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Journal articles on the topic 'Bench Step Aerobics'

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Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 19 July 2025

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Rutkowska-Kucharska, Alicja. "Causes of motor system overload in step aerobics: Literature review." Biomedical Human Kinetics 9, no. 1 (2017): 158–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bhk-2017-0022.

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Summary Many publications have indicated the positive impact of step aerobics on health. Although step aerobics aims to improve endurance and other health parameters, injuries incurred from overload happen to both instructors and participants. Values of vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) while stepping on and off the bench do not lead to overload on the motor system - they are similar to the values obtained for walking or stair climbing. One reason for injuries may be the step workout technique. Overloads may be caused by incorrect technique of foot positioning on the bench, small knee angle during stepping off, and small angle of trunk flexion. This study presents an overview of current research on the load of the motor system in step aerobics.

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Scharff-Olson, M., H. N. Williford, D. L. Blessing, R. Moses, and T. Wang. "Vertical Impact Forces during Bench-Step Aerobics: Exercise Rate and Experience." Perceptual and Motor Skills 84, no. 1 (1997): 267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1997.84.1.267.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of two bench-step exercise speeds on vertical impact forces and to explore this variable between novices and instructors. 12 women (mean age 24 yr.) randomly performed 8-min. protocols of the “basic” bench-stepping technique and a more advanced “travel” technique at 30 and 33 cycles · min.−1. Analysis showed that the faster exercise rate yielded significantly higher vertical impact forces on a reference (B-8) step height (20.3 cm). At 33 cycles · min.−1, the instructors' and novices' responses were both higher than those at 30 cycles · min.−1. The mean peak vertical impact force ranged from 1.54 times the body weight for the novice group at 30 cycles · min.−1 to 1.87 times the body weight for instructors at 33 cycles · min.−1. A comparison of the groups' force curves showed a distinctive pattern in the loading of the impact forces. Specifically, the instructors consistently produced a transitory decrement in force prior to attaining peak force. In addition, the novices exhibited nonuniform increases in the production of vertical impact force across other step heights at the faster (33 cycles · min.−1) speed. Thus, experience with bench-step exercise may afford an ability to make uniform and force-absorbing adjustments in the resultant vertical impact forces at increased speeds.

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Abrantes, Catarina, Susana Martins, Ana Pereira, Fernando Policarpo, Isabel Machado, and Nelson Sousa. "Physiological Exercise and Post‐Exercise Effects of Inverse Sequences of Combined Bench‐Step Aerobics and Resistance Exercise." Journal of Human Kinetics 77, no. 1 (2021): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2021-0011.

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Abstract The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of using inverse sequences of combined bench-step aerobics and resistance exercise on cardiorespiratory, hemodynamic and perceptual variables during exercise and one-hour post-exercise. The tested sequences were bench-step aerobics immediately before and immediately after resistance exercise. Thirteen apparently healthy and physically active women (age = 21.9 ± 6.1 years, body height = 160 ± 0.1 cm, body mass = 58.8 ± 7.5 kg, estimated fat mass = 17.2 ± 2.0% and estimated maximal oxygen uptake = 37.5 ± 2.6 mL∙kg-1∙min-1) performed a 20-minute bench-step aerobics routine, immediately before (STEP_RES) and after (RES_STEP) resistance exercise. Oxygen uptake and heart rate were continuously measured, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, body temperature and perceived exertion were measured at rest, immediately after each type of exercise and at 15, 30, 45 and 60 min after exercise. When resistance exercise was performed first (RES_STEP), oxygen uptake was higher (23.2 ± 3.9 vs. 20.5 ± 4.8 mL∙kg-1∙min-1), but the heart rate (164.5 ± 9.1 vs. 173.9 ± 11.7 bpm) and body temperature (36.5 ± 0.4 vs. 37.6 ± 0.6 ºC) were lower. In both sequences, the type of exercise performed first was pointed out with a lower perceived exertion or lower perceived intensity. Exercise and 60-min post-exercise blood pressure had a similar response in both sequences, and systolic blood pressure along with diastolic blood pressure were lower than pre-exercise from 30 min until 60 min post-exercise. The results suggest that the sequence affected oxygen uptake and perceived exertion during exercise and that this total workload, despite the sequence, promoted a post-exercise blood pressure decrease in normotensive participants.

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Koenig, Joe M., Dave M. Jahn, Thomas E. Dohmeier, and Jerry W. Cleland. "The Effect of Bench Step Aerobics on Muscular Strength, Power, and Endurance." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 9, no. 1 (1995): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/00124278-199502000-00009.

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Koenig, Joe M., Dave M. Jahn, Thomas E. Dohmeier, and Jerry W. Cleland. "The Effect of Bench Step Aerobics on Muscular Strength, Power, and Endurance." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 9, no. 1 (1995): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/1533-4287(1995)009<0043:teobsa>2.3.co;2.

