Journal articles: 'Bend sensing'

1

Patrick, H. J., C. C. Chang, and S. T. Vohra. "Long period fibre gratings for structural bend sensing." Electronics Letters 34, no. 18 (1998): 1773. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19981237.

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Yan, Binbin, Guoqiang Liu, Jun He, Yanhua Luo, Liwei Yang, Haifeng Qi, Xinzhu Sang, et al. "Simultaneous Vector Bend and Temperature Sensing Based on a Polymer and Silica Optical Fibre Grating Pair." Sensors 18, no. 10 (October 17, 2018): 3507. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18103507.

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The bending response of polymer optical fibre Bragg grating (POFBG) and silica optical fibre Bragg grating (SOFBG) mounted on a brass beam have been systematically studied and compared. The results indicate that POFBG has higher (almost twice as much) bend sensitivity than SOFBG. Based on the difference between the bend and temperature sensitivity of POFBG and SOFBG, a new method of measuring vector bend and temperature simultaneously was proposed by using a hybrid sensor head with series connection of one POFBG and one SOFBG with different Bragg wavelengths. It provides high sensitivity and resolution for sensing bend and temperature changes simultaneously and independently. The proposed sensor can find some applications in the fields where high sensitivity for both bend and temperature measurements are required.

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Zhao, Shui-Xia, Wen-Jun Wang, Xiao-Hong Shi, Sheng-Nan Zhao, Ying-Jie Wu, Qiang Quan, Chao Li, Michal Szydlowski, Wei Li, and Tomasz Kolerski. "Freeze-Up Ice Jam Formation in the River Bend, a Case Study on the Inner Mongolia Reach of Yellow River." Crystals 11, no. 6 (June 1, 2021): 631. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11060631.

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Concern has been expressed regarding the impacts of climate change on river ice and ice jam formation in cold regions. Ice jams are easily initiated in bends and narrow channels and cause disasters. In this study, observations and remote sensing monitoring are used to study the freeze-up ice jam formation of bends. Sediment transport and freezing process of the river interact, influencing bed changes profile and sedimentary budget. River ice processes, channel evolution, ice hydro-thermodynamics, and ice jam accumulation are explored. The results show that the channel topography determines the river thalweg, and that the channel elevation interacts with the river ice through sediment transport. The channel shrinkage increases the probability of ice jam, and the sharp bend is prone to ice jam formation. Under the effect of secondary circulation flow in the bend and in the outer bank, the juxtaposed freeze-up and the hummocky ice cover occur in the same location, and frazil ice accumulates under the junction of the main channel and the shoals. Affected by the increase of the hydraulic slope and the velocity downstream, open water reaches develops downstream of the ice accumulation. An open water section is emerged upstream of the bend, due to the ice deposition, and partly cut-off supply of the frazil.

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Prabhakar, Amit, Neha Mishra, Deepti Verma, and Soumyo Mukherji. "Investigation of dual-bend serpentine/spiral waveguides coupled to a microchannel system for competent, evanescent-wave-absorption-based, on-chip, biological-/chemical-sensing applications." RSC Advances 8, no. 62 (2018): 35539–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra06527f.

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The reported device is a versatile sensing-platform, with high sensitivity, for any chemical/biological-sensing applications, if suitable surface adaptation is first performed to the microchannel-system-embedded duel-bend waveguide-probe.

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Jin, Long, Weigang Zhang, Jing Li, Hao Zhang, Bo Liu, Qinchang Tu, Guiyun Kai, and Xiaoyi Dong. "Two-dimensional bend sensing with a cantilever-mounted FBG." Measurement Science and Technology 17, no. 1 (December 15, 2005): 168–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/17/1/027.

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Everitt, James H., James V. Richerson, Mario A. Alaniz, David E. Escobar, Ricardo Villarreal, and Michael R. Davis. "Light Reflectance Characteristics and Remote Sensing of Big Bend Loco (Astragalus mollissimusvar.earlei) and Wooton Loco (Astragalus wootonii)." Weed Science 42, no. 1 (March 1994): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500084265.

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The high near-infrared reflectance (0.76 to 0.90 μm) of Big Bend loco and Wooton loco contributed significantly to their orange-red and red image tonal responses, respectively, on color-infrared aerial photographs making them distinguishable from associated vegetation and soil. Big Bend loco could also be distinguished on color-infrared and near-infrared black-and-white video imagery where it had distinct red and whitish tonal responses, respectively. Computer analyses of photographic and videographic images showed that Big Bend loco and Wooton loco populations could be quantified from other landscape features. A global positioning system was integrated with the video imagery that permitted latitude-longitude coordinates to appear on each image. The latitude-longitude data were integrated with a geographical information system to map Big Bend loco populations.

