21

Wiers, Reinout W., Kristen G. Anderson, Bram Van Bockstaele, Elske Salemink, and Bernhard Hommel. Affect, Dual-Processing, Developmental Psychopathology, and Health Behaviors. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190499037.003.0008.

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This chapter discusses dual-process models of (health) behaviors, regarding both their recent criticisms and implications for health interventions. It agrees with critics that impulsive and reflective processes should not be equated with specific brain processes, but that psychological processes are emergent properties of the dynamic unfolding interplay between different neural systems. It maintains that at a psychological level of description, these models can still be useful to understand challenges to health behaviors and possible interventions. Affective processes can influence impulsive decision-making in health, but also reflective processes, when they concern affectively relevant goals. Cognitive training methods, including cognitive bias modification and training of executive control, have shown some success in changing health behaviors, but a critical variable for long-term success appears to be motivation to change.
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22

Turner, Roderick David. Dual wavelength fibre-optic polarimeter for path-integrated strain sensing: application to the measurement of local slope on a flexible beam. 1990.

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23

Gaul, Lothar, Martin Kögl, and Marcus Wagner. Boundary Element Methods for Engineers and Scientists: An Introductory Course with Advanced Topics. Springer, 2012.

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24

Gaul, Lothar, Martin Kögl, and Marcus Wagner. Boundary Element Methods for Engineers and Scientists. Springer, 2003.

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25

Henschke, Adam. The Internet of Things and Dual Layers of Ethical Concern. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190652951.003.0015.

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The internet of things (IoT), where objects can communicate with each other in a way that affects the physical world, will likely have a great impact on people and society at large. Like a massively distributed set of robots, its effects will be felt on both physical and information realms. After describing key elements of the IoT, this chapter summarizes major ethical concerns. For the physical layer, the primary ethical concerns center on safety, while the informational layer’s primary concerns are about controlling information. Given the two layers’ distinct ethical concerns, we face a problem of moral pluralism—which of these layers should take priority? Recognizing this pluralism, the chapter argues that designers, policymakers, and users not only must not pay attention to both layers, but may also have to prioritize one layer over the other.
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26

Jeffrey, Waincymer. Part IX Costs, Funding, and Ideas for Optimization, 28 Optimizing the use of Mediation in International Arbitration: A Cost–Benefit Analysis of ‘Two Hat’ Versus ‘Two People’ Models. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198783206.003.0029.

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This chapter considers the question of whether an arbitrator may also adopt a mediation function or whether the dual roles are antithetical. It tests that hypothesis by engaging in a cost-benefit analysis of differing scenarios when mediation is utilized in an arbitral context. The prime comparison is between parallel mediation with a separate neutral and the alternative of a dual-role neutral. The three key points are: there should be much more mediation occurring at the international level, regarding both potential and actual arbitral disputes; a commercially minded arbitrator concerned for the parties’ good faith should encourage mediation where appropriate, in particular, when an adjudicated outcome will not be in the interests of either, usually because the dispute is a small part of a long-term relationship that can risk that relationship no matter who wins; and, while informed party autonomy should always support a dual-role neutral, in most factual permutations, informed parties could be expected to prefer parallel mediation provided there is full cooperation between mediator and arbitrator. The chapter argues that the relative benefits of the use of dual-role neutrals would be greatly outweighed by the costs in fairness and efficiency, and the inevitable need for a sub-optimal design of either or both dispute processes. The benefits would also be separately outweighed by the risks of significant disruption to any ensuing arbitration if a dual-role neutral fails to achieve a settlement.
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27

Irani, Zubin, and Sara Zhao. Dual and Balloon-Assisted AngioJet Thrombectomy for Iliofemoral Deep Venous Thrombosis. Edited by S. Lowell Kahn, Bulent Arslan, and Abdulrahman Masrani. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199986071.003.0038.