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Calderão Sposito, Leticia Ap, Diana Miranda Carvalho, Stéfani Ap Marcolino dos Reis, et al. "Effects Of Passive And Active Recorvery On Work Performed In Bench-step Aerobics." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 47 (May 2015): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000477457.93566.7f.

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Zeanah, H., J. Smith, P. Bishop, and S. Barrentino. "59 VERTICAL REACTION FORCES OF THREE BENCH STEP AEROBICS STEPS PERFORMED AT VARYING SPEEDS." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 26, Supplement (1994): S10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199405001-00060.

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Wen, Huei-Jhen, Kun-Lin Tsai, Chau-Chin Lee, Lu-Fa Wang, Pau-Nyen Chong, and Chin-Lung Fang. "The Effects Of Resistance-training And Bench-step Aerobics On Bone Density And Sex-hormone In Postmenopausal Women." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 41 (May 2009): 372–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000355683.22047.14.

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Johnson, B. F., J. C. Rupp, S. A. Berry, and D. A. Rupp. "PEAK VERTICAL GROUND REACTION FORCES (PGRFs) AND TIME-TO-PEAK FORCE (TTPFs) IN BENCH-STEP AEROBICS AND OTHER ACTIVITIES." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 24, Supplement (1992): S131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199205001-00784.

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Rupp, J. C., B. F. Johnson, D. A. Rupp, and G. Granata. "BENCH STEP AEROBIC ACTIVITY." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 24, Supplement (1992): S12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199205001-00069.

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Ashley, Candi D., Joe F. Smith, and Paul D. Reneau. "A Modified Step Test Based on a Function of Subjects' Stature." Perceptual and Motor Skills 85, no. 3 (1997): 987–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1997.85.3.987.

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A number of submaximal step tests have been developed to predict maximal aerobic capacity. Because step height may influence biomechanical efficiency and heart rate, step tests based on subjects' stature may more accurately predict maximal aerobic capacity. Eighteen women performed the Queens College step test and a modified Queens College step test. The modified step test was performed with the height of the bench set even with the height of the foot at a knee angle of 90°. Analysis of the data indicated a lower recovery heart rate following this test ( p<.05). Further, correlations between maximal aerobic capacity and recovery heart rate for both tests were moderate ( r = −.80 and −.75, respectively). Our results suggest that step tests based on subjects' stature do not more accurately predict aerobic capacity than those using a standardized bench height.

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Anek, Achariya, and Witid Mitranun. "Osteogenic Effects of Aerobic Both Sides Utilized Ball Versus Aerobic Step Training in Premenopausal Women." Physical Education Theory and Methodology 23, no. 3 (2023): 339–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2023.3.04.

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Study purpose. Exercise training plays an important role in increasing bone mass. Nevertheless, the osteogenic effects of exercise training using various bench surfaces are unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the osteogenic effects of exercise with a soft surface bench and an aerobic both sides utilized (BOSU) ball with those of aerobic step exercise training (STEP). Materials and methods. Fifty-two sedentary female participants aged 30–45 years were recruited and randomly divided into three groups. Seventeen participants were in the STEP, 17 in the BOSU, and 18 in the control group. The exercise programs of the STEP and BOSU groups were designed to have the same intensity and heart rate range during each stage of the program. During training, music was used to set the tempo for workouts. Results. After week 24, both training groups showed significant improvements in physical fitness, body composition, and body stability (p<0.05). Increased levels of procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide (P1NP), an osteogenesis marker, were observed in both STEP and BOSU groups. Increased bone mineral density was only seen in the BOSU group (p<0.05). Conclusions. Both STEP and BOSU programs effectively improved P1NP levels, muscle strength, and postural control, but only the aerobic BOSU ball training improved bone mineral density in premenopausal women.

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Johnson, D. F., K. D. Johnston, and S. A. Winnier. "1100 BENCH-STEP AEROBIC GROUND FORCES FOR TWO STEPS AT VARIABLE BENCH HEIGHTS." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 25, Supplement (1993): S195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199305001-01104.

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Rupp, Jeffrey C., and Deborah B. Rupp. "Prediction Of Oxygen Consumption During Bench Step Aerobic Exercise." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 37, Supplement (2005): S101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200505001-00532.

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Ross, J. A. "STEP-BENCH AEROBIC DANCE INJURIES IN THE LOWER EXTREMities 1584." Medicine &amp Science in Sports &amp Exercise 29, Supplement (1997): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199705001-01583.

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Marsh, J. L., L. A. Darby, and P. A. Shewokis. "VALIDITY, RELIABILITY, AND SPECIFICITY OF A MAXIMAL AEROBIC DANCE BENCH STEP PROTOCOL." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 33, no. 5 (2001): S302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200105001-01702.