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7

Xin, Yi, Xinyong Dong, Junwei Yuan, Yi Li, Shangzhong Jin, and Sulei Zhang. "Sensing Characteristics of Side-Hole Fiber-Based Long-Period Grating." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/850293.

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Long-period gratings (LPGs) have been fabricated in a side-hole fiber (SHF) by using a pulsed CO2laser. Sensing characteristics of this SHF-LPG to temperature surrounding refractive index and bend have been investigated. Experimental results show that resonant wavelength of the SHF-LPG has a blue shift with temperature with sensitivity of −0.11 nm/°C, a blue shift with increasing sensitivity with surrounding refractive index ranging from 1.335 to 1.44 (the maximum sensitivity is achieved when the surrounding refractive index reaches the effective index of the fiber cladding), and a red shift with bend-direction-dependent sensitivity up to 9.36 nm/m−1.

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8

Ye, C. C., S. W. James, and R. P. Tatam. "Simultaneous temperature and bend sensing with long-period fiber gratings." Optics Letters 25, no. 14 (July 15, 2000): 1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.25.001007.

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9

Signore, James M., Mohamed G. Abdel-Maksoud, and Barry J. Dempsey. "Fiber-Optic Sensing Technology for Rail-Buckling Detection." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1584, no. 1 (January 1997): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1584-06.

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Buckling and cracking of steel rails is a contributing factor in accidents on railroads today. Detection and notification of buckled track sections before a train reaches these locations will significantly increase rail safety. A fiber-optic-based sensing system, with the fiber affixed to a beam, was developed and evaluated to detect buckled regions. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the sensitivity of the fiber-optic sensing system to buckling of a long structural member. Numerous facets of fiber-optic sensing have been explored. Fiber-to-steel bonding techniques were examined and tested. Full-scale laboratory testing was conducted by elastically buckling a 24.4-m-long (80-ft) wide-flange section with hydraulic rams. Typical measurement accuracy within 10 percent of theoretical predictions was achieved by optical time domain reflectometry techniques. For field testing, however, a more robust solution is sought and is currently under development. It is suggested that a lower-cost fiber break or bend detector is a suitable option. The optical fiber will break or bend at the location of rail elongation in the buckled area, allowing the detection equipment to locate the buckled area.

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10

Jing, Ning. "Liquid level measurement based on multi-S-bend plastic optical fiber." Sensor Review 39, no. 4 (July 15, 2019): 522–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-08-2018-0199.

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Purpose This paper aims to propose a liquid level sensor with a multi-S-bend plastic optical fiber. Design/methodology/approach The principle of liquid sensing used is based on the leakage of higher modes out of the fiber and repeated regeneration in the following bend sections. Therefore, a propagation loss was introduced in every bend section of the fiber with the loss depending on the refractive index of the environment. Findings Therefore, a continue shift in the liquid level can be detected by observing changes in the propagation loss of the fiber. The sensor features compactness and a flexible resolution. Originality/value Compared with the exited ones, the sensor has capability of continue liquid measurement and a greater measurement range.

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11

Dunne, Lucy E. "Optical Bend Sensing for Wearable Goniometry: Exploring the Comfort/Accuracy Tradeoff." Research Journal of Textile and Apparel 14, no. 4 (November 2010): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rjta-14-04-2010-b008.

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12

Sun, Bo, Xuyou Li, Yingying Yu, and Kunpeng He. "Bend and refractive index sensing based on the tuning fork fiber." Optical Fiber Technology 24 (August 2015): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yofte.2015.04.005.

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13

Chen, H. F., Ying Wang, and D. N. Wang. "Selectively Infiltrated PCF for Directional Bend Sensing With Large Bending Range." IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 27, no. 5 (March 1, 2015): 502–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lpt.2014.2382654.

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14

Blanchard, P. M., J. G. Burnett, G. R. G. Erry, A. H. Greenaway, P. Harrison, B. Mangan, J. C. Knight, et al. "Two-dimensional bend sensing with a single, multi-core optical fibre." Smart Materials and Structures 9, no. 2 (April 1, 2000): 132–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/9/2/302.

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15

Mazursky, Alex, Jeong-Hoi Koo, Taylor Mason, Sam-Yong Woo, and Tae-Heon Yang. "Design and Experimental Evaluation of an Electrorheological Haptic Module with Embedded Sensing." Applied Sciences 11, no. 16 (August 22, 2021): 7723. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11167723.

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We present a miniature haptic module based on electrorheological fluid, designed for conveying combined stiffness and vibrotactile sensations at a small scale. Haptic feedback is produced through electrorheological fluid’s controllable resistive force and varies with the actuator’s deformation. To demonstrate the proposed actuator’s feedback in realistic applications, a method for measuring the actuator’s deformation must be implemented for active control. To this end, in this study, we incorporate a sensor design based on a bend-sensitive resistive film to the ER haptic actuator. The combined actuator and sensor module was tested for its ability to simultaneously actuate and sense the actuator’s state under indentation. The results show that the bend sensor can accurately track the actuator’s displacement over its stroke. Thus, the proposed sensor may enable control of the output resistive force according to displacement, which may lead to more informed and engaging combined kinesthetic and tactile feedback.