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Lower extremity deep venous thrombosis (DVT) may be complicated by pulmonary embolism, post-thrombotic syndrome, and phlegmasia cerulea dolens. Due to these complications, the American Venous Forum now recommends thrombus removal for large or symptomatic thrombus burden. The AngioJet Solent Proxy and Omni thrombectomy sets are indicated for use in iliofemoral and lower extremity veins with a diameter ≥3 mm. The device has quickly become a preferred device among the available mechanical thrombectomy options. The AngioJet system has been demonstrated as both efficacious and safe as a method of thrombectomy in lower extremity DVT. This chapter discusses two techniques to utilize the AngioJet device in iliofemoral DVT.
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28

1957-, Xie Yunbo, ed. Use of dual-frequency identification sonar to verify split-beam estimates of salmon flux and to examine fish behaviour in the Fraser River. Vancouver, B.C: Pacific Salmon Commission, 2005.

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29

1957-, Xie Yunbo, and Pacific Salmon Commission, eds. Use of dual-frequency identification sonar to verify split-beam estimates of salmon flux and to examine fish behaviour in the Fraser River. Vancouver, B.C: Pacific Salmon Commission, 2005.

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30

Use of dual-frequency identification sonar to verify split-beam estimates of salmon flux and to examine fish behaviour in the Fraser River. Vancouver, B.C: Pacific Salmon Commission, 2005.

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31

McCarroll, Christopher. Being Faithful to the Past. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190674267.003.0002.

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Observer perspectives are used as a departure point for developing a dual-faceted framework for thinking about personal memory: the Constructive Encoding approach, which emphasizes the multiple sources of information available to memory at encoding; and the Reconstructive Retrieval approach, which stresses how the context of retrieval can affect the content of memory. Observer perspective memories are defended from two related objections (the argument from perceptual impossibility and the argument from perceptual preservation) by drawing on the insights of this dual-faceted framework. This chapter shows that memory can be (re)constructive, dynamic, and flexible, but also accurate and faithful to the past.
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32

Fratzscher, Marcel. The export world champion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676575.003.0004.

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Germany’s international competitiveness, a significant part of which is due to its boom in exports, has been a crucial component in the transformation of Germany from the sick man of Europe to the continent’s apparent economic superstar. However, despite this remarkable success, it would be a mistake to ignore the fact that Germany has a dual economy, one wherein the services sectors have had and continue to have major problems, the most significant of which being that productivity, investment, and wages remain low. The present chapter discusses Germany’s dual economy and the flip side of Germany’s success as an exporter.
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33

Davis, George C., and Elena L. Serrano. Neuroeconomics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199379118.003.0010.

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Chapter 10 places both the neoclassical and behavioral economic approaches under the broader unifying framework of neuroeconomics. The chapter uses insights from the neuroscience and neuroeconomics literature to consider food and nutrition choices within a dual systems dual objectives framework with limited cognitive resources. This framework allows us to reinterpret and re-evaluate various factors already discussed in the book, ranging from income, to prices, to information campaigns, to behavioral effects. This broader framework sheds new light on why some factors may seem more important than others. This leads naturally to a discussion of the types of nutrition interventions that are most likely to be most effective as well.
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34

Sawada, Osamu. Landscape of scalar meanings. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198714224.003.0002.

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Chapter 2 provides the landscape of scalar meanings and highlights the target phenomenon of this book—the phenomenon of the dual use of scalar modifiers. More specifically, four kinds of scalar meanings are introduced: at-issue scalar meaning, conversational scalar meaning, presuppositional scalar meaning, and conventional implicature (CI) scalar meaning. There follows an informal examination of the dual-use phenomenon of scalar modifiers where a scalar modifier can express an at-issue scalar meaning and a CI scalar meaning. The similarities and differences between a CI and a presupposition are also considered. It is claimed that a CI and a presupposition belong to a different class of meaning and should theoretically be treated differently.
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35

Oliva, Aude, and Philippe G. Schyns. Hybrid Image Illusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0111.

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Artists, designers, photographers, and visual scientists are routinely looking for ways to create, out of a single image, the feeling that there is more to see than what meets the eye. Many well-known visual illusions are dual in nature, causing the viewer to experience two different interpretations of the same image. Hybrid images illustrate a double-image illusion, where different images are perceived depending on viewing distance, viewing duration, or image size: one that appears when the image is viewed up-close (displaying high spatial frequencies) and another that appears from afar (showing low spatial frequencies). This method can be used to create compelling dual images in which the observer experiences different percepts when interacting with the image.
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36

Saraceno, Chiara. Family Relationships and Gender Equality in the Social Investment Discourse. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790488.003.0004.