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Patrick, O. Manafa, K. Onwuka Ikenna, Ekuma-Okereke Ogbonnia, et al. "Effect of Chester-step Aerobic Exercise on the Levels of Oxidized LowDensity Lipoprotein and Adiponectin in Adult Subjects in Nnewi Metropolis." Journal of Medical Laboratory Science 30, no. 2 (2020): 38–46. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3997658.

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ABSTRACT Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide withsedentary lifestyle, characterized by consistently low levels of physical activity, now recognized as a leading contributor to cardiovascular diseases. Objective: This was a longitudinal prospective study aimed at assessing the serum levels of adiponectin and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) in subjects undergoing chester-step aerobic exercise in Nnewi metropolis, Anambra State. Materials and methods: The aerobic exercise involved a standard chester step test bench protocol which was repeated for at least 3 times a week for a six-week period. A total of 30 subjects (18-50years) were recruited for this study. 5 ml of blood samples were collected before and after the stipulated period of aerobic exercise. Levels of adiponectin and Ox-LDL were determined using the Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) technique. Result: The pre-exercise BMI mean value (24.07±3.64) was not significantly different from the post-exercise BMI (24.02±3.94) (p>0.05). There was also non-significant difference in the mean serum levels of adiponectin and Ox-LDL (p>0.05) in pre- and post-chester-step aerobic exercise subjects. Anon-significant positive correlation between adiponectin (r=0.324, p=0.081) and Ox-LDL (r=0.146, P=0.442) with age. There was also a non-significant positive correlation between adiponectin and Ox-LDL with body mass index (r=0.122, p=0.521 and r=0.197, p=0.29) respectively. Conclusion: The non-significantly decreased mean levels of adiponectin and oxidized low density lipoprotein after chester-step aerobic exercise against pre-exercise values, suggest that chester-step aerobic exercise did not significantly alter cellular levels of adiponectin and Ox-LDL. However, the post-exercise decrease in mean levels of adiponectin and Ox-LDL against pre-exercise values (albeit non-significant), demonstrates that a more rigorous longitudinal aerobic exercise could yield a better outcome

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Wilson, Judy R., Dianna H. Putman, Sue Beckham, and Mark D. Ricard. "Bench Height And Step Cadence Effects In Aerobic Dance On Force Impact And Metabolic Cost." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 42 (May 2010): 746. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000386163.13678.a9.

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Lopes, Felipe A. S., Valéria L. G. Panissa, Ursula F. Julio, Elton M. Menegon, and Emerson Franchini. "The Effect of Active Recovery on Power Performance During the Bench Press Exercise." Journal of Human Kinetics 40, no. 1 (2014): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2014-0018.

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Abstract The objective of this study was to verify the effect of active and passive recovery on blood lactate concentration and power performance. Twelve male subjects were submitted to a maximal strength test in the the bench press, a maximal aerobic test in the bench step, and to four sets of bench press exercise performed as fast and as long as possible, using 80% of maximal strength when active or passive recovery was performed. The maximum number of repetitions, mean and peak power in eccentric and concentric phases were computed and blood lactate concentration was measured. Comparisons for the variables were made using a two-way variance analysis (recovery type and set numer) with repeated measures in the second factor. When significant differences were detected (p < 0.05), a Tukey post-hoc test was used. There was a main effect of set number on maximum number of repetitions (p < 0.05) (1 > 2, 3, and 4; 2 > 3 and 4; 3 > 4). Mean and peak power in both eccentric and concentric phases also differed across sets (1 > 2, 3, and 4; 2 > 4). There was also a main effect for the recovery type, with lower values (p < 0.05) observed for the active recovery compared to the passive one. It can be concluded that active recovery resulted in lower lactate concentration, but did not improve power performance in the bench press exercise.

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Vartak, Himani, Khyati Kothary, and Shweta Manwadkar. "Aerobic Capacity with the Use of N95 Mask vs Cloth Mask in Normal Healthy Individuals using YMCA 3-Minute Bench Step Test: A Crossover Observational Study." International Journal of Health Sciences and Research 13, no. 9 (2023): 228–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijhsr.20230934.

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Background: COVID-19 outbreak has led to severe restrictions and to minimize the risk of infection, wearing facemasks is recommended in public areas and can be problem while performing exercises, causing inconvenience for people. The studies done till now require space, equipments and are costly but no study has been conducted on step test which requires less space and is inexpensive. Hence, it is yet to be investigated whether there is any effect on Aerobic Capacity and Cardiorespiratory parameters of an individual after wearing N95 and Cloth mask. Aim: This study was conducted to compare Aerobic Capacity in Normal Healthy Individuals using YMCA 3-Minute Bench Step Test while wearing N95, Cloth and no mask. Methods: A crossover observational study design, involving 50 normal healthy participants (21-30 yrs old) from Physiotherapy OPD and Tertiary Health Care were called 3 times with 3 days of washout period in between the test and was asked to perform the test with N95, Cloth and without mask. The outcome measures like BP, HR, RR, SPO2, RPE, VO2max were assessed pre and post the test. Results: This study revealed that when compared within the group, all 3 groups were found to have highly significance in BP, HR, RR, SPO2, RPE with P value<0.0001. In between the group comparison, there was statistical significance on RPE, HR, RR and VO2max in N95 as compared with cloth and no mask Pvalue<0.001, whereas there is no significant difference on BP and SPO2 with Pvalue>0.05. Conclusion: There is reduction in VO2max and increase in HR, RR, RPE in N95 mask more as compared to Cloth mask. Key words: N95, Cloth, Mask, Step test, Aerobic Capacity, Cardiorespiratory Parameters.