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16

Wu, Hong Mei, Xin Yuan Yang, and Yun Bo Shen. "Study on Strength Calculation and Bend Stress Test of Face Gear." Applied Mechanics and Materials 86 (August 2011): 227–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.86.227.

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Based on normal elasticity equation, this paper has developed the calculation formula of face gear’s contact strength, bend strength and scuffing strength. This work put forward an analytical calculation method of face gear’s bend strength and constructed the analytical model. The result of bend strength of face gear was obtained by computer simulation. Based on the research, we designed and manufactured a suit of face gearbox. According to the tooth space trait, a method was represented to test bending stress of tooth by arrangement of sensing device in the tip end of the tooth of face gear. A test-bed has been set up with which the bending stress of tooth of face gear was carried out. The results showed that the maximal bending stress of test is similar to the simulation results by ANSYS.

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17

Kasvi, Elina, Janet Hooke, Matti Kurkela, Matti T. Vaaja, Juho-Pekka Virtanen, Hannu Hyyppä, and Petteri Alho. "Modern empirical and modelling study approaches in fluvial geomorphology to elucidate sub-bend-scale meander dynamics." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 41, no. 5 (July 12, 2017): 533–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133317715870.

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Major developments in theory and modelling techniques have taken place within the past couple of decades in the field of the fluvial geomorphology. In this review, we examine the state-of-the-art empirical and modelling approaches and discuss their potential benefits and shortcomings in deepening understanding of the sub-bend-scale fluvial geomorphology of meander bends. Meandering rivers represent very complex 3D flow and sedimentary processes. We focus on high-resolution techniques which have improved the spatial and temporal resolution of the data and thereby enabled investigation of processes, which have been thus far beyond the capacity of the measurement techniques. This review covers the measurement techniques applied in the field and in laboratory circumstances as well as the close-range remote sensing techniques and computational approaches. We discuss the key research questions in fluvial geomorphology of meander bends and demonstrate how the contemporary approaches have been and could be applied to solve these questions.

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18

Sartiano, Demetrio, Thomas Geernaert, Elena Torres Roca, and Salvador Sales. "Bend-Direction and Rotation Plastic Optical Fiber Sensor." Sensors 20, no. 18 (September 21, 2020): 5405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20185405.

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A plastic filament of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) was fabricated by extrusion. The mode confinement was simulated using numerical software. The idea is to study how the light intensity changes inside the plastic optical fiber (POF) when a bending in multiple directions is applied. The results obtained from the simulation were compared to the experimental observations. The non-circular shape of the POF allows sensing a rotation applied as well. The angle of rotation was obtained processing two images of the end facet of the fiber (one with the fiber in a reference position and one with the rotated fiber), using an intensity-based automatic image registration. The accuracy in the rotation calculation was of 0.01°.

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19

Chomát, Miroslav, Daniela Berková, Filip Todorov, Jiří Čtyroký, Vlastimil Matějec, Ivan Kašík, Jana Proboštová, Michelle Salvia, and Jellid Jehid. "Bend sensing with long-period fiber gratings in capillaries embedded in structures." Materials Science and Engineering: C 28, no. 5-6 (July 2008): 716–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2007.10.014.

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20

Liu, Y., L. Zhang, J. A. R. Williams, and I. Bennion. "Bend sensing by measuring the resonance splitting of long-period fiber gratings." Optics Communications 193, no. 1-6 (June 2001): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0030-4018(01)01236-6.

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21

Xu, Yanping, Ping Lu, Zengguang Qin, Jeremie Harris, Farhana Baset, Ping Lu, Vedula Ravi Bhardwaj, and Xiaoyi Bao. "Vibration sensing using a tapered bend-insensitive fiber based Mach-Zehnder interferometer." Optics Express 21, no. 3 (January 31, 2013): 3031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.21.003031.

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Rohde, John R., Xing-she Luan, Harold Rohde, James M. Fox, and S. A. Minnich. "The Yersinia enterocolitica pYV Virulence Plasmid Contains Multiple Intrinsic DNA Bends Which Melt at 37°C." Journal of Bacteriology 181, no. 14 (July 15, 1999): 4198–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.181.14.4198-4204.1999.