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The social investment approach (SIA) with regard to gendered family arrangements might be defined as a dual defamilization: of women and children. This dual defamilization, however, presents risks, particularly for women, in so far it strongly delegitimizes family/mother’s caring as a valuable activity, with the additional risks of, on the one hand, undermining the trend towards more male caring and, on the other hand, of presenting low-educated mothers’ caring as a liability for their children. In order to be effective, the SIA should address in a systematic way both the issue of social inequality and that of non-paid work and activities as meaningful ones, deserving themselves time and social investment. It should also address the risk of creating a new dichotomy between people deserving (e.g. children, the young) and undeserving (e.g. the old, the severely disabled, the ‘inactivable’) of social investment.
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37

Gorenek, Bulent. Temporary pacing. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0026.

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Temporary cardiac pacing by electrical stimulation of the heart is indicated as a short-term treatment of life-threatening bradyarrhythmias or tachyarrhythmias. It can be used temporarily until the arrhythmias resolve or as a bridge to permanent pacing. Symptomatic bradycardias needing temporary pacing may occur in acute myocardial infarction, during percutaneous coronary intervention, and in patients with sinus node dysfunction. Temporary pacing can also be useful for terminating or suppressing some types of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias. Single-chamber, dual-chamber, or biventricular pacing modes can be used. In haemodynamically compromised patients, dual-chamber pacing is preferred. Ideally, this procedure is performed under fluoroscopy, but electrode catheters can also be inserted without fluoroscopy, with ECG and/or pressure monitoring. Several methods of temporary pacing are available: transvenous, external, and transoesophageal pacing. Transvenous pacing is the most commonly used technique. Although this method is safe and easy, some complications related to venous access or caused by the inserted electrode catheters or by an electrical dysfunction of the pacing device may occur, either during or after the implantation.
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38

Gorenek, Bulent. Temporary pacing. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0026_update_001.

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Temporary cardiac pacing by electrical stimulation of the heart is indicated as a short-term treatment of life-threatening bradyarrhythmias or tachyarrhythmias. It can be used temporarily until the arrhythmias resolve or as a bridge to permanent pacing. Symptomatic bradycardias needing temporary pacing may occur in acute myocardial infarction, during percutaneous coronary intervention, and in patients with sinus node dysfunction. Temporary pacing can also be useful for terminating or suppressing some types of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias. Single-chamber, dual-chamber, or biventricular pacing modes can be used. In haemodynamically compromised patients, dual-chamber pacing is preferred. Ideally, this procedure is performed under fluoroscopy, but electrode catheters can also be inserted without fluoroscopy, with ECG and/or pressure monitoring. Several methods of temporary pacing are available: transvenous, external, and transoesophageal pacing. Transvenous pacing is the most commonly used technique. Although this method is safe and easy, some complications related to venous access or caused by the inserted electrode catheters or by an electrical dysfunction of the pacing device may occur, either during or after the implantation.
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39

Wiers, Reinout W., Matt Field, and Alan W. Stacy. Passion’s Slave? Edited by Kenneth J. Sher. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199381678.013.009.

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This chapter reviews the literature on cognitive processes in substance use disorders from a dual-process perspective. In dual-process models, behavior is viewed as the joint outcome of “impulsive” and “reflective” processes. Reflective processes rely on a single limited capacity mechanism and can be depleted, resulting in a stronger influence of impulsive processes. Recent studies confirmed this, both for state variables (e.g., reduced moderation of impulses after acute alcohol) and for trait variables (stronger prediction of addictive and related behaviors by impulsive processes in individuals with relatively weak executive control processes). In addiction, the balance between impulsive and reflective processes can become (further) disturbed as a result of the effects of the psychoactive substances on the cognitive processes involved. This is related to the notion of reduced “willpower,” traditionally at the heart of definitions of addiction. A model on the cognitive processes involved in addiction is presented, along with implications for interventions.
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40

Ebers, Martin, and Björn Steinrötter, eds. Künstliche Intelligenz und smarte Robotik im IT-Sicherheitsrecht. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748909989.