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Smith, D. J., R. J. Pethybridge, and A. Duggan. "A simple test for the assessment of aerobic fitness." Journal of The Royal Naval Medical Service 74, no. 2 (1988): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jrnms-74-107.

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SummaryThe relationship between physical fitness, anthropometric measures, and the scores in three submaximal step tests have been evaluated in a group of 30 male subjects. Physical fitness was assessed as VO2max measured directly during uphill treadmill running. Each submaximal exercise test was of six minutes duration and the heart rate recorded during the last minute (fH6) constituted the test score. Significant negative correlation coefficients were found between VO2max and each test score while lean body mass, gross body weight and body surface area were all positively correlated with VO2max (1/min). The score in the least severe step test was included with anthropometric measures in multiple linear regression analysis for the prediction of VO2max and a number of prediction equations were derived. It was found that when lean body mass is calculated from skinfold measurements and weight, VO2max can be calculated from the equation:VO2max(1/min) = 1.470 + 0.0614 × Lean Body mass −0.0131 × fH6This equation accounts for 73% of the total variation of VO2max. If lean body mass cannot be calculated, a combination of gross body weight and age plus fH6 gives the equation:VO2max = 3.614 + 0.0349 × Weight −0.0177 × fH6 −0.0161 × Ageaccounting for 66% of the variance. The test has the following advantages over those currently employed:It is simple to administer requiring 6 minutes of stepping onto a 32 cm platform—the height of a gymnasium bench—20 times per minute.Although ideally an assessment of lean body mass is required, gross body weight plus age is a good second best.It is submaximal, minimising the stress on the individual (mean heart rate achieved 121 beats per minute).Its accuracy in terms of its ability to predict maximal aerobic power is better than either the Ohio or Harvard University tests.It is suggested that this test could be used where maximal testing is contraindicated or where currently used tests are insufficiently accurate.

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Patnaik, Minati, Sephali Acharya, and Amita Kumari Panigrahi. "Correlation of Haemoglobin Concentration with Maximal Aerobic Capacity - A Prospective Study in First Year MBBS Students of Southern Odisha." Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare 8, no. 22 (2021): 1758–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.18410/jebmh/2021/332.

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BACKGROUND Decrease in haemoglobin concentration in blood, with normal blood volume results in lower V̇ O2max and endurance performance. This may be due to the reduction of the oxygen carrying capacity of blood. Conversely, increase in haemoglobin concentration is associated with increased V̇ O2max and endurance capacity. Increase in endurance capacity is also proportional to the increase in the oxygen carrying capacity of blood. Maximal aerobic capacity (V̇ O2max) is the maximum capacity of individual’s body to transport and use oxygen during incremental exercise which reflects physical fitness of that individual. Queen’s College Step Test is a standard method to measure one’s maximal aerobic capacity using sub maximal exercise in the form of bench stepping suitable for adults. The biological significance of oxygen transport by haemoglobin is well illustrated in anaemia where decreased haemoglobin also decreases exercise performance. The objective of the study is to find out the correlation between haemoglobin concentration and V̇ O2max by using Queen’s College Step Test. METHODS The study was conducted in the Department of Physiology, MKCG Medical College, Berhampur. A total of 150 1st year MBBS students aged between 17 and 24 yrs. were taken as subjects. Out of them 90 were males & 60 were females. Each subject performed the exercise for 3 minutes by Queen’s College Step Test. V̇ O2max was obtained by calculation. Haemoglobin concentration was measured by Acid Haematin method in Sahli’s Haemoglobinometer. RESULTS There was a significant positive correlation between haemoglobin concentration with VO2max in both males (r = 0.8618, P < 0.0001) and females (r = 0.5112, P < 0.0001) subjects. CONCLUSIONS Increase in Haemoglobin concentration is an indicator of increased V̇ O2max; hence persons with increased haemoglobin concentration may have increased exercise capability in both male and female subjects. KEYWORDS V̇ O2max, Haemoglobin concentration, Queen’s College Step Test

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Mori, Yukari, Makoto Ayabe, Takuya Yahiro, et al. "The Effects of Home-based Bench Step Exercise on Aerobic Capacity, Lower Extremity Power and Static Balance in Older Adults." International Journal of Sport and Health Science 4 (2006): 570–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5432/ijshs.4.570.