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ABSTRACT Temperature has a pleiotropic effect on Yersinia enterocolitica gene expression. Temperature-dependent phenotypes include the switching between two type III protein secretion systems, flagellum biosynthesis (≤30°C) and virulence plasmid-encoded Yop secretion (37°C). The mechanism by which temperature exerts this change in genetic programming is unclear; however, altered gene expression by temperature-dependent changes in DNA topology has been implicated. Here, we present evidence that the Y. enterocolitica virulence plasmid, pYV, undergoes a conformational transition between 30 and 37°C. Using a simplified two-dimensional, single-gel assay, we show that pYV contains multiple regions of intrinsic curvature, including virF, the positive activator of virulence genes. These bends are detectable at 30°C but melt at 37°C, the temperature at which the cells undergo phenotypic switching. We also show that pACYC184, a plasmid used as a reporter of temperature-induced changes in DNA supercoiling, has a single region of intrinsic bending detected by our assay. Topoisomers of pACYC184, with and without this bend, isolated from Y. enterocolitica were resolved by using chloroquine gels. The single bend has a dramatic influence on temperature-dependent DNA supercoiling. These data suggest that the Y. enterocolitica pYV plasmid may undergo a conformational change at the host temperature due to melting of DNA bends followed by compensatory adjustments in superhelical density. Hence, changes in DNA topology may be the temperature-sensing mechanism for virulence gene expression in Y. enterocolitica and other enteric pathogens.

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MohdIsa, WanHasbullah, Andres Hunt, and S. Hassan HosseinNia. "Sensing and Self-Sensing Actuation Methods for Ionic Polymer–Metal Composite (IPMC): A Review." Sensors 19, no. 18 (September 14, 2019): 3967. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19183967.

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Ionic polymer–metal composites (IPMC) are smart material transducers that bend in response to low-voltage stimuli and generate voltage in response to bending. IPMCs are mechanically compliant, simple in construction, and easy to cut into desired shape. This allows the designing of novel sensing and actuation systems, e.g., for soft and bio-inspired robotics. IPMC sensing can be implemented in multiple ways, resulting in significantly different sensing characteristics. This paper will review the methods and research efforts to use IPMCs as deformation sensors. We will address efforts to model the IPMC sensing phenomenon, and implementation and characteristics of different IPMC sensing methods. Proposed sensing methods are divided into active sensing, passive sensing, and self-sensing actuation (SSA), whereas the active sensing methods measure one of IPMC-generated voltage, charge, or current; passive methods measure variations in IPMC impedances, or use it in capacitive sensor element circuit, and SSA methods implement simultaneous sensing and actuation on the same IPMC sample. Frequency ranges for reliable sensing vary among the methods, and no single method has been demonstrated to be effective for sensing in the full spectrum of IPMC actuation capabilities, i.e., from DC to ∼100 Hz. However, this limitation can be overcome by combining several sensing methods.

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Chen, X., C. Zhang, D. J. Webb, G.-D. Peng, and K. Kalli. "Bragg grating in a polymer optical fibre for strain, bend and temperature sensing." Measurement Science and Technology 21, no. 9 (July 28, 2010): 094005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/9/094005.

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Canning, John, Sandra Ast, Md Arafat Hossain, Hazel Chan, Peter J. Rutledge, and Abbas Jamalipour. "Bend and twist intramolecular charge transfer and emission for selective metal ion sensing." Optical Materials Express 5, no. 11 (October 27, 2015): 2675. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ome.5.002675.

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Gong, Huaping, D. N. Wang, Mengling Xiong, Chun-Liu Zhao, and Kai Ni. "Optical fiber hollow ellipsoid for directional bend sensing with a large bending range." Optical Materials Express 7, no. 6 (May 4, 2017): 1767. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ome.7.001767.

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Holmes, Christopher, Sumiaty Ambran, Peter A. Cooper, Andrew S. Webb, James C. Gates, Corin B. E. Gawith, Jayanta K. Sahu, and Peter G. R. Smith. "Bend monitoring and refractive index sensing using flat fibre and multicore Bragg gratings." Measurement Science and Technology 31, no. 8 (June 1, 2020): 085203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab8710.

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Mouro, João, Rui Pinto, Paolo Paoletti, and Bruno Tiribilli. "Microcantilever: Dynamical Response for Mass Sensing and Fluid Characterization." Sensors 21, no. 1 (December 27, 2020): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21010115.

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A microcantilever is a suspended micro-scale beam structure supported at one end which can bend and/or vibrate when subjected to a load. Microcantilevers are one of the most fundamental miniaturized devices used in microelectromechanical systems and are ubiquitous in sensing, imaging, time reference, and biological/biomedical applications. They are typically built using micro and nanofabrication techniques derived from the microelectronics industry and can involve microelectronics-related materials, polymeric materials, and biological materials. This work presents a comprehensive review of the rich dynamical response of a microcantilever and how it has been used for measuring the mass and rheological properties of Newtonian/non-Newtonian fluids in real time, in ever-decreasing space and time scales, and with unprecedented resolution.