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Künstliche Intelligenz (KI) ist eine Dual-Use-Technologie: Einerseits kann sie zur Erhöhung der Cybersicherheit eingesetzt werden, andererseits können feindliche Angriffe mittels KI effektiver durchgeführt werden. KI-Systeme und Roboter können darüber hinaus Gegenstand neuartiger Angriffe werden. Dies wirft eine Reihe neuer Rechtsfragen auf, die das Werk eingehend behandelt, etwa: Welche Vorgaben trifft das deutsche IT-Sicherheitsrecht spezifisch für KI-Systeme sowie smarte Robotik? Welche Gewährleistungsrechte bestehen bei IT-Sicherheitsmängeln von Robotern bzw. KI-Systemen? Wer haftet wann bei der Verwendung smarter Robotik oder von KI-Anwendungen, sofern es zur Verletzung von IT-Sicherheitsstandards kommt?
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41

Kupelyants, Hayk. Theoretical Underpinnings of Sovereign Debt. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807230.003.0002.

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Chapter 1 sets out the theoretical underpinnings of sovereign borrowing and litigation. It first examines the dual nature of sovereign debt that may be characterised as either private or public, and as either bilateral or multilateral. The chapter then analyses to what extent broader public policy arguments may successfully be adduced in sovereign debt litigation. The chapter also considers the extent to which the concept of insolvency can meaningfully be extrapolated to sovereign bankruptcies and whether the considerations of international comity may be adduced in sovereign debt litigation. Lastly, the chapter considers the role of financial markets as the regulators of sovereign debt disputes.
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42

Hayk, Kupelyants. 1 Theoretical Underpinnings of Sovereign Debt. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198807230.003.0002.

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Chapter 1 sets out the theoretical underpinnings of sovereign borrowing and litigation. It first examines the dual nature of sovereign debt that may be characterised as either private or public, and as either bilateral or multilateral. The chapter then analyses to what extent broader public policy arguments may successfully be adduced in sovereign debt litigation. The chapter also considers the extent to which the concept of insolvency can meaningfully be extrapolated to sovereign bankruptcies and whether the considerations of international comity may be adduced in sovereign debt litigation. Lastly, the chapter considers the role of financial markets as the regulators of sovereign debt disputes.
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43

Shaibani, Aziz. Dysarthria. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190661304.003.0007.

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Slurring of speech is usually noticed by family members or friends before patients know it. It is usually associated with swallowing difficulty due to dual function of the tongue and frequent involvement of the tongue and pharyngeal muscles together. Dysphagia usually precedes dysarthria in myasthenia gravis (MG) and follows it in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In advanced cases, anarthria becomes a total communication barrier and other means of communications should be established. Cerebellar dysarthria is characterized by being irregular. Dysphonia should be differentiated from dysarthria. This chapter describes features and presentations of different types of dysarthria.
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44

Wijdicks, Eelco F. M., and Sarah L. Clark. Antiplatelet Agents. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190684747.003.0009.

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Antiplatelet agents are commonly used in vascular medicine and cardiology, but also in the pharmacologic management of patients with ischemic stroke. Aspirin alone remains the mainstay of therapy for secondary stroke prevention. Several landmark studies for the optimal duration and dose of antiplatelet therapy in stroke prevention are discussed. Dual antiplatelet therapy is needed after carotid artery stenting. Situations where antiplatelet agents also come into play are endovascular procedures associated with procedure-related thrombi. Antiplatelet agents have different mechanisms of action, and each will be discussed. Testing of platelet function and the issue of antiplatelet resistance and discontinuation of antiplatelet agents before procedures will be discussed in this Chapter.
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45

Silva, Elvira, Spiro E. Stefanou, and Alfons Oude Lansink. Dynamic Efficiency and Productivity Measurement. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190919474.001.0001.