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Sparrow, W. A., and B. J. Wright. "Effect of Physical Exercise on the Performance of Cognitive Tasks." Perceptual and Motor Skills 77, no. 2 (1993): 675–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1993.77.2.675.

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This experiment examined the effect of physical exercise on measures of cognitive performance, Raven's Matrices, and an adaptation of the revised WAIS arithmetic subtest. We also tested the inverted-U hypothesis of an interactive relation between exercise-induced arousal and cognitive performance. 50 physically active men were assigned to five groups ( n = 10) of equal physical fitness based on predicted maximum oxygen uptake. Three exercise groups undertook bench stepping at mean power outputs of either 47, 75, or 120 watts. One control group played Bingo and another control had no activity. There was no change in the Raven's Matrices scores pre- to posttest intervention, neither were there any between-group differences either pre- or posttest. The arithmetic scores were significantly higher over-all ( p <.05) on the post-test, but there were no reliable differences between groups either pre- or posttest. These results suggest that short duration (6 min.) aerobic exercise has no effect on cognitive performance. This finding supports the majority of previous studies that used step-up tasks to examine the relation between physical exercise and cognitive performance.

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Sakai, Y., T. Aoyagi, N. Shiota, A. Akashi, and S. Hasegawa. "Complete decomposition of biological waste sludge by thermophilic aerobic bacteria." Water Science and Technology 42, no. 9 (2000): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0176.

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Conventional activated sludge (AS) process is an economical and effective biooxidation process although a large amount of excess sludge is necessarily generated. We have developed a new zero-discharge AS process, in which no excess sludge is generated. It was formed by combining the conventional AS process with thermophilic aerobic sludge digester in which excess sludge is solubilized by thermophilic enzyme, so we call it hereafter the digester S-TE reactor. The excess sludge withdrawn from the AS step is subjected to the S-TE reactor, followed by its circulation to an aeration tank. Complete decomposition of the excess sludge is carried out when the sludge is solubilized by thermophilic aerobic bacteria (e.g. Bacillus sp.) and mineralized by mesophilic bacteria. The S-TE reactor is operated at 65°C with hydraulic retention time of 1 day. Bench-scale test facilities of both the new process and conventional AS process were comparatively operated under the conditions of BOD-SS loading of 0.3 kg/kg/dand MLSS of 2,000 mg/L using artificial wastewater for over 100 days. The S-TE reactor was initially inoculated with the seedling culture of isolated Bacillus sp. bacteria. No additional inoculation seem to be needed under the steady condition since these bacteria can form spores and survive even under mesophilic conditions. The average rates of VSS solubilization and VM removal in the S-TE reactor were 40% and 15%, respectively. No excess sludge was generated when 3-fold amounts of the excess sludge generated in the conventional AS process were subjected to the S-TE reactor. In the new process, BOD was removed with high efficiency. Slight increase of SS and TOC was observed when compared with those of the AS process. A pilot-scale facility of the process has been operated with a petrochemical plant wastewater for a year. MLSS concentration was continuously kept around 3,000 mg/L without withdrawing the excess sludge. Inorganic salts seemed not to accumulate in the process. Therefore, it was demonstrated that excess sludge generation was completely reduced in the new process. According to our estimates, total operating costs for the new process are reduced to 40-50% of those of the conventional wastewater dewatering process. An application to a municipal sewage sludge treatment is currently performed in its full-scale facility.

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Kyrychenko, Taras. "The influence of athletic gymnastics on the physical condition of men of different age groups." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 15. Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), no. 5(192) (May 24, 2025): 81–85. https://doi.org/10.31392/udu-nc.series15.2025.05(192).17.

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The article, based on the analysis and generalization of data from the source database and practical experience, determines the effectiveness of the impact of athletic gymnastics classes on the physical condition of men of different ages and body types. Attention is focused on issues related to the individualization of the training process and the correction of the physical condition of men of different age groups, the importance of various forms of manifestation of strength abilities in the process of training is emphasized. It is emphasized that the cardio-respiratory, neuromuscular and motor-mental systems of the body are subject to adaptive changes. Thus, the examination consists of four blocks of tests: physical development, motor fitness, functional state, psychomotor. It was determined that the elements of the content of the methodology of athletic gymnastics classes are determined by constitutional features, which include the following components: the focus of the classes, the nature of the load, the number of classes per week, the duration of one class, the number of repetitions, the intensity of the load, the power of the load, methodological principles, the main types of physical activity (strength exercises, aerobic exercises, stretching exercises). The methodology is composed of individual tasks that differ depending on the type of physique. Asthenic type - an increase in muscle strength, an increase in total body weight. Normosthenic type - an increase in body weight due to muscle hypertrophy, an increase in muscle strength. Hypersthenic type - a decrease in body weight due to adipose tissue, an increase in muscle strength endurance. A study of the features of the influence of athletic gymnastics on the physical condition of men of different ages showed that physical development indicators were most susceptible to changes in the first age group (16-25 years). The data reflecting the functional state changed the most in men of the second age group (26 - 35 years), the Harvard step test index value increased by 7.55, the barbell test indicator increased by 7.11 seconds. The greatest changes in motor fitness were achieved by men of the third age group (36 - 45 years): the average value of the bench press exercise increased by 13.89 kg; local abdominal muscle endurance increased by 6.22 (number of times). In the assessment of psychomotor skills, the greatest positive changes occurred in the participants of the experiment aged 16 - 25 years: proprioceptive muscle feeling improved by 4.45 kg. The max tapping test indicator increased by 8.33 (number of points).