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Wu, Qiang, Minwei Yang, Jinhui Yuan, Hau Ping Chan, Youqiao Ma, Yuliya Semenova, Pengfei Wang, Chongxiu Yu, and Gerald Farrell. "The use of a bend singlemode–multimode–singlemode (SMS) fibre structure for vibration sensing." Optics & Laser Technology 63 (November 2014): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2014.03.015.

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Leung, Yuk-Man, Iat-Lon Leong, Tien-Yao Tsai, Lian-Ru Shiao, Yu-Mei Zhang, Kar-Lok Wong, and Paul Chan. "Characterization of Ca2+-Sensing Receptor-Mediated Ca2+ Influx in Microvascular bEND.3 Endothelial Cells." Chinese Journal of Physiology 64, no. 2 (2021): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/cjp.cjp_93_20.

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Liu, Wei, Ningjuan Liu, Yang Gao, Shuang Wang, Qiong Cheng, and Fujun Xu. "Strain sensing fabric integrated with carbon nanotube yarn for wearable applications." Textile Research Journal 89, no. 15 (October 14, 2018): 3048–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517518807441.

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Textiles, as a desired platform for wearable smart technology, can be integrated with smart elements in the hierarchical levels of the fabric structure. In this study, a new way to make strain sensing fabric was developed by embedding a single strain sensing carbon nanotube (CNT)-based yarn into the woven structure. To overcome the abrasion during insertion, the yarn was coated with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) to achieve higher mechanical performance. The gauge factor of the yarn was improved from 0.91 to 1.64. The sensing properties of CNT/PVA yarn integrated strain sensing fabric showed a gauge factor of over 1.1, a degree of linearity of more than 97% and good stability and repeatability during cyclic loading. Fabric with different integrated yarn lengths, patterns and output connections has also been investigated. The results showed that the yarn length and bend over section had a great influence on the strain sensing properties of the fabric. Furthermore, the fabric strain sensor exhibited a quick and precise response to the finger motion detection, demonstrating potential in wearable electronics.

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Kim, Heonmoo, and Yosoon Choi. "Performance Comparison of User Interface Devices for Controlling Mining Software in Virtual Reality Environments." Applied Sciences 9, no. 13 (June 26, 2019): 2584. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9132584.

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Recently, many studies have been conducted to apply virtual reality (VR) technology to the mining industry. To accomplish this, it is necessary to develop user interface devices that can effectively control software. Most VR content in the mining industry requires precise device control for equipment operation or accident response. In this study, we compare the performance of four user interface devices (a 2D mouse, 2D & 3D mice, a VR controller, and a Kinect (Microsoft) sensor and bend-sensing data glove) for controlling mining industry software in a VR environment. The total working time, number of device clicks and click accuracy, were analyzed based on 10 experimenters performing 3D orebody modeling, using each device in the VR environment. Furthermore, we conducted a survey to evaluate the ease of learning, ease of use, immersion and fatigue of each device after the experiment. The results show that the 2D mouse yields a high performance in terms of its working time, click accuracy, ease of learning and ease of use. However, the 2D mouse did not completely leverage the VR environment, owing to low user immersion. The Kinect sensor and bend-sensing data glove could control the software efficiently while maximizing user immersion. Our findings are expected to provide a useful reference for the future development of user interface devices in the mining industry.

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Kasvi, Elina, Matti Vaaja, Harri Kaartinen, Antero Kukko, Anttoni Jaakkola, Claude Flener, Hannu Hyyppä, Juha Hyyppä, and Petteri Alho. "Sub-bend scale flow–sediment interaction of meander bends — A combined approach of field observations, close-range remote sensing and computational modelling." Geomorphology 238 (June 2015): 119–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.01.039.

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Mukhtar, Wan Maisarah, and Izzati Kamarolzaman. "Real time detection of milk’s spoilage using Au/GO bend SMF sensor based on localized surface plasmon resonance effect." Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences 14, no. 4 (December 23, 2020): 7540–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/jmes.14.4.2020.20.0594.

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Potential of hybrid gold nanoparticles/Graphene Oxide (Au/GO) coated single mode fiber (SMF) sensor by exploiting localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect for detection of spoiled milk is studied. Various diameters of SMF’s cladding are prepared ranging from its original size, d=0.1250mm to d=0.1215mm. A mechanical polishing technique using sandpaper is applied to etch the cladding area in which results the SMF with diameter less than 0.1250mm. Hybrid layers of Au/GO are deposited onto the SMF via drop-casting technique by varies the number of layers of GO between one to five layers, meanwhile Au nanoparticles are kept constant at one layer. To generate LSPR, light with excitation wavelength of 1310nm and 1550nm are transmitted at the first end of Au/GO coated SMF resulting in strong scattering and extinction spectra. The fiber is bend about 8cm in diameter to produce evanescent waves around it. To investigate the sensitivity of sensor in detecting milk’s spoilage condition, the Au/GO bend SMF sensor is immersed into the milk’s solution which has been exposed to the environment for 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours. The maximum optical power response, ΔP%=6.85% is obtained when the one layer of Au/GO coated bend SMF had been immersed into the milk solution with exposure time of 24 hours. The values of ΔP% decrease about 3.50% and 2.00% respectively with the increment of exposure time at 48 hours and 72 hours. These results indicate the sensing ability of our proposed sensor to detect different levels of spoiled milk as the exposure time increased. The output of this study validates the main role of LSPR effect in enhancing the sensitivity of Au/GO bend SMF sensor for real time detection of milk’s spoilage.