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The book takes on a systematic treatment of dynamic decision making and performance measurement. The analytical foundations of the dynamic production technology are introduced and developed in detail for several primal representations of the technology with an emphasis on dynamic directional distance functions. Dynamic cost minimization and dynamic profit maximization are developed for primal and dual representations of the dynamic technology. A dynamic production environment can be characterized as one where current production decisions impact future production possibilities. Consequently, the dynamic perspective of production relationships necessarily involves the close interplay between stock and flow elements in the transformation process and how current decisions impact the changes in future stocks. Stock elements in the production transformation process can involve physical elements that can be effectively employed in the transformation process, which can include the stock of technical knowledge and expertise available to the decision maker during the decision period. The dynamic generalization of concepts measuring the production structure (e.g., economies of scale, economies of scope, capacity utilization) and performance (e.g., allocative, scale and technical inefficiency, productivity) are developed from primal and dual perspectives. As an important source of productivity growth, production efficiency analysis is the subject of countless studies. Yet, theoretical and empirical studies focusing on production efficiency have ignored typically the time interdependence of production decisions and the adjustment paths of the firm over time. The empirical implementation of these production and performance measures is developed at length for both nonparametric and econometric approaches.
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46

Kohler, Timothy A. Evolutionary and Complexity Theory. Edited by Barbara Mills and Severin Fowles. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199978427.013.6.

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Echoes of all the major approaches to applying evolutionary theory and method to the archaeological record can be found in the Southwest. Prior to about 1980, cultural evolutionary approaches were quite common; after that time, until the mid-1990s, selectionism was the dominant approach. More recently, human behavioral ecology and, to a smaller degree, dual inheritance theory have oriented most evolutionary research, while at the same time, research that draws on the theories and methods of complex adaptive systems has become more prominent. All of these approaches are likely to contribute to solving the grand challenges facing archaeology in the Southwest.
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47

Shaibani, Aziz. Dysarthria. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199898152.003.0007.

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Slurring of speech is usually noticed by family members or friends before patients. It is usually associated with swallowing difficulty due to dual function of the tongue and due to frequent involvement of the tongue and pharyngeal muscles together. Dysphagia usually precedes dysarthria in myasthenia gravis and follows it in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS). Spastic dysarthria in the absence of tongue atrophy and fasciculations is a diagnostic challenge. Cerebellar dysarthria can be sorted out by its irregularity and the presence of other cerebellar sings such as ataxia and nystagmus. In advanced cases, anarthria becomes a total communication barrier and other means of communications should be established. This chapter describes features and presentations of different types of dysarthria.
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Thomason, Krista K. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190843274.003.0001.

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The introduction surveys the philosophical literature about shame. Philosophers have long been troubled by the dual nature of shame. On the one hand, it seems to be an emotion that is central to the development of virtue. On the other hand, it arises in cases that have no obvious moral import and it can hinder rather than help moral progress. Much of the philosophical literature has aimed to find a way to reconcile these two sides of shame by explaining away or de-emphasizing one of the two sides. This introduction raises questions about the viability of those strategies and provides an outline for the rest of the book.
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Brooker, Paul, and Margaret Hayward. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825395.003.0009.

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The Conclusion points out that the preceding seven chapters’ examples and case studies have revealed some expected, and some unexpected conclusions. The six main cases revealed some expected uniformity in the leaders’ selection of rational methods. There was less uniformity, however, in the choice of the methods they emphasized, whether due to their personal preferences or to the circumstances they were facing. Two unexpected findings were the addition of a seventh appropriate rational method—learning—and the prevalence of dual-leadership teams. The conclusion goes on to suggest that this book’s theory and approach should be applied to versions of military leadership and to the political leadership of contemporary democracies.
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King, Eden B., Adrienne J. Colella, and Hannah Markell. In Conclusion. Edited by Adrienne J. Colella and Eden B. King. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199363643.013.29.

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The chapters in this book address the factors that give rise to discrimination, its manifestations and consequences, and strategies for its reduction. In so doing, evidence is synthesized and future directions encouraged. Yet it is critical that these pages be interpreted in light of the context in which they were written. This concluding chapter identifies themes that emerge across chapters within the context of the particular time of their publication and in relation to a highly visible discrimination case. In so doing, it considers dual signs of social progress and retreat that relate to workplace discrimination and envision continuing uneven improvements in the future.
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