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Dr.F.A.Juliance, Rajasingh. "Effect of Bench Step Aerobics on Horizontal and Vertical Jumping ability among men Jumpers." February 4, 2017. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.268586.

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<em>The purpose of the study was to find out the influence of bench step aerobics on horizontal and vertical jumping ability among men jumpers. It was hypothesized that the bench step aerobics group might show significant differences on horizontal and vertical jumping ability among men jumpers. To achieve the purpose of the present study, thirty intercollegiate level jumpers were selected from Tirunelveli district, Tamilnadu were selected as subjects at random and their ages ranged from 18 to 25 years. The study was formulated as a true random group design, consisting of a pre-test and post-test. The subjects (n=30) were randomly assigned to two equal groups as bench step aerobics group (BSAG) and control group (CG) in an equivalent manner. The bench step aerobics group participated for a period of six weeks for alternate three days in a week and the post-tests were taken. To find out the difference between the two groups analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used. The bench step aerobics had positive impact on horizontal jump and vertical jump among jumpers.The purpose of the study was to find out the influence of bench step aerobics on horizontal and vertical jumping ability among men jumpers. It was hypothesized that the bench step aerobics group might show significant differences on horizontal and vertical jumping ability among men jumpers. To achieve the purpose of the present study, thirty intercollegiate level jumpers were selected from Tirunelveli district, Tamilnadu were selected as subjects at random and their ages ranged from 18 to 25 years. The study was formulated as a true random group design, consisting of a pre-test and post-test. The subjects (n=30) were randomly assigned to two equal groups as bench step aerobics group (BSAG) and control group (CG) in an equivalent manner. The bench step aerobics group participated for a period of six weeks for alternate three days in a week and the post-tests were taken. To find out the difference between the two groups analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used. The bench step aerobics had positive impact on horizontal jump and vertical jump among jumpers.</em>

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KRAEMER, WILLIAM J., MONICA KEUNING, NICHOLAS A. RATAMESS, et al. "Resistance training combined with bench-step aerobics enhances women???s health profile." Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, February 2001, 259–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200102000-00015.

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Zhang, Dingfang. "Elasto-Static Analyses of Graphene Origami Auxetic Plate as a Step Aerobics Bench." Journal of Vibration Engineering & Technologies 13, no. 1 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42417-024-01745-x.

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Bumrung, Neranoch, Charee Jansupom, Nur Azis Rohmansyah, Thawichai Khaothin, and Ashira Hiruntrakul. "Acute Effects of Combined High Intensity Interval Training and Step Aerobics Training on Agility in Male Futsal Athletes During the Pre-season." Middle East Journal of Rehabilitation and Health Studies 12, no. 3 (2025). https://doi.org/10.5812/mejrh-158636.

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Background: High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is highly effective and efficient in improving skill-related components in athletes. However, the effects of combined HIIT and step aerobics (SA) exercises have been scarcely studied in futsal players. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effects of a 4-week high-intensity interval training with SA training (HIITSA) program on agility parameters during the pre-season in fifteen professional futsal players from the first division of Thailand, aged 18 to 22 years. Methods: Participants were enrolled and assessed for body height, body weight, fat mass, fat-free mass, leg muscle mass, Body Mass Index (BMI), and futsal-specific change of direction speed (CODS) and reactive agility (RAG) tests to determine agility. Each HIITSA training session consisted of seven exercises performed with rhythmic music and bench steps at a height of 6 inches. The HIITSA protocol set exercise intensity at 20 seconds at 90% of maximum heart rate (HRmax), interspersed with 10-second recovery periods at 60% HRmax, performed three times per week over a 4-week period. Pre- and post-training assessments of changes in physiological variables were conducted. Results: The agility results showed a significant improvement in the HIITSA group following the training program (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusions: Twelve HIITSA sessions over 4 weeks were effective in improving the fitness levels of futsal players, contributing to improved performance in agility.