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Bayram, B., A. Sen, M. O. Selbesoglu, I. Vārna, P. Petersons, N. O. Aykut, and D. Z. Seker. "COMPARISON OF TWO SIMPLIFICATION METHODS FOR SHORELINE EXTRACTION FROM DIGITAL ORTHOPHOTO IMAGES." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-4/W4 (November 13, 2017): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-4-w4-147-2017.

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The coastal ecosystems are very sensitive to external influences. Coastal resources such as sand dunes, coral reefs and mangroves has vital importance to prevent coastal erosion. Human based effects also threats the coastal areas. Therefore, the change of coastal areas should be monitored. Up-to-date, accurate shoreline information is indispensable for coastal managers and decision makers. Remote sensing and image processing techniques give a big opportunity to obtain reliable shoreline information. In the presented study, NIR bands of seven 1:5000 scaled digital orthophoto images of Riga Bay-Latvia have been used. The Object-oriented Simple Linear Clustering method has been utilized to extract shoreline of Riga Bay. Bend and Douglas-Peucker methods have been used to simplify the extracted shoreline to test the effect of both methods. Photogrammetrically digitized shoreline has been taken as reference data to compare obtained results. The accuracy assessment has been realised by Digital Shoreline Analysis tool. As a result, the achieved shoreline by the Bend method has been found closer to the extracted shoreline with Simple Linear Clustering method.

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Tharion, J., S. Chauhan, and S. Mukherji. "Gold Nanoshells Coated ‘U’ Bend Optical Fiber for Near Infra-red LSPR Based Refractive Index Sensing." Procedia Engineering 168 (2016): 367–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.11.128.

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Ivanov, Oleg V., and Ivan V. Zlodeev. "Fiber structure based on a depressed inner cladding fiber for bend, refractive index and temperature sensing." Measurement Science and Technology 25, no. 1 (November 26, 2013): 015201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/25/1/015201.

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Shang, R. B., W. G. Zhang, W. B. Zhu, P. C. Geng, J. Ruan, S. C. Gao, X. N. Li, Q. X. Cao, and X. Zeng. "Fabrication of twisted long period fiber gratings with high frequency CO2laser pulses and its bend sensing." Journal of Optics 15, no. 7 (May 14, 2013): 075402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2040-8978/15/7/075402.

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Abro, Zamir Ahmed, Chengyu Hong, Nanliang Chen, Yifan Zhang, Rafique Ahmed Lakho, and Sohail Yasin. "A fiber Bragg grating-based smart wearable belt for monitoring knee joint postures." Textile Research Journal 90, no. 3-4 (August 8, 2019): 386–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517519868168.

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Smart wearable technology is exceedingly desirable in athletic sports due to being lightweight, flexible to bend, soft and comfortable. It can continuously deliver accurate information and deformation. During knee flexion, the upper knee perimeter increases with the shrinkage of the knee joint flexor, and it can be monitored. In this study, a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) smart belt is fabricated by embedding FBG sensors at the center of a special silica gel (with unique adhering characteristics to fix FBG on the surface of the belt) for sensing knee joint movements. Polyvinyl chloride strips were adhered to the surface of the smart wearable belt for better protection. The smart belt was calibrated in the laboratory by a systematical changing knee posture and used to identify body postures at various static and kinematic postures of a male subject. The FBG-based smart wearable belt presented a consistent wavelength change after each step by angle changes at the knee joint position. The wavelength increment of FBG sensors increases linearly with the increasing of the bend angle of the knee joint in static tests, and the related slope ratio was 0.3 nm/°. In a jogging test, the measurement sensitivity achieved by the FBG smart wearable belt was within a range between 0.018/° and 0.021 nm/° for the male subject at the velocities of 2 and 3 km/h, respectively. The smart wearable belt could be a useful index to characterize a simple design and ease of implementation, and could also applied for knee posture circumferential strain measurements, especially for sports activities and monitoring stroke patients. This FBG smart belt can be fabricated to produce smart sensing fabrics.

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Yang, Kaiming, Jun He, Changrui Liao, Ying Wang, Shen Liu, Kuikui Guo, Jiangtao Zhou, Zhengyong Li, Zhan Tan, and Yiping Wang. "Femtosecond Laser Inscription of Fiber Bragg Grating in Twin-Core Few-Mode Fiber for Directional Bend Sensing." Journal of Lightwave Technology 35, no. 21 (November 1, 2017): 4670–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2017.2750407.

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41

Long Jin, Wei Jin, and Jian Ju. "Directional Bend Sensing With a CO$_{2}$-Laser-Inscribed Long Period Grating in a Photonic Crystal Fiber." Journal of Lightwave Technology 27, no. 21 (November 2009): 4884–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2009.2026723.

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42

Cassiani, Giorgio, Elena Bellizia, Alessandro Fontana, Jacopo Boaga, Andrea D’Alpaos, and Massimiliano Ghinassi. "Geophysical and Sedimentological Investigations Integrate Remote-Sensing Data to Depict Geometry of Fluvial Sedimentary Bodies: An Example from Holocene Point-Bar Deposits of the Venetian Plain (Italy)." Remote Sensing 12, no. 16 (August 10, 2020): 2568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12162568.

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Over the past few millennia, meandering fluvial channels drained coastal landscapes accumulating sedimentary successions that today are permeable pathways. Propagation of pollutants, agricultural exploitation and sand liquefaction are the main processes of environmental interest affecting these sedimentary bodies. The characterization of these bodies is thus of utmost general interest. In this study, we particularly highlight the contribution of noninvasive (remote and ground-based) investigation techniques, and the case study focuses on a late Holocene meander bend of the southern Venetian Plain (Northeast Italy). Electromagnetic induction (EMI) investigations, conducted with great care in terms of sonde stability and positioning, allowed the reconstruction of the electrical conductivity 3D structure of the shallow subsurface, revealing that the paleochannel ranges in depth between 0.8 and 5.4 m, and defines an almost 260 m-wide point bar. The electrical conductivity maps derived from EMI at different depths define an arcuate morphology indicating that bar accretion started from an already sinuous channel. Sedimentary cores ensure local ground-truth and help define the evolution of the channel bend. This paper shows that the combination of well-conceived and carefully performed inverted geophysical surveys, remote sensing and direct investigations provides evidence of the evolution of recent shallow sedimentary structures with unprecedented detail.

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Hu, Yongqiang, Chengyu Hong, Yifan Zhang, and Guowei Li. "A monitoring and warning system for expressway slopes using FBG sensing technology." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 14, no. 5 (May 2018): 155014771877622. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147718776228.

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This article presents a fiber Bragg grating–based monitoring and warning system for expressway slopes. A detailed architecture of the sensing system based on fiber Bragg grating sensors for safety analysis and pre-warning of slopes is described and interpreted. The whole warning and monitoring system was mainly realized based on two monitored parameters from fiber Bragg grating strain sensors: (1) the measured bend strain of inclinometers for the calculation of horizontal displacement and (2) axial strain distributions of soil nails. The maximum magnitudes of cumulative strain and displacement in the present monitored expressway slope were 198 με and 5.06 mm, respectively. Critical threshold values of different warning levels for expressway slopes have been proposed using statistical analysis method based on comparative analysis of history monitored data from slopes in the same region. A total of four warning levels characterized by different ranges of displacement rates and the related engineering measures to treat expressway slopes were proposed and discussed. This fiber Bragg grating–based monitoring system of soil nails and inclinometers forms a real-time sensing network, assisting engineers to adopt quick and essential measures to deal with potential landslide risk.

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Lai, Chi Chih, I. Nan Chang, Hsing Cheng Chang, Chang Chou Hwang, Wen Fung Liu, Chin Hsiang Ma, and Ya Hui Chen. "A Magnetic Microsensor with Temperature Compensation Based on Optical Mechatronic Technology." Materials Science Forum 670 (December 2010): 164–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.670.164.

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An optical mechatronic magnetic microsensor with temperature compensation based on fiber Bragg grating (FBG) and microelectromechanical system (MEMS) technologies is demonstrated. Parallel nickel-electroplated cantilever beams are fabricated as an attractive bending mechanism for pushing the optical fiber. Related stress induced cantilever bend caused by magnetic force driving reflective wavelength shift that exactly corresponds with photo-elastic coupling effect to characterize microsensors. Two different cycles of gratings in the same fiber have fabricated to perform the function of magnetic sensing and temperature compensation for reducing temperature-induced bias in magnetic measurement automatically. The sensitivity of 2.238 T/nm with null temperature response has obtained which excited by Nd-Fe-B magnets with residual magnetic strength up to 1.26 Tesla.

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Ma, Jun, Cody Gonzalez, Qingquan Huang, Joseph Farese, Christopher Rahn, Mary Frecker, and Donghai Wang. "Multifunctional Li(Ni0.5Co0.2Mn0.3) O2-Si batteries with self-actuation and self-sensing." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 31, no. 6 (February 5, 2020): 860–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x19898768.