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Jabesa, Edosa, Medhanit Belay, and Ginenus Fekadu. "Effect of selected yogic practice and bench step aerobics on improving selected physiological variables of females at Wollega University, Ethiopia: Randomized comparative trial." Trends in Medicine 20, no. 1 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.15761/tim.1000218.

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Yağmur, Özer, Bozdal Özlem, and Pancar Zarife. "ACUTE EFFECT OF CIRCUIT AEROBIC AND TRADITIONAL AEROBIC TRAINING ON HAMSTRING FLEXIBILITY IN SEDENTARY WOMEN." European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science 3, no. 12 (2017). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1101206.

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The aim of this study is investigation of acute effect of circuit aerobic exercise and traditional aerobic exercise on hamstring muscle flexibility in sedentary women. Forty four sedentary women voluntarily participated in this study as subject. Subjects divided two groups as circuit aerobic training group (n=24), and traditional aerobic training group (n=20). For hamstring flexibility, modified sit and reach test was used. The test was applied three times as: before warm-up (T1), after immediately warm-up (T2), and after immediately exercise (T3). For warm-up intervention, 15 min mild running and static stretching were performed. Traditional aerobic exercise intervention consisted of 30 min moderate interval treadmill running. Circuit aerobic exercise intervention consisted of 30 min, 3x4 station (bench-step, jumping rope, cycling, treadmill running), and all station maintained to 3 min load with 2 min rest. Both training intervention performed at 65-75% HRmax that controlled with chest band. For statistical analysis, 2x3 mixed factor ANOVA and Bonferroni correction were used. Hamstring flexibility determined in the traditional aerobic exercise group as T1 by 13.90±4.22 cm, T2 by 19.90±4.55 cm, T3 by 29.45±6.54 cm; in the circuit aerobic exercise group as T1 by 21.20±6.89 cm, T2 by 24.08±6.67 cm, T3 by 25.62±6.67 cm. Differences between the three measurements of both groups were found statistically significant (p < 0.05). There were significant differences between T3 and T1-T2; and between T2 and T1 in both groups (p < 0.05). Differences in traditional aerobic exercise group were found more significant than circuit aerobic exercise group (p < 0.05). In summary, it could be said that hamstring flexibility increased after aerobic exercise, and at this point, traditional aerobic exercise has one step ahead of circuit aerobic exercise.

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Morís-Menéndez, Gloria, Sergio E. García-Garrido, Pablo García-Álvarez, Alejandro Presa Soto, Nicolás Ríos-Lombardía, and Joaquín García-Álvarez. "Regio‐, Stereoselective, Aerobic and Metal‐Free Synthesis of Z‐Vinyl Sulfides: One‐pot Hydroiodination of Internal Alkynes and in situ Sulfenylations." Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis, April 10, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1002/adsc.202500388.

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A novel, metal‐free, air‐ and moisture‐compatible one‐pot tandem protocol for the regio‐ and stereoselective synthesis of Z‐vinyl sulfides (achieving yields up to 99%), is reported. This straightforward and efficient process combines the selective hydroiodination of internal alkynes, promoted by the eutectic mixture choline iodide (ChI)/p‐TsOH (1:1) under mild, bench‐type conditions (without the need for toxic molecular HI), with a subsequent sulfenylation step of the in situ‐generated vinyl iodides. This final step is compatible with aromatic, heteroaromatic and aliphatic thiols. Notably, the methodology addresses a longstanding challenge by enabling the selective formation of Markovnikov products with Z‐configuration in the thiolation of secondary propiolamides. It also avoids volatile organic solvents and is easily scalable to gram quantities, offering significant advantages for synthetic applications.

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Ho, Lily Yuen Wah, Rick Yiu Cho Kwan, Ka Man Yuen, et al. "The effect of aerobic exercises on arterial stiffness in older people: A systematic review and meta-analysis." Gerontologist, September 1, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnad123.

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Abstract Background and Objectives Aerobic exercise is a cost-effective intervention to improve arterial stiffness, but its effects on older people are unclear; this review aimed to determine those effects. Research Design and Methods Five databases were searched for randomized controlled trials of aerobic exercises. Backward and forward citations and clinical trial registries were also reviewed. Data were extracted and synthesized. A random-effects model was used in a meta-analysis. The risk of bias and the certainty of the evidence were also assessed. The protocol of this review was registered (CRD42022349494). Results Eighteen studies (n=775), were identified. Aerobic exercises included cycling, walking, swimming, standing core exercise, bench step exercise, aquarobic exercise, jogging, running, upper-limb cycling, and aquatic walking. Post-intervention, improvements were seen in the pulse wave velocity (SMD9=-0.89, 95% CI -1.57 to -0.22), arterial velocity–pulse index (MD2=-6.84, 95% CI -9.05 to -4.63), and arterial pressure–volume index (MD2=-4.97, 95% CI -6.9 to -3.04), but not in the augmentation index, arterial compliance, or beta-stiffness index. Exercise lasting &gt;8 weeks but not 4-8 weeks significantly improved pulse wave velocity. Aerobic exercise had a beneficial effect on healthy older people but not on older people with disease. The overall risk of bias was high in nine of the included studies, with some concerns in the remaining studies. The certainty of the evidence was very low. Discussion and Implications Aerobic exercises, particularly those lasting &gt;8 weeks, appear to be effective at improving pulse wave velocity in older people post-intervention. Future trials with robust designs are needed.