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Among anode materials for Li-ion batteries, Si is known for high theoretical capacity, low cost, large volume change, relatively fast capacity fade and significant stress-potential coupling. This article shows that a Li(Ni0.5Co0.2Mn0.3)O2-Si battery can store energy, actuate with Si volume change and sense with stress-potential coupling. Experiments are conducted in an electrolyte-filled chamber with a glass window with [Formula: see text] cathodes and Si composite anodes. The Si anodes are single-side coated on Cu current collector with Si nanoparticles, polyacrylic acid binder and conductive carbon black in a porous composite structure. During charging, the battery stores energy, Li inserts in the cantilevered Si anodes and the cantilevers bend laterally. Discharging the battery releases the stored energy and straightens the Si cantilevers. Imposing deformation on the Si cantilevers at a fixed state of charge causes bending stress in the composite coating and a change in the open circuit potential. Testing at [Formula: see text] confirms that the Si composite responds to dynamic stress variations and with almost no phase lag, indicating the bandwidth of the stress-potential coupling in Si composite anodes is at least [Formula: see text].

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Xu, Pengbai, Yongkang Dong, Juwang Zhang, Dengwang Zhou, Taofei Jiang, Jinlong Xu, Hongying Zhang, et al. "Bend-insensitive distributed sensing in singlemode-multimode-singlemode optical fiber structure by using Brillouin optical time-domain analysis." Optics Express 23, no. 17 (August 20, 2015): 22714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.23.022714.

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Bai, Hedan, Shuo Li, Jose Barreiros, Yaqi Tu, Clifford R. Pollock, and Robert F. Shepherd. "Stretchable distributed fiber-optic sensors." Science 370, no. 6518 (November 12, 2020): 848–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aba5504.

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Silica-based distributed fiber-optic sensor (DFOS) systems have been a powerful tool for sensing strain, pressure, vibration, acceleration, temperature, and humidity in inextensible structures. DFOS systems, however, are incompatible with the large strains associated with soft robotics and stretchable electronics. We develop a sensor composed of parallel assemblies of elastomeric lightguides that incorporate continuum or discrete chromatic patterns. By exploiting a combination of frustrated total internal reflection and absorption, stretchable DFOSs can distinguish and measure the locations, magnitudes, and modes (stretch, bend, or press) of mechanical deformation. We further demonstrate multilocation decoupling and multimodal deformation decoupling through a stretchable DFOS–integrated wireless glove that can reconfigure all types of finger joint movements and external presses simultaneously, with only a single sensor in real time.

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Craggs, Timothy D., Marko Sustarsic, Anne Plochowietz, Majid Mosayebi, Hendrik Kaju, Andrew Cuthbert, Johannes Hohlbein, et al. "Substrate conformational dynamics facilitate structure-specific recognition of gapped DNA by DNA polymerase." Nucleic Acids Research 47, no. 20 (September 23, 2019): 10788–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkz797.

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Abstract DNA-binding proteins utilise different recognition mechanisms to locate their DNA targets; some proteins recognise specific DNA sequences, while others interact with specific DNA structures. While sequence-specific DNA binding has been studied extensively, structure-specific recognition mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we study structure-specific DNA recognition by examining the structure and dynamics of DNA polymerase I Klenow Fragment (Pol) substrates both alone and in DNA–Pol complexes. Using a docking approach based on a network of 73 distances collected using single-molecule FRET, we determined a novel solution structure of the single-nucleotide-gapped DNA–Pol binary complex. The structure resembled existing crystal structures with regards to the downstream primer-template DNA substrate, and revealed a previously unobserved sharp bend (∼120°) in the DNA substrate; this pronounced bend was present in living cells. MD simulations and single-molecule assays also revealed that 4–5 nt of downstream gap-proximal DNA are unwound in the binary complex. Further, experiments and coarse-grained modelling showed the substrate alone frequently adopts bent conformations with 1–2 nt fraying around the gap, suggesting a mechanism wherein Pol recognises a pre-bent, partially-melted conformation of gapped DNA. We propose a general mechanism for substrate recognition by structure-specific enzymes driven by protein sensing of the conformational dynamics of their DNA substrates.

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El-Aziz, Ahmed Omar Abd. "Monitoring and Change Detection along the Eastern Side of Qena Bend, Nile Valley, Egypt Using GIS and Remote Sensing." Advances in Remote Sensing 02, no. 03 (2013): 276–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ars.2013.23030.

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Zhao, Zhiyong, Ming Tang, Feng Gao, Peng Zhang, Li Duan, Benpeng Zhu, Songnian Fu, et al. "Temperature compensated magnetic field sensing using dual S-bend structured optical fiber modal interferometer cascaded with fiber Bragg grating." Optics Express 22, no. 22 (October 29, 2014): 27515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.22.027515.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Bend sensing'

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