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Amaya, Yusaku, Tetsuya Abe, Kenji Kanbara, Hisaharu Shizuma, Yasushi Akiyama, and Mikihiko Fukunaga. "The effect of aerobic exercise on interoception and cognitive function in healthy university students: a non-randomized controlled trial." BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation 13, no. 1 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13102-021-00332-x.

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Abstract Background Interoception refers to the body’s physiological responses that occur in response to emotions. This phenomenon influences decision-making, an important cognitive ability that affects the maintenance of an exercise routine. However, it is controversial whether interoception is a reliable measure of an individual’s traits or their response to emotion. Given this evidence, we hypothesized that performing an exercise with positive feelings could improve interoception and that the rational decision-making capabilities acquired by improved interoception would, in turn, help in maintaining an exercise routine. Persistent aerobic exercise is essential for improving cognitive and musculoskeletal function in the long term. Therefore, we aimed to investigate changes in interoception during moderate-intensity aerobic exercise at a level that might potentially improve cognitive function. Methods We devided 48 healthy university students into an exercise group (n = 37) and a control group (n = 11). The control group did not perform any exercises, while the exercise group performed bench step exercises at an intensity of 50% of heart rate reserve for 30 min a day, three times a week, for three months. We assessed their cognitive function by measuring their auditory information/working memory processing speed using a paced auditory serial addition task (PASAT) and evaluated their interoceptive accuracy (IA) using a heartbeat tracking task at baseline and 1, 2, and 3 months after the start of the exercise intervention. Results There was a significant positive correlation between IA and PASAT scores at baseline. However, exercise did not lead to a significant increase in PASAT scores of the exercise group as compared with the control group. IA scores increased at 2 and 3 months after the start of exercise only in the exercise group. Conclusions This preliminary study showed an improvement in interoception after persistent moderate-intensity aerobic exercise. We believe that exercise-induced improvement of interoception may facilitate exercise maintenance through improved cognitive function. Statistical analysis did not explain the non-uniformity of sample sizes, therefore, future studies should have larger sample sizes with equal subjects in each group to allow for better comparability and generalizability. Trial registration: UMIN, UMIN000042891. 04/01/2021, retrospectively registered.

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Baburam, Cindy, and Naser Aliye Feto. "Mining of two novel aldehyde dehydrogenases (DHY-SC-VUT5 and DHY-G-VUT7) from metagenome of hydrocarbon contaminated soils." BMC Biotechnology 21, no. 1 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12896-021-00677-8.

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Abstract Background Aldehyde dehydrogenases are vital for aerobic hydrocarbon degradation and is involved in the last step of catalysing the oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic acids. With the global increase in hydrocarbon pollution of different environments, these enzymes have the potential to be used in enzymatic bioremediation applications. Results Fifteen fosmid clones with hydrocarbon degrading potential were functionally screened to identify dehydrogenase enzymes. Accordingly, the fosmid insert of the positive clones were sequenced using PacBio next generation sequencing platform and de novo assembled using CLC Genomic Work Bench. The 1233 bp long open reading frame (ORF) for DHY-SC-VUT5 was found to share a protein sequence similarity of 97.7% to short-chain dehydrogenase from E. coli. The 1470 bp long ORF for DHY-G-VUT7 was found to share a protein sequence similarity of 23.9% to glycine dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (EC 1.4.4.2) from Caulobacter vibrioides (strain NA1000 / CB15N) (Caulobacter crescentus). The in silico analyses and blast against UNIPROT protein database with the stated similarity show that the two dehydrogenases are novel. Biochemical characterization revealed, that the highest relative activity was observed at substrate concentrations of 150 mM and 50 mM for DHY-SC-VUT5 and DHY-G-VUT7, respectively. The Km values were found to be 13.77 mM with a Vmax of 0.009135 μmol.min− 1 and 2.832 mM with a Vmax of 0.005886 μmol.min− 1 for DHY-SC-VUT5 and DHY-G-VUT7, respectively. Thus, a potent and efficient enzyme for alkyl aldehyde conversion to carboxylic acid. Conclusion The microorganisms overexpressing the novel aldehyde dehydrogenases could be used to make up microbial cocktails for biodegradation of alkanes. Moreover, since the discovered enzymes are novel it would be interesting to solve their structures by crystallography and explore the downstream applications.

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